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Diapositivas 1 PDF
Diapositivas 1 PDF
INTRODUCTION
During a well test, the response of a reservoir to changing
production (or injection) conditions is monitored. Since the
response is, to a greater or lesser degree, characteristic of the
properties of the reservoir, it is possible in many cases to infer
reservoir properties form the response.
Mathematical
Model input Model output
model
RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
It is a process of quantitatively predicting reservoir rock and fluid properties
to reduce geological uncertainties and define reservoir spatial variability.
The tools of reservoir characterization are:
1. FORMATION EVALUATION
• Core analysis / petrophysics
• Wireline well logs / Petrophysics
• Well Test Analysis
• MWD (measuring while drilling)
• Borehole Geophysics
2. GEOSTATISTICS
3. SEDIMENTOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION
4. 3D SEISMIC
5. STOCHASTICS MODELING
SCALE
OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVES
1. Reservoir Evaluation
2. Reservoir management
3. Reservoir description
RESERVOIR EVALUATION
The conductivity (kh) governs how fast fluids can flow into the
well. Hence it is a parameter that we need to know to design
well spacing and number or wells.
Reservoir pressure tell us how much potential energy the
reservoir contains and enables us to forecast how long the
reservoir production can be sustained.
Disadvantages
• It is difficult to make the well flow at constant rate, even after
it has (more-or- less) stabilized
• The well condition may not initially be either static or stable,
specially if it was recently drilled or had been flowed
previously.
BUILDUP TEST
Disadvantages
Disadvantages
It is a test which uses a special tool mounted on the end of the drill
string. It is a test commonly used to test a newly drilled well, since
it can only be carried out while a rig is over the hole. A common
test sequence is to produce, shut in, produce again and shut in
again.
DST can be quit short, since the positive closure of the downhole
valve avoids wellbore storage effects.
CONCEPTS
Matching the model response to the measured reservoir
response we infer that the model parameters take the same
values of the resevoir parameters.
THE DIFFUSIVITY EQUATION
ur
ur ur
well
h
r r
Other assumptions are as follows:
1. The porous media is isotropic, horizontal homogeneous,
uniform in thickness, and has a constant permeability and
porosity.
2. A single-phase fluid is present and occupies the entire pore
volume
3. Viscosity of the fluid remain constant at all pressures
4. The well completely penetrates the formation
5. Gravity forces are negligible
6. Pressure gradients (∂p/∂r)2 are negligibly small
7. Fluid density is governed by the equation of state
The following equation is the diffusivity equation. This partial
differential-type equation is generally written in radial coordinates
as:
𝜕 2 𝑝 1 𝜕𝑝 𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝜕𝑝
2
+ =
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑘 𝜕𝑡
For standard field units (K, md; r, ft; p, psi; t, hr; μ, cp; ct, psi-1; and
ϕ, fraction), the equation becomes:
𝜕2 𝑝 1 𝜕𝑝 𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝑝
+ = =
𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 0.0002637𝑘 𝜕𝑡 𝜂 𝜕𝑡
Where η is called the hydraulic diffusivity constant (ft2/hr), which is
the transmissivity (Tr=kh/μ) over storativity (St=ϕcth).
Analytical solutions of the diffusivity equation are obtained under
various inner and outer boundary and initial conditions for use in
pressure transient analysis.
In order to obtain universal solution to the difussivity equation, van
Everdingen and Hurst made the following transformations:
PD
Kh
Pi Pwf tD
0,000264Kt
rD
r
141.2qB ct rw 2
rw
Where q is a constant flow rate (STB/D), B the formation volume
factor (bbl/STB) and Pi the initial reservoir pressure (psia).
After these transformations are substituted, the diffusivity equation
can be written as:
𝜕 2 𝑝𝐷 1 𝜕𝑝𝐷 𝜕𝑝𝐷
2 + 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 = 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑟𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
𝑘ℎ
𝑠= ∆𝑝𝑠
141.2𝑞𝐵𝜇
𝑟𝑤𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑟𝑤 𝑒 −𝑠
S Apparent wellbore radius, ft
(rw=0,5 ft)
8 0,000168
4 0,00916
2 0,0677
1 0,184
0 0,5
-1 1,36
-2 3,69
-4 27,3
-8 1490
PARTIAL PENETRATION SKIN
Skin effect is not always due just to wellbore damage. If a well has
limited entry, or only partially penetrates the formation, then flow
cannot enter the well over the entire producing interval and the
well will experience a larger pressure drop for a given flow rate
than a well that fully penetrates the formation. This geometric
effect gives rise to the partial penetration skin effect.
It is often useful to estimate the size of the partial penetration skin
factor, since it can be substracted from the apparent overall skin to
determine whether the well is actually damaged.
The main factors responsible for skin are:
1. Invasion by drilling fluids
2. Partial well penetration
3. Partial completion
4. Plugging of perforations
5. Organic/inorganic precipitation
6. Improper perforation density or limited perforation
7. Dispersion of clays
8. Presence of mud cake and of cement
9. Presence of high gas saturation around the wellbore
The mechanical skin is the result of a permeability reduction in the
vicinity of the wellbore.
To determine if the value of S is truly mechanical in nature, a
number of situations that can cause an additional pressure loss as
the fluid flows into the wellbore should be considered and, if
possible, minimized prior to the test, including partial penetration,
partial completion, turbulence, etc.
The productivity index (J) relates the unit production rate to unit
pressure drawdown and provides a basis for comparison to other
wells, and/or predicting production rates at different flowing
pressures.
The productivity index of a well producing at a constant rate
(damaged, stimulated or undamaged) is mathematically expressed
as:
q q
J actual
p pi pwf
If Δps is the pressure change due to skin, then the pressure drop
under ideal conditions ,i.e. S=0, is Δp=(pi-pwf)- Δps
In this case, the ideal productivity index is:
q
J ideal
pi pwf ps
FLOW EFFICIENCY
𝐶 = 𝑐𝑤𝑏 𝑉𝑤𝑏
144𝑉𝑢
𝐶=
𝜌𝑤𝑏
Where ρ is the density of the fluid in the wellbore in lb/ft3 and Vu is
the tubing capacity in bbl/ft.
If the area (ft2) of the wellbore is used instead of the tubing
capacity, this coefficient can also be determined from:
25.64𝐴𝑤𝑏
𝐶=
𝜌𝑤𝑏
q qsf qw
Example 2.2 Horne
Wellbore storage is a major nuisance to well test interpretation,
since it disguises the reservoir response until late in the test. One
way to overcome this problem is to measure the flow rates
downhole instead of at a surface.
From material balance, the pressure in the wellbore is directly
proportional to time during the wellbore storage dominated period
of th test:
tD
pD
CD
On a log-log plot of pressure drop versus time, this gives a
characteristic straight line of unti slope:
The unit slope straight line response continues up to a time given
approximately by:
t D CD 0.041 0.02s
However, the storage effect is not over at this time, as there is a
period (roughly one and a half log cycles long) during which the
response udergoes a transition between wellbore response and
reservoir response.
Thus the reservoir response does not begin until a time:
t D CD 60 3.5s
Durign the design of a test, care should be taken to ensure that the
test is at least this long.
Example 2.3 Horne
RADIUS OF INVESTIGATION
2 𝑘𝑡
𝑟𝑖 =
948𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡
DIFUSSIVITY
EQUATION
SOLUTIONS
Infinite reservoir
𝑝 → 𝑝𝑖 at r= 𝑟𝑒 p q 1
r
rw 2 kh r Bounded circular
w reservoir
p
0
r re
re
rw
57
1. Well producing at constant rate from an
infinite reservoir
rw
INFINITE
Well
(Internal condition) (External condition)
Initial condition
At t=0, p=pi.
58
THE CONTINUOUS LINE SOURCE SOLUTION
2
𝑟𝐷 948𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡𝑟2
X= =
4𝑡𝐷 𝑘𝑡
𝐸𝑖 −𝑋 = ln (1.781X)
For real pressure any point in the reservoir located at a distance r
(ft) from a flowing well at constant rate q (STB/D) for a period of
time t (hours):
70.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 948𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2
𝑝 𝑟,𝑡 = 𝑝𝑖 + 𝐸𝑖 − − 2𝑆
𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡
At the well:
70.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 1688𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
𝑝 𝑟𝑤 ,𝑡 = 𝑝𝑖 + 𝑙𝑛 − 2𝑆
𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡
In terms of log
162.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑘𝑡
𝑝 𝑟,𝑡 = 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 − 3.23 + 0.8686𝑆
𝑘ℎ 𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟
At the well:
162.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑘𝑡
𝑝 𝑟𝑤 ,𝑡 = 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 − 3.23 + 0.8686𝑆
𝑘ℎ 𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0,00 6,332 5,639 5,235 4,948 4,726 4,545 4,392 4,259 4,142
0,01 4,038 3,944 3,858 3,779 3,705 3,637 3,574 3,514 3,458 3,405
0,02 3,355 3,307 3,261 3,218 3,176 3,137 3,098 3,062 3,026 2,992
0,03 2,959 2,927 2,897 2,867 2,838 2,81 2,783 2,756 2,731 2,706
0,04 2,681 2,658 2,634 2,612 2,59 2,568 2,547 2,527 2,507 2,487
0,05 2,468 2,449 2,431 2,413 2,395 2,377 2,36 2,344 2,327 2,311
0,06 2,295 2,279 2,264 2,249 2,235 2,22 2,206 2,192 2,178 2,164
0,07 2,151 2,138 2,125 2,112 2,099 2,087 2,074 2,062 2,05 2,039
0,08 2,027 2,015 2,004 1,993 1,982 1,971 1,96 1,95 1,939 1,929
0,09 1,919 1,909 1,899 1,889 1,879 1,869 1,86 1,85 1,841 1,832
0,10 1,823 1,814 1,805 1,796 1,788 1,779 1,77 1,762 1,754 1,745
0,11 1,737 1,729 1,721 1,713 1,705 1,697 1,689 1,682 1,674 1,667
0,12 1,66 1,652 1,645 1,638 1,631 1,623 1,616 1,609 1,603 1,596
0,13 1,589 1,582 1,576 1,569 1,562 1,556 1,549 1,543 1,537 1,53
0,14 1,524 1,518 1,512 1,506 1,5 1,494 1,488 1,482 1,476 1,47
0,15 1,464 1,459 1,453 1,447 1,442 1,436 1,431 1,425 1,42 1,415
0,16 1,409 1,404 1,399 1,393 1,388 1,383 1,378 1,373 1,368 1,363
0,17 1,358 1,353 1,348 1,343 1,338 1,333 1,329 1,324 1,319 1,314
0,18 1,31 1,305 1,301 1,296 1,291 1,287 1,282 1,278 1,274 1,269
0,19 1,265 1,261 1,256 1,252 1,248 1,243 1,239 1,235 1,231 1,227
0,20 1,223 1,219 1,215 1,21 1,206 1,202 1,198 1,195 1,191 1,187
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 4.89x 10-2 4.26x 10-2 3.72x 10-2 3.25x 10-2 284x 10-2 2.49x 10-2 2.19x 10-2 1.92x 10-2 1.69x 10-2 1.48x 10-2
3 1.30x 10-2 1.15x 10-2 1.01x 10-2 8.94x 10-3 7.89x 10-3 6.87x 10-3 6.16x 10-3 5.45x 10-3 4.82x 10-3 4.27x 10-2
4 3.78x 10-3 3.35x 10-3 2.97x 10-3 2.54x 10-3 2.34x 10-3 2.07x 10-3 1.84x 10-3 1.64x 10-3 1.45x 10-3 1.29x 10-3
5 1.15x 10-3 1.02x 10-3 9.08x 10-4 8.09x 10-4 7.19x 10-4 6.41x 10-4 5.71x 10-4 5.09x 10-4 4.53x 10-4 4.04x 10-4
6 3.60x 10-4 3.21x 10-4 2.86x 10-4 2.55x 10-4 2.28x 10-4 2.03x 10-4 1.82x 10-4 1.62x 10-4 1.45x 10-4 1.29x 10-4
7 1.15x 10-4 1.03x 10-4 9.22x 10-5 8.24x 10-5 7.36x 10-5 6.58x 10-5 5.89x 10-5 5.26x 10-5 4.71x 10-5 4.21x 10-5
66
Pseudosteady state equation is:
ln
1 2.2458 A
p 2π t S
D DA 2 2
C Arw
In field units:
162 .6qB
2 . 2458 A
0.2342 qB
p p log 0.8686 S t
wf i kh C r2
ct hA
Aw
67
68
SHAPE FACTORS FOR VARIOUS SINGLE-WELL DRAINAGE AREAS
Example
3. Resevoir with constant pressure boundaries -
well producing at constant rate
71
Pseudosteady state equation is:
P ln reD S
D
In field units:
141.2qB re
p p - ln S
wf i kh rw
Example
72
PRINCIPLE OF
SUPERPOSITION
This approach makes it possible to construct reservoir response
functions in complex situations, using only simple basic models.
Superposition is especially useful in well test analysis, since we
can use it to represent the response due to several wells by
adding up the individual well responses.
By appropiate choice of flow rate an well location, we can also
represent various reservoir bondaries.
In addition, we can use superposition in time to determine the
reservoir response to a well flowing at variable rate, by using only
constant rate solutions.
The principle of superposition is very simple. It says that the
response of the system to a number of perturbations is exactly
equal to the sum of the rersponses to each of the perturbations as
if they were present by themselves.
Well A
rAC rAB
Well C Well B
Consider three wells A,B,C as is shown in the previous slide. They
start to produce at the same time from an infinite reservoir.
Application of superposition shows that:
+ 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐵
+ 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐶
2
70.6𝑞𝐴 𝐵𝜇 1688𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤𝐴
𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 =− 𝑙𝑛 − 2𝑆𝐴
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡
2
70.6𝑞𝐵 𝐵𝜇 948𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝐴𝐵
- 𝑘ℎ 𝐸𝑖 −
𝑘𝑡
2
70.6𝑞𝐶𝐵𝜇 948𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝐴𝐶
- 𝑘ℎ 𝐸𝑖 −
𝑘𝑡
APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLE OF
SUPERPOSITION IN BOUNDED RESERVOIRS
Fault
Real well Real well Image well
L L L
No flow line
p p
i wf 70.6
qB 1688ct rw2
ln
kh
2S 70.6
qB 948ct 2 L
Ei
2
kt kh kt
78
Well near to a constant pressure boundary
Constant pressure
79
Well near to two intercepting faults
by
by
bx
Real well
Real well bx Image well
360
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠 =
𝜃
80
Well in a bounded reservoir (rectangular)
Real Imag e
Imag e
81
Time superposition – Multirate tests
q1
Well1
q2
q1
q3 q2-q1
Well 2
t1 t2
t1
t2
What is the wellbore pressure
Well 3
at t>t2 ? q3-q2
82
The first contribution to a drawdown in reservoir pressure is by a
well producing at rate q1 starting at t=0.
q1 B 1688ct rw2
p p
i wf 70.6
kh
ln 2S
1 kt
Starting at time t1, the new total rate is q2. We introduce a well 2,
producing at rate (q2-q1) starting at t1, so that the total rate after t1
is the requiered q2
pi pwf 2 70.6
q2 q1 B 1688ct rw
2
ln 2S
kh k t t1
83
Similarly, the contribution ot a third well is:
q3 q2 B 1688ct rw2
pi pwf 3 70.6 kh ln k t t 2S
2
Thus, the total drawdown for the well with two changes in rate is:
q1 B 1688ct rw2
70.6 ln 2S
kh kt
p p
i wf
q2 q1 B 1688ct rw2
70.6 ln 2S
kh k t t1
q3 q2 B 1688ct rw2
70.6 ln 2S
kh k t t2 84
Example (1.5 Lee)
A flowing well is completed in a reservoir that has the following
properties:
What will the pressure drop be in a shut-in well 500 ft from the
flowing well when the flowing well has been shut in for 1 day
following a flow period of 5 days at 300 STB/D?
85