200 Homonyms, Homophones, and

Homographs
Homonyms are two or more words that have the same sound or spelling but differ
in meaning. Homophones—which means "same sounds" in Latin—are two or more
words, such as knew and new or meat and meet, that are pronounced the same but
differ in meaning, origin, and often spelling. Homographs, meanwhile, are words that
have the same spelling but differ in origin, meaning, and sometimes pronunciation, such
as the verb bear (to carry or endure) and the noun bear (the animal with a shaggy coat).

Words that fall under any of these three categories often confuse readers and writers
alike. But they need not perplex you: Understanding the meaning of these three
grammatical terms and, especially, being able to recognize them can help clear up any
confusion. A list of some of the most common homonyms,
homophones, and homographs can help any writer use these words correctly and any
reader or listener recognize them when they occur.

Homonyms, Homophones, and Homographs

Below is a listing of some the most common homonyms, homophones, and homographs.
The first column contains homonyms in alphabetical order, while the second and third
columns list the corresponding homonym, homophone, or homograph as applicable.

accept - take in except - other than

ad - advertisement add - join, combine
advice - guidance advise - recommend
aid - assist, assistance aide - one who gives assistance
ail - to suffer poor health ale - a beverage
air - atmosphere ere - before heir - one who inherits
property
aisle - a passage I'll - contraction of I will isle - island
allusion - an indirect illusion - false appearance
reference
altar - table in a church alter - to change
ate - past tense of eat eight - the number 8
bail - to clear water bail - release of a prisoner bale - a large bundle
band - a ring, something band - a group banned - prohibited
that binds
bare - uncovered bear - large animal bear - support, yield
bases - starting points bases - four stations on a basis - a basic principle
baseball field
beat - to strike, overcome beat - exhausted beet - a plant with red
roots
blew - past tense of blow blue - the color
bread - baked food item bred - produced
buy - purchase by - near, through bye - goodbye
capital - punishable by capital - chief city capitol - building where
death legislature meets
ceiling - top of a room sealing - setting, fastening
cell - compartment sell - vend
cent - penny coin scent - an odor sent - past tense of send
cereal - breakfast food serial - sequential
chews - gnaws with teeth choose - to select
Chile- country in South chili - bean stew chilly - frosty
America
chord - musical tone cord - rope
cite - quote site - location sight - view
close - opposite of open clothes - clothing
coarse - rough course - path, procedure
complement – enhance; compliment - praise
go together
conduct - behavior conduct - to lead
council - committee counsel - guidance
creak - squeak creek - stream of water
crews - gangs cruise - ride on a boat
days - plural of day daze - stun
dear - darling deer- woodland animal
desert - to abandon desert - dry land dessert - after-dinner
treat
dew - morning mist do - operate due - payable
die - cease to exist dye - color
discreet - tactful discrete - distinct
doe - female dear dough - uncooked bread
dual - double duel - battle
elicit - draw out illicit - illegal
eminent - distinguished imminent - soon
ewe - female sheep you - second-person personal
pronoun
eye - sight organ I - first-person personal pronoun
facts - true things fax - a document transmitted via
telephone
fair - equal fare - price
fairy - elflike creature ferry - boat
with wings
faze - impact phase - stage
feat - achievement feet - plural of foot
find - to discover fined - charged a penalty
fir - type of tree fur - animal hair
flea - small biting insect flee - run
flew - did fly flu - illness
flour - powdery, ground flower - blooming plant
up grain
for - on behalf of fore - front four - three plus one
forth - onward fourth - number four
foreword - introduction forward - advancing
to a book
gene - a chromosome jean - fabric; pants
gorilla - big ape guerrilla - warrior
grease - fat Greece - country in Europe
groan - moan grown - form of grow
hair - head covering hare - rabbit-like animal
hall - passageway haul - tow
halve - cut in two parts have - possess
hay - animal food hey - interjection to get attention
heal - mend heel - back of foot
hear - to listen here - at this place
hi - hello high - up far
hoarse - croaky horse - riding animal
hole - opening whole - entire
holey - full of holes holy - divine wholly - entirely
hoarse - rough voice horse - animal
hour - sixty minutes our - belonging to us
knead - massage need - desire
knew - did know new - not old
knight - feudal horseman night - evening
knot - tied rope not - negative
know - have knowledge no - opposite of yes
lead - metal led - was the leader
leased - past tense of least - the minimum
lease
lessen - make smaller lesson - class
loan - lend lone - solitary
made - did make maid - servant
mail - postage male - opposite of female
marry - to wed merry - very happy
meat - animal protein meet - encounter
mince - to chop finely mints - type of sweet
morning - a.m. mourning - remember the dead
none - not any nun - woman who takes special
vows
oar - boat paddle or - otherwise ore - mineral
oh - expression of surprise owe - be obligated
or awe
one - single won - did win
overdo - do too much overdue - past due date
pail - bucket pale - not bright
pain - hurt pane - window glass
peace - calm piece - segment
peak – highest point peek - glance
patience - being willing to patients - person treated in a
wait hospital or by a doctor
pear - a type of fruit pair - two (usually matching)
plain - ordinary plane - flight machine plane; flat
surface
pole - post poll - survey
poor - not rich pour - make flow
pray - implore God prey - quarry
principal - most principle - belief
important
rain – water from sky rein - bridle
rap - tap wrap - drape around
read - past tense of the red - color
verb to read
real - factual reel - roll
right - correct; not left write - scribble
ring - encircle wring - squeeze
road - street rode - past tense of ride
role - function roll - rotate
rose - flower rows - lines
sail - move by wind power sale - bargain price
scene - landscape seen - viewed
sea - ocean segment see - observe with eyes
seam - joining edge seem - appear
sew - connect with thread so - as a result sow - plant
soar - ascend sore - hurt place
sole - single soul - essence
son - male child sun - the star that lights the solar
system
some - a few sum - amount
stair - step stare - to look at steadily
steal - swipe steel - alloy
suite - large room in a sweet - the opposite of sour
hotel
tail - animal’s appendage tale - story
their - belonging to them there - at that place they’re - they are
threw - past tense of through - passing from one
throw place to another
to - toward too - also two - the number 2
toe - foot appendage tow - pull along
vary - differ very - wail - howl
wail - howl whale - huge sea mammal
waist - area below ribs waste - squander
wait – kill time weight - measurable load
war - battle wore - did wear
warn - caution worn - used
way - path weigh - measure mass
we - us wee - tiny
weak - not strong week - seven days
wear - to don attire where - question word
weather - climate whether - if
which - that witch - sorcerer
wood - material coming would - conditional auxiliary
from trees
your - belonging to you you’re - you are

Practice Using Homonyms, Homophones, and Homographs

Complete each of the following sentences by filling in the blank with the correct word.
You'll find the answers at the end of the exercise. To heighten interest, all of the
sentences are quotes from various authors' writings in books and magazine articles
published over the years.

Feel free to use the previous table to help you if you get stumped.

1. “He simply sat down on the ledge and forgot everything _____
[acceptor except] the marvelous mystery.”
- Lawrence Sargent Hall, "The Ledge." The Hudson Review, 1960
2. "I live in the Oakland Hills in a tiny house on a street so windy you can’t drive
more than ten miles per hour. I rented it because the _____ [ad or add] said
this: 'Small house in the trees with a garden and a fireplace. Dogs welcome, of
course.'"
- Pam Houston, Waltzing the Cat. Washington Square Press, 1999
3. "Francis wondered what _____ [advice or advise] a psychiatrist would have for
him."
- John Cheever, "The Country Husband." The New Yorker, 1955
4. "The _____ [aid or aide] gets out of the way, picking her skirt out of the rubble
of children at her feet."
- Rosellen Brown, "How to Win." The Massachusetts Review, 1975
5. "He seemed to want to recapture the cosseted feeling he'd had when he'd been
sick as a child and she would serve him flat ginger _____ [ail or ale], and toast
soaked in cream, and play endless card games with him, using his blanket-
covered legs as a table."
- Alice Elliott Dark, "In the Gloaming." The New Yorker, 1994
6. "He sat down and leaned forward, pulling the chair's rear legs into the _____
[air, ere, or heir] so that the waitress could get by."
- Stanley Elkins, "Criers and Kibitzers, Kibitzers and Criers." Perspective, 1962

1. "[T]he stewardess was moving down the _____ [aisle, I'll, or isle], like a trained
nurse taking temperatures in a hospital ward, to see that they were all properly
strapped in for the take-off."
- Martha Gellhorn, "Miami-New York." The Atlantic Monthly, 1948
2. "Mrs. Parmenter laughed at his _____ [allusion or illusion] to their summer at
Mrs. Sterrett's, in Rome, and gave him her coat to hold."
- Willa Cather, "Double Birthday." Uncle Valentine and Other Stories, 1986
3. "In the long years between, she had fashioned many fine dresses—gowned gay
girls for their conquests and robed fair brides for the _____ [altar or alter]."
- Mary Lerner, "Little Selves." The Atlantic Monthly, 1915
4. "On a Saturday morning soon after he came to live with her, he turned over her
garbage while she was at the grocery store and _____ [ate or eight] rancid bacon
drippings out of a small Crisco can."
- Pam Durban, "Soon." The Southern Review, 1997

1. "The barn was bigger than a church, and the fall's fresh hay _____
[bailsor bales] were stacked to the roof in the side mows.:
- John Updike, My Father's Tears. Knopf, 2009
2. "Her two spare dresses were gone, her comb was gone, her checkered coat was
gone, and so was the mauve hair-_____ [band or banned] with a mauve bow
that had been her hat."
- Vladimir Nabokov, "'That in Aleppo Once . . .'" The Atlantic Monthly, 1944
3. "Without the shelter of those trees, there is a great exposure—back yards,
clotheslines, woodpiles, patchy sheds and barns and privies—all _____
[bare orbear], exposed, provisional looking."
- Alice Munro, "Meneseteung." The New Yorker, 1989
4. "This was the time when outfields were larger than they are today and well-hit
balls would roll for a long time, giving runners ample time to round the _____
[bases or basis] for a home run."
- Deidre Silva and Jackie Koney, It Takes More Than Balls. Skyhorse, 2008
5. "The conductor had his knotted signal cord to pull, and the motorman _____
[beator beet] the foot gong with his mad heel."
- Saul Bellow, "A Silver Dish." The New Yorker, 1979
6. "Nancy held the cup to her mouth and _____ [blew or blue] into the cup."
- William Faulkner, "That Evening Sun Go Down." The American Mercury, 1931
7. "A pigeon landed nearby. It hopped on its little red feet and pecked into
something that might have been a dirty piece of stale _____ [bread or bred] or
dried mud."
- Isaac Bashevis Singer, "The Key." A Friend of Kafka, 1979
8. "He was wearing a new hat of a pretty biscuit shade, for it never occurred to him
to _____ [buy, by, or bye] anything of a practical color; he had put it on for the
first time and the rain was spoiling it."
- Katherine Anne Porter, "Theft." The Gyroscope, 1930
Answers to the Exercise

1. except 2. ad 3. advice 4. aide 5. ale 6. air 7. aisle 8. allusion 9. altar 10. ate 11.
bales 12. band 13. bare 14. bases 15. beat 16. blew 17. bread 18. Buy

List of true homonyms

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Homonyms are words that are both spelled and pronounced the same as each other, yet have
different meanings. The category is somewhat subjective, because words sometimes have related,
only very slightly different, meanings. Some authors use the term more broadly, to refer
to homographs (words spelled the same as each other but pronounced differently)
or homophones (words spelled differently but pronounced the same).

1. address
2. arm
3. back
4. bank
5. bark
6. base
7. bat
8. beam
9. beams
10. bear
11. board
12. bolt
13. book
14. bore
15. bow
16. box
17. bustier
18. cabinet
19. can
20. case
21. cast
22. cave
23. chair
24. change
25. check
26. chicken
27. chip
28. circular
29. clear
30. cleave
31. close
32. club
33. command
34. content
35. cool
36. cordial
37. current
38. crane
39. dance
40. dear
41. deck
42. down
43. duck
44. dust
45. employ
46. entrance
47. even
48. evening
49. exact
50. fair
51. fall
52. fat
53. fathom
54. fawn
55. file
56. fine
57. fire
58. firm
59. fish
60. flat
61. fly
62. fold
63. foot
64. forearm
65. forearms
66. former
67. forte
68. found
69. founder
70. frank
71. fray
72. fret
73. frieze
74. fritter
75. frizz
76. frizzle
77. frog
78. fry
79. fudge
80. funny
81. furrier
82. frog
83. fuzz
84. gab
85. gad
86. gaff
87. gage
88. gale
89. gall
90. gam
91. gauntlet
92. general
93. gig
94. gill
95. gills
96. gimp
97. gin
98. glass
99. gloss
100. glossy
101. glower
102. gob
103. goose
104. gore
105. graft
106. grand
107. grave
108. graves
109. graze
110. groom
111. gross
112. grouper
113. grouse
114. gull
115. gum
116. hack
117. hail
118. halt
119. hatch
120. haze
121. heaven
122. heel
123. hide
124. hind
125. hinder
126. hip
127. hold
128. hood
129. horn
130. host
131. hot
132. hue
133. husky
134. inferior
135. insult
136. iron
137. jade
138. jag
139. jam
140. jar
141. jay
142. jeer
143. jerk
144. jet
145. jetty
146. jib
147. jumper
148. junk
149. journey
150. just
151. ken
152. key
153. kid
154. kind
155. know
156. lap
157. lark
158. last
159. lead
160. leading
161. leads
162. learned
163. left
164. let
165. letter
166. light
167. live
168. long
169. lower
170. lowered
171. lowering
172. lowers
173. lie
174. lying
175. lies
176. line
177. man
178. match
179. may
180. mead
181. mean
182. mine
183. mole
184. murder
185. nail
186. object
187. objective
188. order
189. park
190. peddle
191. pick
192. pile
193. pitcher
194. play
195. plaque
196. point
197. pole
198. pound
199. pot
200. quarry
201. read
202. reign
203. remote
204. reticule
205. right
206. rock
207. rocket
208. rose
209. routed
210. routing
211. row
212. saw
213. scale
214. seal
215. second
216. seek
217. serve
218. set
219. show
220. shower
221. sick
222. sign
223. sing
224. sink
225. sow
 226. space
227. spring
228. spruce
229. square
230. stalk
231. stall
232. stud
233. suit
234. tank
235. tear
236. tender
237. tie
238. tire
239. trip
240. trivial
241. tongue
242. trunk
243. valence
244. valences
245. wave
246. watch
247. well
248. wind
249. wound
250. worsted
251. yard

Examples of Homonyms

7th grade8th grade9th gradeMiddle SchoolHigh SchoolCollegeInfographics

Homonyms are two words that are spelled the same and sound the same, but have
different meanings. The word "homonym" comes from the prefix "homo," which means
the same, and the suffix "-nym," which means name. Therefore, a homonym is a word
that has the same name as another word, meaning that the two words look and sound
exactly alike.

A simple example of a homonym is the word "pen." This can mean both a holding area
for animals and a writing instrument. Another example is "book," which can mean
something to read or the act of making a reservation. In both cases, the sound and
spelling are the same, and only the definition changes.

Homophones, Homographs and Homonyms: What's the

Difference?
These three terms are often confused, thanks to their identical prefixes. It's the suffix that
makes all the difference in this case, though. Let's take a closer look:
Homophones
Homophones are words that sound alike, thanks to that all-important suffix "-phone," which
means sound. Homophones have the same sound but different meaning, and they are often
spelled differently. For example, consider the word "plate" and "plait." A plate is a dish for
eating, but a plait is a special knot or twist, usually indicating something braided, like hair or
rope. Homophones may or may not be spelled the same, because the definition is really
about the sound.
Other examples:
 mat/matte
 two/too
Homographs
Homographs are words that are spelled the same, as indicated by the suffix "-graph," which
means writing. Homographs have the same spelling but different meanings. For example,
the words "tear" and "tear." Tear can mean drops of water from the eyes; on the other hand,
it can mean to rip paper into pieces. Either way, the spelling is the same. Homographs may
or may not have different pronunciations, because the definition is about the spelling and
not the sound.
Other examples:
 bow (to bend at the waist)/bow (a piece of archery equipment)
 entrance (to hold one's attention)/entrance (a doorway)
Homonyms
Homonyms have characteristics of both homophones and homographs. As we mentioned,
they are words that are spelled alike (like homographs) and sound alike (like homophones).
Homonyms are a special case, and they are best thought of as the center portion of a Venn
diagram that shows the overlap between homophones in one half and homographs in the
other.
Other examples:
 bear (an animal)/bear (to withstand or hold up)
 can (a metal container)/can (able to)

More Examples of Homonyms

Here are a few more examples of homonym pairs:
 address (to speak to)/address (location)
 air (oxygen)/air (a lilting tune)
 band (a musical group)/band (a ring)
 bark (a tree's out layer)/bark (the sound a dog makes)
 current (up to date)/current (flow of water)
 die (to cease living)/die (a cube marked with numbers one through six)
 fair (equitable)/fair (beautiful)
 kind (type)/kind (caring)
 lie (to recline)/lie (to tell a falsehood)
 match (to pair like items)/match (a stick for making a flame)
 mean (average)/mean (not nice)
 Pole (a person from Poland)/pole (a piece of metal that holds a flag)
 pound (unit of weight)/pound (to beat)
 ream (a pile of paper)/ream (to juice a citrus fruit)
 rose (to have gotten up)/rose (a flower)
 spring (a season)/spring (coiled metal)
 tender (gentle)/tender (to pay money)
 tire (to grow fatigued)/tire (part of a wheel)

The Trouble With Homonyms

While homophones are likely to get you in trouble when it comes to spelling - as anyone
who's ever mixed up "accept" and "except" can attest - homonyms are more of an issue
when you're quickly skimming something. For example, if you aren't paying attention to
context clues, reading a story about a king who wants air can be confusing for a moment. Is
he in danger of suffocating, or is he asking a minstrel to sing a song? Fortunately, context
clues clear up any confusion for most readers within moments, and comprehension is not
an issue. Homonyms can be more confusing for young readers or people learning English
as a second language, usually because they aren't yet familiar with alternate definitions of
the word.
The bottom line about homonyms? If you ever come across a word that just doesn't seem to make
sense in its context, check for alternate definitions. You may just have a homonym on your hands,
and you'll feel much smarter when you learn the secondary meaning of one of these tricky quirks of
the English language.

A Complete List of Homonyms

Homonyms are the words that sound like one another, particularly when that are
pronounced the same way but spelt differently.

The Concise Oxford Dictionary defines a homonym as: each of the two or more words
having the same spelling and/or pronunciation or different spelling and/or pronunciation but
different meanings and origins.

Example: Pole and Pole

The first Pole refers to a citizen of Poland who could either be referred to as Polish or a Pole.
The second Pole refers to a bamboo pole or any other wooden pole.

This is The Complete List of Homonyms beginning with B.

Bail:

The temporary release of an accused person awaiting trial, sometimes on the condition that
a sum of money is deposited in the court to guarantee their appearance in the court at a
future date
1. To scoop water out of a ship or a boat

2. To make an emergency descent by parachute from an aircraft

3. To rescue someone from a difficulty

Bale: A bundle of hay or dry grass

Bait:

Food used to entice fish or other animals as prey

To deliberately annoy, taunt or torment somebody

Bate: (Of a hawk) beat wings in agitation and flutter off a perch (term used in falconry)

Bald: A hair less person

Bawled: To have cried loudly

Band :

1: A small group of musicians and vocalists

2: A small group of people who have common interests and purposes

Banned: Something that is disallowed or illegal

Bard: A poet, traditionally one reciting epics (the Bard is a reference to William
Shakespeare)

Barred:

1. enclosed by poles or bars

2. Prohibited to do some thing and from going from some where

Bare: Naked or without any covering

Bear:

1. A large, heavy mammal of the family Ursidae, of which there are several species, the
largest being the Kodiak Bear of the Arctic regions

2. (Stock Exchange) A person who sells shares hoping to buy them back later at lower price

Bear:
1. Manage to tolerate (pain or problem etc…)

2. Give birth to a child

Bark: The tough outer covering of a tree

Bark: The sharp explosive cry of a dog, fox or a seal

Bark: To utter (a command or order) abruptly and aggressively

Braque: A sailing ship, typically with three masts

Baron:

1. A member of the lowest order of British nobility, minor royalty

2. A powerful person in business or industry( for instance a press baron or a liquor baron)

Barren:

1. (of land) Too poor or infertile to produce much or any vegetarian

2. (of tree or a plant) Not producing any fruit or seed

3. ( of a female animal or woman) Unable to bear offspring or a child

4. Bleak and lifeless

Baul: Singing minstrels of Bengal and Bangladesh

Bawl:

1. To shout noisily or angrily

2. To weep noisily

Beach:

1. A pebbly or sandy shore at the edge of the sea or a lake

2. To bring into the beach from water

Beech: A large tree with smooth grey bark, glossy leaves and hard, pale, fine-grained
wood

Berry: A small juicy fruit without a stone

Bury:
1. Put or hide understood

2. {lace a dead body in the earth or in a tomb

3. Cause to disappear or to become unnoticeable

4. involve oneself deeply in something

Berth:

1. A ship’s allotted place at a wharf or dock

2. Moor or moored in a berth

3. Provide a berth for a passenger on a train

Birth:

1. The emergence of a body or the young creature from the body of its mother

2. The start of life as a physically separate being

3. The beginning of something, the origin, descent, ancestry

Better: Superior, in a more advanced stage

Bettor: A person who plays or places a bet

Bite:

1. Use the teeth to cut something into pieces

2. (Of a fish) Take the bait at the end of the fishing net into mouth

3. (Of a policy or situation)Take effect with unpleasant consequences

Byte: (Computing) a group of binary digits or bits (usually eight) operated on a unit

Bloc: An alliance or a group (of political parties or countries)

Block:

1. A large solid piece of hard material with flat surface on each side

2. A large single building subdivided into separate flats or offices

3. An obstacle to the smooth or normal progress or functioning of something

Boar: A wild pig found in the jungle

Boer: A south African of Dutch descent

Boor: A rough and bad-mannered person, tasteless buffoon

Bore:

1. To make a hole in something

2. The hollow part inside a gun barrel or other tube

3. A dull and uninteresting person or activity

4. Make somebody feel weary and uninterested by virtue of being dull and tedious

Board:

1. A long, thin, flat piece of wood used for floors or other building purposes

2. The decision-making body of an organization

3. The provision of regular meals in return for payment or services

4. To get into a train or into a ship or into an aircraft

Bored: Weary of or uninterested in something or somebody

Bolder: More courageous or braver than somebody

Boulder: A large rock

Bole: A tree trunk

Bowl: A dish

Boos: Disparaging sounds or calls from fans

Booze: Alcohol or liquor

Borough: A town
Burrow:

1. A hole or tunnel dug by a small animal as a dwelling

2. To dig into or through something solid

Bough: A main branch of a tree

Bow:

1. A knot tied with two loops and two loose ends

2. A weapon for shooting arrows that is made of a curved piece of wood joined at both ends by a
taut string

Bow:

1. Lower the head or bend the upper part of the body as a sign of respect, greeting or shame

2. Cause to bend with age or under a heavy weight

3. Give in to pressure or demands

4. Withdraw or retire from something(to bow out)

Buoy: A navigational aid

Boy: a male child

Breach:

1. An act of breaking a law or agreement or code of conduct

2. A gap in a wall or barrier, especially one made by an attacking army

Breech:

1. The part of a cannon behind the bore

2. The back part of a rifle or gun barrel

Bread:

1. Food made of flour, water and yeast, mixed together and baked

2. (Informal) Money

Bred: manner of upbringing – the past tense of breed

Broach: To raise (a sensitive) a subject for discussion

Brooch: An ornamental fastened to clothing with a hinged pin and catch

This is The Complete List of Homonyms beginning with B.

Define Sampling Plan

Sampling A sampling plan is a detailed outline of
plan is which measurements will be taken at what
detailed times, on which material, in what manner,
outline of and by whom. Sampling plans should be
measurements designed in such a way that the resulting data
to be taken will contain a representative sample of the
parameters of interest and allow for all
questions, as stated in the goals, to be
answered.

Steps in the The steps involved in developing a sampling

sampling plan plan are:

1. identify the parameters to be

measured, the range of possible
values, and the required resolution
2. design a sampling scheme that details
how and when samples will be taken
3. select sample sizes
4. design data storage formats
5. assign roles and responsibilities

Verify and Once the sampling plan has been developed,

execute it can be verified and then passed on to the
 responsible parties for execution.

2. SAMPLING AND DATA ANALYSIS

2.1 Introduction
Analysis of the properties of a food material depends on the
successful completion of a number of different steps: planning
(identifying the most appropriate analytical procedure), sample
selection, sample preparation, performance of analytical
procedure, statistical analysis of measurements, and data
reporting.� Most of the subsequent chapters deal with the
description of various analytical procedures developed to provide
information about food properties, whereas this chapter focuses
on the other aspects of food analysis.

2.2 Sample Selection and Sampling Plans

A food analyst often has to determine the characteristics of a
large quantity of food material, such as the contents of a truck
arriving at a factory, a days worth of production, or the products
stored in a warehouse. Ideally, the analyst would like to analyze
every part of the material to obtain an accurate measure of the
property of interest, but in most cases this is practically
impossible. Many analytical techniques destroy the food and so
there would be nothing left to sell if it were all analyzed. Another
problem is that many analytical techniques are time consuming,
expensive or labor intensive and so it is not economically
feasible to analyze large amounts of material. It is therefore
normal practice to select a fraction of the whole material for
analysis, and to assume that its properties are representative of
the whole material.�Selection of an appropriate fraction of the
whole material is one of the most important stages of food
analysis procedures, and can lead to large errors when not carried
out correctly.�

Populations, Samples and Laboratory Samples.� It is

convenient to define some terms used to describe the
characteristics of a material whose properties are going to be
analyzed.�
 Population.� The whole of the material whose
properties we are trying to obtain an estimate of is
usually referred to as the �population�.
 Sample. Only a fraction of the population is usually
selected for analysis, which is referred to as
the �sample�.� The sample may be comprised of
one or more sub-samples selected from different
regions within the population.
 Laboratory Sample.� The sample may be too large to
conveniently analyze using a laboratory procedure and
so only a fraction of it is actually used in the final
laboratory analysis.� This fraction is usually referred
to as the �laboratory sample�.�
The primary objective of sample selection is to ensure that the
properties of the laboratory sample are representative of the
properties of the population, otherwise erroneous results will be
obtained.� Selection of a limited number of samples for analysis
is of great benefit because it allows a reduction in time, expense
and personnel required to carry out the analytical procedure,
while still providing useful information about the properties of
the population. Nevertheless, one must always be aware that
analysis of a limited number of samples can only give
an estimate of the true value of the whole population.

Sampling Plans.� To ensure that the estimated value

obtained from the laboratory sample is a good representation of
the true value of the population it is necessary to develop a
�sampling plan�. A sampling plan should be a clearly written
document that contains precise details that an analyst uses to
decide the sample size, the locations from which the sample
should be selected, the method used to collect the sample, and the
method used to preserve them prior to analysis.� It should also
stipulate the required documentation of procedures carried out
during the sampling process. The choice of a particular sampling
plan depends on the purpose of the analysis, the property to be
measured, the nature of the total population and of the individual
samples, and the type of analytical technique used to characterize
the samples. For certain products and types of populations
sampling plans have already been developed and documented by
various organizations which authorize official methods, e.g., the
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Some of
the most important considerations when developing or selecting
an appropriate sampling plan are discussed below.

2.2.1 Purpose of Analysis

The first thing to decide when choosing a suitable sampling
plan is the purpose of the analysis. Samples are analyzed for a
number of different reasons in the food industry and this affects
the type of sampling plan used:
 Official samples. Samples may be selected for official
or legal requirements by government laboratories.
These samples are analyzed to ensure that
manufacturers are supplying safe foods that meet legal
and labeling requirements. An officially sanctioned
sampling plan and analytical protocol is often required
for this type of analysis.
 Raw materials. Raw materials are often analyzed
before acceptance by a factory, or before use in a
particular manufacturing process, to ensure that they are
of an appropriate quality.
 Process control samples. A food is often analyzed
during processing to ensure that the process is operating
in an efficient manner. Thus if a problem develops
during processing it can be quickly detected and the
process adjusted so that the properties of the sample are
not adversely effected. Techniques used to monitor
process control must be capable of producing precise
results in a short time. Manufacturers can either use
analytical techniques that measure the properties of
foods on-line, or they can select and remove samples
and test them in a quality assurance laboratory.
 Finished products. Samples of the final product are
usually selected and tested to ensure that the food is
safe, meets legal and labeling requirements, and is of a
high and consistent quality. Officially sanctioned
methods are often used for determining nutritional
labeling.
  Research and Development. Samples are analyzed by
food scientists involved in fundamental research or in
product development.� In many situations it is not
necessary to use a sampling plan in R&D because only
small amounts of materials with well-defined properties
are analyzed.
2.2.2 Nature of Measured Property
Once the reason for carrying out the analysis has been
established it is necessary to clearly specify the particular
property that is going to be measured, e.g., color, weight,
presence of extraneous matter, fat content or microbial count.
The properties of foods can usually be classified as
either attributes or variables. An attribute is something that a
product either does or does not have, e.g., it does or does not
contain a piece of glass, or it is or is not spoilt. On the other
hand, a variable is some property that can be measured on a
continuous scale, such as the weight, fat content or moisture
content of a material. Variable sampling usually
requires less samples than attribute sampling.�
The type of property measured also determines the seriousness
of the outcome if the properties of the laboratory sample do not
represent those of the population.� For example, if the property
measured is the presence of a harmful substance (such as
bacteria, glass or toxic chemicals), then the seriousness of the
outcome if a mistake is made in the sampling is much greater
than if the property measured is a quality parameter (such as
color or texture).� Consequently, the sampling plan has to be
much more rigorous for detection of potentially harmful
substances than for quantification of quality parameters.

2.2.3 Nature of Population

It is extremely important to clearly define the nature of the
population from which samples are to be selected when deciding
which type of sampling plan to use. Some of the important points
to consider are listed below:
 A population may be either finite or infinite. A finite
population is one that has a definite size, e.g., a
truckload of apples, a tanker full of milk, or a vat full of
oil. An infinite population is one that has no definite
 size, e.g., a conveyor belt that operates continuously,
from which foods are selected periodically. Analysis of
a finite population usually provides information about
the properties of the population, whereas analysis of an
infinite population usually provides information about
the properties of the process.� To facilitate the
development of a sampling plan it is usually convenient
to divide an "infinite" population into a number of finite
populations, e.g., all the products produced by one shift
of workers, or all the samples produced in one day.
 A population may be
either continuous or compartmentalized. A continuous
population is one in which there is no physical
separation between the different parts of the
sample, e.g., liquid milk or oil stored in a tanker. A
compartmentalized population is one that is split into a
number of separate sub-units, e.g., boxes of potato
chips in a truck, or bottles of tomato ketchup moving
along a conveyor belt. The number and size of the
individual sub-units determines the choice of a
particular sampling plan.
 A population may be
either homogenous or heterogeneous. A homogeneous
population is one in which the properties of the
individual samples are the same at every location within
the material (e.g. a tanker of well stirred liquid oil),
whereas a heterogeneous population is one in which the
properties of the individual samples vary with location
(e.g. a truck full of potatoes, some of which are bad). If
the properties of a population were homogeneous then
there would be no problem in selecting a sampling plan
because every individual sample would be
representative of the whole population. In practice,
most populations are heterogeneous and so we must
carefully select a number of individual samples from
different locations within the population to obtain an
indication of the properties of the total population.
2.2.4 Nature of Test Procedure
The nature of the procedure used to analyze the food may also
determine the choice of a particular sampling plan, e.g., the
speed, precision, accuracy and cost per analysis, or whether the
technique is destructive or non-destructive. Obviously, it is more
convenient to analyze the properties of many samples if the
analytical technique used is capable of rapid, low cost,
nondestructive and accurate measurements.

2.2.5. Developing a Sampling Plan

After considering the above factors one should be able to
select or develop a sampling plan which is most suitable for a
particular application. Different sampling plans have been
designed to take into account differences in the types of samples
and populations encountered, the information required and the
analytical techniques used. Some of the features that are
commonly specified in official sampling plans are listed below.
Sample size. The size of the sample selected for analysis
largely depends on the expected variations in properties within a
population, the seriousness of the outcome if a bad sample is not
detected, the cost of analysis, and the type of analytical technique
used. Given this information it is often possible to use statistical
techniques to design a sampling plan that specifies the minimum
number of sub-samples that need to be analyzed to obtain an
accurate representation of the population.� Often the size of the
sample is impractically large, and so a process known
as sequential sampling is used.� Here sub-samples selected from
the population are examined sequentially until the results are
sufficiently definite from a statistical viewpoint.� For example,
sub-samples are analyzed until the ratio of good ones to bad ones
falls within some statistically predefined value that enables one to
confidently reject or accept the population.
Sample location. In homogeneous populations it does not
matter where the sample is taken from because all the sub-
samples have the same properties. In heterogeneous populations
the location from which the sub-samples are selected is extremely
important. In random sampling the sub-samples are chosen
randomly from any location within the material being tested.
Random sampling is often preferred because it avoids human bias
in selecting samples and because it facilitates the application of
statistics.� In systematic sampling the samples are drawn
systematically with location or time, e.g., every 10th box in a
truck may be analyzed, or a sample may be chosen from a
conveyor belt every 1 minute. This type of sampling is often easy
to implement, but it is important to be sure that there is not a
correlation between the sampling rate and the sub-sample
properties.� In judgment sampling the sub-samples are drawn
from the whole population using the judgment and experience of
the analyst. This could be the easiest sub-sample to get to, such as
the boxes of product nearest the door of a truck. Alternatively, the
person who selects the sub-samples may have some experience
about where the worst sub-samples are usually found, e.g., near
the doors of a warehouse where the temperature control is not so
good. It is not usually possible to apply proper statistical analysis
to this type of sampling, since the sub-samples selected are not
usually a good representation of the population.
Sample collection. Sample selection may either be carried out
manually by a human being or by specialized mechanical
sampling devices. Manual sampling may involve simply picking
a sample from a conveyor belt or a truck, or using special cups or
containers to collect samples from a tank or sack.� The manner
in which samples are selected is usually specified in sampling
plans.

2.3 Preparation of Laboratory Samples

Once we have selected a sample that represents the properties
of the whole population, we must prepare it for analysis in the
laboratory. The preparation of a sample for analysis must be done
very carefully in order to make accurate and precise
measurements.

2.3.1 Making Samples Homogeneous

The food material within the sample selected from
the population is usually heterogeneous, i.e., its properties vary
from one location to another.� Sample heterogeneity may either
be caused by variations in the properties of different units within
the sample (inter-unit variation) and/or it may be caused by
variations within the individual units in the sample (intra-
unit variation). The units in the sample could be apples, potatoes,
bottles of ketchup, containers of milk etc.� An example of inter-
unit variation would be a box of oranges, some of good quality
and some of bad quality.� An example of intra-unit variation
would be an individual orange, whose skin has different
properties than its flesh. For this reason it is usually necessary to
make samples homogeneous before they are analyzed, otherwise
it would be difficult to select a representative laboratory
sample from the sample. A number of mechanical devices have
been developed for homogenizing foods, and the type used
depends on the properties of the food being analyzed (e.g., solid,
semi-solid, liquid).� Homogenization can be achieved using
mechanical devices (e.g., grinders, mixers, slicers, blenders),
enzymatic methods (e.g., proteases, cellulases, lipases) or
chemical methods (e.g., strong acids, strong bases, detergents).

2.3.2. Reducing Sample Size

Once the sample has been made homogeneous, a small more
manageable portion is selected for analysis. This is usually
referred to as a laboratory sample, and ideally it will have
properties which are representative of the population from which
it was originally selected. Sampling plans often define the
method for reducing the size of a sample in order to obtain
reliable and repeatable results.

2.3.3. Preventing Changes in Sample

Once we have selected our sample we have to ensure that it
does not undergo any significant changes in its properties from
the moment of sampling to the time when the actual analysis is
carried out, e.g., enzymatic, chemical, microbial or physical
changes. There are a number of ways these changes can be
prevented.
 Enzymatic Inactivation. Many foods contain active
enzymes they can cause changes in the properties of the
food prior to analysis, e.g., proteases, cellulases, lipases,
etc. If the action of one of these enzymes alters the
characteristics of the compound being analyzed then it will
lead to erroneous data and it should therefore be
inactivated or eliminated. Freezing, drying, heat treatment
and chemical preservatives (or a combination) are often
used to control enzyme activity, with the method used
depending on the type of food being analyzed and the
purpose of the analysis.
  Lipid Protection. Unsaturated lipids may be altered by
various oxidation reactions. Exposure to light, elevated
temperatures, oxygen or pro-oxidants can increase the rate
at which these reactions proceed. Consequently, it is
usually necessary to store samples that have high
unsaturated lipid contents under nitrogen or some other
inert gas, in dark rooms or covered bottles and in
refrigerated temperatures. Providing that they do not
interfere with the analysis antioxidants may be added to
retard oxidation.
 Microbial Growth and
Contamination. Microorganisms are present naturally in
many foods and if they are not controlled they can alter the
composition of the sample to be analyzed. Freezing,
drying, heat treatment and chemical preservatives (or a
combination) are often used to control the growth of
microbes in foods.
 Physical Changes. A number of physical changes may
occur in a sample, e.g., water may be lost due to
evaporation or gained due to condensation; fat or ice may
melt or crystallize; structural properties may be disturbed.
Physical changes can be minimized by controlling the
temperature of the sample, and the forces that it
experiences.

2.3.4. Sample Identification

Laboratory samples should always be labeled carefully so that
if any problem develops its origin can easily be identified. The
information used to identify a sample includes: a) Sample
description, b) Time sample was taken, c) Location sample was
taken from, d) Person who took the sample, and, e) Method used
to select the sample.� The analyst should always keep a detailed
notebook clearly documenting the sample selection and
preparation procedures performed and recording the results of
any analytical procedures carried out on each sample.� Each
sample should be marked with a code on its label that can be
correlated to the notebook.� Thus if any problem arises, it can
easily be identified.
 2.4. Data Analysis and Reporting
Food analysis usually involves making a number of repeated
measurements on the same sample to provide confidence that the
analysis was carried out correctly and to obtain a best estimate of
the value being measured and a statistical indication of the
reliability of the value.� A variety of statistical techniques are
available that enable us to obtain this information about the
laboratory sample from multiple measurements.
Bagong Kaibigan

(Ang maikling kwentong ito ay mula sa panulat ni G. Bernard Umali)

May napulot akong papel. Nakasulat doon na may matatagpuan daw akong isang kaibigan.
Kinakailangan ko raw sumakay para matagpuan ito. Umuwi ako agad sa amin dahil baka
naroon na ang kaibigang tinutukoy sa papel.
Sumakay ako sa likod ng kabayo pero wala doon ang bagong kaibigan. Binuksan ko ang
binatana at nakita ko ang aming hardin. Maraming halaman at insekto doon. Masaya silang
naglalaro pero hindi ko sila maintindihan. Lumabas ako sa likod-bahay at nagpunta sa
dagat. Sumakay ako ng bangka upang hanapin ang aking kaibigan pero walang ibang tao sa
dagat. Ah alam ko na. Sumisid ako sa ilalim ng dagat, sumakay ako sa likod ng dolphin at
doon nakita ko ang iba’t-ibang hayop at halaman, pero hindi ako mabubuhay doon. Kaya
bumalik na lamang ako sa amin.
Gabi na ng makauwi ako. Mula sa aking silid ay may natanaw ako na maliwanag sa langit.
Mayroong isang bituin na ubod ng laki. Ahah! Pupuntahan ko ang bituin. Kumapit ako sa
lobo at pinuntahan ko ito. Pero walang tao roon. Mula sa itaas ay tanaw na tanaw ko ang
daigdig na bilog at nagliliwanag. Ang ganda ng kulay. Para itong bolang umiilaw. May kulay
bughaw, luntian at kulay lupa. Naisip kong bumalik na, mula sa itaas ay nagpalundag-
lundag ako sa mga ulap, ang sarap! Parang mga bulak! Nagpadulas ako sa bahaghari!
Subalit wala pa rin akong kalaro kaya gumamit ako ng isang malaking payong at ginawa
kong parachute. Napunta ako sa kagubatan. Doon ay nagpupulong ang mga hayop. Hindi ko
sila maintindihan kaya bumalik na ako sa amin sakay-sakay ng isang elepante. Maya-maya
ay kinalabit na ako ni inay.
“Gising na anak, may pasok ka ngayon”
“Nay, nanaginip ako na may makikilala akong bagong kaibigan!”
“Oo, meron nga, doon sa inyong paaralan kaya gumising ka na at darating na angschool
bus.“
Mga Halimbawa at Uri ng Maikling Kwento
Posted on December 9, 2015 by Blogadag

I. Ayon Kay Reignart de Guzman:

1. Kuwento ng Tauhan: Ang Kuwento ni Mabuti

Nagsimula ang istorya sa buhay ni Mabuti, isang guro, habang kinukwento mula sa pananaw ng
isa sa kanyang mga estudyante.

Tinatawag siyang ‘Mabuti’ ng kaniyang mga estudyante sa kanyang likod dahil lahat ng
kaniyang mga salita ay naglalaman ng mga kabutihan. Bukod roo’y binudburan rin ng salitang
‘mabuti’ ang mga sinasabi niya.

Isang hapo’y may isang estudyante ang umiiyak nang patago sa silid-aklatan, nakita siya ni
Mabuti at inalo ito. Sinabi ni Mabuting hindi niya alam na may tao roo’t ang pagpunta niya roo’y
hindi rin nagkataon lamang. Pumupunta rin si Mabuti sa sulok ng silid aklatan na iyon upang
umiyak rin.

Kung anong kadahilan ay hindi niya na sinabi. Nakinig lamang siya sa kanyang estudyante kahit
na napaka babaw lamang ng iniiyak nito.
Simula ng engkwentrong iyon ay mas naging bukas na si Mabuti sa pagkukuwento ng kaniyang
buhay, maliban ng tungkol sa kaniyang asawa. Iniikutan ng kaniyang mga pangarap ng
kabutihan ang kaniyang anak, halata sa mga kwento niyang patungkol dito na ang anak niyang
ito ang kaniyang buhay.

Wala pang isang taon mula ng siya’y mabiyuda. Sa kabila ng bigat na kaniyang dinadala ay
patuloy pa rin ang kaniyang optimismo. Ang kanyang katatagan ay patuloy ng pagniningas kahit
nilulunod na siya ng kalungkutan.

2. Kuwento ng Katutubong Kulay: Suyuan sa Tubigan

Madaling-araw pa lamang ay papunta na sa tubigan sina Ka Albina, kasama ang anak na

dalagang si Nati at ang pamangking si Pilang. Sunung-sunong nila ang mga matong ng
kasangkapan at pagkain. Habang daan, nakasabay nila sina Ka Ipyong, Pakito at Pastor na
nakasakay sa kalabaw dala ang kani-kaniyang araro. Habang naglalakad, nagkakatuwaan sila at
nagkakatuksuhan. Si Ore na kasama rin nila ay nagpatihuli na parang may malalim na iniisip.

Nang marating nila ang tubigang aararuhin, may nadatnan na silang nagtatrabaho. Ang iba
naman ay katatapos lamang sa pagtilad at habang nagpapahinga ay nagkakasarapan sa
pagkukuwentuhan. Habang abala sa pag-aayos ng mga kasangkapang gagamitin sina Nati at
Pilang, nandoon din si Pastor at nagpipilit na tumulong kay Pilang. Si Ore naman ay
mapapansing pinamumulhang pisngi. Inabutan ni Pilang si Pastor ng kape ngunit sinamantala ito
ng binatang sapupuhin ang kamay ng dalaga. Walang kibong lumapit si Ore kay Nati at humingi
ng kape at kamote. Walang patlang ang sulyapan nina Nati at Ore habang nagkakainan. Si Pastor
naman ay laging nahuhuling nakatingin say Pilang. Makakain, inumpisahan nila ang suyuan.
Sunud-sunod silang parang may parada. Masasaya silang nag-aararo at maitatangi ang kanilang
pagkakaisa sa tulung-tulong na paggawa. Para silang nagpapaligsahan sa ingay at hiyawan.
Ganoon na nga ang nangyari. Lihim na nagkasubukan sa pag-aararo sina Pastor at Ore.
Pagpapakitang bilis sa pagbungkal ng lupa at gilas ng kalabaw. Ipinanahimik lamang ito ng
dalawang dalaga na alam na alam ang dahilan. Nauna si Pastor, sumusunod lamang si Ore.
Malaki na ang kanilang naaararo ngunit patuloy pa rin sila. Mahina ang kalabaw ni Ore kaya
nahuhuli, samantalang magaling ang kalabaw ni Pastor kaya nangunguna. Hindi na makahabol si
Ore sa layo ni Pastor nang huminto na ang kalabaw niya sa sobrang pagod.

Tinawag sila ni Ka Punso para kumain. Tumigil si Pastor. Kinalagan ang kalabaw niya at
sinabuyan ng tubig. Nakatawa itong lumapit sa mga kasama. Samantalang si Ore ay hinimas-
himas pa muna ang batok ng kanyang kalabaw na bumubula ang bibig at abut-abot sa paghinga.
Nilapitan siya ng isa sa mga kasamahan at ipinagpatuloy ang ginagawa niya. Lumapit si Ore sa
mga kasamahang mapulang-mapula ang mukha at paulit-ulit na ikinukuskos ang mga palad na
malinis na naman sa pantalon at walang masabi kundi ang pag-aming talagang makisig ang
kalabaw ni Pastor. Naupo si Ore ilang hakbang ang layo kina Nati at Pilang. Si Pastor ay
kumakain sa tabi ni Pilang. Nilapitan ni Pilang si Ore at dinulutan ng pagkain. Naibsan ang
pagod at hirap ni Ore. Nagwakas ang kuwento sa pahiwatig na bagamat natalo ni Pastor si Ore sa
pag-aararo ay natalo naman ni Ore si Pastor sa pag-ibig ni Pilang.
 3. Kuwento ng Katatawanan: Ang Pilyong Si Loren

Noong unang panahon ay may isang haring nagngangalang Solomon. Mayroon siyang nag-iisang
anak na lalaki. Ang kaniyang pangalan ay Loren, si Loren ay napakapilyong bata at ang lahat ay
naiinis sa kanya.

Isang araw ay naglibot si Loren sa kanilang nasasakupan kaya’t ganuon na lamang ang takot ng
lahat. Dahil baka kung ano ang kaniyang gawin.

Tama nga ang mga taong nakapalibot sa kaniya sapagkat mayroon itong ginawang kalokohan. Sa
may daanan ay nag-iwan siya ng balat ng saging kayat nadulas ang mga dumaraan. Kaya’t ang
mga dala nilang mga gulay, prutas at mga gamit ay nangagkatapon. Hinabol si Loren ng mga
kawal ng hari upang siya ay isumbong sa kanyang Ama ngunit masyado itong maliksi at
magaling na magtago. Nagtagal ang habulan sa pagitan ni Loren at nang mga kawal ng hari
hanggang sa sila ay makarating sa kagubatan. Hindi alam ng mga kawal ng hari na si Loren ay
marami palang mga patibong na nagawa sa loob ng kagubatan dahil siya ay laging nanduon.

Unti-unting nahulog sa ibat-ibang patibong ni Loren ang mga kawal ng hari. May nahulog sa
loob ng butas at hindi na magawang makaahon. Meron din namang nakakita ng ahas at sa
sobrang takot ay humandusay na lamang at nagtatatkbo pabalik sa palasyo ng magising. Ang ilan
naman ay nahuli ng bitag na tali ay nagging palamuti sa mga puno na parang mga christmass
balls na nakabitin.

Walang nakahuli kay Loren kaya’t umuwi na lamang ang mga kawal ng hari na lulugo lugo.
Dinaig pa nila ang mga kawal na nakipaglaban sa isang labanan ng mga hukbo dahil sa sobrang
pagod na kanilang nadama.

Pagdating sa palasyo ay isinumbong nila ang kapilyohang ginawa ni Loren sa kaniyang ama.
Mula sa silid ni Loren ay ipinatawag siya nang kaniyang ama at sinabing kung kaniya pa itong
uulitin ay itatakwil na siya bilang anak ng hari. Dahil ayaw ni Loren na siya ay mapalayas sa
palasyo ay pinilit nan i Loren na maging mabait at tumutulong narin siya sa mga taong
gumagawa sa loob ng palasyo.

Magmula nuon ay hindi na naging pilyo itong si Loren at kinagigiliwan na rin siya ng mga tao
sa kaniyang paligid napaka saya pala ng ganuon ang sabi ni Loren.

4. Kuwento ng Sikolohiko: Ang Kwento ni Tata Selo

Ang kwentong Tata Selo ay patungkol sa isang matanda na hinangad lamang na makapagsaka sa
kanilang lupa na naibenta dahil sa nagkasakit ang kanyang asawa. Nais ni Tata Selo na
mapabalik ang lupa nila sa kanila pero dahil sa kawalan ng pera hindi na ito napabalik sa kanila
kaya nakiusap na lang sya kay Kabesa Tano na sya na lang ang magsaka sa kanyang lupa.
Hanggang isang araw na habang nagsasaka si Tata Selo kinausap sya ni Kabesa Tano na umalis
na sa sinasaka nyang lupa dahil may iba ng magsasaka noon. Nakiusap si Tata Selo ngunit hindi
sya pinakinggan ni Kabesa Tano kaya nagawang tagain ni Tata Selo si Kabesa Tano na syang
ikinamatay nito. Kaya nakulong si Tata Selo.

Nagsimula ang kwento sa Istaked na kung saan pinagkakaguluhan ng mga tao si Tata Selo sa
kadahilanang napatay nito ang Kabesang Tano na nagmamay-ari ng lupang sinasakahan ni Tata
Selo, na ayon sa kanya ay pag-aari niya noon subalit naisanla niya at naembargo.

Nataga at napatay ni Tata Selo ang Kabesa sa kadahilanang pinaalis ito sa kanyang lupang
sinasakahan subalit tumanggi at pinagpilitan ni Tata Selo na malakas pa siya at kaya pa niyang
magsaka, subalit tinungkod ito ng tinungkod ng Kabesa sa noo paliwanag ni Tata Selo sa
binatang anak ng pinakamayamang propitaryo, sa Alkalde at maging sa Hepe na nagmalupit sa
kanya sa loob ng Istaked na pawang mga kilala ng Kabesa.

Nang makalawang araw, dumalaw ang anak niyang si Saling na dati’y nakatira at nanilbihan sa
Kabesa, subalit umuwi ito sa kadahilanang nagkasakit ito makalawang araw bago ang insindente,
Nakakahabag si Tata Selo nang maisipan nalang nitong pauwiin si Saling sa kadahilang wala na
silang magagawa, pinatawag si Saling nang Alkalde sa kaniyang tanggapan at pinuntahan niya
iyon at hindi nakinig sa ama nito, dumating muli ang bata na dumalaw sa kanya at inutusan
upang pumunta sa tanggapan ng alkalde subalit hindi ito papasukin pahayag ng bata, Hindi ito
inalintana ni Tata Selo at sinabi nalang nito na “inagaw sa kanya ang lahat”.

5. Kuwentong Science Fiction: Dagli

Ang kuwento ay tungkol sa magkapatid na Nonoy at Oboy. Mga batang kalye sila at ninais ni
Nonoy na makita ang loob ng Arcour, isang pabrika ng meat processing at gumagawa ng delata.
Ang Arcour rin ang kinikilalang pinaka-advanced na pabrika sa Pilipinas. Ang magiging
advanced na ito ang umantig sa interes ni Nonoy. Isa itong kakaibang bagay para sa isang batang
tanging nararanasan lamang ay kahirapan at kasalatan.

Ngunit sanay na rin naman sina Nonoy at Oboy sa buhay na kasalatan sa harap ng iba’t ibang
imahen ng kasaganahan at pag-unlad. Natutulog sila sa ilalim ng MetroStar o di kaya’y sa tabi ng
MetroSub. Ngunit misteryoso para kay Nonoy ang pabrika ng Arcour dahil sa ipinagbabawal
nitong katangian. Di tulad ng MetroStar at MetroSub na mga pampublikong lugar, nababakuran
ang pabrika ng Arcour ng matataas na bakod at nakasabit sa mga bakod na ito, kasama ng mga
mapagmayabang na mga patalas, ang iba’t ibang uri ng babala. Ngunit hindi pinansin ni Nonoy
ang mga nakasulat na babala dahil, unang-una, hindi siya marunong magbasa at, pangalawa,
nangibabaw na sa kanyang kalooban ang pagnanasang makapasok sa loob at patunayang siya
ang pinakapatinik na magnanakaw.

Naiwan si Oboy sa labas ng pabrika habang nagpatuloy si Nonoy papasok ng pabrika,

kampanteng walang makahuhuli sa kanya dahil “wala man lang sekyu.” Ngunit hindi kailangan
ng pabrika ng mga bantay. Bilang isang computerized na sistema, mahihinuhang maging ang
pagbabantay dito’y awtomatik. At malinaw ang babala sa labas ng pabrika. “Mapanganib ang
mga makina.” Hindi ang mapanganib na mga tao ang itinataboy ng mga matataas na bakod ng
pabrika, ang mapanganib na mga makina ang ikinukulong.
Dito, ang makina at teknolohiya’y may potensiyal na lumikha at gumawa ng mga produkto.
Ngunit ang kapangyarihan na ito’y mapanganib lalo na sa mga taong walang pag-unawa sa
paggamit nito. Ang teknolohiya’y apoy ni Prometheus, isang biyayang kailangang pag-ingatan
dahil mapanganib.

6. Kuwentong Pantasya: Kuwento ng Diwata

Minsan noong siya’y labing-pitong taong gulang ay nagawi siya sa isang parte ng gubat. Dito ay
napagtanto niya na ang mga halaman ay nakagagalaw at ang Tubig Lawa ay pinamamahayan ng
mga kakaibang nilalang. Ang naglalakihang pitak ng bato ay nakapagsasalita habang ang hangin
ay may dala-dalang espiritu. Sa madilim na parteng ito ng gubat, sumasayaw ang mga puno
kasabay ng mga alitaptap at paniking nakikipag-unahan sa bilis ng pagbabagong anyo ng sinag-
araw.

Sa paghahanap ko ng daan upang makalabas ng kagubatan ay nakita kita sa isang sitwasyon na

ipinagbabawal ng moral ng aking isipan. Ikaw ay lumusong sa kristal na batis na nagtatago ng
kalahati ng iyong katawan. Kusang sumasabay sa iyong galaw ang bawat nagliliparang dahon at
ang ulap sa kalangitan ay tumatakip sa bawat pagtahak ng iyong nilalakaran. Saan ka man
magpunta ay hindi ka masikatan ng haring araw sapagkat sumusunod sa iyo ang mga ulap na tila
iyong mga alagang tagak.

Sinundan kita hanggang sa pusod ng kagubatan at sa bawat paglakad, napapatanong ako kung isa
ka ba talagang diwata? Isa ka bang diwata ng ilog? ng ulap? o isa kang diwata na lagalag?
Anuman ang iyong kasagutan ay nais kong humingi ng kapatawaran sa aking kamangmangan
sapagkat sa unang hagip pa lamang ng aking balintataw sa iyong katauhan, ako ay napaibig mo.

Patuloy kitang sinundan hindi dahil ako ay ginamitan mo ng haraya~ kundi dahil hindi kayang
kalabanin ng aking puso na mapalagpas ang oportunidad na makilala ka. Alam ko sa aking
kamalayan na kung hindi kita makikilala ngayon ay hindi na kita makikilala pang muli sa
kabuuan ng aking buhay.

Ang mga ganitong pangyayari ay nagbibigay sa akin ng ligalig sapagkat ang pagsunod sa iyo ay
nangangahulugan ng isang kapahamakan, at ang gubat ay puno ng leon, reptilya, at ahas na
handa akong salakayin bilang kanilang tanghalian. Gayunman, mas pinaniniwalaan ko na isa
kang diwata na magliligaw sa akin dito sa kakahuyan.

Kung sakali lamang at ako ay nagkakamali, may huli akong katanungan lambana. Kung iibig ka
sa isang tulad ko, isasakripisyo mo ba ang iyong mahika kapalit ng pagiging mortal?

7. Kuwentong Misteryo: Lamok

Si Edna ay freshman sa isang matandang unibersidad sa maynila. Isang araw habang sa

kalagitnaan ng klase ay biglang tinawag siya ng kalikasan. Tumayo si Edna at lumapit sa
kanyang prof. upang magpaalam sandali. Napili ni Edna na gamitin ang pinakamalayong bahagi
ng kubeta. Habang nakaupo, biglang nakaramdam ng pagka-irita si Edna dahil pakiramdam niya
ang daming lamok na paikot-ikot sa kanyang ulunan. Hawi dito, hawi doon. Nang matapos ang
babae sa paggamit ng banyo ay dumiretso siya sa hugasan. May nakita siyang naglilinis sa may
lababo at ang kanyang wika “sakto nandito si Manang, mapagsabihan nga”.

Si Manang ay isang janitress at matagal na siya nagtratrabaho sa unibersidad na iyon. Ang unang
bati ni Edna ay “Manang, mag-spray naman kayo dito sa banyo, ang daming lamok doon sa
huling bahagi ng banyo. Ikot ng ikot sila sa buhok ko.” Ang tugon naman ng matanda “Iha
walang lamok sa banyong ito kasi lagi ko tong nililinis”. Biglang nakaramdam ng pagkayamot si
Enda at winika na lang sa sarili, “Eh ako mismo naramdaman ang mga lamok sa aking ulunan,
Ano ba yan!”. Nang palabas na si Edna ng banyo biglang nagwika ang matandang janitress at
sinabing “Iha sa gawing hulihan ng banyong ito may isang babaeng nagbigti noong nakaraang
taon dahil sa depresyon.”

8. Kuwentong Suspense: Ang Kalupi

Mataas na ang araw nang lumabas si Aling Marta sa bakuran ng kanilang maliit na barung-
barong upang mamalengke. Nang dumating siya sa panggitnang pasilyo at umakmang
hahakbang na papasok ay siyang paglabas na humahangos ng isang batang lalaki, na sa kanilang
pagbabangga ay muntik, na niyang ikabuwal. Ang siko ng bata ay tumama sa kanyang kaliwang
dibdib.

“Ano ka ba?” bulyaw ni Aling Marta. “Kaysikip na ng daraanan ay patakbo ka pa kung

lumabas!”

“Pasensya na kayo, Ale,” sabi ng bata. Hawak nito ang isang maliit na supot na naglalaman ng
tigbebente habang takot siyang nakatingin kay Aling Marta. “Hindi ko ho sinasadya.
Nagmamadali ho ako, e.”

“Pasensya!” sabi ni Aling Marta.

Agad siyang tumalikod at tuloy-tuloy na pumasok sa palengke. Dumating siya sa tindahan ng

tuyong paninda at bumili ng isang kartong mantika. Pagkaraan ay dumukot sa bulsa ng kanyang
bestida upang magbayad. Wala ang kanyang kalupi at napansin ng kaharap ang kanyang anyo.

“Bakit ho?” tanong nito.

“Ha?! Nawawala ho ang aking pitaka,” sagot ni Aling Marta.

“Eh, magkano ho naman ang laman?”

“Eh, sandaan at sampung piso ho.”

Maya-maya ay parang kidlat na gumuhit sa kanyang alaala ang gusgusing batang kanyang
nakabangga. Sa labas, sa harap ng palengke na kinaroroonan ng ilang tindahang maliliit.
Nakatayo ito sa harap ng isang bilao ng kangkong at sa malas niya ay tumatawad. Maliksi siyang
lumapit at binatak ang kanyang leeg.

“Nakita ring kita!” ang sabi niyang habang humihingal. “Ikaw ang dumukot ng pitaka ko, ano?
Huwag kang magkakaila!”

“Ano hong pitaka? Wala ho akong kinuha sa inyong pitaka.”

May luha nang nakapamintana sa kanyang mga mata at ang uhog at laway ay sabay na umaagos
sa kanyang liig. Buhat sa likuran ng mga manonood ay lumapit ang isang pulis, na tanod.

“Iho ano ang pangalan mo?” ang tanong niya sa bata.

“Andres Reyes po.”

“Saan ka nakatira?” ang muling tanong ng pulis.

“Sa bahay ng Tiyang Ines ko sa Blumentritt, kapatid ng nanay ko rito sa Tundo. Inuutusan lang
ho niya akong bumili ng ulam, para mamayang tanghali.”

Naalala ni Aling Marta ang kanyang dalagang magtatapos, ang kanyang asawa na kaipala ay
naiinip na sa pag hihintay.

“Tinamaan ka ng lintik na bata ka!” Sabi niyang pinanginginigan ng laman. Ang bisig nito ay
halos napaabot ni Aling Marta sa kanyang balikat sa likod.

“Napahiyaw ang bata sa sakit.”

Halos mabali ang kanyang siko at ang nais lamang niya ay makaalpas sa matigas na bisig ni
Aling Marta. Siya ay humanap ng malulusutan at nang makakita ay walang habas na tumakbo,
patungo sa ibayo ng maluwag na daan.

Bahagya nang umabot sa kanyang pandinig ang malakas na busina ng isang humahagibis na
sasakyan. Sa isang sandali ay nagdilim sa kanya ang buong paligid. Wala siyang makita kundi
ang madidilim na anino ng mga mukang nakatunghay sa kanyang lupaypay at duguang katawan.
Hindi siya makapag- angat ng paningin. Pagdating ng pulis, ayaw pa muling nag mulat ito ng
paningin at ang mga mata ay ipinako sa maputlang muka ni Aling Marta.

“Maski kapkapan nyo ako, e, wala kayong makukuha sa akin.” sabing pagatul-gatol na
nilalabasan ng dugo sa ilong. ” Hindi ko po kinuha ang iyong pitaka!”
Ilang pang sandali pa ay lumangayngay ang ulo nito at ng pulsuhan ng isang naroon ay marahan
itong napailing. “Patay na” naisaloob ni Aling Marta sa kanyang Sarili.”

“Patay na ang dumukot ng kuwarta ninyo, ” Matabang na nagsabi ang pulis sa kanya.

“Makaka alis na po ako?” Tanong ni Aling Marta.

“Maari na” sabi ng Pulis.

Naalala nya ang kanyang anak na ga-graduate, ang ulam na dapat na naiuwi nya sanay nai- uwi
na. Tanghali na sya ay umuwi.

“Sang ka kumuha ng pinamili mo nyan, Nanay?” tanong ng kanyang anak.

“E. . . e,” Hindi magkantuntong sagot ni Aling Marta. Nag ka tinginan ang mag-ama.

“Ngunit, Marta…,”ang sabi ng kanyang asawa, “Eh, naiwan ang iyong pitaka ditto. Kanina, bago
ka umalis ay kinuha ko iyon sa bestido mo at kumuha ako ng pambili ng Tobacco. Pero,
nakalimutan kong isauli. Saan ka kumuha ng ipangbili mo niyan?”

Biglang-bigla anki’y kidlat na gumuhit sa karimlan, nagbalik sa gunita ni Aling Marta ang isang
batang payat, duguan ang katawan at natatakpan ng dyaryo. Umikot ang kanyang paligid. At
tuluyang nawalan ng malay.

Mga Uri ng Maikling Kuwento

Ayon kina Semorlan et. al (2012), may iba’t-ibang uri ang maikling kuwento. Ito ay ang mga
sumusunod:

1. Kuwento ng Tauhan – Ang pokus o tuon ng kuwentong ito ay nasa pangunahing tauhan.
Inilalarawan ang mga pangyayaring pangkaugalian ng mga tauhang nagsisiganap upang
mabigyan ng kabuuan ang pag-unawa sa kanila ng isang mambabasa. Halimbawa nito ay ang
“Walong Taong Gulang” ni Genoveva Edroza-Matute.

2. Kuwento ng Katutubong Kulay – Binibgyang-diin sa kuwentong ito ang kapaligiran ng

pinangyarihan, ang mga kaugalian at mga pananamit ng mga tahuan, at ang uri ng pamumuhay at
hanapbuhay ng mga tao sa nasabing pook. Halimbawa ng maikling kuwento sa uring ito ay “May
Daigdig sa Karagatan” ni Clemente Bautista at “Suyuan sa Tubigan” ni Macario Pineda.

3. Kuwento ng Katatawanan – Ang layunin ng kuwentong ito ay magpatawa at bigyang-aliw

ang mambabasa. Halimbawa ng maikling kuwento sa uring ito ay “Sa Pula, Sa Puti” ni
Francesco Soc Rodrigo.

4. Kuwento ng Sikolohiko – Sa ganitong uri ng kuwento ay may kahirapang ilarawan ang pag-
iisip ng isang tao. Ang kailangan ng kuwentong ito’y maipadama sa mambabasa ang damdamin
ng isang tao sa harap ng isang pangyayari. Halimbawa ng maikling kuwento sa uring ito ay “Ang
Pusa sa Aking Hapag” ni Jesus A. Arceo at “Kesa at Morito” ni Ryunosuke Akutagawa.

Ayon naman kay Koontz (1999), may dalawang malawak na pangkat ang mga kuwentong ating
nababasa, ang mga kuwentong may tiyak na kategorya at ang mga kuwentong karaniwan.
Nabibilang sa unang pangkat ang mga sumusunod:

1. Science Fiction – Ito’y isang akdang masining na ginagampanan ng mga tauhang binuo ng
mayamang imahinasyon ng manunulat. Ang mga piling tauhan dito’y may taglay na suliraning
makakaharap nila sa malayong planeta o di kaya’y sa malayong hinaharap ng daigdig ngunit may
mapapanghawakang maka-agham na paniniwala.

2. Pantasya – Mga kuwentong ito ay ukol sa mahika o sa mga supernatural ngunit walang
batayang maka-agham.

3. Misteryo – Sa kuwentong ito, ang krimen ay ilalahad sa binabasa ngunit walang

mapagkakakilanlan sa kriminal; mula sa pangitaing ito, uusad ang kuwento pabalik hanggang sa
makikita ang mga palatandaan tungo sa paglutas ng krimen.

4. Suspense – Sa simula pa lamang ng kuwentong ito ay alam na ang salarin. Gugulong ang
kuwento na mayroong habulan at maliliit na labanan. Ang pinakalundo ng kuwentong ito ay
hahantong sa paghaharap ng protagonista at antagonista.

Maikling Kwento: Mga Elemento,

Bahagi, Uri, at Halimbawa
Ano ang Maikling Kwento?
Ang maikling kwento ay isang masining na anyo ng panitikan na naglalaman
ng isang maiksing salaysay tungkol sa isang mahalagang pangyayari na
kinabibilangan ng isa o ilang tauhan. Nag-iiwan ito ng isang kakintalan sa isip
ng mga mambabasa.

Si Deogracias A. Rosario ang tinuturing na “Ama ng Maikling Kuwentong

Tagalog.
Kahit ano ay maaring paksain ng kwentista o manunulat ng maikling kwento.
Maaaring hango ito sa mga pangyayari sa totoong buhay at maari ding ito’y
patungkol sa kababalaghan at mga bagay na hindi maipaliwanag ng
kaalaman.

Ayon kay Edgar Allan Poe, “ang maikling kwento ay isang akdang
pampanitikang likha ng guniguni at salagimsim na salig sa buhay na aktuwal
na naganap o maaaring maganap.”
Noong panahon ng mga Amerikano, tinawag din na “dagli” ang maikling
kwento at ginagawa itong libangan ng mga sundalo.
SEE ALSO: Alamat: Mga Elemento, Bahagi, at Halimbawa
Mga Elemento ng Maikling Kwento
Mayroong labing-isang elemento ang maikling kwento. Ito ay ang mga
sumusunod:

1. Panimula

Dito nakasalalay ang kawilihan ng mga mambabasa. Dito rin kadalasang

pinapakilala ang iba sa mga tauhan ng kwento.

2. Saglit na Kasiglahan

Naglalahad ng panandaliang pagtatagpo ng mga tauhang masasangkot sa

suliranin.

3. Suliranin

Ito ang problemang haharapin o kinahaharap ng tauhan o mga tauhan sa

kwento.

4. Tunggalian

Ang tunggalian ay may apat na uri:

 Tao laban sa tao

 Tao laban sa sarili
 Tao laban sa lipunan
 Tao laban sa kapaligiran o kalikasan
5. Kasukdulan

Sa kasukdulan nakakamtan ng pangunahing tauhan ang katuparan o kasawian

ng kanyang ipinaglalaban.

6. Kakalasan

Ito ang tulay sa wakas ng kwento.

7. Wakas

Ito ang resolusyon o ang kahihinatnan ng kwento.

8. Tagpuan

Dito nakasaad ang lugar na pinangyarihan ng mga aksyon o mga insidente.

Kasama din dito ang panahon kung kailan naganap ang kwento.

9. Paksang Diwa

Ito ang pinaka-kaluluwa ng maikling kwento.

10. Kaisipan

Ito naman ang mensahe ng kwento.

11. Banghay

Ito ay ang mga pangyayari sa kwento.

Mga Bahagi ng Maikling Kwento

Ang maikling kwento ay may tatlong bahagi. Ito ay ang Simula, Gitna at
Wakas.

1. Simula

Kabilang sa simula ang mga tauhan, tagpuan, at suliranin. Sa mga tauhan

nalalaman kung sinu-sino ang magsisiganap sa kwento at kung ano ang papel
na gaganapan ng bawat isa. Maaaring bida, kontrabida o suportang tauhan.
Sa tagpuan nakasaad ang lugar na pinangyarihan ng mga aksyon o mga
insidente kasama na dito ang panahon kung kailan naganap ang kwento. At
ang bahagi ng suliranin ang siyang kababasahan ng problemang haharapin ng
pangunahing tauhan.

2. Gitna
Ang gitna ay binubuo ng saglit na kasiglahan, tunggalian, at kasukdulan. Ang
saglit na kasiglahan ang naglalahad ng panandaliang pagtatagpo ng mga
tauhang masasangkot sa suliranin.
Ang tunggalian naman ang bahaging kababasahan ng pakikitunggali o
pakikipagsapalaran ng pangunahing tauhan laban sa mga suliraning
kakaharapin, na minsan ay sa sarili, sa kapwa, o sa kalikasan. Samantalang ang
kasukdulan ang pinakamadulang bahagi kung saan makakamtan ng
pangunahing tauhan ang katuparan o kasawian ng kanyang ipinaglalaban.

3. Wakas

Ang wakas ay binubuo ng kakalasan at katapusan. Ang kakalasan ang

bahaging nagpapakita ng unti-unting pagbaba ng takbo ng kwento mula sa
maigting na pangyayari sa kasukdulan, at ang katapusan ang bahaging
kababasahan ng magiging resolusyon ng kwento. Maaring masaya o
malungkot, pagkatalo o pagkapanalo.

Gayunpaman, may mga kwento na hindi laging winawakasan sa pamamagitan

ng dalawang huling nabanggit na mga sangkap. Kung minsan, hinahayaan ng
may-akda na mabitin ang wakas ng kwento para hayaan ang mambabasa na
humatol o magpasya kung ano sa palagay nito ang maaring kahinatnan ng
kwento.

Mga Uri ng Maikling Kwento

May sampung uri ng maikling kwento. Ito ay ang mga sumusunod:

1. Kwento ng Tauhan

Inilalarawan dito ang mga pangyayaring pangkaugalian ng mga tauhang

nagsisiganap upang mabigyan ng kabuuan ang pag-unawa sa kanila ng isang
mambabasa.

2. Kwento ng Katutubong Kulay

Binibigyang diin dito ang kapaligiran at mga pananamit ng mga tauhan, ang
uri ng kanilang pamumuhay, at hanapbuhay ng mga tao sa nasabing lugar.

3. Kwentong Bayan

Inilalahad dito ang mga kwentong pinag-uusapan sa kasalukuyan ng buong

bayan.

4. Kwento ng Kababalaghan

Dito pinag-uusapan ang mga salaysaying hindi kapanipaniwala.

5. Kwento ng Katatakutan

Naglalaman naman ito ng mga pangyayaring kasindak-sindak.

6. Kwento ng Madulang Pangyayari

Binibigyang diin ang kapanapanabik at mahahalagang pangyayari na

nakapagpapaiba o nakapagbago sa tauhan.

7. Kwento ng Sikolohiko

Ito ang uri ng maikling kuwentong bihirang isulat sapagkat may kahirapan ang
paglalarawan ng kaisipan. Ipinadarama dito sa mga mambabasa ang
damdamin ng isang tao sa harap ng isang pangyayari at kalagayan.

8. Kwento ng Pakikipagsapalaran

Nasa balangkas ng pangyayari ang interes ng kwento ng pakikipagsapalaran.

9. Kwento ng Katatawanan

Ito ay nagbibigay-aliw at nagpapasaya sa mambabasa.

10. Kwento ng Pag-ibig

Ito naman ay tungkol sa pag-iibigan ng dalawang tao.

Mga Halimbawa ng Maikling Kwento na may Aral

Narito ang ilang mga Halimbawa ng Maikling Kwento na may Aral.

Maikling Kwento tungkol sa Pag-ibig

 Si Wigan at si Ma-I
 Ang Nawawalang Prinsesa
 Si Ederlyn
 Wala na Siya
 Tren
 Halaman ng Pagmamahal
 Ang Lugar sa Habang Panahon
 Nakalbo ang Datu
Maikling Kwento tungkol sa Kaibigan

 Ang Kaibigan Ba o Ang Tiya

 Ang Dakilang Kaibigan
 Ang Bata At Ang Aso
 Ang Matalik kong Kaibigan
 Ang Matalinong Pintor
 Kaibigan Daw
 Modelong Bata
 Ang Matalik na Magkaibigan
 Bagong Kaibigan
Maikling Kwento tungkol sa Pamilya

 Ang Inang Matapobre

 Si Juan, ang Pumatay ng Higante
 Ang Batang Espesyal
 Ang Buhay Nga Naman
 Ang Sapatero at ang mga Duwende
 Ang Alkansya Ni Boyet
 Huling Limang Oras
  Ang Mag-asawang Walang Anak
 Isang Aral Para kay Armando
 Matulunging Bata
Maikling Kwento tungkol sa Kalikasan

 Ang Bulkang Taal

 Ang Araw at ang Hangin
 Ang Aral ng Damo
 Pagatpat
 Araw, Buwan, at Kuliglig
 Ang Dalawang Magtotroso at ang Engkantada
 Ang Kalabasa at ang Duhat
 Ang Punong Kawayan
 Bakit Itim ang Kulay ng Uwak?
 Ang Engkantada ng Makulot
 Bakit mas Maliwanag ang Araw kaysa Buwan?
 Bakit Mataas ang Langit?
 Kung Bakit may Tagsibol at Taglagas
Maikling Kwento tungkol sa Pangarap

 Regalo sa Guro
 Ang Inapi
 Ang Batang Maikli Ang Isang Paa
 Ang Babaing Maggagatas
 Si Mariang Mapangarapin
 Kapuri-puring Bata
 Pambansang Pintor
Iba pang mga Halimbawa ng Maikling Kwento

 Ang Espesyal Na Panauhin

 Reynang Matapat
 Si Juan at ang mga Alimango
 Ang Babaeng Ubod ng Talino
 Bakit may Pulang Palong ang mga Tandang?