SAMPLING ANO TESTING METHODS

FEDERAllANDS HIGHWA\' (FLH)

FIELD MATERIALS MANUAL

APPENDIX A- FLH TEST PROCEDURES

APPENDIX 8 - MODIFIED MSHTO TEST PROCEDURES EFFECTIVE DATE: FEBRUARY 10, 1997
 APPENDIX A - FLH TEST PROCEDURES
Table of Contents

Test
Procedure Subject Page

T 501-96 Determining the Thickneas of Compacted Asphalt Concrete

Paving Mixture Specimens (2 pages) • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . T501-1

T 502-96 Determining the Flow of Grout Mixtures Using a Flow Cono (2 pageo) .•...••............ T502-1

T 503-94 Determining the Preoeoce of Anti-stripping Compound

in Asphalt Material (2 pages) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T503-1

T 504-96 Determining Longitudinal Surface Smootlmess (8 pages) . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T504-1

T 505-94 Deton:nining the Effect ofWater on Asphalt-Coa!ed Aggregate (2 pages) • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T505-1

T 506-94 Determining Multiple Frsctured Faces on Coarse Aggregates (2 pages) ••.......•......... T506-1

T 507-94 Determining Frscturod Faces on Coarse Aggregates (2 pages) . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T507-1

T 508-96 Determining the Flskiness Index and Avemge Least Dimension

of Aggregates (1 pages) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T508-1

T 509-94 Drying Soil and Aggregate Samples Using a Microwave Oven (3 pages) . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T509-1

T 510-94 Determining the Natural Cementation of Aggregate Fines (3 pages) . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T510-1

T 511 Deleted

T 512-94 Determining the Adherent Coating on Coarse Aggregates (3 pagos) . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . TS12-1

T S13-94 Determining In-Place Density and Moisture Conteot of Soils and

Aggregates Using a Troxler 3411-B Nuclear Instrument (5 pagos) •...•...•........ TS13-1

T S14-96 Removing Asphalt from Asphalt Concrete Paving Mixtures Using

Biodegmdable Solvenls (3 pages) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . T514-1

T 515-94 Determining Moisture Conteot in Asphalt Concrete Paving

Mixtures Using a Microwave Oven (2 pagos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . T515-1

T 516-94 Determining Asphalt Conteot of Asphalt Concrete Paving

Mixtures Using a Troxler 3241-B Nuclear Instrument (10 pagos) • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . T516-1

T 517-94 Deton:nining Asphalt Conteot of Asphalt Concrete Paving

Mixtures Using a Troxler 3241-C Nuclear Instrument (14 pages) ....•••...•..•.•.• T517-1

T 518-96 Determining Cemeot Factor and Water 1 Cement Ratio Based on

Measured Unit Masa and Air Conteot (S pages) . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • • . . . . . . . • . . . . TSJ.S-1

T S 19-9S Determining Opemtor Reteotion Factor for Extraction of

Asphalt from Asphalt Paving Mixtures (3 pagos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TS19-1

T 520-93 Determining the Rouodness of Large Glass BeadB (3 pagos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TS20-1

Rt:vised 1011196
Blank Page 1
 FLH T 501-96
Standard Method of

Determining the Thlckness of Compacted

Asphalt Concrete Paving Mixture Specimens

FLH Designation: T 501-96

1. SCOPE

1.1 This test method covers determina!ion of the thickness of compacted aspbalt paving
mixture specimens.

2. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE

2.1 The thickness of a compacted aspbalt paving mixture is often used as a construction
check 10 insure that the proper quantity of material has been placed 01. a project and 10 corre~.
strength measurement on constant diameter specimens with varying heights.

3. APPARATUS

3.1 Any of the following apparatus may be used 10 measure the thickness of test
specimens 10 the nearest millimeter:
3.1.1 A metal tape or rule.
3.1.2 A set of calipers.
3.1.3 A measurement jig or other device, fabricated in such a manner that it is capable
of measuring specimen thicknesses in accordance with this procedure.

4. TEST SPECIMENS

4.1 Test specimens sball be laboraiOry compacted or from compacted asphalt pavements.
4.2 Pavement test specimens shall be taken with a core drill, diamond or carborundwn
saw, or by other suitable means.
4.2.1 Thickness measurements sball not be made on any specimen that has been
disiOrted or cracked in removal from the pavement, from laboraiOry compaction molds, or
in siOrage prior 10 measuring.
4.2.2 Specimens sball be free of foreign material such as sea! coat, foundation material,
soil, paper, or foil.
4.2.3 Where desirable, specimens may be separated from other layers by shearing or
other suitable means, provided a well defined construction plane is achieved.

T501-1
FLH T 501-96

5. PROCEDURE

5.1 Thickness of specimens with relatively plane horizontal surfaces or layers with well
defined, uniforrn lines of dernarcation rnay be measured with a tape, rule, or calipers in
accordance with the following:
5.1.1 Measure the thickness of the specimen or layer using any of the apparatus
described in section 3 .1. Make thickness measurements approximately perpendicular lo the
upper plane of the specimen. Measure between upper and lower surfaces, between a well-
defined construction demarcation line and either the upper or lower surface, or between two
well-defined construction dernarcation lines.
5.1.2 Make three measurements at approxirnately the third points on the periphery of
cores or at the approxirnate midpoint of each of the four sides of rectangular, sawed
specimens. Record the average of these measurements as the thickness of the specimen.
5.2 The average thiclcness of specimens with relatively plane horizontal surfaces may
be measuwl r:·means of measurement jig or other suitable device, provided the device yie' 's
results consistently within ± 1 millimeter of those obtained in accordance with Section 5 .1.

NOTE l-5pecimens cut from the pavemc:fll with hand-held or power-operated chise!J should be trimmed
by abrasion or diamond sawing to rcmove any distorted arcas prior to measuring.

6. REPORT

6.1 Report the thickness of the specimen as the average thiclcness determined by any of
the procedures described in sections 5.1 through 5.2. Report the mean of measurements lo
the nearest millimeter.
6.2 Indicate on the report which of the two procedures was used lo determine the
thickness; that is, measurement by tape, rule, or calipers (5.1), or by measurementjig (5.2).

7. PRECISION

7.1 No measurement precision data are presently available for this test method.

T501-2
 FLH T 502-96

Standard Metlwd of

Determining the Flow of Grout Mixtures

Using a Flow Cone

FLH Designation: T 502-96

(U.S. Corps of Engineers Test Method CRD-C 79)

l. SCOPE

1.1 This method of test oovers the procedure to be used both in the laboratory and in the
field for de1ermining the flow of grout mix1ures by measuring the time of efflux of a specified
volume of grout from a standardized flow cone.

2. APPARATUS

2.1 Flow Cene. The flow cone sball conform to the dimensions and other requirements
indicated in Figure l.
2.2 Stop Watch. A stop watch baving 0.20 second increments or less.

X"' 2.9nm Dia Polnt Guage

Tack weld In place.

- 6.4mn Thlck
Cast Al'-'Tllnlnl

se- ; +- Stalnless Steet Dlscharge Tube

...l'-----.3.--'L¡:¡.J, Brazed to Four 8olt Aange
-{f.-
13m.n ID.

Figure 1 Typical Cross Section of Flow Cone

T502-1
FLH T 502-96

3. CALIDRATION OF APPARATUS

3.1 The flow cone shall be fumly mounted in such a manner that the top will be leve!
and the cone free from vibration. The discharge tube shall be closed by placing the finger
over 1he lower end. A quantity of water equal to 1725 mL ± 1 mL shall be introduced into
the cone. The point gauge shall be adjusted to indicate the leve! of the water surface.

4. SAMPLE

4.1 The test sample shall consist of 1725 mL ± 1 mL of grout.

5. PROCEDURE

5.1 Moisten the inside surface of the flow cone. Place the finger over the outlet of the
discharge tube. Introduce grout into the cone until the grout surface rises into contact with
the point gage. Start the stop watch and remove the finger simultaneously. Stop the stop
watch at the first break: in the continuous flow of grout from the discharge tube. The time
indicated by the stop watch is 1he time of effiux of the grout. At least two testa shall be made
for any grout mixture.

Note 1· A rcconuncnded proccdure for insuring that the interior of thc conc is properly wctted is to fill
!he cone with water and, one minute before beginning to add the grout IWilple, allow the water to drain from
the cone.

5.2 Report findings on form FHWA 1612. The report shall include the following
information.

• The average time of effiux to the nearest 0.2 second.

• The temperature of the grout sample at the time of testing.
• The ambient air temperature at the time of testing.
e The composition of the grout sample.
• The physical characteristics of the grout sample.

T502-2
 FLH T 503-94
Standard Method of

Determining the Presence of

Anti-Stripping Compmmd in_ Asphalt Material

FLH Designation: T 503-94

l. SCOPE

1.1 The purpose of this test procedure is to determine rapidly the presence in the
asphalt material of an effective amount of anti-stripping compound. The test is not
quantitative in the sense that a numerical value can be obtained.

Note 1--0nly the presence of amine-type anti-stripping additivea can be dc:tected by thiJ method.

2. EQUIPMENT

2.1 One 60 mi glass bottle such as is commonly available at drug stores, preferably
with a screw cap.
2.2 An ordinary kitchen teaspoon or small spatula.
2.3 White paper toweling or blotters.
2.4 A small metal pan or ceramic bowllarge enough to mix 100 grams of asphalt with
about 36 grams of solvent.
2.5 Balance conforming to AASHTO M 231, Class G-2.

3. SPECIAL MATERIAL

3.1 Standard ottawa sand (ASTM C 190 sand, 600 ~tm - 850 ~tm mesh).
3.2 Clean, potable water.
3.3 Naphtha.

4. PROCEDURE

4.f Use the following procedures for asphalt material which is liquid at temperatures
between 20° and 40° C:
4.1.1 Place 20 g ± 1 g of the standard ottawa sand in the 60 mi bottle.
4.1.2 Add clean potable water sufficient to cover the sand to a depth of about 1O mm
above the surface of the sand in the bottle.

Note 2-For RC 800, MC 800, RC 3000, or MC 3000 material, use water ata temperature of 40-So• C,
or dilute the aspbalt material with the naphtha to the consistency of an RC 250 or MC 250.

4.1.3 Add 1 g ± 0.2 g of the asphalt material to be tested by dripping it from a spoon
or spatula onto the surface of the water in the bottle.
4.1.4 Stopper the bottle and shake vigorously for 30 seconds.
4.1.5 Remove stopper and pour off excess water.
4.1.6 Tap wet sand out onto a piece of white paper toweling or blotter.
4.1. 7 Evaluate results in accordance with section 5.

T503-1
FLH T 503-94

4.2 Use the following procedures for asphalt material which is not liquid at
temperatures between 20• and 40• C:
4.2.1 Weigh out approximately 100 g of asphalt into a small metal pan or ceramic
bowl.
4.2.2 Heat or cool the asphalt cement to approximately so• to 90• C and slowly add
36 percent naphtha by weight of asphalt. Sorne reheating of the mixture on a hot plate may
be required to facilitate blending. Mix the asphalt and solvent thoroughly. This results in
a cutback similar to an RC 250. Check the weight of the solvent-asphalt mixture when
finished blending to insure proper amount of solvent. Add solvent if needed to attain the
36 percent solvent. Reheating is not normally required at this point.

Note 3 - WARNING!!I - Thc solvcnt will vaporize rapidly at lhill tcmpcraturc, so lhill atcp abould be
done whcrc tbcre is good ventilation and no open flarnea.

4.2.3 Using the fabricated cutback, follow the procedures indicated in section 4.1.1
through 4.1.7.

S. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

5.1 If the asphalt material contains an effective amount of an anti-stripping additive,

the wet sand and asphalt will be intimately combined. in a homogeneous mixture having a
uniform color. If the asphalt material is deficient in anti-stripping additive, the wet sand and
asphalt will not mix. The sand may contain a few globules of asphalt on the surface, but
the mass will be nonuniform in appearance. i

Note 4-An effoclive IADIOUIIt of anli-olripping addilivc, as delcmúncd by lhill 1eat mdbod, should not be
'
CODIInlCd as a ICCOIIIJIICIIdarion lhat aucb ao IADIOUIIt is ncccuariJy optimum lor a particular application.

T503-2
 FLH T 504-96

Standard Method of

Determining Longitudinal Surface Smoothness

(California Type Profilograph)

FLH Designation: T 504-96

l. SCOPE

1.1 This test rnethod is used to rneasure the srnoothness of a pavernent surface in rnetric
units by using a California type profilograph. The profilograph produces a hard copy trace
ofthe surface, frorn which deviations in the surface are identified and measured.

2. EQUIPMENT

2.1 Profilograph - The profilograph shall be a California type profilograph consisting

of a metal frarne with multiple wheel trucks supporting each end and a center mounted
measuring wheel. The unsupported length between the wheel tracks shall be 7.62 meters.
The profilograph shall ha ve steering capability.

2.1.1 The profilograph shall be equipped with a graphic recorder capable of recording
the distance of travel and the magnitude of vertical variation. The recorder shall have a
horizontal scale of 1 millimeter = 0.3 meter, and a vertical scale of 1 millirneter = 1
rnillimeter. The paper in the recorder should ha ve non-rernovable tractor feed edges.

2.2 Blanking-Band Templa/e - The ternplate shall consist of a transparent plastic scale
approximately 50 rnillirneters wide and 333.3 rnillirneters long for a 0.1 kilorneter section
(See figure A); 333.3 rnillirneters equates to 100 rneters, or 0.1 ki1ometer. Each 0.1 kilometer
section is considered a sublot (N). Near the center ofthe template a 5.0 rnillirneter wide
opaque blanking-band shall be scribed forthe fulllength ofthe template. On each side ofthe
blanking-band, 4 or more parallellines shall be scribed 2.0 millimeters apart.

2.3 Bump Loca/ion Template- The ternplate shall consist of a piece oftransparent plastic
at least 130 rnillimeter long by 75 rnillirneters wide (See figure A). A line, parallel to the long
side, shall be scribed on the ternplate. This line shall be crossed with 2 perpendicularly
scribed lines 25.4 rnillirneters apart near the center ofthe template. Construct a straight slot
through the template, parallel to the longside and 10.0 rnillirneters from the frrst line scribed.
The slot shall extend the distance between the perpendicular lines previously scribed. The
25.4-rnillirneter line corresponds toa longitudinal distan ce of7.62 meters on the longitudinal
scale ofthe profilograrn. The 10.0 rnillimeter distan ce between the parallellines represents
the rnaxirnum allowable burnp in 7.62 meters.

T504-1
FLH T 504-96

1--- 333.3 mm (0.10 k.llometer> ---1

2. . ~ ""'""'"' . . .
50 mm

¡
Cleer Plestlc
Blenkin<;¡-Bend Templete

-----¡
~
130 mm
- ,..
Worir.rng_5&J::. 1
vldth 0.5 111n1

f
75 mm
\
-7------'
l
ro~

L '· <;. 11.-.e

125.4 m~ 1
T
Cleer Plestlc
Bump Lecetlon Templete

Note, PIO$tlc temolah~3 to be

1.50 nvn mfn. thleknesa NOT TO SC.&LE

Figure A - Templates

3.0 CALffiRATION

3.1 Longitudinal (distance) Calibra/ion - Check the longitudinal calibration prior to

initial use and at such other times as may be required for verification. Operate the
profilograph over a measured test section on a reasonably flat and leve! surface for
approx.imately 100 meters. The length ofthe test section as measured by the graphic recorder
shall be within the following tolerance:

Longitudinal calibration = _L_ = 0.3 ± 0.0024

VVhere: ~
L = length oftest section in meters (±10 mm)
~ = recorded length oftest section in millimeters (±!mm)

3.2 Vertical calibra/ion- Check the vertical calibration prior to initial use and at such
other times as may be required fer verification. Keep the profilograph stationary. Using pre-
measured calibration blocks measured to !he nearest 0.1 millirneter, pull or slide !he block(s)
under !he recording wheel. Measure the vertical trace line from the base line to !he peak and
retum. The trace line must retum to the base line. Compare !he actual heights of the
calibration blocks with the heights oftheir vertical trace line. These heights should be within
± 1 millimeter.

NOTE 1-lfthe longitudinal and vertical calibration checks are not within the allowablc tolerances specified,
make the appropriate adjustments or repairs.

T504-2
 FLH T 504-96

4.0 PREPARATION

4.1 Establish ground controls on the section of roadway to be tested. Controls should
include the beginning and end with sufficient intennediate markers to facilitate correlation
of areas on the graphic readout to the actual ground Iocations. Mark the Iimits of excluded
areas. Excluded areas for smoothness and bump detennination are bridges, cattleguards,
horizontal curves with less than 150 meters radii, transverse joints with an existing pavement,
and miscellaneous paved areas such as driveways, parking areas, tuming or passing Ianes, and
side roads.

4.2 Provide for traffic control including appropriate warning signs and flaggers.

4.3 Assemble the instrument at the work site and perfonn the calibration procedures to
assure that the equipment is operating properly.

5.0 TESTING

5.1 After detennining that the profilograph is operating properly, .:ove to the beginning
point. Lower the measurement wheel, set the tracing pen on the graph paper, and run the test.

NOTE 2-Do not back the instrument while the measuring wheel is on the pavement. This will cause damage
to the graphics system.

5.2 Pro file each Jan e of the project. Pro file continuously from beginning to end of
project. Do not break profile at excluded areas.

5.3 Mark Iandmarks and excluded areas on the profilogram for documentation purposes.
Mark the beginning and ending stations and identify the lane (either Ieft or right) and the
direction in which the trace is run (either ahead on Iine or back on line). Mark the trace by
making a spike or strum at least 20 millimeters long on the upside ofthe trace.

NOTE 3-Interrupting the test to add notes to the profilogram will not interfere with the recording. Locations
ofphysical features along the route such as mi le markers. cross drains, bridge ends, guard rail terminals, overhead
utility crossings, etc. should be noted on the profilogram. This will aid in matching the ground locations with
thc graphic record. Thc trace should be markcd and thc station identificd approximately every 150 meters. Do
not write on the trace line. Write notes at least 20 millimeters abo ve or below the line.

5.4 Operate the profilograph at a speed no greater than a nonnal walk ( 1 to 5 km/h) to
eliminate as much bounce as possible.

6.0 MEASUREMENT USING MANUAL METHOD

6.1 Detennine the roughness [Profile Index (Prl)) of each 0.1 kilometer section, or
sublot (N), by starting at the beginning ofthe profilogram and placing the blanking-band
template over the first 0.1 kilometer section ofthe pro file in such a manner asto blank out as
much ofthe pro file as possible with the opaque 5.0 millimeter blanking-band (See figure B).
Mark the trace at each blanking-band template Iocation and proceed to the next 0.1 kilometer
section. The blanking-bands need not connect one section to the next vertically, but connect
adjacent blanking-band template locations horizontally.

T504-3
FLH T 504-96

6.2 On each side ofthe blanking-band are parallel scribed lines 2.0 millimeter apart.
These lines serve to measure the variations (called scallops) in the trace that extend above or
below the 5.0 millimeter wide opaque blanking-band. Measure the height of the scal/ops
appearing abo ve and below the opaque blanking-band. Measure to the nearest Y, division ( 1.0
millimeter) on the blanking band. Record each scallop's count to the nearest y, division or
to the nearest millimeter on the profilogram (See figure C). Do not measure narrow scallops
(spikes) less than 3 millimeters long or less than Y, division in height. When a scallop is
contained in two sublots, measure the maximum height of the scallop and include the
measurement in the sublot containing the maximum point.

Sum the scallop counts for each 0.1 kilometer section and multiply the total count for the 0.1
kilometer section by lO to convert to roughness in millimeters per kilometer. Record the
smoothness value on the profilogram (See figure B) and on the computation worksheet. Use
Form FHW A 1620 (or QL-PAY) to record roughness values and calculations.

6.3 All sublots shall be 0.1 kilometer in length. Do not extrapolate sublot roughness
from lesser lehgths. The partía! length of any last lane segment is excluded from
measurement, except for bumps according to 6.4.

6.4 Check the profilogram for bumps using the bump template. At each prominent peak
or high point on the profilogram, place the template so the crossed points ofthe scribed 25.4
mm !ine intersect the profilogram to form a chord across the base of the peak or indicated
bump (See Figure D). The scribed !ine on the template need not be horizontal. Ifthe parallel
slot intersects the trace, mark a line in the slot asan out-of-specification bump (deviation >
10.0 millimeters in 7.62 meters).

Count the bump and record it on Form FHWA 1620.

7.0 MEASUREMENT USING PROSCAN PROFILOGRAM SCANNING SYSTEM

7.1 The preferred method for determining the roughness [Pro file Index (Prl)] ofeach 0.1
kilometer section or sublot (N) is by using the ProScan Profilogram Scanning System or an
approved equal. The ProScan Profilogram Scanning System is available from:

Devore Systems, Inc.

2617 Sumac Orive
Manhattan, KS 66502
(913) 537-1799

7.2 When using the ProScan Profilogram Scanning System it is necessary to set default
values for severa! parameters. The following default values shall be used:

Scallop filler 15
min. height 0.5 millimeter
min. width 2.0 millimeter
resolution 1.0 millimeter
Blanking band 5.0 millimeter
Grind template 10.0 millimeter
Minimum spike height 7.6 millimeter

T504-4
 FLH T 504-96

7.3 When using the ProScan Profilogram Scanning System it is necessary to identify and
mark the beginning point ofthe trace. It is also necessary to identify and mark all equations.
Mark the trace by drawing a heavy vertical line on the trace at appropriate locations. The
verticalline should extend at least 40 millimeters above and below the trace.

7.4 Sean the trace between marked beginning and ending points. The scanned trace may
consist of only one marked segment or it may consist of severa! segments. Provide the
software with appropriate stationing information at all beginning points. When an equation
is encountered, provide the software with the appropriate stationing information. Reposition
the trace as necessary after reaching an ending point or equation.

7.5 After scanning a trace, print a final report and plot the scanned profile.

8.0 REPORTING

8.1 Use the measurement results to determine the final pay factor in accordance with the
contract requirements. Do not use any sublot in the pay factor computation which contains
any port' n of an excl "ded area.

8.2 Report the pay factor and the statistical values which support the determination of
pay factor. Attach the ProScan Profilograph Report to the profilograrn trace to document the
scallop computations. When the Manual Method is used, attach the work sheet (Form FHWA
I 620) to document the scallop computations. The records shall al so identify the type of
equipment used, operators, project, lane and direction, track location, time and date of run,
weather conditions, and other data deemed appropriate.

T504-5
FLH T 504-96

L
o lJ.I
...J
<(
(/) ()
V1
'O L
e Q)
+-
o
1-
<1! Q) 1-
(/) E o
z
.e
+-
M E
11
+-
o + N a)

+- E L
e E (/)
<lJ
J +-
o e <lJ
o o E
+- ..... o
L o
o
+-
Q) ~
(/)
Vl L
L <lJ
<lJ a.
+-
<lJ (/)
E L
o +-<lJ
<lJ
~
E

o
.
E
-......e o
(/)

a)

L
o
'i-

o:J +-
e
"
l!1
::J
o
+ o
E
E o
+-
M o
1--

'
Figure 8 - Example of Placing Blanking Band,
Summing Scallop Count, and Determining Profile lndex

T504-6
 FLH T 504-96

3 (3 mml 6 (6 mml

'i
20.0 mm

5.0 mm

TYPICAL SCALLOPS
'
Sea le:
HORIZONTAL mm = 0.30 m
VERTICAL mm = mm

Figure C - Example of Determining Scallop Measurements

T504-7
FLH T 504-96

__L
uo.o mml

OEFECTIVE AREA

t
t----_
_/L~ 10.0 mm

r
7.62 m

NON DEFECTIVE AREA

Sea le:
HORIZONTAL 1 mm = 0.30 mm
VERTICAL 1 mm = 1 mm
Figure D - Examples of Placing Bump Location Template

T504-8
 FLH T 505-94
Standard Method of

Determining the Effect: of Water

on Asphalt-Coated ~regate

FLH Designation: T 505-94

l. SCOPE

1.1 This method covers a rapid field test for visually determining the loss of adhesion
in uncompacted asphalt-coated aggregate mixtures dueto the action of boiling water.

2. APPUCABLE OOCUMENTS

2.1 ASTM E 1 for thermometers.

3. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE

3.1 The conditions of test are designed to rapidly determine, in the field, the resistance
of asphalt-coated aggregate mixtures to the accelerated action ofboiling water. The loss of
adhesion of the asphalt to the aggregate is visual! y estimated.
3.2 This test method is useful as an indicator of the relative susceptibility of asphalt-
coated aggregate to water but should not be used as a measure of field performance because
such correlation has not been ·established.

4. APPARATUS

4.1 Scoop, shovel, or other implement capable of removing a representative sample

from a larger mass of asphalt-coated aggregate.
4.2 Glass beakers, heat-resistant, two, 1.5 to 2liter in size, or suitable metal containers
of similar dimensions and capacity.
4.3 Source of water: at least 1 liter for each test.
4.4 Device for heating water (hot plate, camp stove, torch, etc.).
4.5 Low distillation thermometers, having a range from -2° to 300° e, and conforming
to the requirements 7C in ASTM E l.

S. PROCEDURE

5.1 Pour approximately 11iter of water into a suitable container as described in Section
4.2 and heat to boiling.
5.2 With a suitable implement (Section 4.1), place approximately 200 grarns of the
asphalt-coated aggregate in the boiling water while the container is exposed to the heat
source. Bring the water back to boiling and hold for 10 minutes. Avoid excessive
manipulation of the asphalt-coated aggregate. The temperature of hot mixtures should be
below boiling temperature (100° C) before placing in boiling water.

T505-1
FLH T 505-94

5-3 At the end of 1O minutes, remove the container from the heat source, drain the
water from the mixture, empty the wet mix onto a white paper towel, and allow to dry.
Place a similar amount offresh (unboiled) asphalt-coated mixture (approximately 200 grams)
on a separate white paper towel. Allow both samples to cool to room temperature before
taking the initial readings.
5.4 By observation after boiling and 24 hours later, estimate the percentage of the total
visible area of the aggregate that retains its original coating to the nearest 5 percent. Any
thin, brownish, translucent areas are to be considered fully coated. Also look to see that the
fine aggregate is coated.

6. REPORT

6.1 Report the estimated original coated area for both samples at both times; i.e., after
boiling and 24 hours later. Use Form FHWA 1612 to record and report test results. See
exhibit 3.5 in chapter 3 of the FLH Field Materials Manual for a sample format.
6.2 Tabulate results as foJl' ·s:

Sample Percent Retained Coating

Type
Initial 24 Hours
Reading Later
Unboiled ·'
1·,
Boiled

7. ACTIONS

7.1 If the unboiled sample does not show over 95 percent retained coating initially and
the asphalt content and gradation are within the job mix formula tolerances, the wet mixing
time may need to be increased.
7.2 lf the unboiled sample shows over 95 percent retained coating initially but less than
95 percent after 24 hours, the aggregate may not have been dried sufficiently before mixing
occurred. Drying time and/or temperature may need to be increased.
7.3 If the boiled sample fails to have over 95 percent retained coating and anti-strip
additive is specified in the approved job mix, verify that anti-strip additive is being added
to the asphalt, using FLH T 503, and verify that the equipment adding the anti-strip additive
on-site is functioning properly.
7.4 If the boiled sample fails to have over 95 percent retained coating and anti-strip is
not required, notify the Project Engineer and send loose mix box samples to the Division
Materials Laboratory for evaluation of the retained strength by AASHTO T 165. Repeat the
Marshall-Immersion test (15 and 20 blow) to verify the retained strength by this procedure.

T505-2
 FLH T 506-94
Standard Method of

Determining Multiple Fractured Faces

on Coarse Aggr~ates
FLH Designation: T 506-94

1. SCOPE

1.1 This test method is used to determine the percentage by weight of the material
retained on the 4. 75 mm sieve which has one or more fractured faces.

2. DEFINITION OF TERM

2.1 Fractured Face-A fractured face on an aggregate particle is any sharp edge created
either by man-made or natural methods. A fractured face with rounded edges, regardless
of how the rounding occurred (natural or man-caused), shall not be counted as a fractured
face.

3. APPARATUS

3.1 Mechanical Splitter-A sample splitter conforming to AASHTO T 248.

--~ 3.2 Balance-The balance shall conform to AASHTO M._231 for the class of general
¡ purpose balance required for the principal sample weight of the sample being tested.
/ 3.3 Sieve-A 4. 75 mm sieve conforming to AASHTO M 92.
3.4 Miscellaneous equipment, such as scoops, shovels, trowels, brushes, etc.

4. SAMPLE PREPARATION

4.1 Following AASHTO T 248, split out a representative sample that will yield retained
4. 75 mm material in accordance with weights shown in table l.

Table 1
Required Sample Size
Maximum Nominal Maximum Weight Retained
Particle Size on 4. 75 mm Sieve
37.5 mm 1500 grams
25mm 500
19mm 300
12.5 mm 200
9.5mm 150
4.75 mm 150

T506-1
FLH T 506-94

4.2 Sieve the above representative sample over the 4. 75 mm sieve. Use all of the
material retained on the 4. 75 sieve in the fracture test.

5. PROCIDURE

5.1 Weigh and record the weight of the material to be tested.

5.2 By visual inspection separate the particles into the following categories:
• Particles with one fractured face.
• Particles with more than one fractured face.
• Rounded or sub-rounded particles with no fractured faces.

6. CALCULATIONS

6.1 Divide the weight of the particles having one fractured face by the total weight of
the material tested. Multiply this decimal by lOO to find the percent of aggregate particles
with one fractured face. ·
6.2 Divide the weight of the particles having more than one fractured face by the total
weight of the material tested. Multiply this decimal by lOO to determine the percent of
aggregate particles with more than one fractured face.
6.3 Add the percentage of aggregate particles with one fractured face (subsection 6.1)
to the percentage of aggregate particles with more than one fractured face (subsection 6.2)
to determine the percentage of aggregate particles with one or more fractured faces.

7. RESULTS

7.1 Report the following results to the nearest whole percent:

• Percent with one fractured face.
• Percent with more than one fractured face.
• Percent with one or more fractured faces.

T506-2
 FLH T 507-94
Standard Method of

Determining Fractured Faces on Coarse Aggregates

FLH Designation: i 507-94

1. SCOPE

1.1 This test method is used to determine the percentage by weight of the material
retained on the 4. 75 mm sieve which has at least one fractured face.

2. DEFINITION OF THE TERM "FRACTURE"

2.1 Fracture on grave) is any sharp edge created either by man-made or natural
methods. A grave) that was previously fractured and then weathered so as to round off the
cdges wc .. Id not be e<-.JSidered sharp or fractured.

3. APPARATUS

3.1 Mechanical Splitter- A sample splitter confonning to AASHTO T 248.

3.2 Balance- The balance shall confonn to AASHTO M 231 for the class of general
purpose balance required for the principal sample weight of the sample being tested.
3.3 Sieve - A 4. 75 mm sieve confonning to AASHTO M 92.
)
/ 4. SAMPLE PREPARATION

4.1 Following AASHTO T 248, split out a representative sample which will yield
retained 4.75 mm material in accordance with weights shown in .table l.
4.2 Sieve the above representative sample over the 4.75 mm sieve. Use all of the
material retained on the 4. 75 mm sieve in the fracture test.

Table 1
Required Sample Size

Maximum Nominal Mínimum Weight Retained

Particle Size on 4.75 mm Sieve
37.5 mm 2 500 granJS
25mm 1 500
19 mm 1000
9.5 mm 700
4.75 mm 500

T507-1
FLH T 507-94

5. PR.OCEDURE

5.1 Weigh and record the weight of the material to be tested.

5.2 By visual inspection separate the particles with one or more fresh, mechanically
fractured face from the rounded or sub-rounded particles.
5.3 Weigh and record the weight of the particles having one or more fractured face.

6. CALCULATIONS

6.1 Divide the weight of the particles having fractured faces by the total weight of the
material tested. Multiply this decimal by 100 to find the percent of fractured faces.

7. R.ESULTS

7.1 Report results to the nearest percent.

.,,'
¡

T507-2
 FLH T 508-96
Starui<lrd Method of

Determining the Flakiness Index and

Average Least Dimension of Aggregates

FLH Designation: T 508-96

1. SCOPE

1.1 This metbod describes a procedure to determine tbe Flakiness lndex and tbe average
Least Dimension of Aggregates. The sieve analysis sball be performed in accordance with
Section 3. The median size shall be determined in accordance with Section 5. The Flakiness
lndex shall be determined in accordance with Section 6. The Average Least Dimension sball
be determined in accordance with Section 8.1.

2. APPARATUS

2.1 An appropriate size scale or general purpose balance conforming to AASHTO

M23l.
2.2 A mela! plate approximately 1.6 millimeters thick with slotted openings conforming
to tbe design and dimensions shown in Figure l.
2.3 Appropriate sieves conforming to AASHTO M 92.

3. S lEVE ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

3.1 A surface or oven dried sample sball be weighed and the distribution of particle
sizes obtained by sieving in accordance with AASHTO T 27. See Table 1 for minimum
sample size.

Table 1
Minimum Wei~ or Sample
Nominal Size Approximate
of Aggregate Mass
(mm)

25.0 5000
19.0 2500

16.0 2000
12.5 1200

9.5 800

6.3 500

3.2 After sieving, weigh the material retained on each sieve and record. Determine the
mass passing ea eh sieve and express these masses as a percentage of the total mass of the
sample. Record these percentages.

T508-1
FLH T 508-96

4. REPORT

4.1 Report resullll of the sieve analysis to the nearest percent. Plot the resullll and draw
a gradation curve on the worksheet for determining median size of aggregate (Form FHWA
1613).

5. MEDIAN SIZE

5.1 The median size is that theoretical sieve size in millimeters tbrough which 50
percent of the material will pass. Determine the median size from the gradation curve and
record on Form FHWA 1613.

6. FLAKINESS INDEX PROCEDURE

6.1Aggregate retained on each sieve (4. 75-mmimeter sieve and larger) which comprises
at least 4 percent of the total sample shall be tested particle by particle for its ability to pass
through an appropriate slotted sieve or plate with enlongated openinga. The size of slolll
required for each fraction is given in Table 2 and shown in Figure l.
6.2 Record the masses of the aggregate particles retained on each slotted sieve and that
pass ea eh slotted sieve on the Flakiness Index worksheet (Form FHWA 1615). The total
amount passing the appropriate slotted sieve openinga shall be weighed to an accuracy of at
least 0.1 percent of the mass of the test sample.

Table2
Slot Size for Each A te Fraction

Range of Aggregate Size Width of

Slotted
Sieve Opening
Material Passing Material Retained (mm)
(mm) (mm)

25.0 19.0 13.34

19.0 12.5 9.52
12.5 9.5 6.68
9.5 6.3 4.67
6.3 4.75 3.33

6.3 Compute the Flak:iness lndex. Flakiness Index is the total mass of the material
passing the slotted sieve openings expressed as a percentage of the combined mass of the
fractions tested on the slotted sieves. Record to the nearest whole percent.

T508-2
 FLH T 508-96

7. EXAMPLE

7.1 A sample of asphalt surface treatment aggregate with a dry mass of 10 000 grams
has been taken and a sieve analysis perfurmed in accordance with AASHTO T 27. The sieve
analysis is shown in Table 3. Record this data on the Flakiness Index worksheet.

Table3
s s·
1 1eve AnalJysiS
ample

Sieve Mass Mass Total

Designa!ion Retained Passing Passing
(mm) {1 (%)

25.0 o 10 000 100.0

19.0 2080 7920 79.2

12.5 6610 1310 13.1

9.5 500 810 8.1

6.3 370 440 4.4

4.75 300 140 1.4

7.2Determine the median size ofthe aggregate in accordance with section 5.1. Plot the
aggregate gradation curve. See figure 2 for an example plot. Loca te the intersection of the
gradation curve with the 50 percent passing line and determine the screen opening size
(median size) for this point on the horizontal scale. In this example, the median size is 16
millimeters.

7.3 Determine the aggregates Flakiness Index in accordance with section 6.1. See
figure 3 for an examp1e flakiness index work sheet. The total mass of aggregate particles
tested should equa1 the total mass of the sample 1ess the mass of the aggregate particles
passing the 4.75-millimeter sieve. Compute the Flakiness Index (%)by dividing the total
mass of particles passing their slotted sieves by the total mass of the sample tested for
flakiness and multip1ying by 100. In this example, the Flakiness lndex is 28 percent
(28.49% rounded).

7.4 Detennine the Average Least Dimension of the aggregate in accordance with section
8.1. In this example, a flakiress index diagonal representing 28 percent was inserted and the
Average Least Dimension was detennined to be 10.75 millimeters. See figure 4 for an
example of an average least dimension plot.

8. AVERAGE LEAST DIMENSION

8.1 Determine the Average Least Dimension using Form FHWA 1614. Locate the
median size of the aggregate on the horizontal axis. Identify a diagonal to represen! the
sample's Flakiness Index. When necessary, draw in an appropriate diagonalline. Proceed
vertically from the median size on the horizontal axis to the diagonal line representing the
sample' s Flaldness Index. From this point of intersection, proceed left horizontally and
determine the Average Least Dimension value on the vertical axis.

T508-3
FLH T 508-96

9. REPORT

9.1 Report tbe Flaldness Index to the nearest whole percent and the Average Least
Dimension to the nearest 0.25 millimeter. Good embedment properties are desirable
characteristics fur aggregates used in asphalt surface treatments. The flaldness index and the
average least dimension values are indicators on how well the aggregates will embed in tbe
aspbalt surface. Low flaldness index values and high average least dimension values indicare
cubical particles and cubical particles mean improved adhesion with the asphalt surface.

Slotted Sleve Slzes t

Aggregate Fractions"
Passlng Sieve 25.0mm 19.0mm 12.5mm 9.5mm 6.3mm
Retalnod on Sleve 19.0mm 12.5mm 9.5mm 6.3mm 4.75mm

wl ~--
[~
l
q
¡¡¡
~
t
f~ JL_
J L..
l:r-~,_ 6.68
4.67
3.33

9.52
13.33

- 'Not 10 Scalo. Soc dlrn&nalool . , _ In ~

\I.S. ltlnclsd .... el:zel

Figure 1 - Slotted Sieve Openings in Millimeters

T508-4
 u.o.Dop..._...,...,_
O .......,. ....,_._,0111oo
, ...... ~.41z'' adc:w
WORKSIIEET FOR DETERMINING MEDIAN SJZE o~· AGGREGATE
FLHT508

>r:l
~-
Projccl: (?? éZ/1/i 7J(7') Sourcc: JI{~. 4-ary
When: Sllmpled: c~uJHarrQuiUIIily n:prcscntcd: ' wao é · - - -
C!>v~r ~q.
(IQ

"'
a
.
Samplc ur: ~..I.J!:!:: Lot no.: __¿ Samplc ño.: ___z_ Sarnplcd by·4 '[.,d D"c: #¿,
Tcslcd by: 2! IÚcet? Dale:~
N
'

r
'a
(1>
o...,
•lllf-·
,....
!

·- . v
j_ 'JO

sor--- KO
tí

~
701·· 70
...e
-i
"' 1: ~ "' --H-- +-+---j H---+-+ "" &>..~
o
O>

"'
(IQ

g.
(1>
] so 1 1-··r3
L....:::.::::1:...1- . · .. :L==~·::::
Medlan ne --·--·rr
·::::~~.::::.:.:::::::: ===~:::··::::::· 1::::¡··-:~-=---~----¡-·r·¡--
--··- _J_.-..:.. ·.
so
~
e
~
"
S:: -l.-l. -t -j 40 &>..
g, . IX:. 1 11 1 11
§ 30
en
§"
·r¡
..... --·
20
g,
10
>
(IQ 101 '1 '1 1
(IQ + .J::::::.::: ......... .

~!> ..._..¡
~~ 4 ti? q --~ /.:1 »..¡ .,..f o,.¡ ¿;! ~" if"'~.f,_o./4 if..._.¡
Standard Sieve Sizes
..,r
flurn1FHWA 161)CRtY.IU·!XII
M• dlan Slze (mllllmeters) = [/¿-l :X:
-i

"'o
"'cb
O>
FLH T 508-96

FLAKlNI!SS INDEX WOJIKSAF:itJ'

FLHT 5011

Projoc:t: 4!? éL# ..::z -e~/ - H{/hdttif 0417

WOoro """'''iod: Céadn= a;-¿ Quaoü<y ~ • waa ¿
Sam¡>lo el: Ú/t'U ~ , (Ú,/ .lf Lo! DD.: - - " - - - - Sampio m.: 7
Samplod by: L. &,,·d Dalo: AJ4/M· T-.¡ by: lJ. Wua Dalo: AJ1/M

Awonlo G10datioll o.&a toe DOCa · lfioa of Fl.ak:iaeal Iada:l •

-
A' B e D E F'

( ...
SiowSWI
)

25.0
.........
Muo

ó
(¡)
-. ToUI

1~000
(¡)
-
Flaldo..Piu

""'""'
.......
Muollolalood
.. Floldooa
l'lu(¡) ..
MaaiWolqSlot

Pla»(¡)
T"" Muo
(D+E)
(¡)

:z,.o to 19.0 /SOO sea é!.tJ80

19.0 8080 ??e.tJ

19.0to 12.5 1/800 /8/¿} ~e::;/()

12.S G>G.I.!) /3/CJ

J2.5 to 9.5 .:;s-o 15'Ó SóCJ

.., SOó 8/CJ

9.5 to 6.3 ¿¡¿; /~0 370
6.3 37ó ?".YO
6.3to4.7S /?¿} ¡;¿; <.300

4.7S .300 ;.Yo

TOTAL 7c::1s-cl .E81t!) 'l8<Ü)
TOTAL 786.0 / ...

FloldaeaiAda'• Total ofCoiWJID E •

Total of CoiWJ1D F
é!.8/0
7' S C. ó
(100) -1
é!. 8 1
1
Por cacb •izo •arccato \clltcd for tla.tiAea, tbo cotd mua tcatc:d (CoJuma P) abouJd bo tbo WH u tbo m.us ret&iDcd (Columo A)
for tho co~ tiZ1D o( agreauo.
1
Roondcd to tbe. DCUelt wbolc pcrcc:at.
fonll FHWA 16U (bv 10-96)

Figure 3 - Example of Detennining Flaki.ness Index

T508-6
 Vflllii1 =.
A U.S.~•otT~
~,,::,::.:-wORKSHEET FOR DETERMINING AVERAGE LEAl>'T DIMENSION
FLHTSOS

'T:I
Pmject:0'§=1jff·¿('V Soun:c: )f/b{;,r ~ Wherc "'mplcd: Cí-uq(,.rapw;/ ~anlily rcpn:scnled· , '14Qt:2 é .
~·
Samplc of: ~ Samplc no.: __z ·- Samplcd by:L ',;;.,;.(/Dale:~..;; Tesled hy: 72 &f:eMDa!C: ~
()<¡
e: Lo! no.:
Cil
~
2

~
' 1 1 1
1 1 -
~ ..
s 3
-_. '
~~~r
'E!.
1
--.,------- .
'
(>

...,
o .,
4

~""~ ~~ - J . :
~'"'>
~ -....::::-~~- ~~
~

~~~
tJ S lp '
~
~""''!;:SS~ ;:o
(>

6
. "' " " - '
o; S S':Oc> :
~
~ -..;::.:::,:~ ~----;:: ~.
1
-1
"'
o 1: 7 ' ;

~
: ~ ~~t=»~..
~c----t~
. .-...~q-...::~~0
~=
...,'
CIO ()<¡
" 'f::SO:;,. :'_ ': """' :::..::::;6::.. i--- -- +-:
1 --<:--~ Pf" <>'- "!"'":::~ -- -- ~ >-...¿>
Er .=:! 8
~

"'' ..--'~-~~~1;2::::
- ' ~ -· -~-- '-"-~
(>

~ a 9 1
: .. ,__ --, -
-->---- '---"

~ ~. .:. : :
~
iS
1 - ,' . -:-+ .' j· ---, -- . --,_,_,- I:$::':D .
] 10
' _,-.....
. '' ' - .''. -- . . "". '-'. ·'"--"'b,__---scS--- .... - <
,_,- - --.:..~
(>

, ~-
:en- 1- . ' ' p
[ E
•. .. - ;... : •. . '.. ..,' ···,• ....

• 1 " ' L':o"'

tJ
~·
~12 ' .. . ' .... •' ' .'
'
.. _,-
. . ~.' ¡_____:
.

~ 13
~.
o 14
' '
::S

1S
:
S
l
6
l
7 8
.
9
1
10 11 12 13
1
14
~ '
15
.
16 17
-¡
18 ,...
"T1
;¡:
Median Size ofAggregate in Mllllmeters -1
1-fwm 1-"HWA 161~ tK-=,·· 10·1J61
"'o
CIO

"'"'
Blank Page 1
 FLH T 509-94

Standard Method of

Drying Soil and Aggregate Samples

Using a Microwave..Oven

FLH Designation: T 509-94

1. SCOPE

1.1 This method covers the use of microwave ovens to dry soils or aggregates to a constant
weight.

2. APPLICABLE OOCUMENTS

2.1 AASHTO Test Procedures:

T 11 Materials Finer Than 75 ¡Lm Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing
T 27 Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates

3. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE

3.1 Either at the beginning of a test procedure or during a test procedure, moisture
composed of water must be removed from the sample to determine the dry weight of the sample.
3.2 The microwave oven causes the moisture to gain temperature at an accelerated rate and
¡' lessens the time required to dry a sample to a constant weight. Conventional ovens, convection
/
or forced-ilraft, heat the aggregate and moisture by heat transfer from the heated air in the interior
of the oven to the aggregate and moisture. Microwave ovens cause the molecules in the moisture
to oscillate at a high rate and become heated by molecular friction. The microwave is an efficient
method of drying soil and aggregate material.

4. APPARATUS

4.1 Balance-Balance shall conform to AASHTO M 231 for the class of general purpose
balance required for the principal weight of the sample being tested.
4.2 Microwave aven-An oven rated at 1,000 watts minimum. The power output shall be
continuously variable from O to 100% of maximum output. The interna) chamber shall be
approximately 0.05 cubic meters in size. (See note 1.)
4.3 Drying pans-Pans or dishes composed of heat-tempered glass. Glass manufacturers
produce dishes of various sizes and shapes specifically to be used in microwave ovens.
4.4 Stirring tools-Spatulas, spoons, or other utensils to mix the sample to facilitate the
even heating of the particles.

NOTE 1-Microwave ovens should be tested at leas! once a month for leskage around the edges ofthe door.
Document the findings. If leskage is above the level reeommended by the manufacturer, the oven should no! be used
until repaired. A simplified leskage test can be performed with a smalllow wsttage neon tube held next to the door.
If the tube lights at all, contact the FLHD Safcty Officer.

T509-1
FLH T 509-94

5. SAMPLING

5.:1. Sampling shall be governed by the test procedure in which the microwave oven will
be used. Table 1 will generally yield a sample of sufficient size to meet the requirements for a
given test procedure. The samples for testing shall be prepared in accordance with AASHTO T
248 or other approved method to achieve the required size.

Table 1
Minimum Sample Size for Drying
Nominal Size Sample Weight
of Aggregate (grams)

2.36mm lOO
4.75 mm 500

9.5mm 1000

12.5 mm 1500

19.0mm 2500
25.0mm 3000
37.5 mm 5000 '·

6. PB.OCEDURE

6.:1. If a moisture determination is required, the sample shall be weighed and the weight
recorded before drying.
6.2 Estimate the drying time required as follows.
6.2.:1.. ldentify the microw¡¡ve oven's output capacity in watts and, using the following
formula, approximate an initial drying time for an estimated moisture content.

(4.18)(c)(A t)
t = ------
w
Where: t = Drying time in seconds.
e = Estimated moisture content of sample in grams.
At = Temperature rise in degrees Celsius necessary to raise the temperature ofthe
sample to 100" C.
W = Power output of microwave oven in watts.

T509-2
 FLH T 509-94

6.2.2 The following is an example of the use of the formula for an estimated drying time:

Given: Weight of sample = 2500 grams

Temperature of sample
-== 25" e
Microwave power output 1000 watts
Estímate<! moisture content = 10%
Therefore: (4.18)(250)(75)
t = = 78.4 seconds
1000

In this example, round drying time to 80 seconds. Adjust the drying time as conditions and
material warrant.
6.3 Place the sample in the oven and set the timer for approximately half the estimated
time determine<! in section 6.2. When drying moist fine-grained particles, cover the sample with
a paper towel or reduce the time of the drying cycles to prevent loss of fine particles.
6.4 When the timer expires, open the oven door and stir the sample. If the sample is still
moist, set the timer for the rernainder of the estimated drying time and continue drying.
6.5 When the sample appears dry, cool the sample to room temperature and determine the
weight of the sample. Place the sample back into the microwave for additional 30-second intervals
until there is no measurable loss in weight between subsequent weighings.
6.6 After the sample is dried to a constant weight, proceed with testing.

' 1> 7. CALCULATION AND REPORT

J
7.1 Use Form FHWA 1616 to record data and report test results. See exhibit 3.19 in
chapter 3 of the FLH Field Materials Manual for a sample format.

T509-3
Blank Page 1
 FlH T 510.94
Standard Meilwd of

Determimng the Natural Cementation of Agregare Fines

FLH Designation: T 510-94

1. SCOPE

1.1 The cementation test is used to determine the unconfined compressive strength of fines
taken from a material that ls to be used for crosbed aggrepte surfacing and ls primarily applicable
to material with a plasticity index of less than four. Some non-plastic or slightly plastic material
has natural cementing qualities superior to plastic material, especially under wet conditions.
1.2 Most specifications require a plasticity index (AASHTO T 90) of 4 to 12 for assurance
that the binder of an aggregate, material passing a 2.00 mm sieve, will malee a grave! surface that
will not ravel. Material having a natural cementation of over 1200 lePa malee excellent grave!
surfacing. If the natural cementation ls between 500 lePa and 1200 kPa, ..ae material is marglli...
· for grave! surfacing. If the natural cementation is below 500 kPa, the material ls unsuitable for
grave! surfacing. The above criteria are independent of the plasticity index of the aggrepte.

2. APPARATUS

2.1 Sieves- Sieves (4.75 mm and 2.00 mm) shall conform to AASHTO M 92.
2.2 Oven-An oven shle to malntaln a drying temperature of 110" e ± s·.
) 2.3 Specimen Molds-Specimen molds for SO mm cube specimens shall conform to
AASHTO T 106, Section S.3.
2.4 Balance-Balance shall conform to AASHTO M 231, Class G-2.
2.5 Ttmq7er-Tamper shall conform to figure l.
2.6 Mechantcal .~plltter-Splitter shall conform to AASHTO T 248.
2.7 Stralghtedge-Trowel or straightedge shall have a steel blsde 100-lSO mm in length
with straight edges.
2.8 Testing Machine-Testing machine shall be able to malntaln a controlled rate of straln
and shall conform to AASHTO T 106.

3. SAMPLE PREPARATION

3.1 Shake a properly quartered or split sample over the 2.00 mm screen. Approximately
1SO g of the material passing a 2.00 mm sieve is needed for the two specimens required by this
test procedure.

T51 Q-1
FLH T 51Q-94

4. PROCEDURE

4.1 Oven dry the sample at 60° e ± 5°.

4.2 Mix the sample with water until the sample contains 5 percent more moisture than in
the saturated surface dry condition, as determined by AASHTO T 84. For normal aggregates 6.5
percent total moisture may be used. ·
4.3 Apply a coating of ligbt oil to the inside wall and the base plate of the molds.
4.4 eompact each soil specimen in two 25 mm Iayers with the tamper, using 25 drops of
the sliding mass per !ayer.
4.5 Strike off the top of the molds to a smooth surface.
4.6 Dry the compacted specimens in the mold to a constant mass at 110° e ± 5°.
4.7 Remove the specimens from the molds and allow to cool to room temperature.
4.8 earefully place the specimen in the testing macbine below the center of the upper
bearing block. Tbe load sbould be applied to the specimen faces that were in contact with the true
plane surfaces of the mold. Prior to the testing of each cube, it shall be ascertained that the
spherically seated t:xk is free to tilt. Load the specimens at a controlled rate of straut of
1.3 mm/minute. Make no adjustment on the controls of the testing machine while a specimen is
yielding rapidly immediately before failure.

5. CALCULATION AND REPORT

5.1 Record the total maximum load indicated by the testing machine. If the cross sectional
area of a specimen varies more than 5 percent from the nominal, use the actual area fur calculation
of the compressive strength. Tbe compressive strength of al! sound and cubical test spe(:imens
from the sample shall be averaged and reported to the nearest kPa. '·

Use Form FHWA 1617 to record and report test results. See Exhibit No. 3.20 in Chapter 3 of
the FLH Field Materials Manual fur a sample format.

T510·2
 FLH T 510·94

109mm

_j

381mm

) 1
92.7mm
!
-:t~
..
l46.4mm

L 1
"'

2S.4mm

49.Smm
(Sqoon)

Notc: Dimcnai01111 may be varicd with lhc cxoeption oflhc free fall of thc
lllidin¡ weisht and lhc oquare bammer base.

Not to Scalc
Figure 1 - Cementation Hammer

T510·3
Blank Page 1
 FLH T 512-94

Standard Method of

Determining the Adherent Cootmg__on Coarse Aggregates

FLH Designation: T 512-94

l. SCOPE
•
1.1 'Ibis test metbod is used to determine the adherent coating or adherent fines on coarse
aggregate (aggregate retained on the 4. 75 mm sieve) or on total aggregate for the following
purposes:
1.1.1 Preliminary investigation of mineral aggregate sources.
1.1.2 Control of mineral aggregates used in hot asphalt concrete pavements, seal coats,
cover coats, surface treatments, and portland cement concrete at the source of supply.
1.1.3 Control of mineral aggregate processing requirements.
1.1.4 Acceptance or rejection of aggregates based on adherent coating or adherent fines.

2. APPLICABLE OOCUMENTS

2.1 AASHTO T 2, Sampling Aggregates.

2.2 AASHTO T 11, Materials Finer 'Iban 75 ¡un Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by
Washing.
j 2.3 AASHTO T 27, SieVe Analysis of Fine and Come Aggregates.
./

3. SUMMARY OF METHOD

3.1 Aggregate for hot asphalt concrete pavement and coarse aggregate for portland cement
concrete.
3.1.1. A weighed sample of dry aggregate is separated on the 4.75 mm sieve and the
difference in the amount of material passing the 75 JLM sieve on the coarse aggregate (material
retained on the 4. 75 mm sieve) between dry sieving and washing is determined and reported as
adherent coating or adherent fines.
3.2 Aggregate for seal coats, cover coats, and surface treatments.
3.2.1 A weighed sample of dry aggregate is sieved and then washed. The difference in
the amount of material passing a 75 JLM sieve on the aggregate between dry sieving and washing
is determined and reported as adherent coating or adherent fines on the aggregate.

4. SAMPUNG

4.1 Sample the aggregate in accordance with AASHTO T 2.

4.2 Thoroughly mlx the sample and reduce it to an amount suitable for testing, using the
applicable procedures described in AASHTO T 248. The sample for testing shall be approximately
the weight desired when dry and shall be the end result of the reduction. Reduction to an exact
predetermined weight is not permitted.

T512-1
FLH T 512-94

4.3 The weight of the test sample shall conform to table 1 below.

Table 1
Weight ofTest Sample
Nominal Maximum Size Weight of Test Sample
Square Openings (mm) M"mimum Maximum
(Kg) (Kg)
9.5 1 2
12.5 2 3
19.0 5 7
25.0 10 12
37.5 15 18

5. PROCEDURE

5.1 Aggregate for hot asphalt concrete or portland cement concrete. •.

'
5.1.1 Conduct a sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregate with a nested 4. 75 mm sieve '
in accordance with AASHTO T 27.
5.1.2 Weigh the total material retained on the 4. 75 mm sieve.
5.1.3 Determine the amount of material finer than the 75 pm sieve coating the material
retained on the 4.75 mm sieve in accordance with AASHTO T 11.
5.2 Aggregate for seal coats, cover coats, and surface treatments.
5.2.1 Conduct sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates in accordance with
AASHTOT27.
5.2.2 Weigh the total material retained on the 75 p.m sieve.
5.2.3 Determine the amount of material finer than the 75 p.m sieve coating the material
retained on the 75 pm sieve in accordance with AASHTO T 11.

6. CALCULATION

6.1 Aggregate for hot asphalt concrete and portland cement concrete.
6.1.1 Calculate the amount of coated material (material passing the 75 p.m sieve) by
washing the material retained on 4. 75 mm sieve in accordance with AASHTO T 11.

T512-2
 FLH T 512-94

6.1.2 Calculate the adherent coating on the coarse aggregate as follows:

Adherent Coating = : (100)

a

Wbere:

A = Weight of material passing 75 ¡.un sieve washed off the coarse aggregate.
w. = Dry weight of aggregate retained on the 4.75 mm sieve after sieving in
accordance with AASHTO T 27 and before washing.

6.2 Aggregate fur sea! coat, cover coat, and surface treatment.
6.2.1 Calculate the amount of coated material (material passing the 75 ¡.&m sieve) by
washing the material retained on the 75 ¡.un sieve in accordance with AASHTO T 11.
6.2.2 Calculate adherent coating on the aggregate as fullows:

Adherent Coating = :b (100)

Wbere:

B = Weight of material.passing 75 ¡.un sieve washed off the aggregate.

Wb = Dry weight of aggregate before sieving in accordance with AASHTO T 27.

7. REPORT

7.1 · Report the adherent coating (adherent fines) to the nearest 0.1 percent on Form
FHWA 1612.

T512-3
Blank Page 1
 FlH T 513-94
··.····
Standard Metlwd of

Determining In-Place Density and Moisture Content of Soils

and Aggregates Usmg a Troxler 3411-B Nuclear Instrument

FLH Designation: T 513-94

1. SCOPE

1.1 This method of test is used to find the percent of relative compaction by first deter-
mining the actual moisture content and dry density of material in-place.

2. APPARATUS

2.1 A nuclear moistureldensity gauge, Troxler 3411-B.

2.2 Peripheral equipment shall include:
• Guide Plate
• Extractor
" Instruction Book
• Radioactive Signs
.. Steel Pin
• Standard Block
,.., • A.C. Charger Cord
'
/
•' 3. DETERMINING STANDARD COUNTS

3.1 Tum POWERmME switch to SLOW.

3.2 Allow gauge to stabilize for 10 minutes.
3.3 Place standard block on soil, asphalt, or concrete with a mínimum density of 1600
kg/m3 that is located at least 6 meters from any large object (vehicle, trees, etc.) and at least 15
meters from any other nuclear gauge.
3.4 Place gauge into the.recessed area on the stllndard block, with the scaler end pulled
against the metal plate (see Figure 1).
3.4.1 Remove probe lock.
3.4.2 Put index handle in SAFE position.
3.4.3 Move POWERfi'IME switch to SLOW.
3.4.4 Depress and hold down key labeled SHIFT.
3.4.5 Depress the STANDARD/MEASURE key and then release it.
3.4.6 Release the SHIFT key. The gauge will automatically start to count. An ERR
message will appear in the upper left comer of the liquid crystal display. When the ERR message
disappears, the count has been completed.
3.4.7 Depress DS (Density Standard) key and record the count (see note 1).
3.4.8 Depress MS (Moisture Standard) key and record the count (see note 1).

NOTE 1-The DS and MS counts are stored in the gaugc's memory and may be =allod by pressing MS or
DS keys. They will remain in the gauge 'a memory until the POWER!I'IME awilch is tumod lo the OFF pos ilion, or
untila new stsndard count is initiated.

T513-1
FLH T 513-94

4. STATISTICAL STABILITY TFSI'

4.1 This test is used to determine if the gauge is monitoring the radiation from the
radioactive source within the limits of normal statistics.
4.2 The same steps are followed to do this test as the steps prescribed for testing for
standard counts, except for the following:
e The POWER!TIME switch is set at 1 minute.
• The SHIFI' key is not depressed.
e The ERR message appears as the counting is accumulating. Wben ERR
disappears, _!-minute count has been completed.
• Depress DC key to display Density Count.
• Depress MC key to display Moisture Count.
• Record counts.
4.3 Continue this process (section 4.2) until twenty 1-minute counts have been read and
recorded.
4.4 Add the 1tandard counts and then divide by 20 to find "n. •
4.5 Find the error for each individual count by subtracting •n• from the count.
4.6 Find "E2 • by squaring each error.
4.7 Find "E" by totaling "E2."
4.8 Calculate the ratio for moisture and density. These ratios must fall between 0.18 and
0.3S to prove that the gauge is operating properly.

S. PERCENT RELATIVE COMPACTION

5.1 Setting percent PR (Percent of Proctor)

DD
Percent PR = X 100
z

Wbere: DD = Dry Density

Z = Proctor Density

5.1.1 Turn POWER!TIME switch to NORM.

5.1.2 Depress and hold SHIFI' key while momentarily depressing the SET key.
5.1.3 The display will show the value of •z• for S seconds. When the gauge is tumed
on, it automatically sets ·z· = 2,000 kg/m3 •
5.1.4 To change "Z, • perform the following steps:
5.1.5 Set the moisture correction switch to increase (+) or decrease (-).
5.1.6 Depress and hold the SET key until the correct density is displayed.
5.1.7 If the SET key is depressed for over S seconds, the rate of change in the displayed
density is increased.
5.1.8 To stop the change, release the SET key.
5.1.9 The density can be raised or lowered until the correct proctor dry density is
displayed.

T513·2
 FLH T 513-94

6. DETERMINING THE PERCENT MOIS'I'Uim AND. THE DRY DENSITY OF SOILS

ANDBASFS

6.1 Site preparation.

6.1.1 Use a table of random numbers, or other approved metbod, in conjunction with
tonnage or station to find the location where the test is to be completed.
6.1.2 Scrape and tamp an area with the guide plate. Rernove loose stones. Fill and
compact voids with native fines.
6.2 Hole preparation.
6.2.1 Puncb boJe at least 50 mm deeper than tbe depth to be used.
6.2.2 Stand on the guide plate when the pin is bein¡¡ driven (see note 2).
6.2.3 Extract the pin vertically. If the pin resists, it may be easier to extract after it has
been rotated.
6.2.4 Place the ¡¡auge solidly on the prepared surface.
6.2.5 T ~wer radio?ctive source to the desired depth into the bole.
6.2.6 Set POWERITIME switch to NORM.
6.2. 7 Set DEPTH switch to appropriate depth.
6.2.8 Pull the gauge backward to ensure tbat the extended rod is tigbt against the side of
the bole.
6.2.9 Depress the STANDARD/MEASURE key momentarily.
6.2.10 Wben the ERR message disappears, the count has been completed.
6.2.11 Press and record:
DD = Dry Density
"
. . 1
._/
%M
%PR
= Percent Moisture
= Percent Relative Compaction

NOTE 2-CAUTION-Whcn driving lhc pin into a ooü or a;grcptc, remcmbcr yo u are applying considerable
force with each hamrner blow. Thc pin wiU mushroom and flakc with time, aod metal chipa wiU lly from lhc pin u
it is Btruclc with the hamrner. The pin can be ground to lcuen Ibis effeet. Safcty g1usea are advised.

7. ENGLISH!METIUC READOUT

7.1 PCF-Englisb readings are in pounds per cubic feet (lb./ft. 3 ).

· SI-Metñc readings are in kilograms per cubic metet (Kg/m3 ).
7.2 To change readout:
7 .2.1 Release four thumb screws wbich retain electronic module.
7 .2.2 Remove electronic module from gauge, leaving ribbon connected.
7 .2.3 On back side of electronic module (lower rigbt side from front view) locate the slide
switcbes labeled SI and PCF.
7 .2.4 Place switch in desired mode.
7 .2.5 Replace electronic Jhodule and finger-tigbten thumb screws.

T513·3
FLH T 513·94

11. MOISTURE CORRECTION

11.1 This instrument calculates a "K" factor to correct for hydrogen in the measured
material which is not contained in the free water removed during standard oven-drying procedures.
This correction factor, as used with other types.of equipment, is a function ofthe dry density and
is only valid for one value of dry density. The correction used in this instrument is independent
of dry density and correctly adjusts the apparent moisture to a true moisture, regardless of the dry
density.
11.2 There are two ways to get the correction factor. The first and easier method uses the
instrument in the field to calculate the value of "K. •
11.2.1 Assuming that the soil is a type which allows an accurate "fast dry, • a sample can
be talren from under the gauge and a val ue of %M obtained while the co•mt data is stored in the
gauge memory. · ·
.8.2.2 Depress %M. Ifthe displayed value is higher than the value obtained from the "fast
dry;" set the sign switch on ·-.• Use"+" if the computed %Mis lower than the ·"fast dry."
Increment the MOISTURE CORRECTION switches, beginning with 00, until the computed value
is equal to the "fast dry" value, and record the final switch setting. Repeat this procedure for four
or more sites and average the "K" values. This average can now be set up as the MOISTURE
CORRECTION constant and can be used for all futute tests on this soil.
8.2.3 An easy way to set the MOISTURE CORRECTION switches is to depress and hold
down the %M k:ey while turning the CORRECTION switches. This places the processor in a
continuous calculation mode. If ERROR 40 appears while adjusting the switches, release and
depress the k:ey again. ERROR 40 occurs if the processor attempts to read the switches at the
instant the switch was rotated. '..
8.3 The second method of getting the correction factor is to malee four or more gauge %M ·.
measurements with the MOISTURE CORRECTION switches set to "+"OO. Samples from each
site should be tak:en to the laboratory for the oven-dry. The minimum recommended sample size
is 500 grams. Care should be talren to k:eep the samples from drying out.
8.3.1 For each sample, the "K" factor can be computed by the following formula:

1
%M (True) - %M (Gauge)
K = X 1,000
%M (Gauge) + 100

8.3.2 The final value of "K" should be the average of four or more samples rounded to
an integer. The value will fall between -99 and +99. This value is then set into the gauge
MOISTURE CORRECTION switches and used for all measurements on the particular soil.

NOTE 3-Uac the second method deacribed in acction 8.3 wben "fut dry" methods deacn'bed in section 8.2
~ not available in the field. ·

T513:4
 FLH! 513-94

- for
<-
llafe poi!W"D
(1 ) Hazulla
-~&o~ ocnmts)

r ~ - - - ·-liiMlmoOlltter P""'ti"ll.
L- ----.::J
----
r 1 ~---·
L- ----.::J
----
1
4
1
J 11
ill4tl: llo4

J
'
t r
1
J
'
11 ~---·
L- ----.::J
----

Figure 1 - Index Red Positions and Electronic Module

T513-5
Blank Page 1
 FLH T 514-96

Standard Method of

Removing Asphalt from Asphalt Concrete

Paving Mixtures Using Biodegradable Solvents

FLH Designation: T 514-96

l. SCOPE

1.1 This method covers a procedure for removing asphalt from hot-mixed paving
mixtures using a biodegradable solvent. Aggregates obtained by this method may be used for
sieve analysis following the procedures of AASHTO T 30.

2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

2.1 AASHTO Procedures:

• M 92, Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes.
• M 231, Weighing Devices Used in the Testing ofMaterials.
• T 30, Mecbanical Analysis of Extracted Aggregate.
• T 168, Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures.
• T 248, Reducing Field Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size.

3. APPARATUS

3.1 Balance-The balance sball conform to AASHTO M 231, Class G 5.

3.2 Sieves-The 1.18 mm and 75 ¡.tm sieves of 305 mm diameter with square openings
shall be mounted on substantial frames constructed in a manner that will.prevent 1oss of
material during wasbing. Snitable sieve sizes sball be selected to furnish the information
required by the specifications covering the material to be tested. The sieves sball conform
to AASHTO M 92.
3.3 Sieve Pan-A 305 mm diameter container capable of firmly holding the nested
sieves and baving a capacity of 8 to 40 liters.
3.4 Gradualed cylinders.
3.5 Plastic wash bottle.
3.6 Spoon, spatula, etc.

4. REAGENT (Solvent)

4.1 The biodegradable solvent sball bave been formulated to permit the solvent to be
removed from aggregate by wasbing with water. The solvent sball be supplied in clean and
appropriately lined metal containers.

5. SAMPLE

5.1 The size of sample shall be governed by the nominal size of particles of aggregate
in the mixture. The minimum size of sample sball conform to Table l.

T514-1
FLH T 514-96

TABLE 1
Mi. 1 s·tze fiora G.¡ven s·tzeOfA1ggregate
rumum Samp1e
Nominal Aggregate Size Sample Size
U .S. Standard Sieves 1 (grams)
4.75 mm 500
9.5mm 1000
12.5 mm 1500
19.0mm 2000
25.0mm 3000
37.5mm 4000
NOTE 1- Sievea conforming to AASHrO M 92.

6. PROCEDURE

6.1 Determine the asphalt content, using a nuclear test instrument in accordance with
FLH Test Procedure T 513, T 516, or T 517. Record data.
6.1.1 Determine moisture content, using a microwave oven in accordance with FLH
Test Procedure T 515. Record data.
6.1.2 Weigh the sample and record the mass.
6.1.3 Calculate and record the mass of dry aggregate.
6.2 Cover the sample of asphalt concrete mixture with 1200 mL of solvent and allow
it to soak for 20 minutes. After the soak period, agitate and decant the solution over the 1.18
mm and 75 p.m mesh sieves nested over the container described in section 3.3. Add
additional increments of solvent (300 mL) and stir for 2-minute periods before decanting. In
usually five to eight washes, the solvent wili become a cocoa-brown color when agitated. See
Note 2. At this point, discontinue the solvent rinses. Dispose of the resulting asphalt and
solvent solution in a manner consisten! with appropriate governing regulations.
6.3 Wash the sample vigorously with water as in AASHTO T 11. Agitale the sample
vigorously to result in the complete separation from the coarse particles of all particles finer
than the 75 p.m sieve and bring them into suspension in order that they may be removed by
decanta!ion of the wash water. Care shall be tak:en to avoid, as much as possible, the
decanta!ion of the coarse particles of the sample. The opera!ion shall be repeated until the
wash water is clear.

NOTE 2-Vigorous washlng wilh solution to remove !he asphalt from !he aggregate may cause sorne
aggrcgate degradation. To determine !he extcnt, if any, of !he degradation, pcrfonn a mínimum of 3
companion wash tests (AASHTO T 27 and AASHTO T 11) on proccsscd aggregate wilhout asphalt. The
comparison oflheac rcsults should idcntify !he amount of degradation occurring. lf degradation is occurring,
an adjustment in the percent pusing the sieves may be required. Do not adjust test resulta if the difference
of an individual aievc size perccnt passing is lesa than 10 percent of the mean percent passing the given sieve
in the companion test resulta.

T514-2
 FLH T 514-96

6.4 Al! material retained on the nested sieves shall be returned to the container. The
washed aggregate in the container shall be dried ID constan! mass ata temperature of 110 oc
± 5o and weighed to the nearest 0.1 gram and recorded.
6.5 The aggregate shaU then be sieved over sieves of the various sizes required by the
specification covering the mixture, in accordance with AASHTO T 30 and recorded. The
summation of these various weights must check: the dried weight after washing within 0.2
percent of the total weight. The weight of dry material passing the 75 ¡.¡m sieve by dry-
sieving sha1l be added ID the weight of minus 75 ¡.¡m material removed by washing in section
6.4, in order ID obtain the total amount passing the 75 ¡.¡m sieve.

7. REPORT
7.1 The results of the sieve ana1ysis shaU be reported as the total percentages passing
each sieve. Percentages shall be reported to the nearest who1e number except for the
percentage passing the 75 ¡.¡m sieve, which shaU be reported ID the nearest 0.1 percent.

T514-3
Blank Page 1
 FLH T 515·94
Standard Method of

Determmmg Moisture Content in Asphalt

Concrete Paving Mixtures Using. a Microwave Oven

FLH Designation: T 515-94

1. SCOPE

1.1 This method covers the use of microwave ovens to determine moisture content in
asphalt concrete paving mixtures using a microwave oven.

2. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE

2.1 This method is used to determine the amount of moisture content in a sample of
asphalt concrele paving mixture. The method is intended to be used in combination with
nuclear asphalt content test procedures.
2.2 The microwave oven causes the moisture to gain temperature at an accelerated rate
and lessens the time required to dry a sample to a constant weight. Conventional ovens,
convection or forced-draft, heat the sample by heat transfer from the beated air in the
interior of the oven to the sample. Microwave ovens cause the moisture molecules in the
sample to oscülate at a high rate and become heated by molecular friction.

3. APPARATUS

3.1 Balance - Balance shall conform to AASHTO M 231 for the class of general
purpose balance required for the principal weight of the sample being tested.
3.2 Microwave oven - An oven having an output of 1000 watts minimum aod an
internal cbamber approximately 0.05 cubic meters in size. The oven interior shall have a
metal or ceramic lining. The oven shall have a variable power control mode. (See note l.)
3.3 Drying pans-Pans or dishes composed of beat-tempered glass. Glass
manufacturers produce dishes of various sizes and shapes specifically to be used in
microwave ovens.
3.4 Stirring tools-Spatulas, spoons, or other utensils to mix the sample to facilitate the
even heating of the particles.

NOTE 1-Microwave ovens should be tested at lesst once a month for leakage around the edges of
the door. Document the findings. lf lesk.age is above the leve( recommended by the manufacturer,
the oven should not be used until repaircd. A aimplified leakage test can be performed with a arnall
low wattage neon tube held next to the door. lf the tube lighta at all, contact the FLHD Safety
Officcr.

4. SIZE OF SAMPLE

4.1 The size of sample used for moisture determinations sball be 500 to 1000 grarns.
The samples for testing shall be prepared in accordance with AASHTO T 248 using the
quartering method.

T515·1
FlH T 515-94

5. PREPARATION OF SAMPLE

5.1 When the aspbalt concrete material to be used to determine aspbalt content of the
paving mixture is separated out from the sample taken, also quartet-out an approximate
amount of material fur determining its moisture content. Thorougbly mix the sample and
break up any large lumps. Weigb out an amount not less Iban 500 grams fur the test. Keep
the remainder of the sample in a tigbtly covered container.

6.1 Prepare a sample in accordance with section S .1. Weigb and record the weigbt of
the sample, place the sample in a disb and place it in the microwave oven. Set the oven
timer to 2S minutes and set the oven to operate at a low power setting. As the drying cycle
progresses, the sample sbould be checked periodically to assure that it is not being beated
above 140• C. If overbeating occurs, the sample will smoke and a portion of the oils in the
asphalt cement will be driven off. If overbeating occurs, the sample sbould be discarded and
another sample tested. · (See note 2.)

NOTE 2. - Eve;ry mix wil1 requiro a alightly cliffi:ront cbyius time. A dcfinilc cbyiug time can u.ually
be ucertaincd by cbccldng the dry wcigbt of the mix at S-minlllc intervals unlil a collltUit weight il
obWDed.

6.2 Record the dry weigbt of the sample. Calculate and record the percent moisture
by original weigbt of sample as described in section 7.1.
J.
·•.
7. CALCULATIONS

7.1 Calculate the moisture content of the wet sample as fullows:

% Water = .Original Weigbt of Sample - Final Weigbt of Sample x

100
Original Weigbt of Sample

7.2 Record the percent moisture content to the nearest 0.1 percent.

T515·2
 FlH T 516-94
Standard Method of

Determining Asphalt Content of Asphalt Concrete Paving Mixtures

Using a Troxler 3241-B Nuc!ear lnst.rmnent

FLH Designation: T 516-94

1. SCOPE

:1..1 The nuclear asphalt content gauge is used to determine the amount of asphalt contained in loose
asphalt concrete mixtures.

2.1 .Model 3241 Series B Troxler nuclear instrument.

2.2 4.54 kg rammer and sleeve as used in AASHTO T 180.
2.3 A scale confolllling to AASHTO M 231, Class G20.
2.4 Drying oven capable ofhesting to 175" e± 5".
2.5 A steel compaction plate as shown in figure l.
2.6 Splitter conforming to AASHTO T 248.
2.7 Straight edge.
2.8 Appropriate stee1 pans.

.) 3. eAUBRATION

3.1 Obtain a representative sample of the processed aggregate (without asphalt) and dry to a
constant weight at uo· e ± 5" for at lesst 4 hoUrs (30 000 grams ± 1000 grams).
3.2 Split or quarter the aggregate into 4 fractloils.
3.3 Weigh one of the pans provided with the gauge and record its tare weight on the calibration
worksheet (Form FHWA 1631).
3.4 Fill the tared pan with a representative portion of the dry aggregate. Rock the pan back and
forth by lowering and raising first the right side then the left side. Raise and lower esch side 10 times.
3.5 If the aggregate has consolidated in the pan, add sufficient material to refill the pan. Strike
off the excess material with a straightedge.
3.6 Weigh and record the weight of pan and aggregate. Subtract the pan tare weight from the
gross weight and determine the net weight of the aggregate. 'Ibis net weight of the aggregate will be used
to determine the weight of mix to be placed in the pan during calibration and subsequent testing. Save
the tared pan filled with dry aggregate.
3.7 Using one of the other splits, weigh and add exactly a quantity of asphalt equal to the desired
asphalt content target value less 1.0% by weight of total mix. Record data on an appropriate form.
3.8 After mixing, bring the mix to a temperature of 110" e ± 5". (When testing for asphalt
content from Section 5.2, the moisture sample should also be heated to 110" e ± 5" and testad for
moistuie content.)
3.9 The mix shall be compactad in two layers of equal weight not to exceed the net aggregate
weight specified in 3.6.
3.10 Tare a pan and weigh one half of the weight necessary to fill the pan.

T516·1
FLH T 516-94

3.11 Preheat the compaction plate (figure 1). Use the plate and the 4.54 k:g rammer to densify
the mix with seven compaction blows. Drop the hammer from a height of 457 mm.
3.12 Remove the .compaction plate and add additional mix until the predetermined weight is met.
(Calculated weight = tare weight + compacted net aggregate weight)
3.13 Again use the 4.54 k:g rammer, dropped from a height of 457 mm, with the compaction plate
to densify the top layer with seven blows.
3.14 The compacted mix is now ready. Refer to Test Procedure for Gauge Calibration in annex B.
3.15 An additional calibration sample must be made using an asphalt content equal to the desired
asphalt content target value plus 1.0% asphalt. Repeat the procedures in 3.7 through 3.14.

NOTE 1-Ail cahbration and subsc:quent tcat ssmplca mUJt be of thc oamc weight and hcight in thc ssmplc pana. This
cannot be ovcr-cmphasizcd. Duc to ssmpling crrors and ststútics, thc calibration and tcat ssmplcs should be aalsrge as possiblc.
Ususlly this can be accomplisbed by using thc weight of dry aggrc¡¡stc that it takca to cxactly fill the samplc pan. This weight
of a hot ssmplc containing aaphalt will always lit into thc aamplc pan.

4. MOISTURE CURVE DETERMINATION

4.1 After calibration of the nuclear asphalt content gauge has been completed, a moisture
correction curve should be determined, using the following procedure.
4.2 Place tared pan containing the dry aggregate (saved in accordance with section 3.6 above) into
the gauge and follow instructions for asphalt determination in annex B. The aggregate must be cooled
to room temperature befare the moisture calibration is attempted. The initial measured count on the
aggregate represents no moisture or ZERO. This count must be subtracted from the counts at 0.5% and
l. O% moisture content to determine thb effect of the moisture in relation to the count.
4.3 Record measured count (MC) on lineA, Form FHWA 1631.
4.4 Remove pan from gauge.
4.5 Calculate 0.5% moisture by total weight of the sample.
4.6 Set pan filled with aggregate on the scale and pour the calculated weight of water over the
sample.
4. 7 Place pan in the gauge and follow section 4.2 again.
4.8 Record MC on line (B) and calculate corrected moisture MC [B - A] and record.
4.9 Remove pan from the gauge.
4.10 Add an additional 0.5% moisture as in 4.5 and 4.6 to bring total to l. O% moisture.
4.11 Place pan in the gauge and follow section 4.2 once again.
4.12 Record MC on line (C) and calculate corrected moisture MC [C - A] and record.
4.13 Plot the three points that represent the difference in count in relationship to the moisture on
the Moisture Curve Work:sheet (Form FHWA 1632) and develop the moisture correction curve (often a
straight line).

5. ~TDETERMINATION

5.1 Split or quarter a representative portion of the mixture to the approximate weight required to
fill the pan.
5.2 Use the same procedure outlined in sections 3.8 through 3.13.
5.3 Refer to the test procedure for asphalt determination in Annex B and follow the indicated
instructions. Read and record the measured count (MC) on Form FHWA 1619.
5.4 A correction for the moisture present must be made. Refer to FLH Test Procedure T 515 for
details and record percent moisture.

T516-2
 FLH T 516·94

5.5 The percent moisture should be plotted on the Moisture Curve Worksheet to determine the
corresponding MC.
S.ll The corrected MC for asphalt (MC for the mix less the MC for moisture) should be recorded.
S. 7 Asphalt content (AC) in percent is determined by- the following calculation:

AC = (C)(S) + (I)

Where: C is the asphalt MC corrected for moisture, S is the slope ratio representing the
change in asphalt content to the MC, and I is the point on the Y-axis where the line
repres""ting the slope ratio intersects the Y-axis (always a negative number). Record asphalt
content to the nearest 0.1 percent.

T516-3
FlH T 516-94

t----------- 220:1:1 ----------...¡

r------- 11106 ------...¡

r -
+ 1-

-
·······-··-t.····· . l!!

!
·i
i
!

Honclle·HaH.D.M12Boll
*
8 dla. I'Otlnd -
-2 plocoo boro

NOTTOSCALE
~In mm
guido_._
(2) Olher deelgno ant ..-ptablo provldod the -ry""""""""'
NOTE: (1) Loca1o thevont.,_ ._lmalolvequldlalont omund the
lo -od.

Figure 1 :- Compactlon Plate

T516·4
 FLH T 516-94

ANNEX A
Test Procedure for Gauge Calibration
Troxler 3241-B Asphalt Content Gauge

......,....,....,....,....,....,....,ol!l~ - Depicts gauge reading.

Push - Depicts wbst tbe operator will e:nter manually in the gauge.

l. Check voltage on back of gauge; set lo 12. Push ~

proper voltage NO

2.

3.
Plug in

Function switch lo TEST

13. NEW CALIBRATION?
YES/NO
1•

4. Powcrtrime switch lo CALIBRATE 14. Push 1m;

YES

S. RAMOK
PROMOK 1 15. FUNCTION SWITCH
TO CALIBRATE
1
•

6. GAUGE
OPERATIONAL 1 16. Set function switch on CALIBRATE

17. LOAD CALIB PAN 1 1

7. MANUALLY ENTER
CALIB? YES/NO 1 18.
PRESS START •

Put mix in calibration pan #1 with the

8. Push 1m; AC content = TV - 1.00%
YES
19. Push SIART
ENTER
9. % AC&COUNT
YES/NO 1
10. Push ~
NO

11. SLOPEIINTERCEPT
YES/NO

T516-5
FLH T 516·94

ANNEX A (continuad)

21. Push SIART 29. Push STARI

ENTER ENTER
22. COUNTING T=16 NOTE: •• IC the POWER/I'IME. switch is oot at thc
CALIBRATE poaition, the in.stnunent will bccp
and tbo gaugc will read:
NOTE: • lf you wam lo tako oaly ooo 4 minute coun1,
movo !he POWER/I'IME. IIWitch 1o NORMAL
aftor step ZO, thon: INCORRECT CAUB
TIME SELECTED
21A. Push START
ENTER Then it will J1op booping and start countin¡¡.

22A. CCU"!TING T=4

) 30. COUNTING T=4
1
23. At the end of counting period: 31. At the end of counting period:

MEASURE COUNT:
MC- 1 MEASURE COUNT:
MC= 1
24. Push SIART 32. Push SIART
ENTER ENTER

25. LOAD CAUB PAN 2

PRESSSTART 1 33. REVIEW CAL DATA?
YES/NO 1
26. Put mix in calibration pan 112 with the
AC conteat = TV + 1.00% 34. Push nK
YES
27. Push SIART
ENTER
35. CALPANl =
CALCNTl- 1
28. ENTER % AC =
...

T516-6
 FLH T 516-94

ANNEX A (continuad)

36. Push START

ENTER 44. SELECT
FUNCTION

37. CALPAN2 = 45. To measure a sample Function

e = switch to MEASURE

38. Push START

ENTER 46. LOAD SAMPLE PAN
PRESS START 1
39. SLOPE x 1000 =
INTERCEPT = 1 47.

48.
Put in sample to be measured

Push START
40. Push START EN TER
ENTER

41. DATA CORRECTI

YES/NO 1
49. COUNTING T=4
1
so. At the end of counting period:
\ 42. Push ~
t VES
j % AC = (resdout)
MC = 'readout~ 1
43. NEW CALIBRATION
COMPLETE 1 Sl. Push SIART
ENTER

This will put you back to step 46.

T516-7
Blank Page 1
 FLH T 516-94

ANNEX B
Test Procedure for Asphalt Uetermination
Troxler 3241-B Asphalt Content Gauge

- Depicts what tbe gauge will read.

1

Push - Depicts what the operator will enter manual)y in the gauge.

l. Check voltage on back of gauge; set to To Measure a Sample:

proper voltage
12. Push ImQ
2. Plug in NO

3. Function switch to TEST

4. Power/Time switch to CAUBRATE

13. LOAD SAMPLE PAN
PRESSSTART 1
14. Push START
S. RAMOK ENTER
) PROMOK

6. GAUGE
OPERATIONAL 1
15. COUNTING T=l6
1
NOTE: lf you want to changc to only onc 4 mirwtc
count, movc thc POWERIJ'IME .witch to NOR.-
7. MANUALLY ENTER
CAUB? YES/NO 1 16.
MALandreatart.

At the end of counting period:

8. Push ImQ
NO % AC = (readout)

9. NEW CALIBRATION?
YES/NO
1
•
17. Push START
ENTER
10. Push DEC
NO 18. LOAD SAMPLE PAN
PRESSSTART

11. REVlEW CAL DATA?

YES/NO
1
•
19. This will put you back to step 13.

Note: The gauge will retain the calibration

data in its memory until unplugged.

T516-9
FLH T 516-94

ANNEX B (continuad)

T516-10
 FlH T 517-94
Standard Merhod of

Determinmg Asphalt Content of Asphalt Concrete Paving Mixtures

Using a Troxler 3241-C Nuclear Instrument

FLH Designation: T 517-94

1. SCOPE

1.1 The nuclear asphalt content instrument is used to determine the amount of asphalt
contained in loose asphalt mixtures.

2. APPARATUS

2.1 Model 3241 Series e Troxler nuclear instrument.

2.2 4.54 kg rammer and sleeve as used in AASHTO T 180.
2.3 A scale conforming to AASHTO M 231, elass G20.
2.4 Drying oven capable of heating to 175• e ± s•.
2.5 A steel compaction plate as described in figure l.
2.6 Splitter confurming· to AÁSHTO T 248.
2.7 Straight edge.
2.8 Appropriate steel pans.

3. eALIBRATION

3.1 Before the 3241-C Series instrument can be calibrated or used for testing, a background
count and statistical stability test should be performed (see attached procedures).
3.2 Obtain a representative sample of the processed aggregate (without aspbalt) and dry to
a constant weight at 110• e ± s• for at least 4 hours (30 000 grams ± 1000 grams).
3.3 Quarter the aggregate into 4 fractions.
3.4 Tare one of the pans provided with the instrument and record on calibration worksheet.
3.5 Fill the tared pan with a representative portion of the dry aggregate. Rock the pan back
and forth by loweríng and raising first the ríght side then the left side. Raise and lower eacb side
approximately 10 times.
3.6 If the aggregate has consolidated in the pan, add sufficient material to refill the pan.
Strike off the excess material with a straightedge.
3.7 Weigh and record the weight ofpan and aggregate on Form FHWA 1631. Determine
the net weigbt of the aggregate. This net weight of the specimen will be used wben determíning
the weight of mix to be placed in the pan during calíbratíon and subsequent testing. Save the tared
pan filled with dry aggregate.
3.8 Using one of the other quarters that has been split out, weigh and add exactly a quantity
of asphalt equal to the designed asphalt content (TV - 1.00%) by weight of total mix. Record data
on Form FHWA 1631.
3.9 After mixing, bríng the mixto a temperature of 110• e ± s•. (When testing for aspbalt
content from Section S, the moísture sample should also be heated to u o• e ± s• and tested for
moisture content.)
3.10 The mix will be compacted in two layers of equal weight.
3.11 Tare a pan and weigh one half of the weíght necessary to fill the pan.

T517-1
FLH T 517-94

3.12 Preheat the compaction plate (figure 1). Use the plate and the 4.54 kg rammer to
densify the mix with seven compaction blows. Drop the hammer from a height of 457 mm.
3.13 Remove the compaction plate and add additional mix until the predetermined weight is
met. (Calculated weight = tare + compacted aggregate.)
3.14 Using the rammer and the compaction plate, densify the top layer with seven blows.
Drop the hammer from a height of 457 mm.
3.15 The compacted mix is now ready. See "Instrument Calibration Procedure" in annex C.
3.16 Two additional calibration samples must be tested. One sample with an asphalt content
equal to the designed asphalt content TV and one sample equal to the designed asphalt content TV
plus 1.0% asphalt. Repeat procedures 3.8 through 3.15.

NOTE 1-All cahbration and aubacquent test aamplea must be of !he aamc weight and hcight in !he aamplc pana.
Titis cannot be ovcr-cmphaaizcd. Due lo rlampling erron and otatistica, !he cahbration and test aamplca should be as
large as possible. Ususlly Ibis can be accomplishcd by using !he weight of dry aggregstc that it takea lo exactly fill !he
aample pan. Titis weight of a hot aamplc containing asphalt will always fit inlo !he aamplc pan.

4. MOISTURE CURVE DETERMINATION

4.1 After calibration of the nuclear asphalt content instrument has been completed, a ~110isture
correction curve should be determined, using the following procedure.
4.2 Place tared pan containing the dry aggregate (saved in accordance with section 3. 7 above)
into the instrument and follow instructions for asphalt determination in •Asphalt Mix Testing and
Measurement Procedure" in annex D.
4.3 Record measured count (MC) on Form FHWA 1631.
4.4 Remove pan from instrument. ·.'
4.5 Calculate 0.5% moisture by total weight of the sample.
4.6 Set pan filled with aggregate on the scale and pour the calculated weight of water on the
sample.
4.7 Place pan in the instrument and repeat section 4.2.
4.8 Record the MC. Detemnne the MC correction for a moisture content of 0.5% by
subtracting the dry aggregate MC.
4.9 Remove pan from the instrument.
4.10 Add an additional 0.5% moisture as in 4.5 and 4.6 to bring total to 1.0% moisture.
4.11 Place pan in the instrument and follow section 4.2 once again.
4.12 Record the MC. Determine the MC éorrection for a moisture content of 1.0% by
subtracting the dry aggregate MC.
4.13 Plot the three points on a Moisture Curve Worksheet (Form FHWA 1632) and develop
the moisture curve.

5. ASPHALT DETERMINATION

5.1 Split or quarter a representative portion of the mixture to the approxiniate weight required
to fill the pan.
5.2 Use the same procedure outlined in sections 3.9 through 3.14.
5.3 Refer to • Asphalt Mix Testing and Measurement Procedure" in annex D and follow the
indicated instructions. Read and record the MC on Form FHWA 1619.
5.4 A correction for the moisture present must be made. Refer to FLH Test Procedure T
515 for the details and record percent moisture.

T517-2
 FLH T 517-94

5.5 The percent moisture should be plotted on the Moisture Curve Worksheet and
corresponding MC recorded.
5.6 The corrected MC for asphalt (MC for the mix less the MC for moisture) should be
recorded.
S.7 Asphalt content (AC) in percent is determined by the following calculation:
' - .
AC = (O.OOl)(C)(S) + (1)

Where: C is the MC corrected for moisture, S is the slope ratio representing the change
in asphalt content to the MC, and I is the point on the Y-axis where the line representing
the slope ration intersects the Y-axis (always a negative number). Record asphalt content
to the nearest 0.1 percent.

T517-3
FLH T 517-94

1------------- 220 :t 1 ----------~

¡......_ _ _ _ _ _ 1s1a ------~

'
t
'
!'
r '
. ·:-··\ -· le
¡
{·-·- ·-·-·-·---~---·-
~-

'
'

..
f
..
Hondle- Hex H.D. M12 BoN
with e :t dla. round hancUo bara
2 placea

NOTTOSCALE
Dlmenaicnolnmm
NOTE: (1) Locate the vent holea approxlmaloly oquldJstant around tho guido aloevo.
(2) Other doalgna aro accaptable providod the noceaaary compactlon 1:1 achlevod.

Figure 1 - Compaction Plata

T517-4
 FLH T 517-94
ANNEX A

Test Procedure to Determine Background Count

with Troxler 3241-C Asphalt Content Instrument
' -
A Background Count Test should be taken daily and/or when the instrument is moved. After the Background
Count has been completed, a Stat Test (see annex B) should be performed when initially settiog up the
instrument or if the instrument appean1 not to be operating properly.

1 1 - Depicts instrument reading.

l. Turn instrument on NOTE: Prcaaina Cl! will retum lhc diJplay to:

GAUGEREADY
RAM TEST
2. Do not turn gauge
off during this test 7. Press YES

Sel. 1-1 min.

TROXLER 3241C 8. 2-4min.
3. V:-SN- 3-8 min.
(TEST 120 sec.) 4-16 min.

9. Press #4
NOTE: During SclfTclll, prcuing ony tcy dlorplaya:

CountTime
Please wait 10.
16 minutes
for SELF TEST
-seconds
NOTE: Prcuing Cl! will retum lhc diaplay to:

-GAUGE READY-
4. ************* 1 GAUGE READY
Time: - minutes
Calib # Factory
ll. Malee sure sample cbamber is empty
and the door is closed and latched.
S. Press TIME
12. Press BKG
cCount Time-
6. - · min.
Background: -
Do you want
13. Time: 16 minutes
to cbange? Want lo take a
new Background?

T517-5
FlH T 517-94

ANNEX A (continuad)

14.
New Background
count: ...,.,.,.,.,.
17.
.Empty clwnber & Want to use the
15. Press START for new count?
16 minute
Background count 18. Press YES

16. Press START NOTE: lf NO la pnouod,lhc display retuma to Step 11.

lf YES is pnouod, lhc bacl:grouud C<JUDI is
complotcd 111111 lhc imtrwncot mums to lhc
RBADYmodc.

T517-6
 FLH T 517-94
ANNEX B

Statistical Stability Test Procedure (Stat Test)

with Troxler 3241-C Asphalt Content Instrument

The Stat Test is used to determine if the instrument is operating properly and should be performed after the
background count has been taken. U pon completion of the test, the ratio of instrument resdings should fall
between 0.35 and 0.71, with 0.50 being ideal.

- Depicts instrument resding.

l. Press SHIFr and SPECIAL 9. Press START

SPECIAL FUNCTION -STATTEST-

2. YES - (next menu) lO. Resding #1
1- Stat Test Time:- sec.
2- Drift Test

3. Press 1 Note: Step 10 shows number of

readings for twenty !-minute counts)
-STATTEST-
4. Time: -min. Avg. cnts. -
Do you want 11. R: -.- Pass
to change? Want to view
Stat Test data?
5. Press YES (unless time reads 1 min.)

Se!: 1-1 min.

NOTE: If inatrument display• a ~ reading,

6. 2-4 min. check to aee if there are an~nstrumcntA

close by or cxccuivc moi.srurc present. If not,
3-8 min.
run the test again. If the instrument faila again,
4-16 min. contact the Materiall Engineer or Troxler.

7. Press 1 12. Press NO

8.
Statistical
Stability Test -
Close door &
13. GAUGEREADY
1
Press Start

T517-7
Blank Page 1

T517-8
 FLH T 517-94

•·· ANNEX C
Instrument Calibration Procedure
with Troxler 3241-C Asphalt Content Instrument

Upon completion of the Background and Stat Tests, the display sbould read GAUGE READY. The
instrument is now ready for calibration. Use Fonn FHWA 1631 and Fonn FHWA 1632 for recording
calibration dsta.

Ssmple pan tare weights sbould be marlced on the front of each pan. The ssmple should always be put into
the ssmple chamber with the front of the pan facing the door.

- Depicts instrument reading.

1

1. Press CALIB 7. Press NO

Calib#Factory Blanlc ssmple

1- Review Calib netwt. _g.
2. 8.
2· Stored Calib Input and
3- New Calib press ENTER

) NOI'Il: Soloct 1 to roviow a oto<od calibratlon. Soloot 2

to aetivato a stored calibration. Scloct 3 to octcr
a now calibration.
9. Input net specimen weight from calib-
ration record and press ENTER.

3. Press 3 How many ssmples

(2-12)? _ _
lO.
Select source Input and
for New Calib. press ENTER
4. 1- Keypsd input
2· Gauge derived 11. Input 3 and press ENTER

NO'I'B: lftbc io.strumcDlloacl tbo stored calibration. you Ssmple #1

can rc-crucr it ulio¡ kcypad input from your %AC:_%
calibration lhcct. 12.
Input and
press ENTER
S. Press 2

13. Input % AC from calibration record.

Background - Calibrate Pan No. l.
Time: 16 minutes Press ENTER
6.
Want to take a
new background?
Load Ssmple #1
Close door &
NOTB: lf Tune ia oot 8 minutca, chan¡e to 8 minutes 14.
and IIArt a¡ain at Step 1. 'Ibc background count Press START
muJt abo be current. ' Time:- sec.

T517-9
FLH T 517·94

ANNEX e (continuad)
15. Press START 27. Press START

counts: Counts:
Press ENTER 28. Press ENTER
16.

29. Record Measure Counts. Pan #3

at Count MC _ .
17. Record Measured Counts. Pan #1
at count MC _ . Press ENTER 30. Press ENTER

l
Sample #2
%AC_% 31. WORKING
18.
Input and
press ENTER

19. Input known % AC from Calib. Fit. Coef: __

Record. Calibrate Pan No. 2. Wantto
32.
Press ENTER review data?

Load Sample #2
Close Door NOTE: Thc Fit. Cocf. ia actuaUy thc goodneu of fit.
20. Valucs abovo 0.95 an: good. 1.00 ia pcñoct.
Press START

33. Press YES

21. Press START
Select method of
Counts: viewing data:
22. 34.
Press ENTER 1· Screen
2· Printout
23. Record Measure Counts. Pan #2
at Count MC _ . Press ENTER 35. Press 1

Sample #3 Review Data

%AC_% Weight: ··- g.
24. 36.
Input and Background: ••••
press ENTER (press YESl

25. Input known % AC frorn Calib. 37. Press YES

Record. Calibrate Pan No. 3.
Press ENTER

Load Sample #3
Close Door
26.
Press START

T517-10
 FLH T 517-94

ANNEX C (continuedl

Al:_-_
38.
A2:
A3: 00000
48. WORKING
1
NOTE: Al ""' Tbo Iotcrt:ept (a negativo No.). CAUBRATION
A2 • Thc Slopc.
49. ACTIVATED
A3 = Alway• :Uro. WANT TO STORE
CAUBRATION?
39. Record Slope and Intercept.
Press YES
50. Press YES

#1: _ _ % AC
counts: ------ CAUBRATION lf!
40.
Diff. = % AC 51.
(press YES) Input and press
ENTER

41. Press YES

NOTE: Use project I.D. numbers.

#2: _ _ % AC 52. Input project numbers and press

counts -------- ENTER
42. Diff. = __ % AC
(press YES)

What is mix ID?

43. Press YES
53.
Input and press
#3: _ _ % AC ENTER
counts --------
44.
Diff. = _% AC NOTE: Mix I.D. is usually the same as the
(press YES) project number.

45. Press YES 54. Input ID numbers and press ENTER.

Fit. Coef: _ __ CAUBRATION

55.
Want to STORED
46.
review data?

47. Press NO
56. GAUGEREADY
1

T517-11
Blank Page 1

T517-12
 FLH T 517-94
ANNEX D
Asphalt Mix Testing and Measurement Procedure
with Troxler 3241-C Asphalt Content Instrument
-.
Perform a background count at the beginnin¡ of each day before usin¡ the instrument. Follow the
backsround count test procedures in annex A. Jf the instrument IIJlii"'II11 to be operatin¡ in an erratic manner
or questiooable, a Drift Teat may be necessary. Contact the Materials En¡ineer for instructions.

After the backsround count is completed, malee sure that the correct calibration has been activated. Follow
the instrument calibration procedures in annex C.

1 - Depicts instrument readings.

GAUGEREADY
l. "...,DATE"""
7. Put sample to be teated into sample
Time: - minutes chamber and press START.
Calib ti
"-
f Calib# _ _
/
8. Input empty pan
Count Time Weight: _ _ ¡
2. -min. and press ENTER
Doyouwant
to chan¡e?
9. Jnputempty pan weight and press
ENTER
3. Press YES

Fill Sample ?an

Se!: 1-1 min. until weight = - g.
10.
4. 2-4 min. Press ENTER)
3-8 min.
4-16 min.
NOTE: Thil il tbe wcight of thc aamplc plua thc tare
S. Press 2 wcight of the pan. Ifyou have aiready filled the
pan,jwt preu ENTER.

GAUGEREADY 11. Press ENTER

6. "**DATE"**
Time: 4 min.
Calib# _ _

T517-13
FLH T 517-94

ANNEX O (continuad)

Calib 11
15. Presa START
12.
-__
...._____:__-
1
T:~2 sec.
16.
GAUGEREADY
Date
TIME: 4 min.
NO'l'll: T'11110 wiiiC<lWit down from 240 -~ (4 min.) CALIB: _ _

CALIB 11 11. The instrument is now ready for the

Counts: - -
13. next sample.
%AC=_. _ _

14. Record the Messured Counts:on Iine A

ofworlcsheet Form FHWA 1619.

T517-14
 FLH T 518-96

Standard Method of

Determining Cement Factor and Water/Cement Ratio

Based on Measured Unit Mass and Air Content

FLH Designation: T 518-96

1. SCOPE

1.1 This test method covers verification procedures 10 determine if actual values of a
concrete mixture conform 10 the values es1ablished in the approved mix design for cement
content and water/cement (W/C) ratio.

2. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE

2.1 These procedures are intended 10 verify the validity of concrete mix designs and
process control procedures. These procedures are not 10 be used for acceptance tests.
However, if compu1ed results consistently deviate from the approved mix design parameters
or from the W/C ratio indica1ed on the producer's batch ticket, the cause for the discrepancies
sball be determined.

If there are errors in the original mix design parameters such as the specific gravities of the
aggregates, this will cause the rneasured unit mass 10 be consistently higher or lower than the
design unit mass. However, if the mix design parameters are reasonably accurate, chronic
discrepancies in cernen! factor or W /C ratio can generally be attribu1ed 10 poor contractor
process control and corrective action should be taken.

3. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

3.1 AASHTO T 121, Weight per Cubic Meter, Yield, and Air Content of Concrete
3.2 AASHTO T 152, Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method

4. PROCEDURES

4.1 Identify the following mix design parameters.

• Class of concrete.
• Minimum cement content.
• Maximum water/cernen! ratio.
• Design unit mass
• Design air content.
• Design water/cernen! ratio.

T518-1
FLH T 518-96

4.2 Determine the unit mass (kilograms per cubic meter) of the concrete according to
AASHTO T 121 and record the value.

4.3 Verify the total batch masses of all components. Record net batch mass delivered.
Normally, the batch masses will equal the desígn masses with minor adjustments for mix
water which is withbeld or added at the work site. Water in addition to the design mix water
may be added only if the maximum permissible water/cement f:W/C) ratio is not exceeded.

4.4 Determine the mass of water added to the batch at the work site and record the
value. Asswne one liter of water weighs LOO kilogram.

4.5 Calculate the net mass of a cubic meter of concrete using the net batch mass from
4.3 and the mass of added water from 4.4. Determine the yield by dividing this net iñass by
the unit mass from 4.2.

4.6 Calculate the cement factor by dividing 1 by the yield from 4.5.

NOTE 1-The contractor's process control can be consideml adequate if the eement factor is between 0.98
and 1.02.

4. 7 Determine the air content (%) of the concrete according to AASHTO T 152 and
record the value.

4.8 Using the design air content (%) and the air content determined in 4. 7, determine
a Unit Weight Correction Factor using form FHWA 1633.

4.9 Divide the unit mass from 4.2 by the design unit mass (kg/m') and determine a
Measured Unit Weight Factor.

4.10 Using the Measured Unit Weight Factor from 4.9 and the Unit Weight Correction
Factor from 4.8, determine a W/C Ratio Correction Factor using form FHWA 1634.

4.11 Determine an approximate W/C ratio for the batch of concrete by multip1ying the
design W/C ratio by the W/C Ratio Correction Factor determined in 4.10.

NOTE 2-The maximum water/eement ratio is established by the contract speeificationa and should not be
exeeeded.

T518-2
 FLH T 518-96

S. EXAMPLE

5.1 Design Parameters

• Class A(AE) concrete
• Mínimum cement content - 360 kg/m'
• Maximum water/cement ratio - 0.44
• Design unit mass - 2300.6 kg/m'
• Design air content - 5.5%
• Design water/cement ratio - 0.43

5.2 Field Data

• Mass of a 6.12 m' batch (delivery ticket) - 13 800.0 kg
• 18.9 liters of water added at work site- 18 9 kg
Total batch mass - 13 818.9 kg
• Measured unit mass - 2220.2 kg/m3
• Measured air content - 8.1 %

5.3 Determinations
• Yield = _....;1:::::3...::8~18::.:..9::..__ = l.O17
(6.12)(2220.2)

• Cement Factor = --'1'--- = 0.9832

1.017
• Using form FHWA 1633 (see fignre 1), horizontally locate the measured air content
(8.1) intercept on the diagonalline representing the design air content (5.5). Move vertically
down from this intercept to the X-axis and read the Unit Weight Correction Factor of 0.973.

. We1"ght Factor =
• Measuredumt 2220.2
_ = 0965
.
2300 6
• Using form FHWA 1634 (see fignre 2), p1ot the 0.973 unit weight correction factor
on the 1.00 W/C ratio correction factor line. Draw a line through this point that parallels the
existing diagonals. Locate the unit weight factor (0.965) on the X-axis and vertically intercept
the 0.973 diagonalline. From this intercept, move horizontally 1eft from this intercept to the
Y-axis and read the W/C Ratio Correction Factor of 1.075.

• Estimated W/C Ratio = (1.075)(0.43) = 0.462

6. PRECISION

6.1 No measurement precision data are presently availab1e for this test method.

T518-3
FLH T 518-96

Worksheet for Determining a Concrete Unit Welght Correction Factor

FLHT 518
,.,.;..t dT n-e:> (Ji!l 21-Yr: z¡;..·á'!Je '"""'' _,.J."-'6'-'·'--';;p,.=..,tz.~9~a~..,r:..J:Cd=·~--
Wh"' ......... d:,-.;/,'Ye c:-4&. au.ntity RqH"U.nted ----b"-~""-""'"«-J ______
._.. ot Oer..r tfYA'.{) l.4t No.---''----
s....,¡o No. _ _ _/.:___ _ __

........ By el 2Ju.6 ""'" /~1/fr'. Tlltod lly _....ú.c......ZJ"""vuhD'"::._- ,_ ~¿.o<;'/7"'1o/-/Í:.,o~<:Ji'6rz,.__

.. ~.,

~·

j++.
1' !
1+ +·
r-:·: . ¡!
14
.¡.
J:H-i+H.J-t·
..! '! 1'!!

'!:' ''
-i-H-; -¿-¿-t-t-H-:-+±±H-H ! rH- ·i-t-t .1 '' ¡ ¡ 12
·,,,, 11 ~· '','~i ,, 1

·±e

'''
TT1
''
l++++++.o
,,,·,0
;'¿
·~
''
H-Vf++-+,
10
-l"
.e:
t:
o
' u
~

:t
..,
. ' ' ' -+-1- ' -¡ ' +-1-l-i-; -
·~H+P-t-w...f+
'' ¡ '
~ . . , +++++- 1-l-H-++·zt 8 ..,..e
::r

:;

2
1.04 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92
Unit Weight Correctjon Factor

Figure 1 • Example of Determining a Unit Weight Correction Factor

T518-4
 U .S. O.,M\mNII otT....-portalloa

O NenrlltlcbaY 4 h'
Podttal ~ Hifh-'f Otf.c.
1
badw

Worksheet for Determlnlng a Concrete Water/Cement Correctlon Factor

FLH T 618
::!!
tC ProJoot• ¡pTz.:> -& ~~ d'h.- Lf'o~e •~•~• J./':í&a;tf $ Cá wt'"' ""''""'' ....(~ .- .4~ Ouandt~ """'""...,' /<2 «<"'
..
e:
~

N
•....,.•• .,a«&'~) ....... ..-L Somplo No. _L_ .......... By1 d 7&, le Ootot Tntodlly: J ]),,{,. o.to•ltj1/~

'
m
1.15¡,, :\ '" \::.··.j!. !\.:::j,__.; ..:.;\J.;.:l-~1-:t;:\¡.:.:¡,¡ll'\i.\l..!.ll~-~-~\;;.,\ ::;\i!'" 1
• '\• •• 1
X
Ql
3 • •ó '1\''
'1 ¡ 1

. i .: _¡ l-: ~-1
·•! • . • ' ' •• ,

"!:!.

.-o
o 1.10 1 ; ; i ¡ ; i i 1 1 l 1 i ¡ i i i ; ; ' i
1 1 '1 .

~ 3"'
:r ~
"'
~ :;· o
"'~ l'lTP'
t ,,·;rr··TNTMr¡ ! mr?tTIJTfH1P(T"'
. ~ - 1 1 'ITIT!'r'T'HfH" ..1~-rm
ro tC
1.05 ' ' ' 1 . ! n: . 'T' j\¡,·r
¡ ¡ l :t 1 ¡ '!\IN··¡
' 11
"'
1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1
Ql
o

-::E
()
:lJ
Ql
1
::t. ~
o
()
!:;
~
1
"'
o
::t.
o
:J
~
Ql
0.95 ,.... ,.,. . ..,\'"
.. t· .,
, , 'T'''
· : . 'P'IT''I
1 \
1
! 1-,-,-,'-
, , 'rr···n 1'"TI'
t\1 .' '_ ; 1. 1
• 1 \
1
t 1 í\ . '. ', ', r'1 1;, rPTITIII"'''I1
1;' 1
, ~- , 1 \1i T
1 'fP
1 , T, T
1P.<L T1 '¡, 1
....oo
~

O.BO 1 :··: 1 · :) : h · 1 !. 1 ! • ; • r..: 1 ; 1 - 1 1 ¡ b: 1 1 1 1 ; : 1 1 h¡ 1 1 ; ;·; 1 ¡ ¡ h; · r - t ; h; ¡ 1 , ¡

0.95 0.00 O.lfT 0.96 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 ~
Measurod Unlt WeJght Factor r
~
,.,.., ftfflA IU4 111'-41'0\ ~
~
~

ro
'
L---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------_J~
Blank Page 1
 FLH T 519-95

Standard Method of

Determining Operator Retention Factor for

Extraction of Asphalt from Asphalt Paving Mixtures

FLH Designation: T 519-95

1. SCOPE

1.1 This method covers the procedure for the determination of an operator asphalt retention
factor to be used in conjunction with the quantitative extraction of asphalt from asphalt paving
mixtures (AASHTO T 164).

2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

2.1 AASHTO Test Procedures:

T 2, Sampling Aggregates
T 40, Sampling Bituminous Materials
T 164, Quantitative Extraction of Bitumen from Bituminous Paving Mixtures

3. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE

3.1 Before an operator performs the AASHTO T 164 test procedures for extracting asphalt
from asphalt paving mixtures for process control or acceptance, a retention factor shall be
. determined. A retention factor is obtained using samples of fabricated asphalt mixture containing
exact quantities of asphalt and aggregate. These samples are prepared by using the asphalt and
aggregate actually used on the project.

4. APPARATUS

4.1 In addition to the apparatus listed in AASHTO T 164, the following apparatus is required
for determining the retention factor (R,).

4.1.1 Oven - An oven capable of maintaining a temperature of 150° C ± 5°, except when
polymer modified asphalts are specified the oven shall be capable of maintaining a temperature of
170°C±5°.

4.1.2 Mi.xing Bowl - Mixing bowl of suitable design and shape to allow thorough mixing of
the asphalt mixture. A large stainless steel salad, or mixing bowl with a capacity of approximately
8 liters is acceptable.

4.1.3 Miscel/aneous Apparatus- Thermometers, spatulas, stirring spoons, gloves, metal pans,
and metal pouring containers as necessary.

T519-1
FLH T 519-95

5. TEST MIXTURES

5.1 Threé asphalt concrete mixtures each containing approximately 2.S kilograms of dried
aggregate and the appropriate quantity of asphalt shall be combined into a mixture and the asphalt
cement then extracted from the mixture prior to production and/or quality control testing.

5.1.1 Preparation of Aggregares - Obtain a sample of aggregate (at least 10 kilograms) in

accordance with AASHTO T 2 from the cold feed conveyor belt or if the plant is not operational,
from the stockpiles. Dry, sieve, and separate the aggregate into appropriate sizes. Batch the
aggregates for the 3 separate portions to conform to the target values established in the Job Mix
Formula. Dry the three portions of aggregate to a constant weight at 1S0° e ± so except when
using polymer modified asphalt cements dry the aggregate to a constant weight at 170° e ± so.
Maintain the temperature for mixing.

Note: The aggregate for tlris procedure shall be obtained from t!Je aggregates that have been producedfor use
in the production of the aspha/J concrete mixture for the project work.

5.1.2 Asphalt Cement - Obtain a sample of the asphalt cement (approximately one Iiter) in
accordance with AASHTO T 40 from the same asphalt cement that will be used in the production
of the asphalt concrete mixture. Heat the Iiquid asphalt in a separate container to the appropriate
temperature specified in S .l. l.

5.1.3 Mixing Equipment- Pre-heat the mixing bowl and spoon to the appropriate temperature
as specified in S.l.l above.

6. PROCEDu;RE

6.1 Preparation of Test Mixes - Weigh the heated aggregate to the nearest 0.1 gram and
record the weight. To obtain the weight of asphalt needed, multiply the weight of the heated
aggregate by the percent asphalt (by weight of aggregate) specified in the approved Job Mix
Formula.

Note: % aspha/J by weight of aggregate = 100 x % aspha/J by weight of mix

100 - % aspha/J by weight of mix

6.2 Pre-tare the heated mixing bowl and spoon. Place the heated aggregate in the tared
mixing bowl, make a small crater in the center of the aggregate, and add the required amount of
heated asphalt. Record the weight of asphalt added to the nearest 0.1 gram. Hand mixing using
the spoon and bowl has been found to be an acceptable mixing method. Reheating the mixture in
the oven may be necessary to completely coat al1 the aggregate. Use caution not to lose any of the
mix (aggregate or asphalt) from the spoon or bowl. After mixing is complete, weigh the mixed
sample, the bowl and mixing spoon to the nearest 0.1 gram. The dry original weight of the
mixture before extraction is obtained by subtracting the bowl and spoon tare from this weight.

6.3 Quantitative extraction of the asphalt concrete mixture is then performed according to
AASHTO T 164 and the method specified in the contract. Use caution not to leave any material
in the bowl or on the spoon. The endpoint of the retention extraction should not differ from the
endpoint of a normal extraction test.

T519-2
 FLH T 519-95

6.4 Repeat the steps set forth in sections 5.1 through 6.3 above for the remaining two
separate test mixes. Determine a percent asphalt and calculate a retention factor for each test
mixture.

7. CALCULATIONS

7.1 Calculate the percent of asphalt extracted from each test mix in accordance with the
appropriate method in AASHTO T 164. Calculate the actual percent asphalt added to the aggregate
for each test mix using the weight of asphalt added and weight of the heated aggregate from
section 6.

A retention factor for each test mix is then determined by subtracting the percent asphalt extracted
from the actual percent asphalt added to the aggregate.

Report the retentionfactor to the nearest 0.01 percent.

The overall retention factor for the same operator, performing the tests on al! asphalt extractions
using the same Job Mix Formula (Mix Design), is the mean of three valid tests.

Note: A new retentionfactor detennination must be madefor each Job Mix Fonnu/a requiring a new mix design.

8. PRECISION

8.1 If the results of any of the three retention factor determinations are not within 0.10 of
the mean of the three tests, the tests are considered invalid and must be rerun.

T519-3
Blank Page

T519-4
 Standard Metlwd of

Determmmg tbe Rmmdness of

Large Glass Beads

FLH Designation: T 520-93

1. SCOPE

1.1 This test method covers tbe determination of tbe roundness of glass bead specimens.

2. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE

2.1 This procedure is designad to determine tbe percent of round beads in a sample of
large size beads. A round bead is defined as a spberical or fundamentally oval bead
witb an aspect ratio of 1.2: 1 or less and having no otber particles adbered to tbe parent
bead. .

3.1 The beads shall be transparent, clean, colorless glass conforming to AASHTO M 247
and tbe gradation requirements for tbe Type specified. Use appropriate safety
procedures and devices for eye protection. Clean up any spillage of beads immediately
to avoid slipping or falling accidents.

4. AWARATUS

4.1 Microficbe Reader (Bell and Howell Model ABR vm or equivalent) witb a 20 mm
lens.
4.2 Transparencias tbat define a· 1.2: 1 aspect ratio for tbe following sizes of beads:
" 1.70 mm
'" 1.40 mm
• 1.18 mm
" 1.00 mm
.. 850 ¡nn
4.3 1/1 Mini-splitter
4.4 Clear, transparent, adbesive tape
4.5 Syringe, 3 cm3 capacity, witb a 0.32±0.07 mm inside diameter needle
4.6 Microscope slide
4.7 Stsndard 1.5 refractive index liquid (a Wesson8 * cooking oil or equivalent witb an
approximate 1.5 refractive index is acceptable)
4.8 Appropriate containers and utensils such as scoops, spoons, brusbes, etc.

* Hunt·Wcaaon lnc., Fullorton, California 92634

T520·1
FLH T 520-93

5. SAMPLING

5.1 Sample the beads and perform the sieve analysis test according to ASTM D 1214.

6. TESTING PROCEDURES

6.1 Perform all testing on properly split or riffled specimens.

6.2 After determining the gradation by sieving, retain separately those fractions that contain
the 2largest quantities of particles. Use the mini-splitter to reduce each fraction to just
enough beads to cover a microscope slide when they are adhered to a clear tape.
Retain each reduced specimen separately.
6.3 Place a piece of tape, adhesive side up, over the open side of an empty pan or
container. Carefully pour one of the specimens over the tape so the beads adhere to
the tape. Recover any particles that fall into the pan and again pour over the tape until
all particles have adhered.
6.4 Place a microscope slide on top of the adhered beads and attach by bringing the ends
of the tape over the top of the slide. The beads are now sandwiched between the slide
and the tape. Repeat for the other mesh size retained.
6.5 Lightly wet the beads with the refractive index liquid by injecting a few drops onto the
beads (under the tape) using the syringe and needle. Use sparingly to avoid excess
from running off the slide.
6.6 Place the slide (beads up) between the 2 glass plates on the sample tray of the
Microfiche reader. Tum on the light and adjust the sample tray so the beads are
visible on the screen. éount at least 200 beads on each slide. If necessary, use more
than 1 field on a slide to obtain a minimum 200 count. Focus in on the beads and
count the number of round beads (less than 1.2:1 aspect ratio).
6. 7 Determine the aspect ratio of the beads using the appropriate transparencies depending
on the mesh size being examined. Select the proper transparency and determine which
of the inner circles best matches the width of the bead in question (match up at the
center of the particle). Then slide the overlay so the end of the bead lines up with the
outer circle. If the edge of the particle does not protrude beyond the opposite edge of
the outer circle and its shape is either spherical or slightly oval, count the bead as
round. If the other end of the bead protrudes beyond the opposite edge of the outer
circle, the beads aspect ratio is greater than 1.2: 1 and the bead is not considered round.

Do not count particles that are twins, satellites, agglomerates, angular, or tire polished
as a round bead.

6. CALCULATIONS

6.1 Calculate the percentage of round beads in each sieve fraction as follows:

% Rounds = 100 (Total NumbBr ol Round 88ads)

Total Number ol Pllllk:l6s Counted

T520-2
 FLH T 520·93

7.REPORT

7.1 Reportthepercentageofround beads for each sieve fraction tested to the nearest 0.5%.
Round according to the rounding-offmethod of AASHTO R 11.

8. PRECISION

8.1 No measurement precision data are presently available for this test method.

T520·3
Blank Page 1