MAJORSHIP: SOCIAL SCIENCE

FOCUS: GEOGRAPHY
�Geography came from two Greek words "geo" (Earth) & "graphos" (description).
�It is a science dealing w/Earth's surface and such elements: Climate, time, space, landscape,
resources, population, and issues.

4 classifications of Geography:
�Physical geography (geomorphology, climatology, oceanography, etc.)
�Human geography (cultural geography, population geography, social geography, political
geography, etc.)
�Economic geography ( Trade and Commerce, communication and agriculture)
�Facilities & instruments (cartography, fieldwork geographical survey, etc.)

�Anaximander - He drew the first scaled world map.

� Erathosthenes - The first to use the word 'Geography'/geograpika and measured accurately the
circumference of the Earth.
� Strabo - He was the first to divide the world into frigid, temperate, and tropic zones.
�Odyssey - written by Homer. It describes the many recognizable places that Ulysses reached
during his long voyage home from Troy.
�Histories - written by Herodutos (considered as 'Father of History'). It describes so many places
in Egypt, Persia (Iran) Mesopotamia (Iraq) , Africa, and Asia Minor (Turkey).
�Antipater - Greek traveller. Famous for his 7 Wonders of the Ancient World.

Theoretical and philosophical perspective in the study of Geography:

� Environmental determinism - the environment will determine the culture of people in a place.
� Regionalism - shows that certain distributions of phenomena overlapped creating areas of
Earth's surface-regions w/particular combination of characteristics.
�Positivism - involves data collection, measurement and statistical testing hypothesis.
�Humanist approach - knowledge is obtained subjectively in a world of meanings created by
individuals and whose ontology is that what exists is that w/c people perceive to exist.
�Structural approach - world appearances do not necessarily reveal the world.
�Marxist geography - accepts the fundamental importance of the organization of production in
the creation and structuring of all social processes, or it specializes in the dialectical relationship
between social process on the one hand and the natural environment and spatial relations on the
other.
� Critical approach - seeks to give solutions to geographic phenomenon.
�Feminist geography - gendered use and knowledge of the environment.
�Possibilism - theorizes that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but culture is
otherwise determined by man's actions.

CONTINENTS OF THE WORLD (In order) :

1. Asia
� Largest of all continents, it covers nearly 1/3 of the Earth's land surface.
� Mt. Everest is the highest point.
� Dead Sea is the lowest point.
�Yangtze - longest river
�Gobi - largest desert in Asia
� Asia extends from the Mediterranean Sea in the West to the Pacific Ocean in the East, and from
the Arctic ocean in the North to the Indian Ocean in the South.
� Gave the world writing, the wheel, astronomy, mechanical printing, and Arabic numerals.
� Gave birth to all the world's major religions e.g Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Judaism etc.
�Geographic regions: Southeast, East, South, North/Central, and Southwest Asia for Middle East.

2. Africa
� Known as 'Dark Continent' because it's impenetrable forest, rivers blocked by falls, vast
deserts, and diseases had stopped explorer's attempts to penetrate the interior.
� Second largest continent but has the most number of countries.
�Highest point is Mt. Kilimanjaro .
�Lowest point is Lake Assal in Libya.
� Nile -longest river in Africa
�Sahara - Largest desert
�Metropolitan areas include Cairo, Alexandria, and Kinshasa.
� Much of Africa today is plagued by poverty, underdevelopment, civil strife, ethnic wars, and
diseases.

3. North America
� Greenland - largest island in the world.
� Larges metropolitan areas include Mexico City, N. Y, and Los Angeles.
�Highest point is Mt McKinley in Alaska .
�Lowest point is Death Valley ,California.
�Lake Superior, Huron, and Erie (Great Lakes) are largest fresh water supply in the US and
Canada.
� Home to indigenous people like American Indians, Mayas, Aztecs, Carib, and others.

4. South America
�It is largely a wilderness and most people find much of the land to be inhospitable - too hot, or
too cold, too dry or too wet.
� Home of the Andes Mountain which is the longest mountain range in the world but second only
in height to Asia's Himalayas.
� Highest point is Mt Aconcagua
�Valdes Peninsula is the lowest point below sea level.
� known as "Continent of extravagances" because of Angel Fall as the world's largest waterfall.
� Chile - world's stormiest place
�Cape Horn - graveyard for ships and sailors.
�Atacama desert - world's driest place.
� Amazon rainforest- largest rainforest in the world.

5. Antarctica
� Vostok - coldest place in the world with -129•F which was recorded in 1983.
� Often called 'Terra Incognita'. Untouched and Unexplored
� contains 70% of the Earth's freshwater.
� It is the "Planet's Cooling Center " helping to maintain the balance temperature throughout the
world.
� Antarctica Donut - first hole in the ozone layer of the atmosphere.

6. Europe
� known as " Continent of Peninsulas "
� Scandinavian Peninsula - Norway, Sweden, and Finland.
�Iberian peninsula - Spain and Portugal.
�Balkan Peninsula - Greece and Yugoslavia.
� Apennine Peninsula - Italy
� Jutland Peninsula - Denmark
� Europe's highest points are Mt Elbrus in the East and Mt Blanc in the West.

7. Australia and Oceania

�Smallest continent
�Australia is the only nation that is a continent. This country boasts the world's largest and
longest coral reef system - Great Barrier Reef. This country has the highest rate of skin cancer in
the world.
�Micronesia or tiny islands.
�Melanesia or black islands
�Polynesia or many islands

- CTTO
Limited info Lang po ito pero Sana Po Nakatulong �

CTTO: May mga lumabas dito las LET. Good Luck! �

CHINA - The Largest country in ASIA.

RUSSIA - The Largest country in world.
INDONESIA - The Largest Archipelago in world.
MOUNT KILIMANJARO - the highest mountain in the continent of Africa.
URAL MOUNTAIN - the mountain that separates the continents of Asia and Europe.
HWANG-HO & YARIGTZE - the major rivers in China.
YELLOW RACE means Mongoloids.
WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT - the first American civil Governor.
GEN. EDWARD P. KING - The commander of the American and Filipinos forces in Bataan.
NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV - The Russian President who gave Crimea to Ukraine in 1954.
VLADIMIR PUTIN - the Russian President who wants to ANNEX CRIMEA is named.

CTTO: May mga lumabas dito las LET. Good Luck! �

CHINA - The Largest country in ASIA.
RUSSIA - The Largest country in world.
INDONESIA - The Largest Archipelago in world.
MOUNT KILIMANJARO - the highest mountain in the continent of Africa.
URAL MOUNTAIN - the mountain that separates the continents of Asia and Europe.
HWANG-HO & YARIGTZE - the major rivers in China.
YELLOW RACE means Mongoloids.
WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT - the first American civil Governor.
GEN. EDWARD P. KING - The commander of the American and Filipinos forces in Bataan.
NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV - The Russian President who gave Crimea to Ukraine in 1954.
VLADIMIR PUTIN - the Russian President who wants to ANNEX CRIMEA is named.