Learning Outcomes

Union of Sets (∪)

If two sets A and B are given, then the union of two sets is a set
containing all elements that are in A or in B or in both A and B. This
operation can be represented as;
S

A∪B
A B

A union B

AUB
Learning Outcomes
Intersection of Sets (∩)
the intersection of two sets A and B is the set that contains all
elements of A that also belong B.

A intersection B S
A B

A∩B
Learning Outcomes
Difference of Sets (-)
the difference of the two sets is the sets of all elements of A that are
not elements of B.

A minus B

A-B
S
A B

Difference of two sets A\B

A\B
Learning Outcomes
Complement of a Set
the complement of set A is the set of all elements in the universal
set U; but not in A.

U
The complement of A
or
A Complement

Aᶦ or Aᶜ or Ā A B
Learning Outcomes
Symmetric Different of Sets
it has two sets, A and B is a set of elements which are either in A or
in B but not in their intersection.

The symmetric U
difference of two sets
A and B

A∆B A B
A∆B
Learning Outcomes
Symmetric Different of Sets
it can be represented using other operations, union of set,
intersection of set, and difference of sets, as it shows below:

A ∆ B = (A U B) - (A ∩ B) Or;

By using differences and union alone.

A ∆ B = (A - B) U (B – A)
Learning Outcomes
Identity Law
A∪∅=A ,
A∩U=A
Learning Outcomes
Domination Law
A∪U=U ,
A∩∅=A
Learning Outcomes
Idempotent Law
A∪A=A
A∩A=A
Learning Outcomes
Complement Law
A ∪ Aᶜ = U
A ∩ Aᶜ = Ø
Learning Outcomes
Double Complement Law
(Aᶜ) ᶜ
Learning Outcomes
Commutative Law
A∪B=AUB
A ∩ B= B ∩ A
Learning Outcomes
Associative Law
(A ∪ B) U C = A U (B U C)
(A ∩ B) ∩ C= A ∩ (B ∩ C)
Learning Outcomes
Distributive Law
A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A U B) ∩ (A U C),
A ∩ (B U C) = (A ∩ B) U (A ∩ C)
Learning Outcomes
De Morgan’s Law
(A U B)ᶜ = Aᶜ ∩ Bᶜ ,
(A ∩ B)ᶜ = Aᶜ U Bᶜ
Learning Outcomes
Absorption Law
A U (A ∩ B) = A ,
A ∩ (A U B) = A
Learning Outcomes
Complements of U and Ø
Uᶜ = Ø ,
Øᶜ = U
Learning Outcomes
Set Difference Law
A-B = A U B
Learning Outcomes
Identity Law
i. A∪∅=A ii. A∩U=A
A= {1,2,3,4,5} U = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
Ø = {} A = {1,2,3}
A U Ø = {1,2,3,4,5} A ∩ U = {1,2,3}
Learning Outcomes
Domination Law
i) A ∪ U = U ii) A ∩ ∅ = ∅
U= {1,2,3,4,5} A = {1,2,3,4,5}
A= {1,2,3} ∅ = {}
A U U= {1,2,3,4,5} A∩∅=∅
Learning Outcomes
Idempotent Law
i) A ∪ A = A ii) A ∩ A = A
A={1,2,3,4} A={1,2,3,4}
A U A ={1,2,3,4} A ∩ A ={1,2,3,4}
Learning Outcomes
Complement Law
i) A U (A ∩ B) = A ii) A ∩ (A U B) = A
A= {1,2,3} A= {1,2,3}
B= {3,4,5,6} B= {2,3,4,5,6,7}

{1,2,3} ∩ {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
{1,2,3} u { 3}
A u ( A ∩ B)= {1,2,3} A ∩( A u B)= {1,2,3}
Learning Outcomes
Commutative Law
Left-Handed Right-Handed
i) A ∪ B = B U A ii) A ∩ B= B ∩ A
A= {1,2,3,4,5} A= {1,2,3,4,5}
B= {1,2,3} B= {1,2,3}
Left-Handed Left-Handed
A u B = {1,2,3,4,5} u {1,2,3} A ∩ B = {1,2,3,4,5} ∩ {1,2,3}
A u B = {1,2,3,4,5} A ∩ B = {1,2,3}
Right-Handed Right-Handed
B u A= {1,2,3} u {1,2,3,4,5} B ∩ A = {1,2,3} ∩ {1,2,3,4,5}
B u A= {1,2,3,4,5} B ∩ A = {1,2,3}
Learning Outcomes
Associative Law
i) (A ∪ B) U C = A U (B U C) ii) (A ∩ B) ∩ C= A ∩ (B ∩ C)
A= {1,2,3,4,5} A= {1,2,3,4,5}
B= {3,4,5,6,7} B= {3,4,5,6,7}
C= {5,6,7,8,9} C= {5,6,7,8,9}
Left-Handed : Left-Handed :
(A ∪ B) U C (A ∩ B) ∩ C
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} u { 5,6,7,8,9} {3,4,5} ∩ { 5,6,7,8,9}
(A ∪ B) U C = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} (A ∩ B) ∩ C = {5}
Right-Handed : Right-Handed :
A U (B U C) A ∩ (B ∩ C)
{1,2,3,4,5} u {1,2,3,4,5} ∩ {5}
A U (B U C) {3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} A ∩ (B ∩ C) = {5}

(A ∪ B) U C = A U (B U C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C) =
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} {5} = {5}
Learning Outcomes
Distributive Law
i) A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A U B) ∩ (A U C) ii) A ∩ (B U C) = (A ∩ B) U (A ∩ C)
A= {1,2,3} A= {1,2,3}
B= {2,3,4} B= {2,3,4}
C= {3,4,5} C= {3,4,5}
Left-Handed : Left-Handed :
A ∪ (B ∩ C ) A ∩ (B u C)
{1,2,3} u { 3,4} {1,2,3} ∩ {2,3,4,5}
A ∪ (B ∩ C) = {1,2,3,4} A ∩ (B u C) = {2,3}
Right-Handed : Right-Handed :
(A U B) ∩ (A U C) (A ∩ B) u (A ∩ C)
{1,2,3,4} ∩ {1,2,3,4,5} {2,3} U (3}
(A U B) ∩ (A U C) = {1,2,3,4} (A ∩ B) u (A ∩ C) = {2,3}
Learning Outcomes
De Morgan’s Law
i) (A U B)ᶜ = Aᶜ ∩ Bᶜ ii) (A ∩ B)ᶜ = Aᶜ U Bᶜ
U= {1,2,3,4,5} U= {1,2,3,4,5,6}
A= {2,3,4} A= {2,3,4}
B= {3,4,5} B= {3,4,5}
Left-Handed : Left-Handed :
(A U B)ᶜ (A ∩ B)ᶜ
A u B = A ∩ B = {3,4}
(A U B)ᶜ = {1}
{2,3,4,5} (A ∩ B)ᶜ= {1,2,5,6}
Right-Handed : Right-Handed :
Aᶜ ∩ Bᶜ Aᶜ U Bᶜ
Aᶜ = {1,5} Aᶜ = {1,5,6}
Bᶜ = {1,2} Bᶜ = {1,2,6}
Aᶜ ∩ Bᶜ = {1} Aᶜ U Bᶜ = {1,2,5,6}
Learning Outcomes
Absorption Law
i) A U (A ∩ B) = A ii) A ∩ (A U B) = A
A= {1,2,3} A= {1,2,3}
B= {3,4,5,6} B= {2,3,4,5,6,7}

{1,2,3} ∩ {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
{1,2,3} u { 3}
A u ( A ∩ B)= {1,2,3} A ∩( A u B)= {1,2,3}
Learning Outcomes
Complements of U and Ø
i) Uᶜ = Ø ii) Øᶜ = U
U= {1,2,3} U= {1,2,3,4,5}
Ø = {} Ø = {}

Øᶜ = {1,2,3,4,5}
Uᶜ = {1,2,3} = Ø
Learning Outcomes
Set Difference Law
A-B = A ∩ Bᶜ
U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
A= {1,2,3,4,5}
B= {2,3}

Left-Handed : Right-Handed :
A – B = {1,2,3,4,5} – {2,3} Bᶜ = {1,4,5,6,7,8}
A – B = {1,4,5} A ∩ Bᶜ = {1,2,3,4,5} ∩ {1,4,5,6,7,8}
A ∩ Bᶜ = {1,4,5,}