13-08-2019

OM Sri Krishnaaya Parabrahmane Namah: Avignamasthu

OM Sri Krishnaaya Parabrahmane Namah: Avignamasthu
Electrical Sciences: Electric Circuits

Review of Class 2:
 Active Elements: Sources
 Independent and dependent
 Ideal and Practical
 AC and DC
 Voltage and Current
 Combination of sources
Class 3: Electrical Circuits Elements
Passive Elements, Resistor, Ohm’s Law, current divider, voltage
divider, KCL, KVL

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Passive Elements
1. Resistor: opposes (restricts) the flow of current. The amount
of that opposition is called its resistance, which is measured
in ohms (Ω)
2. Capacitor: Is used to store and release electric charge.
ability to store charge is referred to as its capacitance,
measured in farads (F)
3. Inductor: Implemented as one or more windings (loops) of
conductive wire, hence also called as coils. Current through
the coil induces a magnetic field that serves as a store of
energy. Inductance is measured in Henry (H)

Inductor or coil
Storing energy as
Capacitor Storing and releasing
8/13/2019 energy Prepared by Dr. S. Radhika Magnetic Field 2
as Electric Field

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Resistive Element
• Resistance - The capacity of a material to obstruct the
flow of electric charge.
• The circuit element used to model this behavior is
resistor.
• Resistance is measured in Ohms (Ω)
• Material Property R =ρ l/A

I
Passive Element
+ –
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Resistor
• Real-world devices that are modeled by
resistors:
– incandescent light bulbs
– heating elements (stoves, Immersion heaters, etc.)
– long wires
• Conductance G =1/R( mho, Siemens, S, Ω-1)

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Characteristics of Resistor
• Ohm’s Law: The current flowing through a
resistor is proportional to voltage across the
resistor.
V = IR (Ohm’s law)
i(t)
+
Any
Arbitrary R v(t) v(t) = i(t)R
Circuit
–

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Characteristics of Resistor

• Linear elements satisfy Ohm’s law

V=IR
P = VI = I2R
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Open Circuit
• What if R =  ?
i(t)=0
+
Any
Arbitrary
Circuit
–
i(t)=0
• i(t) = v(t)/R = 0

Short Circuit
• What if R = 0 ?
i(t)
+
Any
Arbitrary v(t)=0
Circuit
–

• v(t) = R i(t) = 0

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Circuit / Network
Interconnection of number of elements
Circuit / Network
 Branches
 Nodes
 Loops

Branches

• Branch: a single two-terminal element in a circuit or as the

portion of the circuit between two nodes which can deliver or
absorb energy eg: voltage source, resistor, current source

• Segments of wire or short circuits are not counted as elements (or

branches)

• How many branches?

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Nodes

 Node: the point of connection between two or more branches may

include a portion of the circuit (more than a single point)

 Essential Node: the point of connection between three or more

branches
 How many nodes? How many essential nodes?

Loops

 Loop: any closed path in a circuit, without crossing any of

the intermediate node twice

 How many loops?

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Kirchhoff's Current Law

• Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL): The algebraic sum of currents
entering a junction or node is zero
• The sum of currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the
currents leaving a node
• Based on law of conservation of charge

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law

• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL): The algebraic sum of
voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero
• Based on the conservation of energy.

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Resistors in Series

KVL Ohm’s

*** Same current flows through 2 elements in series

Resistors in Parallel

KCL Ohm’s

For 2 resistors in parallel

***Same voltage appear across 2 elements in parallel

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Voltage Division

Voltage drop depends on the resistance of the same branch with

respect to the total resistance

Current Division

Current through a branch depends on the resistance of the opposite

branch with respect to the total resistance

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Instantaneous Power

• Power = voltage (energy per unit charge) X current (charge per

unit time)
• Instantaneous (at any instant t )power absorbed by element
p(t) = v(t) i(t) watts
P = V I watts
• If element is resistor, power absorbed/dissipates = I2R = V2/R
watts
• Need to consider voltage polarity and current direction
• Sign convention for P = V I
 Positive (+) Power: element absorbs/dissipates power
 Negative (-) Power: element supplies power

Numerical 1
Q1) Find the variables v1, v2, v3, i indicated in Fig.1.
Calculate the power in each element.

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LTspice Simulated output

Numerical 2
Q2) For the circuit shown in Fig.2, find i1 when K=2

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Conclusion of Day 3
• Passive Elements
• Resistor
• Ohm’s Law
• Current divider
• Voltage divider
• KCL
• KVL

THANK YOU !!!

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