Accepted manuscript doi:

10.1680/jcoma.19.00020
Accepted manuscript
As a service to our authors and readers, we are putting peer-reviewed accepted manuscripts
(AM) online, in the Ahead of Print section of each journal web page, shortly after acceptance.

Disclaimer
The AM is yet to be copyedited and formatted in journal house style but can still be read and
referenced by quoting its unique reference number, the digital object identifier (DOI). Once
the AM has been typeset, an ‘uncorrected proof’ PDF will replace the ‘accepted manuscript’
PDF. These formatted articles may still be corrected by the authors. During the Production
process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers
that apply to the journal relate to these versions also.

Version of record
The final edited article will be published in PDF and HTML and will contain all author
corrections and is considered the version of record. Authors wishing to reference an article
published Ahead of Print should quote its DOI. When an issue becomes available, queuing
Ahead of Print articles will move to that issue’s Table of Contents. When the article is
published in a journal issue, the full reference should be cited in addition to the DOI.

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020
Submitted: 06 March 2019
Published online in ‘accepted manuscript’ format: 09 December 2019
Manuscript title: Empirical models for permanent deformation of cement grouted
bituminous mixes
Authors: Daka Sita Rami Reddy1 and Kusam Sudhakar Reddy2
Affiliations: 1Civil Engineering Department, Vivesvaraya National Institute of Technology,
South Ambazari Road, Nagpur-440010, India and 2Civil Engineering Department, IIT
Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India
Corresponding author: Daka Sita Rami Reddy, Civil Engineering Department, Vivesvaraya
National Institute of Technology, South Ambazari Road, Nagpur-440010, India. Tel.: +91-
712-2801374.
E-mail: dsramreddy@gmail.com

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020
Abstract

Cement grouted bituminous (CGB) mix is a semi flexible type of pavement comprising an open graded (porous)

bituminous mix grouted with a cementitious mortar. CGB mixes have the advantages of both flexible and rigid

pavements. This hybrid material of bituminous mix and cement grout offers better rut resistance and is more

resistant to fuel and oil spillage compared to conventional bituminous mixes. This paper presents the details of

different investigations carried out for the evaluation of the permanent deformation characteristics of different

CGB mixes. A conventional bituminous concrete mix was also tested for comparison. The permanent

deformation susceptibility of different CGB mixes was evaluated in a wheel tracking test facility. The rut depth

developed after 20,000 load applications in the specimens conditioned at 60 °C was correlated to different

porous bituminous mix and CGB mix parameters. The empirical models presented in this paper will be useful

for estimating the relative rutting performance of different CGB mixes in terms of their design parameters such

as aggregate gradation, binder content and air voids in the mix.

Keywords: Grouting; Materials technology; Roads & highways

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020
1 Introduction

Rutting is a distress caused by the accumulation of the plastic deformation produced in each

layer of a layered pavement system by the repeated application of traffic loads. Rutting is one

of the major distresses affecting the performance of bituminous pavements, especially those

with thick bituminous layers and subjected to hot climatic conditions (with summer

maximum air temperature in the range of 40 to 45 ℃) and heavy traffic loads (with a design

traffic which is often in excess of 150 million standard axle load repetitions). The pavements

of the high volume roads in India are generally designed with a minimum subgrade California

bearing ratio (CBR) of 5 % to 7 % and have thick granular layers (560 mm to 630 mm) and

thick bituminous layers (75 mm to 220 mm). The stresses in the subgrade and granular layers

are not usually high unless these layers are poorly constructed. Thus, the contribution of

subgrade and granular layers to the total rut depth is not significant compared to the rutting

occurring in the bituminous layers.

Grouting the bituminous mixes has been one of the approaches adopted in the recent past to

produce rut resistant pavement layers. Developed initially in the 1950’s (Anderton, 2000) as

an oil and fuel resistance material, cement grouted bituminous (CGB) material has been

investigated by a number of research groups in the past and different aspects related to the

design and performance of the material have been examined. CGB mixes generally consist of

a porous bituminous mix, designed and compacted to have an air void content of 25 to 30 %

and grouted with a cementitious grout (Al-Qadi et al. 1994; Anderton, 1996; Mayer and Thau

2001; Oliveira 2006; Gowedzinski 2008; Husain et al. 2014).

Gowedzinski (2008) conducted rut tests on conventional mixes and semi-flexible pavement

(SFP) material using an asphalt pavement analyser and showed that the SFP material

undergoes negligible rutting compared to conventional hot bituminous mixes. Ling et al.

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020
(2009) evaluated the rutting performance of semi-flexible mixes (SFM) containing rubber

modified asphalt and reported that the rutting resistance of SFP, measured in terms of

dynamic stability (number of load cycles per unit rut depth), was 7 to 8 times more than that

of conventional asphalt-rubber concrete. Ding et al. (2011) demonstrated that the rutting

performance of semi-flexible pavement (SFP) mixes with uniform aggregate gradation did

not vary significantly from that of mixes prepared using continuous gradation as long as the

desired range of air voids (25 to 30 %) was maintained in the porous mix. Raju et al. (2014)

compared the rutting performance of grouted bituminous mixes by a static indentation test

method and showed that the rutting performance of the grouted mixes was nearly three times

that of the conventional mix. By conducting wheel tracking test at 60 °C on slab specimens,

Hou et al. (2016) noted that the rut resistance of grouted mixes was about 14 times that of

conventional hot bituminous mix. While a number of laboratory studies were conducted in

the past in which the performance of CGB mixes was evaluated, not much work is reported in

the literature about the field performance of the material. It is also seen that not many

investigations were conducted in the laboratory or field on the rutting characteristics of CGB

mixes.

Considering that the rutting in bituminous layers is a matter of major concern, the rutting

performance of different CGB mixes was evaluated in this study and was compared to that of

a conventional bituminous mix. Empirical models were developed for the estimation of the

relative rutting performance of different CGB mixes from the properties of porous mix and

grouted bituminous mixes. The porous specimens were grouted with a cementitious grout

designed in a previous study (Reddy, 2016).

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020
Four different aggregate gradations (G1 to G4), were used in this study to prepare the CGB

mixes. Four different binder contents; 2, 3, 4 and 5 % (by weight of the porous mix) were

considered to evaluate the effect of binder content on the air void content in the mix

compacted with a fixed compaction effort and to examine the corresponding effect on the

grout penetration and rutting performance. Smaller binder contents will yield higher air void

content (under fixed compaction effort) and will result in more grout penetration and less

rutting. However, higher binder contents may be necessary to improve the flexibility and

fatigue performance of the CGB mixes. Bituminous concrete (BC) mix (MoRTH, 2001), a

conventional surface mix used in India, was also prepared as a reference mix. Details of the

materials used, steps followed for the preparation of the CGB mix and the results of the

wheel tracking tests conducted on the CGB specimens are given in the following sections of

the paper.

1.1 Materials

1.1.1 Aggregate

Aggregates were brought from a national highway construction site near Kharagpur, West

Bengal. The physical properties of the aggregates are given in Table 1. The details of the

aggregate gradations used for CGB and bituminous concrete mixes are given in Table 2. The

specific gravities of different fractions of the aggregates, determined as per IS: 2386 Part III:

1963 (IS, 1963) are given in Table 3. The bulk specific gravities of the aggregates determined

for the aggregate samples as per the selected gradations are given in Table 4.

In many of the past studies (Al-Qadi et al. 1994; Anderton, 1996; Anderton, 2000; Mayer and

Thau, 2001; Hassan et al. 2002; Zoorob et al. 2002; Van de Ven and Molenaar, 2004;

Oliveira, 2006; Gowedzinski, 2008; Ling et al. 2009; Khan, 2010; Husain et al. 2010; Yang et

al. 2011; Husain et al. 2014; Raju et al. 2014; Hou et al. 2016; Yang and Weng, 2015),

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020
porous bituminous mixes were prepared with target air voids (in the mix) selected in the

range of 20 to 35 % though 25 to 30 % was the most commonly adopted range of air void

content. To achieve the target air void contents, single size aggregate gradations were

considered for preparation of porous bituminous mix specimens. No general guidelines are

available in literature to select the aggregate gradations that are suitable for preparing CGB

mixes. Since the air void content of the compacted bituminous mixes depends on the

gradation of the aggregate and the binder content, the relationship between aggregate

gradation and air void content in the compacted mix was examined in this study. For this

purpose, the packing characteristics of the aggregates, selected as per the four CGB

gradations, were determined by flow table method (Sastry, 1976). In this procedure, the

aggregates were filled in three layers into a 100 mm diameter mould having a base plate. The

mould, along with the base plate, was placed on a flow table which is generally used for

measurement of the consistency of hydraulic cements and pozzolanic materials (IS 5512,

1983). Each layer of the aggregate was subjected to compaction produced by the vertical

drops of the top plate of the flow table. The top plate is lifted and made to drop using a cam

mechanism operated by the rotation of a handle. The handle was rotated 25 times which is the

optimum number of blows suggested by Sastry (1976) for producing minimum air voids in

the aggregates. The dry aggregate void ratio (DAVR) of the aggregate sample was estimated

as the ratio of the volume of voids in the packed aggregate to the bulk volume of the

aggregate mass. The DAVR values of the four aggregate gradations used for preparing the

CGB mixes are given in Table 4.

1.1.2 Binder

The properties of the viscosity grade VG30 bitumen used in the preparation of the bituminous

mixes are given in Table 5.

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020
1.1.3 Jute Fiber

Since the parent mixes are highly porous, jute fibers were added to prevent the problem of

drain-down, especially when the specimen was prepared using higher binder content. The

Jute strands were cut into shorter pieces of 300 mm length and were treated with a SS-1 slow

setting emulsion, to prevent the jute fibers from getting burnt while being mixed with hot

aggregates and also to avoid excessive absorption of bitumen by the fibers. The treatment

was done by painting the strands with a brush dipped in emulsion. The treated fibers were

allowed to air cure for a period of 5 days after which they were cut into smaller pieces to

have a length of about 6 mm.

1.1.4 Cement and Sand

Properties of the cement are given in Table 6. Details of the gradation of the sand used for the

preparation of the grout are given in Table 7.

1.1.5 Cementitious Grout

A cementitious grout was selected based on a previous study (Reddy, 2016). The grout was

prepared with cement, sand, micro-silica and fly-ash in the proportion of 40:40:10:10 A

super plasticizer (0.5 % by weight of cementitious material) were used . The water/binder

ratio was 0.55. The design of the grout was done (Reddy, 2016) essentially on the basis of the

workability of the grout. The grout had a Marsh cone flow value of 6 s.

2 CGB Mix Preparation

The CGB sample preparation involved two main steps: (i) Preparation of porous bituminous

mix and (ii) Grouting the porous bituminous mix with cementitious grout. Bituminous mix

specimens of 100 mm diameter and height of about 63 mm were prepared using split moulds.

The mix was compacted using a 4.54 kg Marshall compaction hammer with a height of fall of

457 mm by applying 25 blows on one side of the sample. The porous bituminous mix

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020
specimens were prepared with the four aggregate gradations (G1 to G4) which were found to

yield full depth grout penetration in an earlier investigation (Reddy, 2016). Specimens were

prepared with four different binder contents: 2 %, 3 %, 4 % and 5 % (by weight of mix) to

study the effect of the volumetric properties of the porous mix on the grout penetration and

the corresponding rutting performance of the CGB mixes. For some combinations of the

mixes, jute fibers were added to avoid binder drain-down from the mix. The quantity of jute

fiber required to minimize the drain-down to less than 0.3 % was identified as per ASTM D

6390: 2011 (ASTM, 2011).

The percentages (by weight of total mix) of jute fiber required to prepare different

combinations of porous bituminous mixes are given in Table 8. Jute fibers were not required

for bituminous mixes prepared with 2 % binder content as the binder drain-down for all the

mixes with 2 % binder content was within the permissible limit of 0.3 % (ASTM D 6390:

2011 (ASTM, 2011)).

The steps followed for the preparation of porous bituminous mix specimens are listed below.

 The required quantities of aggregate were proportioned as per the gradation selected

(G1 to G4)

 The aggregates were preheated to a temperature of 150°C

 Emulsion treated jute fibers were added to the heated aggregates and mixed

thoroughly for uniform mixing of jute with the aggregates

 When the temperature of the aggregates reaches the mixing temperature range of 158

to 162°C, which was established on the basis of the viscosity-temperature

relationship for the VG30 binder used in the investigation, the required quantity of

bitumen was added to the mixture of heated aggregate and coated jute fibers and

mixed thoroughly for nearly two minutes for uniform mixing was achieved

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020
 The mix was transferred to the split mould when the temperature was in the required

compaction temperature range of 142 °C to 146 °C

 25 blows of a 4.54 kg Marshall compaction hammer were applied on one face of the

specimen for compacting the mix

 The specimens were allowed to cool down for 24 hours before grouting was done

 Cementitious grout was prepared and poured over the specimen surface. The grout

was vibrated into the voids by vibrating the mould (with the specimen inside) with the

help of an electric plate vibrator placed over the mould. Grouting by vibration was

continued until the rate of grout penetration became negligible. The excess grout

deposited over the top surface of the specimen was cleared using a spatula and a wet

cloth.

Three replicates were prepared for each of the sixteen combinations of aggregate gradation

and binder content. The bulk densities of the specimens (Gmb) estimated from their

dimensions (ASTM D3203: 2005 (ASTM, 2005)), and the theoretical maximum specific

gravities (Gmm) (ASTM D2041:2011 (ASTM, 2011)), are given in Table 9. Weights of the

samples were measured before and immediately after the grouting for estimating the weight

of grout penetrating (WGP) into the samples. Details of the specimens before and after

grouting are given in Table 9. The weight of the grout expressed as proportion of the weight

of the porous mix specimen (expressed as RGP) is also given in the table.

Figure 1 shows the variation of the voids in mix (VIM) before grouting with binder content

for the four aggregate gradations (G1 to G4). Figure 2 shows the variation of the average

weight of grout penetrating the specimen with binder content. As expected, for a given

gradation, the air void content decreased with binder content and so did the grout penetration.

Considering that all the four aggregate gradations selected for the rutting study are those

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020
which yielded very good grout penetration in the mix (Reddy, 2016), all the specimens had

good grout penetration for all the four binder contents. Figure 3 shows the variation of the

quantity of grout penetration into mix, (expressed as the ratio of grout penetration (RGP))

with voids in mix (VIM) for individual gradation and for the combined data.

The rates of decrease in the air voids in the (porous) mix (VIM) are much larger for G1 and

G2 compared to G3 and G4 gradations. The quantity of grout penetration controls the rutting,

fatigue and moisture damage resistance of the CGB mix. The trends shown in Figures 1 to 3

are useful for controlling the VIM and the weight of grout penetrating the mix relative to the

total weight of the porous mix. This information will be useful for selecting a design binder

content within the range of 2 to 5 % investigated in this study so that the mix will have

adequate rutting as well as fatigue damage resistance.

If the air void content in the compacted porous mix is known, the corresponding quantity of

grout penetration per unit weight of porous mix (expressed as RGP) can be estimated using

the relationships given in Figure 3 for the combined data, which is a generalized equation

applicable for any suitable aggregate gradation that will result in satisfactory grout

penetration. The ratio of grout penetration can also be estimated from the binder quantity and

the gradation of aggregate (represented by the corresponding dry aggregate void ratio,

DAVR) using the following empirical equation.

RGP = 0.385 + 0.148 * DAVR – 0.035 * Binder content (1)

(R2 = 0.95 and Se/Sy= 0.23)

Where binder content is in %

It may be noted that Equation 1 is specific to the VG30 binder which was used in this

investigation even though the effect of binder quality on the performance of grouted mixes

has not been found to be significant by Setyawan, (2005).

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020
3 Evaluation of Rutting Performance of Mixes

Rutting performance of the CGB mixes was measured using the IIT Kharagpur rut tester

developed by Reddy (2009). A steel wheel of 50 mm width and 200 mm diameter was made

to roll repeatedly over the cylindrical specimens of bituminous mix. The wheel applies a

vertical pressure of 620 kPa. The wheel moves forward and backward at a frequency of 35

load cycles/min (70 passes/minute). The wheel tracking test was performed on 100 mm

diameter cylindrical specimens of different combinations of CGB mixes prepared with

different aggregate gradations and different binder contents. Reference BC mix specimens

(5.4% binder content and 4% air voids) were also tested. The CGB specimens and the BC

specimens were conditioned for four hours at a temperature of 60 °C before the test. Each

sample was subjected to 20,000 passes (10,000 forward and backward movements) of the

wheel load. Rut depth was measured using a depth gauge having a least count of 0.02 mm at

three locations on the specimen surface at 25, 50, and 75 mm distances from the edge of the

specimen. The wheel tracking results are presented in Figure 4. The mean and standard

deviation values of the rut depths measured at three locations for different types of CGB

mixes are given in Table 10. The variation of average rut depths with binder content is

presented in Figure 5. The observed average rut depth in the bituminous concrete (BC) mix

was 8.85 mm after 10,000 passes of wheel load applications. The test was discontinued after

10,000 passes as the rate of rutting with loading cycles was large for the BC mix.

It can be observed from Table 10 and Figures 4 and 5 that, all the CGB mixes had much

smaller rut depths compared to the permanent deformation undergone by the BC mix. The

differences between the mean rut depths of the CGB and BC mixes are statistically

significant at significance levels which are much less than 0.05. As expected, the rut depth

increased with increase in binder content as higher binder contents yielded lower air void

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020
contents and consequently lower grout penetration. Mixes prepared with G2 aggregate

gradation have the least rut depth and G1 mixes had the largest rut depths for all the binder

contents. This relative rutting performance of G1 and G2 mixes conforms to the order of the

weight of grout penetration in the mixes shown in Figure 2. The effect of binder content on

rut depth is similar to that observed previously on voids in mix and the quantity of grout

penetration.

The relationships between the amount of rutting observed after 20,000 passes of the wheel

load and different mix parameters such as aggregate gradation (represented by dry aggregate

void ratio), binder content, ratio of grout penetration, voids in bituminous mix before

grouting are presented in Figures 5 to 7.

As the dry aggregate void ratio increased, the corresponding air voids in the mix and the

quantity of grout penetration increased for a given binder content and hence the rutting is

observed to be smaller. For a given aggregate gradation, rutting increased with binder content

due to decrease in air voids and grout penetration. The combined effect of the aggregate

gradation and binder content is reflected in terms of the air voids in the mix. As the air void

content increased, the rut depth decreased as the quantity of grout in the specimen also

increased.

The correlation between the rut depth after 20,000 cycles and the dry aggregate void ratio

(DAVR) and binder content is given in the equation 2.

Rut depth = 4.22 – 5.5 8* DAVR + 0.564 * Binder content (2)

(R2 = 0.94, Se/Sy = 0.24)

Where rut depth is in mm, binder content in % by weight of mix before grouting

Equation 2 is useful to predict the expected rut depth of a CGB mix in a wheel tracker test

conducted for 20,000 load passes at 60 °C from the gradation parameter and binder content.

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020
4 Conclusions

The following are the salient conclusions drawn from the present study.

 Grouting of bituminous mixes reduced the rutting susceptibility of the mixes

significantly compared to conventional BC mix.

 Aggregate gradation (DAVR) and binder content used for preparing the porous

parent bituminous mix specimen with a constant compaction effort, are found to have

a major effect on the air voids in the compacted specimen which, in turn, influenced

the quantity of grout penetrating the mix

 As the quantity of grout penetration increased, the rut resistance also increased

 The correlation developed between the grout penetration ratio and the porous mix

parameter, VIM can be used to estimate the quantity of grout required

 Very good correlation was observed between the rut depth and the DAVR and binder

content. This relationship is useful for assessing the relative rutting susceptibility of

mixes proposed with different binder contents and aggregate gradations

 The relationship developed between the rut depth and VIM of porous mix is also

useful to assess the relative rutting performance on the basis of the VIM of the porous

mix

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020
List of notations

G Gradation Type

Gmb Bulk Specific Gravity

Gmm Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity

R2 Coefficient of Determination

Se/Sy Standard Error/Standard Deviation (Standard Error

Ratio)

References

Al-Qadi IL, Gouru H and WeyersRE (1994) asphalt portland cement concrete composite:
laboratory evaluation. Journal of Transportation Engineering 120(1): 94-108.

Anderton GL (1996) User's Guide: Resin Modified Pavement. US Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS, USA.

Anderton GL (2000) Engineering Properties of Resin Modified Pavement (RMP) for

Mechanistic Design. US Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS, USA.

ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) (2011) D 2041/D2041M: Standard test
method for theoretical maximum specific gravity and density of bituminous paving
mixtures. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.

ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) (2005) D 3203: Standard test method
for percent air voids in compacted dense and open bituminous paving mixtures.
ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.

ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) (2011) D 6390: Standard test method
for determination of drain down characteristics in uncompacted asphalt mixtures.
ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA.

Ding Q, Sun Z, Shen F and Huang S (2011) The performance analysis of semi-flexible
pavement by the volume parameter of matrix asphalt mixture. Journal of Advance

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020
Material Research 168-170:351-356,
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.168-170.351.

Gawedzinski MJ (2008) Evaluation of Semi-Flexible (Resin Modified) Pavement, Report No

I2008-1. Illinois Department of Transportation, Springfield, IL, USA.

Hassan KE, Setyawan A and Zoorob SE (2002) Effect of cementitious grouts on the
properties of semi-flexible bituminous pavements. Performance of Bituminous and
Hydraulic materials in Pavement, edited by Zoorob SE, Collop AC, Brown SF.

Husain NM, Karim MR, Mahmud HB and Koting S (2014) Effects of aggregate gradation on
the physical properties of semi flexible pavement. Advances in Materials Science and
Engineering2014:529305, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/529305.

Husain NM, Mahmud MR, Karim and Hamid NBAA (2010) Effects of aggregate gradations
on properties of grouted macadam composite pavement. Proceeding of 2nd
International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering,
Cairo, Egypt.

Hou S, Xu T and Huang K (2016) Investigation into engineering properties and strength
mechanism of grouted macadam composite materials. International Journal of
Pavement Engineering 17(10): 878-886,
https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2015.1024467.

IS (2006) 73: Paving bitumen specification, 3rd revision. Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi, India.

IS (1978) 1202: Indian standard method for testing tar and bituminous materials:
determination of specific gravity. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.

IS (1978) 1203: Indian standard method for testing tar and bituminous materials:
determination of penetration. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.

IS (1978) 1205: Indian standard method for testing tar and bituminous materials:
determination of softening point. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020
IS (1978) 1206: Indian standard method for testing tar and bituminous materials:
determination of viscosity. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.

IS (1978) 1208: Indian standard method for testing tar and bituminous materials:
determination of ductility. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.

IS (1963) Reaffirmed in 2007 Part 1, 2386: Indian standard methods of test for aggregates for
concrete, particle size and shape. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.

IS (1963) Reaffirmed in 2002 Part 3, 2386: Indian standard methods of test for aggregates for
concrete, specific gravity, density, voids, absorption and bulking. Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, India.

IS (1963) Reaffirmed in 2007, Part 4 2386: Indian standard methods of test for aggregates for
concrete, mechanical properties. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.

IS (1983) Reaffirmed in 2004, 5512: Indian standard specification for flow table for use in
tests of hydraulic cements and pozzolanic materials. Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi, India.

Khan I (2010) Mix Design for Cement Grouted Bituminous Macadam. M Tech thesis, IIT
Kanpur, Kanpur, India.

Ling T, Zhao Z, Xiong C, Dong Y, Liu, Y and Dong Q (2009) The application of semi-
flexible pavement on heavy traffic roads. International Journal of Pavement Research
and Technology 2(5): 211-217.

MayerJ and Thau M (2001) Joint-less pavements for heavy-duty airport application: the semi-
flexible approach.27th International Air Transportation Conference, American
Society of Civil Engineers, Chicago, IL, USA.

MoRTH (Ministry of Road Transport and Highways) (2001) Specifications for Road Works
and Bridges, 4th Edition. MoRTH, New Delhi, India.

Oliveira JRM (2006) Grouted Macadam – Material Characterization for Pavement Design.
Ph. D thesis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020
Raju GM, Reddy DSR and Reddy KS (2014) Performance evaluation of cement grouted
bituminous mixes. Asphalt Pavements, edited by Kim YR, CRC Press, London, UK.

Reddy DSR (2016) Experimental Investigations on the Design and Performance of Cement
Grouted Bituminous Mixes. Ph D thesis, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.

Reddy IS (2009) Rutting Characteristics of Bituminous Mixes. Ph. D Thesis, IIT Kharagpur,
Kharagpur, India.

Sastry MVBR (1976) The Evaluation of Aggregate Gradings for Soil-Aggregate Mixtures in
Road construction. Ph. D thesis, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.

Setyawan A (2005) Design and properties of hot mixture porous asphalt for semi-flexible
pavement applications. Journal of Media TeknikSipi 5(2):41-45.

Setyawan A (2013) Assessing the compressive strength properties of semi-flexible pavement.

Procedia Engineering 54: 863-874, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.03.079

Toraldo E (2013) Comparative laboratory investigation into pavement materials for road
tunnels. Road Materials and Pavement Design 14(2): 310–324,
https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2013.794366.

van de Ven MFC and Molenaar AAA (2004) Mechanical characterization of combi-layer.
Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists73: 1-22.

Yang B, and Weng X (2015) The influence on the durability of semi-flexible airport
pavement materials to cyclic wheel load test. Construction and Building Materials,
98:171–175, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.092.

Yang Y, Huang S, Ding Q and Peng X (2011) The property research on interfacial
modificated semi-flexible pavement material. Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-
78: 1090-1098, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.71-78.1090.

Zoorob SE, Hassan KE and Setyawan A (2002) Cold mix, cold laid semi-flexible grouted
macadams - mix design and properties.4th European Symposium on Performance of
Bituminous and Hydraulic Materials in Pavements, Nottingham, UK.

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020
Table 1. Physical Properties of Aggregates

MoRTH (2001) Test Method

Parameters Value
Specification Followed
Aggregate Impact Value, % 15 Max. 24 IS : 2386 Part IV (IS, 1963)
Los Angeles Abrasion Value, % 22 Max. 30 IS : 2386 Part IV (IS, 1963)
Combined Elongation and
19 Max. 30 IS : 2386 Part I (IS, 1963)
Flakiness Index, %
Water Absorption, % 1.1 Max. 02 IS: 2386 Part III (IS, 1963)

Table 2. Details of Aggregate Gradations used in the Study

Cumulative Passing by Weight of Total Aggregate (%) for Different

Sieve Size (mm) Gradations
G1 G2 G3 G4 BC
26.5 100 100 100 100
19 92.5 85 88.75 100 89.5
13.2 20 0 10 92.5 69
9.5 3.5 1.75 20 62
6.2 3.5 45
4.75 36
2.36 1 0.5 1 27
1.18 21
0.6 15
0.3 9
0.075 0.75 0 0.4 0.75 5

Table 3. Specific Gravities of Aggregates

Aggregate Group (Passing/Retained, mm/mm) Specific Gravity

26.5/19 3.019
19/13.2 3.001
13.2/9.5 2.952
9.5/6.2 2.914
9.5/2.36 2.952
6.2/2.36 2.885
2.36/0.075 2.957
Passing 0.075 3.018

Table 4. Bulk Specific Gravities and Packing Characteristics of Aggregates

Bulk Specific Gravity of Aggregate, Dry Aggregate Void Ratio

Gradation Type
Gsb (DAVR)
G1 2.993 0.61
G2 3.004 0.79
G3 2.998 0.70
G4 2.948 0.72
BC 2.867 -

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020
Table 5. Properties of VG30 Bitumen

Specification as per Test Method

Parameters Value
IS:73 (IS, 2006) Followed
Penetration @ 25℃ , 58 50-70 IS:1203 (IS, 1978)
100 g, 5 s, 1/10 mm
Softening Point,℃ 49 Min 47 IS:1205 (IS, 1978)
Ductility @ 27℃ , cm Above 100 - IS:1208 (IS, 1978)
Specific Gravity @ 27℃ 1.017 - IS:1202 (IS, 1978)
Viscosity @ 60℃ , Poise * 2564 Min 2400 IS:1206 (IS, 1978)
*Determined using Dynamic Shear Rheometer
Table 6. Properties of the Cement used

Specification as per
Parameter Value
IS:12269 ( IS, 1987)
Specific surface area in m 2 /kg 260 225 minimum
Consistency of cement 32 % -
Initial setting time, minutes 48 30 minimum
Final setting time, minutes 400 600 maximum

Table 7. Gradation of Sand Adopted for Grout

Sieve Size (mm) % Passing

0.6 100
0.3 53.6
0.15 10.7

Table 8. Jute Fiber Requirement for Drain-down

Binder Content (%) in the Jute Fibre Content (%) for Gradation of
Mix G1 G2 G3 G4
2 0 0 0 0
3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0
4 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4
5 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.6

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020
Table 9. Details of Specimens Before and After Grouting

Av.
Av.
Av. Wt Wt of
Av. Av. Av. (Grout
Binder Av. of Grout
Gradatio Av. VI VM Porou Wt/Porou
Conten Gm Grouted in Mix
n Type Gmm M A s Mix s Mix Wt)
t (%) b Specime (WGP
(%) (%) Wt (g) (RGP)
n (g) )
(g)
1.80
2 2.914 38.2 41.1 836 1181.0 345 0.41
0
1.82
3 2.867 36.4 40.9 839 1159.6 321 0.38
4
G1
1.90
4 2.821 32.6 39.0 853 1124.5 272 0.32
1
1.92
5 2.769 30.4 38.8 835 1085.0 250 0.30
7
1.77
2 2.937 39.4 42.0 861 1225.0 364 0.42
9
1.82
3 2.889 36.9 41.2 833 1165.0 332 0.40
2
G2
1.83
4 2.835 35.4 41.5 833 1144.7 312 0.37
1
1.90
5 2.784 31.6 39.8 838 1112.3 274 0.33
5
1.83
2 2.922 37.3 40.1 831 1181.0 350 0.42
3
1.86
3 2.874 35.3 39.8 830 1155.5 326 0.39
0
G3
1.87
4 2.825 33.7 40.0 836 1143.0 307 0.37
3
1.88
5 2.777 32.0 40.1 852 1119.5 268 0.31
9
1.84
2 2.879 36.0 38.8 834 1178.0 344 0.41
2
1.85
3 2.829 34.4 38.9 821 1143.6 323 0.39
6
G4
1.87
4 2.781 32.7 39.0 821 1110.4 289 0.35
3
1.88
5 2.733 31.0 39.2 823 1085.6 263 0.32
6

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020
Table 10. Average Rut depths in CGB and BC mixes

Standard
Gradation Binder content (%) Avg Rut depth (mm)
deviation (mm)
2 1.80 0.32
3 2.47 0.56
G1
4 2.86 0.16
5 4.08 0.46
2 0.99 0.31
3 1.70 0.14
G2
4 2.11 0.27
5 2.44 0.34
2 1.44 0.20
3 2.02 0.27
G3
4 2.76 0.43
5 2.99 0.14
2 1.37 0.25
3 1.68 0.36
G4
4 2.62 0.49
5 2.79 0.22
BC 5.4 8.85 0.31

Figure captions

Fig. 1 Variation of VIM with Binder Content

Fig. 2 Variation of Grout Penetration with Binder Content

Fig. 3 Variation of Grout Penetration with VIM for all the Gradations

Fig. 4 Average Rut depth of CGB and BC Mixes

Fig. 5 Relationship between Binder Content and Rut depth for Different Gradations

Fig. 6 Relationship between RGP and Rut depth

Fig. 7 Relationship of Rut depth with VIM

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
 Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jcoma.19.00020

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN] on [16/02/20]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.