2016

Internship Report
Project: Protection Relays
Protection settings for new EE-620 Panels to be replaced in Plant-1 turn
around

Written by: Aima Nadeem (Intern Electrical)

University: NUST College of Electrical and
Mechanical Engineering, Rawalpindi
Mentor: Ahsan Jawed

I&E Department
Engro Fertilizers Limited
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The internship opportunity I had with Engro Fertilizers Limited was a great chance for learning
and professional development. Therefore, I consider myself as a very lucky individual to be
provided with this opportunity. I am also grateful for having a chance to meet so many
wonderful people and professionals who led me through this internship period.

I am thankful to Mr. Hamid Anjum (Group Leader Electrical) for providing me with the best of
professional assistance. I choose this moment to acknowledge his contribution gratefully.

It is my radiant sentiment to place on record my best regards, deepest sense of gratitude to my

mentor Mr. Ahsan Jawed for his careful and precious guidance which was extremely valuable
for my study both theoretically and practically.

I perceive this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development. I will strive to use the
gained skills and knowledge in the best possible way, and I will continue to work on their
improvement, in order to attain desired career objectives. Hope to continue cooperation with
all of you in future.
Sincerely,

Aima Nadeem

25 August, 2016
 PREFACE

The purpose of this report is to explain what I did, learned and achieved during my internship
period with Engro Fertilizers Limited. The report primarily focuses on the project assigned to me
which is protection relays. Protection settings for new EE-620 Panels to be replaced in Plant-1
turn around

The scope of this report primarily deals with the calculations and application of protection
settings done on MICOM protection relays. Some of MICOM non protective features have also
been discussed in the latter sections.

It is hoped that this report will provide compiled information to my colleagues to enhance their
knowledge and expertise.
Contents
Plant SLD (Single line diagram) ..................................................................................................................... 6
Synchronous generator/alternator ............................................................................................................... 6
Types of excitations ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Synchronous Motor ...................................................................................................................................... 7
Induction Motor ............................................................................................................................................ 8
Power Factor correction ............................................................................................................................... 9
FLA (Full Load Amperage): ............................................................................................................................ 9
Locked rotor code: ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Current Limiting Devices ............................................................................................................................. 10
Reactor ............................................................................................................................................ 10
Is- Limiter ........................................................................................................................................ 10
DOL (direct on line) Starters ....................................................................................................................... 11
SWITCH GEAR.............................................................................................................................................. 12
Voltage Level Switch gear Properties: ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Motor control centers:.................................................................................................................................. 9
Current transformers .................................................................................................................................. 12
Types ........................................................................................................................................................... 13
Bar type ................................................................................................................................................... 13
Window type ........................................................................................................................................... 13
Wound type ............................................................................................................................................ 13
Potential transformer ................................................................................................................................. 14
Circuit Breaker ............................................................................................................................................ 14
RELAYS......................................................................................................................................................... 18
CLASSIFICATION OF RELAYS: ....................................................................................................................... 18
Contactors ................................................................................................................................................... 19
Disconnecting fuse ...................................................................................................................................... 19
MG set (motor generator set)..................................................................................................................... 19
Neutral grounding resistance (NGR) ........................................................................................................... 19
Leakage reactance ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Pickup current ............................................................................................................................................. 20
Plug Setting Multiplier ................................................................................................................................ 20
(Current transformer) CT ratio ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Over current protection .............................................................................................................................. 20
1. Instantaneous over current ............................................................................................................ 20
2. Definite time over current .............................................................................................................. 20
3. Inverse time over current (IDMT) ................................................................................................... 20
Classification of Inverse time relays............................................................................................................ 21
Study of 6.6kV, 40kA switchgear outgoing panels ...................................................................................... 25
Lock out relay .......................................................................................................................................... 26
Earth switch ............................................................................................................................................ 27
Core balance CT or zero sequence CT ..................................................................................................... 25
Surge arrestor ......................................................................................................................................... 26
Capacitive voltage indicator.................................................................................................................... 26
Limit switches.......................................................................................................................................... 26
Watch dog ............................................................................................................................................... 26
Trip circuit supervision ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Opto isolator ............................................................................................................................................... 27
Buccholz relay ............................................................................................................................................. 27
Watch dog ...................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Trip circuit supervision ................................................................................................................................ 39
MICOM P122 ............................................................................................................................................... 28
Phase rotation ............................................................................................................................................. 41
Positive phase sequence ..................................................................................................................... 41
Negative phase sequence ................................................................................................................... 41
Broken conductor detection ....................................................................................................................... 41
Cold load pickup .......................................................................................................................................... 41
Protection settings ...................................................................................................................................... 32
MICOM P141 .................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
PSL Logic settings ........................................................................................................................................ 37
BASICS:

Plant SLD (Single line diagram)

We usually depict the electrical distribution system by a graphic representation called a single line
diagram (SLD).

Synchronous generator/alternator
In a synchronous generator, a dc current is applied to the rotor winding, which produces a rotor
magnetic field. The rotor of the generator is then turned by a prime mover, producing a rotating
magnetic field within the machine. This rotating magnetic field induces a three-phase set of voltages
within the stator windings of the generator.
Paralleling Conditions:
 Rms line voltages of 2 generators must be equal
 Same phase sequence
 Frequency of incoming generator must be slightly higher than frequency of the running system.

Synchronous Motor
In a synchronous motor, the field coil of stator is excited by a 3 phase AC supply. This will produce a
revolving magnetic field (RMF), which rotates at synchronous speed. Rotor is excited by a D.C power
supply which produces a constant magnetic field.

Synchronous speed is given by:

f
Ns= 120. P

A synchronous motor has many important torques that determine the ability of the motor to start,
accelerate, pull its connected load into step, and operate it through anticipated peak loads within its
design limits.

These torques may be described as:

1. Starting torque or breakaway torque.

This is the torque developed at the instant of starting at zero speed.

2. Accelerating torque.
This is the motor torque developed from stand-still to pull-in speed minus the load torque.

3. Pull-up torque.
This is the minimum torque developed between stand-still and the pull-in.

4. Pull-in torque.
This is the torque developed during the transition from slip speed to synchronous speed and generally is
defined at 95% speed.

5. Synchronous torque.
This is the steady state torque developed during operation. It is load dependent.
6. Pull-out torque.
This is defined as the maximum steady state torque developed by the motor, for one minute, before it
pulls out of step due to overload.

Induction Motor
No dc current is required to run the machine. It is a self starting motor. Such machines are called
induction machines because the rotor voltage (which produces the rotor current and the rotor magnetic
field) is induced in the rotor windings rather than being physically connected by wires.
 2 types of rotors
o Squirrel cage
o Wound round

Synchronous motors Induction motors

Synchronous motors require an additional DC
power source for energizing rotor winding.
Slip rings and brushes are required in
synchronous motors
Induction motors do not require any
additional power source.
Slip rings and brushes are not required in
Induction motors (except wound type
induction motor in which slip ring motors
are used to add external resistance to the
rotor winding).

Synchronous motors require additional starting No starting mechanism is required in

mechanism to initially rotate the rotor near to induction motors.
the synchronous speed.
The power factor of a synchronous motor can An induction motor always runs at lagging
be adjusted to lagging, unity or leading by power factor.
varying the excitation.

Synchronous motors are generally more Induction motor is an asynchronous machine

efficient than induction motors.
Leakage reactance: leakage reactance due to rotor flux lines that do not also couple with stator
windings. In general, the farther away from the stator a rotor bar or part of a bar is, the greater the
leakage reactance.

Reactances of generators:
Xd: steady state reactance.

Xd”: sub transient reactance or short circuit impedance of the generator. The current is I’’ and time
constant is T’’.

Motor control centers: MCCs have motor starter, motor protection and frequency drives.

Power Factor correction

Utilities impose penalty on industries which are operating on a low power factor. We have to
bring power factor close to unity so that line loss is less. For that we use synchronous
condensers or capacitor banks

Synchronous condensers Capacitor banks

Similar to a synchronous motor whose shaft Group of parallel/ series identical capacitors
is not connected to anything but spins freely. used for reactive power compensation.
It either generates or absorbs reactive power
in order to adjust grid voltage.

FLA (Full Load Amperage): Motor’s rated current at rated load and rated voltage.

Locked rotor code: The starting kVA required by a motor starting at full voltage is determined from
the name plate on the motor.

Locked rotor amps:

When AC motors are started with full voltage (Across-the-Line Starting), they draw line amperage 300%
to 600% greater than their full load running current. The magnitude of the “inrush current” (also called
locked rotor amps or LRA) is determined by motor horsepower and design characteristics.
Motor torque speed characteristics:

Current Limiting Devices

The two major current limiting devices used at Plant site Daharki are

 Reactor

 Is- Limiter

Reactor
Reactor is a current limiting device that;

Coil having a large number of turns and a greater ohmic resistance. Reactors have a non-magnetic core.
They are used to limit short circuit currents which can cause damage to the equipments of power
system. They have a considerable voltage drop across them.

Reactors at Plant:

 Reactor 1 between bus 2 & 3

 Reactor 2 between bus 1 & 2 rated at
800 A

Is-Limiter
IS limiters are fault current limiting devices that use chemical charges and current limiting fuses to
interrupt the fault current within the first quarter to half cycle (before the first peak).

It has no voltage drop across it. In a typical IS limiter design, the device is composed of two current paths
connected together in parallel – one path is an element rated for the full load current (which can have
high continuous current ratings, e.g. 3000A), and the other path provides the current limiting function
via a current-limiting fuse (which typically has a continuous current rating of <300A at 15kV).
In the event of a fault, the device operates by physically destroying the continuous current path using
one or more chemical charges triggered by an electronic sensing and control unit. The fault current is
thus forced through the current-limiting fuse.

Is-Limiter at Plant is between bus 2 & 3 and is rated at 2000 A.

DOL (direct on line) Starters

A DOL starter basically includes 3 devices

1. Circuit Breaker (to provide protection from large short circuit currents)
2. Contactor (to ensure smooth flow and assistance in interrupting when needed)
3. Overload Relay (to provide protection from overheating due to overload conditions)

DOL starter consists of two circuits: a power circuit and a control circuit.

 The power circuit runs from the line to the motor. Electricity passes through the contacts of
a starter, the overload relay and out to the motor. The power (main) contacts carry the
motor current.
 The control circuit operates the contactor (on/off). The contacts that interrupt or allow the
main current to flow to the motor are controlled by opening or closing the contacts in the
control circuit.
 The control circuit energizes the coil creating an electromagnetic field that pulls the power
contacts closed, thereby connecting the motor to the line. The control circuit makes remote
operation possible.
 The control circuit can get its power on one of two ways. If the control circuit gets its power
from the same source as the motor, this is termed Common Control.
 The other type is Separate Control. This is the most common form of control. In this
arrangement, the control circuit gets its power from a separate source, usually lower in
voltage than the motor's power source.
SWITCH GEAR
In an electric power system, switchgear is the combination of electrical disconnecting switches, fuses or
circuit breakers used to control, protect and isolate electrical equipment.

Switchgear is used both to de-energize equipment to allow work to be done and to clear faults
downstream. This type of equipment is directly linked to the reliability of the electricity supply.

A switch gear has three compartments:

 Upper compartment is the control compartment.

 Middle one is the circuit breaker compartment.
 Bottom one contains CT’s and PT’s.

Current transformers
Current transformers are used for protection, instrumentation, metering and control. They reduce high
currents to a much lower value and provide a convenient way of safely monitoring the actual electrical
current flowing in an AC transmission line using a standard ammeter. The principal of operation of a
current transformer is no different from that of an ordinary transformer.

Types
Bar type
In this type of current transformer, the primary winding is nothing but a bar of suitable size. The
insulation on the bar types primary is bakelized paper tube or resin directly moulded on the bar. Such
bar type primary is the integral part of the current transformer. The core and the secondary windings
are same in bar type transformer.

Window type
This is a very common type of construction is the so-called “window,” “through” or donut type current
transformer in which the core has an opening through which the conductor carrying the primary load
current is passed. This primary conductor constitutes the primary winding of the CT (one pass through
the “window” represents a one turn primary), and must be large enough in cross section to carry the
maximum current of the load.

Wound type
In the Wound Primary current Transformer, the primary winding is also constructed inside the current
transformer body. The primary winding is usually of a single turn. Wound Primary Current transformers
are used in applications which require small current transformation ratios. They are more accurate and
have a higher burden capacity. The wound primary is usually designed with toroidal cores for high
efficiency.
Difference between metering CT and protection CT:
Metering CT Protection CT

Designed near the knee point. Function only Have to protect faults, so they are not
till the full load current then it will saturate. supposed to saturate during fault current ad
they should transform secondary current
exactly replica of the fault current.

Current transformer ratings:

Class Description
5P20 5 percent error on 20 times of rated current
Accuracy Protection Accuracy
limit factor
5 P 20

PS Protection Special
M Measuring CT

Potential transformer
Potential transformers are connected in parallel to measure bus voltage levels.

Circuit Breaker
Circuit breaker is an electromechanical device which can

 Make/break a circuit either manually or by a remote control under normal condition

 Break a circuit automatically under fault condition
Circuit breaker ratings:

HVX 12 40 12 E
Type Rated voltage Rated short Rated current Drawing unit
circuit breaker
current

Short circuit making current

Making capacity of a circuit breaker is the maximum current which the breaker can conduct at the
instant of closing. The making capacity is considered to the peak value of the first cycle when there is an
imaginary short circuit between the phases.
Rated short circuit breaking current
Breaking capacity of the circuit breaker refers to the maximum current in rms value the circuit
breaker can interrupt. This is also in the order of kA.

Difference between circuit breaker and isolator

Circuit breaker Isolator

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated
electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by over
current or overload or short circuit. I
Circuit breaker is an on-load device
Isolator is a mechanical switch which isolates
a part of the circuit from system as when
required. Isolators can’t be operated on load.
Isolator is an off-load device.
Voltage Level Breaker Ratings Diagram Protection system
type
MCB Thermal or thermal-
MCB is a magnetic operation.
miniature
circuit breaker thermal, magnetic, or
LV which is used to Not more than 100 A combined thermal-
break small magnetic principles.
currents. Like in (bimetallic strip)
domestic LT
circuits.
MCCB Thermal, magnetic, or
MCCB is a combined thermal-
Molded case magnetic principles.
circuit breaker
which has a
rugged
LV construction as
it can break Upto 1000 A
larger currents
usually from
(100-1000A).

ACB  internal(C.T)
Air Circuit Upto 10,000 A. current
Breaker is a transformer
device used to  Protective Relay
LV/MV provide over
current and
Short Circuit
Protection.
 VCB  External (C.T)
When the current
contacts in transformer
vacuum 3000 A potential
interrupter 1-72 kV/ transformer
separate, the 72.5kV-800 kV  Protective Relay
current to be  Bushing
MV/ HV interrupted
initiates a metal
(insulation)

vapour arc
discharge and
flows through
the plasma until
the next current
zero.
OCB
In such circuit 1- 72 Kv
breakers some
insulating oil is
used as an arc
MV quenching
medium.

SF6  Bushing
In an SF6 (insulation)
circuit-breaker, From 72.5 kV upto 800  Instrument
the current kV transformers
HV continues to  relays
flow after
contact
separation
through the arc
whose plasma
consists of
ionized SF6 gas.
RELAYS
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically operate a
switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical
isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal.

CLASSIFICATION OF RELAYS:

Electro mechanical Solid state (static) relays Numerical relays

relays

Electro-mechanical relays work on
the principle of coil energized
electrically
causing plunger to move
mechanically.
A solid state relay (SSR) is a device
that switches on or off when an
external voltage is applied across its
terminals and contain no
mechanical parts.
Numeric relays are programmable
relays where the characteristics
and behavior can be programmed.
Most numerical relays are also
multifunctional.
Contactors
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor or other
loads is called a contactor. Unlike a circuit breaker, contactor is not intended to interrupt a short circuit
current.

Disconnecting fuse
A fuse is an over current responsive safety device used to protect an electrical circuit from the effects of
excessive current. It is placed in series with the electrical circuit it is intended to protect. Its essential
component is a strip of metal that will melt when the electric current in the circuit exceeds the fuse's
rated value. The element (link) in the fuse melts and opens the circuit.

Power (watts) = voltage (volts) × current (amps)

MG set (motor generator set)

Composite device consisting of a motor and a generator coupled through a common shaft (wound on a
single rotor).

Neutral grounding resistance (NGR)

Neutral grounding resistance is used to ground power system to prevent unwanted fault damage. It is
used to reduce transient over voltages.

Grounding through resistance can be of two types High Resistance or Low Resistance which are
distinguished by the amount of current permitted to flow.
Important terms related to protection settings calculation:
Pickup current:
The current for which the relay initiates it operation is called pick up current of relay.

Pickup current = Rated secondary current of CT × current setting

Plug Setting Multiplier:

Fault current in relay coil
PSM =
Pickup Current

Time Setting
With time setting, we can adjust the time of operation of a relay
There are two types of time settings:
• Definite time (DT)
• Inverse time (TMS-Time Multiplier Setting)

Over current protection

1. Instantaneous over current

2. Definite time over current

3. Inverse time over current (IDMT)

Instantaneous over current

Operates instantaneously when current reaches a predetermined value.

Definite time over current relay

 Current must exceed the setting value
 The fault must be continuous at least a time equal to time setting of the relay.
Inverse time over current (IDMT)

Classification of Inverse time relays

• Standard Inverse

• Very Inverse

• Extremely inverse
Time setting formulas for these curves are given as:

Shifting the curve up

• When we shift the curve up, TMS is increased.

• If we have two different applications but the motor rating is the same.

• For example a fan and a pump

• Fan requires a higher starting time so we shift the curve up.

Shifting the curve sideways
If application is the same but current rating of the motor is different, then we shift the curve sideways.

Selective coordination: Time coordination

When an over current occurs in a properly coordinated distribution system, only the protective device
nearest the fault will open. Lack of coordination between over current devices can result in upstream
devices opening, needlessly interrupting electrical distribution in other parts of the system.
Motor protection guideline:

Transformer protection guideline:

Study of 6.6kV, 40kA switchgear outgoing panels
Applicable Panel (+P10-13, P15)

Core balance CT or zero sequence CT

The CBCT or the Core Balance Current Transformer is a current transformer is used for earth fault
protection in grounded three phase systems. It is also known as the zero-sequence current transformer.
The CBCT is a current transformer in which all the three phases are made to pass through it. Thus the
magnetic fluxes caused by the three phase currents cancel each other.
The net resultant flux being zero does not induce any current in the secondary of the transformer. Thus
the secondary current of the core balance current transformer when all the three phases are healthy is
zero.
When an earth fault occurs in one of the phases, the zero-sequence fault current which flows is not
cancelled by the flux of the other two phases and hence induces a current in the secondary.

The core balance current transformer can be connected to an earth fault relay which can be used to
generate the tripping signal.
Surge arrestor
Surge arrestor is used for protection of electrical equipment from all kinds of over voltages caused by
lightening or switching operations. It has a metal oxide varistor that at normal voltage acts as an
insulator but at high voltage acts as a conductor.

Capacitive voltage indicator

Detect the presence of voltage in a wire or equipment without actually having direct contact with the
conductor or the energized part.

Limit switches
A limit switch is a switch operated by the motion of a machine part or presence of an object.
It is an electromechanical device that consists of an actuator mechanically linked to a set of contacts.
When an object comes into contact with the actuator, the device operates the contacts to make or
break an electrical connection.

Lock out relay

Whenever any fault occurs, lock out relay is latched. We have to reset it manually because if lock out
relay is operated and someone turns the circuit breaker on, it will not turn on.
Earth switch
Send any trapped charge in the line into ground after the line is switched off due to charge storing
capacity.

Opto isolator
Uses short optical transmission to transfer an electrical signal between circuits while keeping them
electrically isolated.

Buccholz relay
A Buchholz relay is a safety device sensing the accumulation of gas in large oil filled transformers, which
will trigger the alarm on slow accumulation of gas or shut down the transformer if gas is produced
rapidly in the transformer oil. It is sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure inside equipment. The
contacts are not operated by an electric current but by the pressure of accumulated gas or oil flow.
MICOM P122

Protection available
– 50/51 Three-phase over-current

– 50N/51N Earth fault over-current

– 64N Restricted Earth fault

– 49 Thermal overload (True RMS)

– 37 Undercurrent

– 46 Negative sequence over current.

Menu structure for MiCOM P122

Connecting with MiCOM

MiCOM relay schematic

  MICOM P141 (feeder management relay)

 MICOM P241 (motor management relay)

Front layout:
Things to enter in MiCOM:

What’s the CT ratio?

Which protection?

Which curve?

What’s the current setting?

Time setting: TMS or definite time?

MiCOM trainer panel programming and settings

Protection settings for new EE-620 Panels to be replaced in P-1
Turnaround:
Settings for the following feeders have been done and fed into MiCOM S1 Studio for testing.

 EE-240
 EE-2440
 EE-641, EE-645
 EE-642, 644
 Housing outgoing feeder
 MC-2D
 PM&S-4 CWS
 TX-A’s
 Offsite outgoing feeder
 MC-702
 MG-2501
 MP-421A
 MP-421B
 MP-2515D

Settings for MP2515-D

Feeder Tag MP-2515D
Load Details
Pn.mech=600 kW
In=60 A
PF=0.8
Starting Current Multiplier=6.53
Starting Time=5 s

Fault Level
Imin=4.13 kA
Imax=27.56 kA
IEmin = 0.2kA
IEmax= 1.316kA

Guide Line
Protection ANSI Pick-up Level Curve Time Dial Setting or
Function Code Type Time Delay
Time Delayed 51 1.05 x Motor Rated SI As per coordination
Over Current Current with motor current
Short Circuit 50 1.25 x Motor Starting DMT 50ms
 Current
Earth Fault 50G 30% of Motor Rating DMT 50ms
Under Voltage 27 50% of Rated Voltage DMT 1 , 2 , 3 or 4 secs
Under Frequency 81 Depending upon ILMS DMT 0 secs
Group

Protection ANSI Code Pick-up Level Curve Type Time Setting

Function I>, I>>,IE> TMS, Td
Time Delayed 51 63 SI 1.35
Over Current
Short Circuit 50 490 DMT 50ms
Earth Fault 50G 18 DMT 50ms

Phase Fault
CT Ratio 200 / 1
I> 51 0.315 SI 1.35
I>> 50 2.45 DMT 50ms

Earth Fault
CT Ratio 160 / 1
Ie> 50G 0.1125 DMT 50ms

Under Voltage
PT Ratio 6600/110
V< 27 55 DMT 5 secs

Under Frequency
PT Ratio 6600/110
F< 81 48 DMT 0 secs

Attach Relay Test Report

Settings for EE 641/EE-645

Feeder Tag EE-641/EE-645
Load Details
6.6/0.44 kV
Sn=1.73 MVA
uk=6.07 %
In.pri=151.3 A
In.sek=2270.04 A
Fault Level
Imin= 8.4 kA
IEmin = 0.2KA
IEmax= 1.316kA

Guide Line
Protection ANSI Pick-up Level Curve Time Dial Setting or
Function Code Type Time Delay
Time Delayed 51 100 x Transformer Rated SI As per coordination
Over Current Current with upstream feeder
Short Circuit 50 Less than 80% of Min DMT 50ms
short circuit current
Earth Fault 50G 30% of Transformer DMT 50ms
Rating
Under Voltage 27 50% of Rated Voltage DMT 1 , 2 , 3 or 4 secs
Under Frequency 81 Depending upon ILMS DMT 0 secs
Group

Protection ANSI Code Pick-up Level Curve Type Time Setting

Function I>, I>>,IE> TMS, Td
Time Delayed 51 151.3 SI 0.54
Over Current
Short Circuit 50 6000 DMT 50ms
Earth Fault 50G 45.39 DMT 50ms

Phase Fault
CT Ratio 600 / 1
I> 51 0.252 SI 0.54
I>> 50 10 DMT 50ms

Earth Fault
CT Ratio 160 / 1
Ie> 50G 0.284 DMT 50ms

Under Voltage
PT Ratio 6600/110
V< 27 55 DMT 5 secs

Under Frequency
PT Ratio 6600/110
F< 81 49 DMT 0 secs

Attach Relay Test Report

Minimum short circuit current and maximum short circuit current

Imin:
If only one gas turbine is running then the current through that node is Imin.
Imax:
If all gas turbines are running, then the current flowing through the node is Imax.

SIGRADE
SIGRADE is a Siemens Software for over current protection coordination. We enter the protection
criteria, settings range and ratings of motors and SIGRADE calculates the protection settings for it
accordingly. It also plots over current coordination curves useful for time coordination of our electrical
network
SIGRADE COORDINATION CURVES
The following curve shows that motor takes inrush current for 5 seconds. We have to make sure that no
overlap takes place between circuit breaker curve and motor taking inrush current curve.

Software settings:

Programmable scheme logic:

The purpose of this logic is multi-functional and includes the following:
 • Enables the mapping of opto-isolated inputs, relay output contacts and the programmable
LED’s.
• Provides relay output conditioning (delay on pick-up/drop-off).

Opto Signal Input signal Output signal LED contact Relay contact Logic gates

PSL Logic settings

Opto Input mappings

For Example Under voltage trip inhibit logic:

Programming LEDs
This is how we program different LEDs according to the type of function we want them to light on:

For example LED 1 will light up for

over current and short current.

LED2 will light up if there’s an

earth fault.

LED3 will light up for an under

voltage trip and so on.
Application of non-protection functions

VT supervision
 The voltage transformer supervision (VTS) feature is used to detect the failure of ac voltage
inputs to the relay.
 This may be caused by internal voltage transformer faults, overloading or faults on the
interconnecting wires to relays. This results in one or more VT fuses blowing.
 Following a failure of AC voltage input there would be misinterpretation of the phase voltages
on the power system, as measured by the relay, which may result in mal-operation.
 There are three main aspects to consider regarding the failure of VT supply. These are defined
below:
1. Loss of one or two-phase voltages
2. Loss of all three voltages under load conditions
3. Absence of three phase voltages upon line energization.

Circuit breaker state monitoring

 MICOM relays can be set to monitor normally open 52a and normally closed 52b auxiliary
contacts of the circuit breaker.
 Under healthy conditions, these contacts will be in opposite states.

Should both sets of contacts be open, this would indicate one of the following conditions:

o Auxiliary contacts/ wiring defective

o Circuit breaker (CB) is defective
o CB in isolated position

Should both sets of contacts be closed, only one of the following conditions would apply:

o Auxiliary contacts/ wiring defective

o Circuit breaker (CB) is defective.

Auxiliary contacts position CB State Detected Action

52 A 52 B
Open Closed Breaker open Circuit breaker healthy
Closed Open Breaker closed Circuit breaker healthy
Closed Closed CB failure Alarm raised if the condition
exists for more than 5s
Open Open State unknown Alarm raised if the condition
exists for more than 5s

Trip circuit supervision TCS

We have two TCS one if for circuit breaker open, the other for circuit breaker closed.
  The trip circuit in most protective schemes extends beyond the relay enclosure and passes
through components such as fuses, links, relay contacts, auxiliary switches and other terminal
boards.
 This complex arrangement, coupled with the importance of the trip circuit, has led to dedicated
schemes for its supervision.
 We have two TCS one if for circuit breaker open, the other for circuit breaker closed.
 A user alarm is used in PSL to issue an alarm message on the relay front display.

Importance of trip circuit healthy:

If trip circuit is not healthy, then even if relay circuit is working properly, there’s no advantage.
(There will be upstream tripping or damage to the equipment).

SCHEME:
 This scheme provides supervision of the trip coil with the breaker open or closed,
however, pre-closing supervision is not provided.
 When the breaker is closed, supervision current passes through the opto input, blocking
diode and trip coil.
 When the breaker is open current still flows through the opto input and into the trip coil
via the 52b auxiliary contact.

Lockout relay:
Whenever any fault occurs, lock out relay is latched. We have to reset it manually because if lock out
relay is operated , breaker will not turn on.
Anti pumping relay
The function of an anti-pumping device is to prevent the circuit breaker closing and opening several
times in quick succession. This might be caused by the application of a closing pulse while the circuit
breaker is being tripped via the protection relays.

More features available in MiCOM

Negative sequence over current
Positive phase sequence

Negative phase sequence

Negative phase sequence in induction motors is caused due to unbalanced voltages in the supply
voltage applied on the stator terminals or unbalanced windings.
Negative phase sequence components create a rotating magnetic field in the stator which moves in
the opposite direction. This causes a decrease in the torque developed by the motor. The motor will
thus have to draw a higher current for the same mechanical load.

Broken conductor detection

The BRC function detects a broken conductor condition by detecting the non symmetry between
currents in the three phases. It does this by measuring the difference between the
maximum and minimum phase currents, i.e. it compares the magnitude of the minimum current with
that of the maximum current, and gives an output if the minimum current is less than 80% of the
maximum current for a set time interval. At the same time, the highest current must be higher than a
set percentage of the terminal rated current.

Cold load pickup

When a typical load has been without supply for a period of time (hours) it loses its diversity. When
power is restored the load is higher than usual because all the heater, refrigerator or air conditioner
thermostats have turned on. The longer the period without supply the greater the loss of diversity and
the higher the load current when supply is restored.
FREJA Test Set
• Computer aided relay testing and simulation system.

• FREJA 300 is intended primarily for secondary testing of protective relay equipment.

• Virtually all types of protection relays can be tested.

FREJA has two modes:

Local
• In the Local mode, you do not need a personal computer to perform the control functions.

Remote
• Software: FREJA Win
Remote mode: Time test

Secondary injection:
Select IEC inverse graph and then inject secondary current.

Conclusion
Henceforth, I was successfully able to do the protection setting calculations and hands on application
and testing of those settings on MiCOM 122,141 and 241 respectively. I learnt SIGRADE, FREJA testing
and Programmable Scheme Logic. Moreover, I also learnt about various non-protection functions of
MiCOM protection relays.