Review

• Significant Figures: Final answers should be expressed w/ number

of significant figures of the given quantities.
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

5 s.f. 2 s.f.
• Scientific Notation:
3 s.f.
• Conversion of Units: Know the connecting conversion factors

• Dimension Analysis:
1. Neglect/remove constants.
2. Arrange equation according to the target variable.
3. Plug in the given units of other variables.

26 January 2016 03 Displacement, Time and Velocity 1

 Review
1. In a foreign land, 1 boom = 10.95 meters and 1 tarat =0.53
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71
seconds. What is the acceleration 20.0 m/𝑠 2 in units of
boom/(tarat)2 .

1 𝐵
2. Determine the unit of the quantity C in the equation 𝐴 =
2 𝐶
where A is in [m/s] and B is in [m].

02 Vector Quantities 2
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71
PHYSICS 71
Chapter 1 Units, Physical Quantities, and Vectors

02 Vector Quantities
National Institute of Physics
College of Science
University of the Philippines Diliman
 Objectives
• Differentiate vector and scalar quantities.
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

• Express a vector from magnitude-direction form to component

form and vice versa.
• Perform addition of vectors.

02 Vector Quantities 4
 Scalar vs Vector
• A scalar is a quantity that is described by its magnitude: a
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71
number and its corresponding unit

• Example:

02 Vector Quantities 5
 Scalar vs Vector
• A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

N
• Example:

W E

magnitude direction

02 Vector Quantities 6
 Vector Notation
• Handwritten notation:
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

A A
• Typeset:

02 Vector Quantities 7
 Vector Representation
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

1. Bearing form
2. Component form

02 Vector Quantities 8
 Vector Representation: Bearing Form
Bearing
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

y
• Magnitude
• Direction angle

Displacement vector
x

02 Vector Quantities 9
 Vector: Example
What are the magnitudes of the given vectors in
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

the figure? N

W E
30 m

S
Answer: 𝑥1 = 30 m; |𝑥2 | = 45 m

02 Vector Quantities 10
 Vector: Example
Write the bearing representation of the given
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71
displacement vectors in the figure.
N

26⁰
W E
30 m
Answer:
𝑥1 = 30 m to the east
𝑥2 = 45 m, 26∘ north of east S

02 Vector Quantities 11
 Vector Representation: Component Form
• Unit vectors: vectors of magnitude 1
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

• 3D:

- unit vector along the x-axis

y

- unit vector along the y-axis

- unit vector along the z-axis

x
z

02 Vector Quantities 12
 Vector Representation: Component Form
• Unit vectors: vectors of magnitude 1
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

• 2D:

y - unit vector along the x-axis

- unit vector along the y-axis

02 Vector Quantities 13
 Vector Representation: Component Form
• 2D: Project the vector to the x and y axes
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

02 Vector Quantities 14
 Vector Representation: Component Form
• Can we get the magnitude and angle from the components? Yes
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴2𝑥 + 𝐴2𝑦

𝜃 = tan−1 (𝐴𝑦 /𝐴𝑥 )

x

02 Vector Quantities 15
 Component Form: Examples
Provide the equations for getting the components
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71
of the vector in terms of 𝜙.
𝑦

𝑥
Answer:
𝐴𝑥 = 𝐴Ԧ sin 𝜙 𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴Ԧ cos 𝜙

02 Vector Quantities 16
 Component Form: Examples
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

The initial velocity of a human cannonball is

25 m/s directed 34.1∘ from the horizontal. What
are the x- and y-components of this velocity?

Definition (Velocity and Speed)

Velocity is the time rate of change of displacement of an object. It
is a vector. Speed is the magnitude of velocity. It is a scalar.

02 Vector Quantities 17
 Component Form: Examples
The initial velocity of a human cannonball is
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71
25 m/s directed 34.1∘ from the horizontal. What
are the x- and y-components of this velocity?

Solution

𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣 cos 𝜃 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣 sin 𝜃
= 25 m/s cos 34.1∘ = 25 m/s sin 34.1∘
𝑣𝑥 = 21 m/s 𝑣𝑦 = 14 m/s

02 Vector Quantities 18
 Component Form: Examples
At what angle is a cannonball launched with
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

respect to the 𝑥-axis if the it initially had 𝑣𝑥 =

20.7 m/s and 𝑣𝑦 = 14.0 m/s?
−1
𝜃 = tan (𝐴𝑦 /𝐴𝑥 )
𝜃 = tan−1 (14.0/20.7)
𝜃 = 34.1∘ with respect to the 𝑥-axis

02 Vector Quantities 19
 Vector Addition
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

• C is the vector sum or resultant

02 Vector Quantities 20
 Vector Addition: Graphical method
• Also referred to as the “tail-to-head method”
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

02 Vector Quantities 21
 Vector Addition: Graphical Method
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

𝑨+𝑩=𝑹
1. Split each given vector into two
perpendicular components.
2. Get the vector sum of each
component vector.
3. Get the vector sum of the two
perpendicular vectors.

02 Vector Quantities 22
 Scalar Multiplication
• A scalar can be multiplied to a vector to change
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71
its magnitude.

𝐴Ԧ → 2𝐴Ԧ
• Allows us to negate a vector and do vector
subtraction.
𝐴Ԧ → −𝐴Ԧ

02 Vector Quantities 23
 Negative of a Vector
• Negative of a vector is just a vector with the same magnitude
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71
but opposite in direction
• This means we can perform vector subtraction.

Source: Young and Freedman, University Physics, 13th ed.

02 Vector Quantities 24
 Vector Addition: Examples
Given the following vectors, draw 𝐴Ԧ − 𝐵.
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

Answer:
𝐴Ԧ − 𝐵
Source: Young and Freedman, University Physics, 13th ed.

02 Vector Quantities 25
 Vector Addition: Examples
A cross-country skier skis 1.00 km north and then 2.00 km east on
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71
a horizontal snowfield. How far and in what direction is she from
the starting point?

Solution
• Draw the displacement vectors involved and use tail-to-head
method.

02 Vector Quantities 26
 Vector Addition
Solution
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

The two vectors and the resultant vector form a right triangle. Use trigonometric
identities to solve for the magnitude and direction of the resultant vector.
Source: Young and Freedman, University Physics, 13th ed.

02 Vector Quantities 27
 Vector Addition
• Solve for the magnitude
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

1.00 km 2 + 2.00 km 2 = 2.24 km

• Solve for the direction

2.00 km
tan 𝜙 =
1.00 km

𝜙 = 63.4∘

• We can then describe the direction as

63.4∘ east of north.

02 Vector Quantities 28
 Components of Vectors
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

෡
𝑨3D = 𝐴𝑥 𝒊Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 𝒋Ƹ + 𝐴𝑧 𝒌 y

• Magnitude of a 3D vector: 3D
𝐴𝑦
𝐴= 𝐴2𝑥 + 𝐴2𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧2

𝐴𝑧
𝐴𝑥
x
z

02 Vector Quantities 29
 Vector Addition in Component Form
• Given the following vectors
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71
𝑃 = 1𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑘෠
𝑄 = 1𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑘෠
𝑅 = 1𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ − 3𝑘෠
➢Solve 2𝑃 + 𝑄 - 𝑅
Solution:
=2(1𝑖෡ + 2𝑗෡ + 3𝑘෡ ) + (1𝑖෡ − 2𝑗෡ + 3𝑘෡ ) − (1𝑖෡ + 2𝑗෡ − 3𝑘෡ )
Add same components (𝑖෡ to 𝑖෡, 𝑗෡ to 𝑗෡, 𝑘෡ to 𝑘෡ )
=(2+1- 1) 𝑖෡+(4-2-2) 𝑗෡+(6+3+3) 𝑘෡
=2𝑖෡ + 12𝑘෡

02 Vector Quantities 30
 Component Form: Examples
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

Given 𝑃 = 1𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑘෠

𝑄 = 1𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑘෠
What is 2𝑃 − 𝑄 in component form?

Answer: 2𝑃 − 𝑄 = 1𝑖Ƹ + 6𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑘෠

02 Vector Quantities 31
 Component Form: Examples
Given 𝑃 = 5.0 km, 45∘ N of E
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

𝑄 = 3.0 km, 30° N of W

What is 𝑃 − 𝑄 in component form?

Answer: 𝑃 − 𝑄 = 6.1 𝑖Ƹ + 2.0 𝑗Ƹ km

02 Vector Quantities 32
 Vector Addition: Component Form
• Given
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

𝑃 = 5.0 km, 45∘ N of E

𝑄 = 3.0 km, 30° N of W and
𝑅 = 4.0 km, 60∘ N of E,
• Find 𝑃 + 𝑄 − 𝑅 in unit-vector form. Use the component method.

Answer:
𝑃 + 𝑄 − 𝑅 = −1.1𝑖Ƹ + 1.6𝑗Ƹ km

02 Vector Quantities 33
 Vector Addition in Component Form
• Example: Given the following vectors
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71
𝑃 = 1𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑘෠
𝑄 = 1𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑘෠
𝑅 = 1𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ − 3𝑘෠
➢Solve 𝑃 + 𝑄 + 𝑅
Solution:
𝑃 = 12 + 22 + 32 = 14
𝑄 = 12 + 22 + 32 = 14
𝑅 = 12 + 22 + 32 = 14
𝑃 + 𝑄 + 𝑅 = 3 14

02 Vector Quantities 34
 Component Form: Examples
𝑃 = 1𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑘෠
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71
Given
𝑄 = 1𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑘෠
What is 2𝑃 − 𝑄?

Answer: 2𝑃 − 𝑄 = 14

02 Vector Quantities 35
 Vector Addition: Important reminders
• 𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝑪 is not the same as 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐶
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

• Treat vectors as quantities with a different arithmetic from scalar

quantities.

02 Vector Quantities 36
 Attendance Quiz (Bluebook)
AQ # 2
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

Date Score:
Solution:

Corrected by: Squirt L.

01 Units and Physical Quantities 37

 Quiz
Given 𝐶Ԧ = (−20.7 m/s)𝑖Ƹ + (14.0 m/s)𝑗.Ƹ What is the
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

Ԧ
magnitude and direction angle of 𝐶?

02 Vector Quantities 38
 Quiz
Given 𝐶Ԧ = (−20.7 m/s)𝑖Ƹ + (14.0 m/s)𝑗.Ƹ What is the
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71

Ԧ
magnitude and direction angle of 𝐶?

𝑣𝑥 = 25.0 m/s [2 points]

𝜃 = 34.1∘ with respect to the 𝑥-axis [3 points]

02 Vector Quantities 39
 Credits/References
• University Physics 13th Ed, H. Young and R. Freedman
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑠 71
Pearson Education 2014
• PowerPoint Lectures for University Physics 13th Ed, Wayne Anderson
Pearson Education 2012
• Physics 71 Lectures by M Flores, A Lacaba, PJ Blancas,
G Pedemonte, DL Sombillo, K Agapito, J De Mesa, B Galit, T Abregana
• Background:
http://www.freevector.com/site_media/preview_images/FreeVector-Vector-
Arrows-Background.jpg

02 Vector Quantities 40