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Practicalresearch2 170508142357
Practicalresearch2 170508142357
OVERVIEW
Humans are 'intuitive' scientists ....always asking questions and testing theories about themselves, others,
events, the environment and the world around them.
Research is asking a question and finding out the answer…
1. It is looking into something.
2. It is looking for something.
3. It is comparing and contrasting things.
4. It is finding out more information...it is counting things ...making
inquiries...being curious...finding out what people think...finding out what people
do....finding out what works.... finding out what doesn't work...finding out what people
want...
What research have you conducted recently?
1. What decisions have you made about your day?
2. What decisions have you made today?
3. What influenced your decision to take this course?
4. How do you prepare and write assignments?
5. How do you decide how to provide the best quality of service for your service
users?
We all engage in or do social research as we act on the basis and results of our own research
and theorizing, therefore, what we think affects the way we behave....
What do we research?
We research people and their behaviour, opinions, attitudes, trends and patterns, also politics,
animals, health and illness. Research can be conducted either informally for our own benefit, through
asking questions, watching, counting or reading and formally, for medical or academic purposes, as a
marketing strategy, to inform and influence politics and policy.
Research may be carried out in our own lives, through the media, in our place of work, with our
friends and family or through reading past research.
Our views - personal, social, community and worldwide and our own identities are socially
constructed through our own theorizing.
Research gives us information about:
1. Thoughts and opinions 5. Norms
2. Attitudes 6. Scientific facts
3. Habits 7. Medical information
4. Culture
What do we do with research?
1. Have it as interesting fact
2. Use it to make decisions
3. Use it to persuade influence others
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Linabuan National High School – Senior High
Ma. Nelyn Amor I. Ricarto, T-I
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Quantitative research is defined by Bryman and Bell (2005, p. 154) that ‘entailing
the collection of numerical data and exhibiting the view of relationship between theory
and research as deductive, a predilection for natural science approach, and as having
an objectivist conception of social reality’.
Quantitative research is influenced by the empiricist paradigm, which means that
it is concerned with cause and effect of social phenomena and uses the data - which is
based on empirical observation and their critical interpretation.
Quantitative research is the systematic empirical investigation of observable
phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques.
"Qualitative research, on the other hand, asks broad questions and collects word data from
phenomena or participants. The researcher looks for themes and describes the information in themes and
patterns exclusive to that set of participants. "
Quantitative research is generally made using scientific methods, which can include:
The generation of models, theories and hypotheses
The development of instruments and methods for measurement
Experimental control and manipulation of variables
Collection of empirical data
Modeling and analysis of data
Use of statistics
Statistics is the most widely used branch of mathematics in
quantitative research outside of the physical sciences, and also finds
applications within the physical sciences.
Quantitative research using statistical methods starts with the
collection of data, based on the hypothesis or theory. Usually a big
sample of data is collected – this would require verification, validation
and recording before the analysis can take place. Software packages such as SPSS and R are typically
used for this purpose.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Linabuan National High School – Senior High
Ma. Nelyn Amor I. Ricarto, T-I
SPSS Statistics is a software package used for logical batched and non-
batched statistical analysis. Long produced by SPSS Inc., it was acquired
by IBM in 2009. The current versions (2015) are officially named IBM SPSS
Statistics. Companion products in the same family are used for survey
authoring and deployment (IBM SPSS Data Collection), data mining (IBM
SPSS Modeler), text analytics, and collaboration and
deployment (batch and automated scoring services).
The software name originally stood
for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS),[2] reflecting the
original market, although the software is now popular in other fields as well,
including the health sciences and marketing.
International Business Machines Corporation (commonly referred to as IBM)
is an Americ an multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States,
with operations in over 170 countries.
R is an open source programming language and software environment for statistical computing and
graphics that is supported by the R Foundation for Statistical Computing. [6] The R language is widely
used among statisticians and data miners for developing statistical software[7] and data
analysis.[8] Polls, surveys of data miners, and studies of scholarly literature databases show that R's
popularity has increased substantially in recent years.[9]
Quantitative research deals in numbers, logic, and an objective stance. Quantitative research
focuses on numeric and unchanging data and detailed, convergent reasoning rather than divergent
reasoning [i.e., the generation of a variety of ideas about a research problem in a spontaneous, free-
flowing manner].
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Linabuan National High School – Senior High
Ma. Nelyn Amor I. Ricarto, T-I
There are four (4) main types of quantitative designs: descriptive, correlational,
quasi-experimental, and experimental.
There are three ways a researcher can go about doing a descriptive research
project, and they are:
Observational, defined as a method of viewing and recording the participants
Case study, defined as an in-depth study of an individual or group of
individuals
Survey, defined as a brief interview or discussion with an individual about a
specific topic
ACTIVITY 1A.1.1
REFERENCES
Burns N, Grove SK (2005) The Practice of Nursing Research: Conduct, Critique, and Utilization (5th Ed.). St.
Louis, Elsevier Saunders
http://research-methodology.net/research-methods/quantitative-research/
https://cirt.gcu.edu/blogs/quantitative-methods/characteristics-of-quantitative-research
http://spalding.libguides.com/c.php?g=461133&p=3153088
http://www.erm.ecs.soton.ac.uk/theme4/quantitative_research.html
http://spalding.libguides.com/c.php?g=461133&p=3153088
http://researchguides.ebling.library.wisc.edu/samples.jbpub.com/9780763780586/80586_CH03_Keele.pdf
http://study.com/academy/lesson/descriptive-research-design-definition-examples-types.html
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Linabuan National High School – Senior High
Ma. Nelyn Amor I. Ricarto, T-I
Quantitative research is widely used in both the natural and social sciences, from physics and
biology to sociology and journalism.
It is also used as a way to research different aspects of music education.
The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and
hypotheses pertaining to natural phenomena.
The process of measurement is central to quantitative research because it provides the fundamental
connection between empirical observation and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships.
The term quantitative research is most often used in the social sciences in contrast to qualitative research.
Virtually all research in physics is quantitative whereas research in other scientific disciplines,
such as taxonomy and anatomy, may involve a combination of quantitative and other analytic approaches
and methods.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Linabuan National High School – Senior High
Ma. Nelyn Amor I. Ricarto, T-I
In the social sciences particularly, quantitative research is often contrasted with qualitative
research which is the examination, analysis and interpretation of observations for the purpose of
discovering underlying meanings and patterns of relationships, ……
…….. including classifications of types of phenomena and entities, in a manner that does not involve
mathematical models.
Approaches to quantitative psychology were first modelled on quantitative approaches in the physical
sciences by Gustav Fechner in his work on psychophysics, which built on the work of Ernst Heinrich
Weber.
Although a distinction is commonly drawn between qualitative and quantitative aspects of scientific
investigation, it has been argued that the two go hand in hand.
For example, based on analysis of the history of science, Kuhn (1961, p. 162) concludes that “large
amounts of qualitative work have usually been prerequisite to fruitful quantification in the physical
sciences”.
Qualitative research is often used to gain a general sense of phenomena and to form theories that
can be tested using further quantitative research.
For instance, in the social sciences qualitative research methods are often used to gain better
understanding of such things as intentionality (from the speech response of the researchee) and meaning
(why did this person/group say something and what did it mean to them?).
Although quantitative investigation of the world has existed since people first began to record
events or objects that had been counted,
the modern idea of quantitative processes have their roots in Auguste Comte's positivist framework.
Quantitative research using statistical methods typically begins with the collection of data based
on a theory or hypothesis, followed by the application of descriptive or inferential statistical methods.
Causal relationships are studied by manipulating factors thought to influence the phenomena of interest
while controlling other variables relevant to the experimental outcomes.
In the field of health, for example, researchers might measure and study the relationship between dietary
intake and measurable physiological effects such as weight loss, controlling for other key variables such
as exercise.
Quantitatively based opinion surveys are widely used in the media, with statistics such as the
proportion of respondents in favor of a position commonly reported.
In opinion surveys, respondents are asked a set of structured questions and their responses are tabulated.
In the field of climate science, researchers compile and compare statistics such as temperature or
atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide.
REFERENCES
http://libweb.surrey.ac.uk/library/skills/Introduction%20to%20Research%20and%20Managing%20Infor
mation%20Leicester/page_45.htm
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Linabuan National High School – Senior High
Ma. Nelyn Amor I. Ricarto, T-I
ACTIVITY 1A.2.1
ACTIVITY 1A.2.2
TOTAL SCORE
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Linabuan National High School – Senior High
Ma. Nelyn Amor I. Ricarto, T-I