Plagiarism Checker X Originality Report

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Date: Tuesday, February 04, 2020

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Electrocardiography (ECG) is a graphical representation of the electrical activity of the

heart over a period of time. It is recorded using electrodes (three leads or twelve leads)
which are attached to the skin surface. The ECG indicates the plotting of the
bio-potential generated by the muscular activity of the heart.

It is used extensively by physicians to predict and treat various cardio vascular diseases.
ECG signals are highly susceptible to contamination by EMI (electromagnetic
interferences) and can be contaminated by several kinds of artefacts such as
electro-myographic noise (EMG noise), 50 or 60 Hz power line interference (PLI),
baseline wander and measurement noise.

These artefacts may cause misinterpretation of the important cardiac parameters (or
even wrong diagnosis) which can have serious implications. PLI is a high-frequency
noise (50 or 60 Hz), additive in nature, which has a low amplitude and hence can totally
distort the signal of interest and thus make it difficult to locate the Q, S and T
complexes. Hence, the PLI noise removal is very important for ECG monitoring and
diagnosis.

The problem statement of removal of PLI is as follows: - the algorithm should not distort
or corrupt the useful ECG signal, and it should be efficient (in terms of computation) for
real - time monitoring. A variety of methods have been traditionally employed and used
for the de noising of PLI from ECG signals. A host of adaptive filters have been used for
this purpose [1-4].

In adaptive filters, there is a requirement for convergence to optimal solution as well as

a reference signal, and this proves to be a major drawback. Iterative approximation
techniques [5] reconstruct the information that is lost due to filtering. However, these
filter-based methods assume the ECG signal as stationary and linear.

Genetic algorithms [6] and artificial neural networks [7] are also used but their
computational complexity make them unsuitable for real-time analysis. Wavelet
transform-based methods [8] are also proposed. One of the recent advances in this area
is related to empirical mode decomposition and ensemble empirical mode
decomposition.

Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) decomposes the signal into various intrinsic
mode functions (IMFs) components and the noisy IMF components are removed during
the signal reconstruction. Lower-order IMF components are removed from the
reconstruction [9] using the fact that lower-order components correspond to
high-frequency noise (PLI).

A major hindrance in EMD analysis is mode mixing. It is to overcome the mode mixing
problem that EMD imposes that a new noise-assisted method, ensemble EMD (EEMD)
was proposed by Wu and Huang in [10]. In [11], de noising of ECG signal using EEMD is
proposed. A comparison between EMD and various wavelet methods is given in [12].

Adaptive methods [13], non-adaptive [14,15] methods have been proposed to process
the noisy IMF components. Various statistical methods [16,17] and spectrum analysis
methods [18] for PLI noise detection have also been proposed. Another method [19]
proposes reduction of computational complexity of EEMD algorithm by limiting the
length of the ECG segment.

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