Mathematics in the Modern World

First Semester SY 2018 – 2019

Erovita Teresita Bacud Agustin

Instructor
 WEEK 4
Complements, Subsets and
Set Operations
Universal Set
Is the set of all elements considered in a
certain investigation or group, and denoted by
the symbol U

Example
U = the set of digits in a decimal system
U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9}
Set Complement
The complement of a set A, denoted by A’, is the set of
all elements in the universal set U that are not
elements of set A.

Symbolically: A’={ x ∈ U | x ∉ A}

Example
U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9}
A = {2, 4, 6, 8}
B = {1, 3, 4, 7, 9}
C = {0, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8}

Find the following:

A’ , B’ and C’.
Solution
U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9}
A = {2, 4, 6, 8}
B = {1, 3, 4, 7, 9}
C = {0, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8}

A’ = {0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
B’ = {0, 2, 5, 6, 8}
C’ = {1, 3, 4, 9}
Subset of a Set
Set A is a subset of set B, denoted by A⊆ B, if and
only if all elements in A are also elements of B.

Subset means either all of the elements that exist

in the original set are in the subset or just some of
the elements that exist in the original set are in
the subset.

A = {2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {1, 2, 3 ,4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

A⊆ B because all elements contained in A are

also found in set B.
Proper Subset of a Set
Set A is a proper subset of set B, denoted by
A ⊂ B, if and only if all elements in A are also
elements of B, but A ≠ B.

Example
A = {2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {1, 2, 3 ,4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

A ⊂ B because all elements contained in A are

also found in set B and A ≠ B.
Example 2
C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
B = {1, 2, 3 ,4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

Is C a proper subset of B?

C ⊄ B because 10 is not an element of B.

Example 3
List down all subsets of set A = { 2, 4, 6}.

Subsets of A
{2} {4}
{6} {2, 4}
{2,6} {4, 6}
{2, 4, 6} {}
NOTES
!A set is a subset of itself.
!An empty set is a subset of any set.
Example 4
List down all proper subsets of set
A = { 2, 4, 6}.

Proper Subsets of A
{2}
{4}
{6}
{2, 4}
{2,6}
{4, 6}
{}
Exclude the set itself {2, 4, 6}
Example 5
Decide whether ⊆, ⊂ or both could be placed
in each blank to make a true statement.
a. {a, b, c} ___ { a ,b, c, d}
b. {1, 2, 3, 4} ___ {1, 2, 3, 4}
Number of Subsets of a Set
If A has n elements, then the number of
subsets A has is 2n

Example
A sports utility vehicle (SUV) manufacturing
company in Japan offers 6 upgrade options to
their standard SUV.

a. How many different versions of the SUV

can the company produce?
Solution
Let A be the set containing all possible
upgrades. Since there are 6 upgrades, a client
can choose any combinations of those
upgrades or not get an upgrade at all.

The total number of different versions of SUV

is the total number of subsets of A.

Applying the formula 2n, then

A= 26
A = 64
b. If the company aims to produce a 256
versions of the SUV, how many upgrade
options must it offer to its clients?

Solution
If there are 256 versions of the SUV, then the
total number of upgrades is n, such that
2n = 256.
2n = 28
n= 8
SET OPERATIONS

Intersection of Sets
Given two arbitrary sets A and B, their
intersection denoted by A ∩ B, is the set of
elements common to both A and B.
A ∩ B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
Example
Find the intersection of the following sets.
Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

a. A ∩ B
A ∩ B = {3, 5, 7}
b. A ∩ C
A ∩ C = {2, 4, 6}
c. C ∩ B
C ∩ B = { } or Ø
Union of Sets
Given two arbitrary sets A and B, their union
denoted by A U B, is the set of elements that
belong to either A or B or to both.

A U B = {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
Example
Find the union of the following sets.
Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

a. A U B
A U B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9}
b. A U C
A U C = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10}
c. C U B
C U B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Venn Diagram

Venn Diagram was

developed by the logician
John Venn (1834 – 1923).
In the diagram, the
universal set is
represented by a
rectangle and other sets
of interest within the
universal set are depicted
as circular regions.
Venn Diagram
The rectangle represents the universal set, U,
while the portion bounded by the circle
represents set A.

Figure
A
U