3

1
f'k{kk vkSj 'kSf{kd rduhdh % vFkZ rFkk
ifjHkk"kk,¡
(Education and Education Technology-
Meaning and Definitions)

f'k{kk gh og ek/;e gS tks ekuo os i'kq rqY; ls euq"; cukrh gS]

fujh{kj euq"; dks lk{kj cukrh gSA f'k{kk ds }kjk gh euq"; igus tkus okys
ifj/kku ds lkFk&lkFk vius mBus&cSBus] pyus&fQjus vkSj lkekftd jhfr
fjoktksa dks lh[krk gSA f'k{kk izkfIr ds mijkUr gh ekuo ds lH; ,oa
lqlaLÑr thou ,oa fodkl dh dYiuk dh tk ldrh gSA f'k{kk dk egRo
izkphu dky ls gh pyk vk jgk gSA viuh e`R;q ls iwoZ xkSre cq) us vius
fiz; f'k"; vkuan ls dgk FkkA ^vkRnhiks Hko* ;kuh vius vki esa izdk'koku
cuks] tks f'k{kk ds }kjk gh laHko gSA
la{ksi esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd f'k{kk ekuo ds thou dks lkFkZd
cukrh gSA orZeku esa f'k{kk tgk¡ ,d rjQ ckydksa dk lok±fx.k fodkl dj mUgsa
fo}ku] pfj=koku vkSj cqf)eku cukrh gS] ogha nwljh vksj ;g lekt ds fodkl
gsrq Hkh ,d vfuok;Z ,oa 'kfDr'kkyh lkèku gSA ;g vkxs vkus okyh ih<+h dks
mPp vkn'kks±] vkdka{kkvks]a fo'oklksa tSls lkaLÑfrd lEifÙk dks gLrkUrfjr
4 'kSf{kd rduhdh rFkk 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk esa f'k{k.k fofèk;k
fofèk;k¡

djrk gSA ckyd dh oS;fDrd izxfr] mldk ekufld] 'kkjhfjd rFkk HkkoukRed
fodkl f'k{kk ds ekè;e ls gh izkIr fd, tk ldrs gSAa

f'k{kk dk vfHkizk;
(Meaning of Education)
yksxksa dh ,slh èkkj.kk gS fd ySfVu Hkk"kk ds nks 'kCn Educatum ,oa
Educare ls f'k{kk 'kCn dh mRifÙk gqbZ gSA Educatum dk vk'k; gS
'Act of teaching or training.' vkSj Educare dk vFkZ gS 'To
educate, 'To bring up' or 'To raise'. bl rjg vaxt sz h 'kCn
Education dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gSiµ fz 'k{k.k] laoèkZu ,oa iFk izn'kZu djusokyh
izfØ;kA* nwljh rjg ls ,tqdsVe esa nks 'kCn gSa ^,* vkSj tqdks*A ^,* dk
vFkZ gS ^vUnj ls* vkSj ^tqdks* dk vFkZ gS ^ckgj ykuk* bl rjQ bldk
vFkZ gqvk vUnj ls ckgj ykukA ysfdu f'k{kk 'kkL=k esa ^,tqds;j* 'kCn dks
T;knk ekU;rk feyh gSA ftldk vFkZ gS ikyu&iks"k.k djuk] lEoèkZu djuk
,oa iFk izn'kZu djukA Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa dk ekuuk gS fd f'k{kk 'kCn dh
mRifÙk laLÑr ds ^f'k{k~* èkkrq ls gqbZ gSA ftldk vk'k; gksrk gS lh[kuk
vkSj fl[kkukA f'k{kd 'kCn dk mi;ksx vc vè;;u ds fy, iz;qDr gksus
yxk gS] ysfdu ewy :i ls bldk vFkZ lh[kuk ,oa fl[kkuk nksuksa gksrk gSA
f'k{kk 'kCn esa Hkh nksuksa dk Hkko lEefyr gSA fu"d"kZ ds :i esa ;g dgk
tk ldrk gS fd ^f'k{kk ,d ,slh izfØ;k ftlds }kjk ckydksa dh tUetkr
'kSfy;ksa dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA*
ladqfpr ;k lhfer vFkZ esa f'k{kk dk vfHkizk;] ckyd dks Ldwy esa nh tkus
okyh f'k{kk ls gSA nwljs 'kCnksa es]a ckyd dks ,d fuf'pr ;kstuk ds vuqlkj]
,d fuf'pr le; rd vkSj fuf'pr fofèk;ksa ls fuf'pr izdkj dk Kku fn;k
tkrk gSA mldh f'k{kk dqN fo'ks"k izHkkokas vkSj dqN fo'ks"k fo"k;ksa rd gh lhfer
jgrh gSA mldks ogh f'k{kk nh tkrh gS] ftls lekt ds o;Ld mlds thou ds
fy, ykHkizn le>rs gSaA
f'k'kq tc rhu&pkj o"kks± dk gksrk gS rks mldk nkf[kyk fo|ky; esa djk
fn;k tkrk gSA fo|ky;h f'k{kk dks Nk=k 10&12 o"kks± esa iwjk dj ysrk gSAa
fo|ky; esa cPps dks f'k{k.k dks f'k{k.k nsus dk dke v/;kid ds ftEes gksrk
f'k{kk vkSj 'kSf{kd rduhdh % vFkZ rFkk ifjHkk"kk,¡ 5

gSA v/;kid gh viuh f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls Nk=k ds thou dks laokjrk gSA
ckyd] fo|ky; esa dbZ fo"k;ksa dh f'k{kk izkIr dj ldrk gSA vr% lkèkkj.kr%
f'k{kk dk vFkZfµ o'ks"k izdkj dh iqLrdsa i<+kuk le>k tkrk gSA ^f'k{kk* 'kCn dk
ladqfpr vFkZ ;gh gSA
f'k{kk ds ladfq pr vFkZ dh voèkkj.kk dks fuEufyf[kr f'k{kk 'kkfL=k;ksa us
bl izdkj ls Li"V fd;k gSµ
jseksUV ds fopkjµ^^ladfq pr vFkZ esa f'k{kk dk iz;ksx cksypky dh Hkk"kk
vkSj dkuwu esa fd;k tkrk gSA bl vFkZ esa f'k{kk] O;fDr ds vkRe&foKku vkSj
okrkoj.k ds lkekU; izHkkoksa dks vius esa dksbZ LFkku ugha nsrh gSA blds foijhr]
;g dsoy mu fo'ks"k izHkkoksa dks vius esa LFkku nsrh gS] tks lekt ds vfèkd
vk;q ds O;fDr tku&cw>dj vkSj fu;ksftr :i esa vius ls NksVksa ij Mkyrs gS]a
Hkys gh ;s izHkkoµifjokj] èkeZ ;k jkT; }kjk Mkys tk,¡A**
esdsath ds fopkjµ^^ladfq pr vFkZ esa f'k{kk dk vfHkizk; gekjh 'kfDr;ksa ds
fodkl ,oa izxfr ds fy, psrukiw.kZ fd, x, fdlh Hkh iz;kl ls gks ldrk gSA
f'k{kk ds fo'kn~ vfHkizk; dh O;k[;k esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd O;fDr
vius thou dky esa tUe ls ysdj e`R;q rd tks dqN Hkh lh[krk gS] vuqHko
djrk gS] f'k{kk ds vUrxZr djrk gSA og lh[kus ,oa vuqHko djus ds dkj.k gh
vius lkekftd] vkè;kfRed ,oa HkkSfrd okrkoj.k ls lkeatL; LFkkfir dj
ikrk gSA vr% ^^f'k{kk] fodkl dk og Øe gS] ftlls O;fDr vius dks èkhjs&èkhjs
fofHkUu izdkj ls vius HkkSfrd] lkekftd vkSj vkè;kfRed okrkoj.k ds
vuqdy w cuk ysrk gSA thou gh okLro esa f'kf{kr djrk gSA O;fDr vius
O;olk;] ikfjokfjd] thou] fe=krk] fookg] fir`Ro] euksjt a u] ;k=kk vkfn }kjk
f'kf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA**
blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd f'k{kk dk {ks=k vfr foLr`r gSA vr% f'k{kk ml
fodkl dk uke gS] tks cpiu ls ysdj thou ds vfUre {k.k rd pyrh jgrh
gSA blh fodkl ds dkj.k O;fDr viuh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij fot; izkIr djrk gS]
thou dh fofHkUu leL;kvksa dks lqy>krk gS vkSj vius dÙkZO;ksa dk ikyu djrk
gSA bl fodkl ds fcuk mldk thou lQy ugha gksrk gSA ^f'k{kk* 'kCn dk
O;kid vFkZ ;gh gSA
6 'kSf{kd rduhdh rFkk 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk esa f'k{k.k fofèk;k
fofèk;k¡

f'k{kk ds O;kid vFkZ dks vkSj vfèkd Li"V djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr
fo}kuksa ds fopkjksa dk lgkjk fy;k tk ldrk gSµ
ts- ,l- esdsath ds fopkjµ^O;kid vFkZ esa ^f'k{kk* ,d ,slh izfØ;k gSA
tks vkthou pyrh jgrh gS] vkSj thou ds izk;% izR;sd vuqHko ls mlds Hk.Mkj
esa o`f) gksrh gSA*
ykW t ds fopkjµ^cPpk vius ekrk&firk dks] vkSj Nk=k vius f'k{kdkas dks
f'kf{kr djrk gSA izR;sd ckr] tks ge dgrs] lksprs ;k djrs gS]a gesa fdlh izdkj
Hkh nwljs O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh] lksph ;k dh xbZ ckr ls de f'kf{kr ugha djrh
gSA bl O;kid vFkZ esa thouµf'k{kk gS( vkSj f'k{kkµthou gSA*
izks- Mefoy ds fopkjµ^f'k{kk ds O;kid vFkZ esa os lHkh izHkko vkrs gS]a
tks O;fDr dks tUe ls ysdj e`R;q rd izHkkfor djrs gSAa *
f'k{kk ds O;kid o ladfq pr vFkZ dh voèkkj.kk ds vfrfjDr f'k{kk dh
fo'ys"k.kkRed voèkkj.kk Hkh gSA f'k{kk ds vFkZ dh bl O;k[;k esa mlds vFkZ
lEcUèkh fofHkUu rF;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA muesa ls dqN izeq[k rF;
fuEufyf[kr gSµa
¼1½ f'k{kkµtUe ls e`R;q rd pyus okyh izfØ;k ds :i esaµ f'k{kk
dk vFkZ bruk ladqfpr ugha gS] ftruk fd yksx le>rs gSAa f'k{kk] fo|ky; rd
gh lhfer ugha jgrh gSA blds foijhr] f'k{kk dk dk;ZØe tUe ls e`R;q&i;ZUr
pyrk jgrk gSA
ekuo izR;sd vuqHko ls lh[krk gSA mlds fy, izR;sd izk.kh fdlh&u&fdlh
:i esa f'k{kd dk dk;Z djrk gSA bl lEcUèk esa Hkkjr ds egf"kZ d.kkn dk
mnkgj.k fn;k tk ldrk gSA os phaVh vkSj blh izdkj ds NksV&s NksVs dhV&iraxksa
,oa tho&tUrqvksa dks Hkh muds fo'ks"k xq.kksa ds dkj.k viuk xq# ekurs Fks ,oa
mudh ekU;rk Fkh fd muds O;ogkj ls Hkh ekuo thou esa f'k{kk xzg.k dj
ldrk gSA
¼2½ f'k{kkµ,d f}èkzqoh; izfØ;k ds :i esaµ izfl) f'k{kk 'kkL=kh tkWu
,Me us f'k{kk dks f}èkzqoh; izfØ;k ekuk gSA blesa f'k{kd ,oa Nk=k nksuksa gh
lfØ; gksrs gSAa vFkkZr~ f'k{kk dk vFkZ dsoy f'k{kd }kjk lfØ; jgdj fo|kFkhZ ds
efLr"d dks Kku ls Hkj nsA oju~ fo|kFkhZ }kjk lfØ; gksdj f'k{kk xzg.k djuk Hkh
mruk gh egÙoiw.kZ gSA
f'k{kk vkSj 'kSf{kd rduhdh % vFkZ rFkk ifjHkk"kk,¡ 7

¼3½ f'k{kkµlkekftd fodkl dh izfØ;k ds :i esaµ f'k{kk dk vfHkizk;

dsoy O;fDrxr fodkl ugha gSA euq"; lkekftd izk.kh gS] vkSj mls lekt esa
gh viuk thou O;rhr djuk iM+rk gSA vr% f'k{kk }kjk mldk lkekftd
fodkl fd;k tkuk vfr vko';d gSA og rHkh lEHko gS] tc mls mfpr izdkj
dh f'k{kk nh tk,A
¼4½ f'k{kkµ,d lrr~ izfØ;k ds :i esaµ okLro es]a ;g xfr'khy
izfØ;k gS] tks lnSo vkxs dh vksj c<+rh jgrh gS vkSj bl izdkj euq";ksa dks
thou esa izxfr djus ds fy, rS;kj djrh gSA euq";] f'k{kk }kjk gh vius thou
dks mÙke vkSj izxfr'khy cuk ldrk gSA
¼5½ f'k{kkµO;fDr dh tUetkr 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl djus okyh
izfØ;k ds :i esaµ vkèkqfud le; esa f'k{kk&euksfoKku esa bruh izxfr gqbZ gS
fd mlus f'k{kk ds izfr yksxksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dks fcYdqy cny fn;k gSA vc f'k{kk
dk vFkZ ;g ugha le>k tkrk gS fd ckyd ds efLr"d dks ckgjh Kku ls
Bwl
¡ &Bwl ¡ dj Hkj fn;k tk,A
blds izfrdwy f'k{kk dk vk'k; ;g gS fd og ckyd dh tUetkr
'kfDr;ksa dk lok±xh.k fodkl djds] mlds thou dks lQy cuk,A f'k{kk ds
bl igyw ij cy nsrs gq, ,fMlu (Addison) us fy[kk gS^µ ^f'k{kk og izfØ;k
gS] ftlds }kjk euq"; esa fufgr mu 'kfDr;ksa vkSj xq.kksa dk fnXn'kZu gksrk gS]
ftudk ,slk gksuk f'k{kk ds fcuk vlEHko gSA**
¼6½ f'k{kkµ,d f=kèkzqoh; izfØ;k ds :i esaµ jk;cuZ us f'k{kk dh ,d
f=kèkqqoz h; izfØ;k ekuk gSA muds vuqlkj blesa fo|kFkhZ] f'k{kd ,oa ikB~;Øe
rhu i{k gksrs gSAa f'k{kk rduhd ds fodkl ls iwoZ f'k{kk esa rhu i{k gh ekus
tkrs FksA
f'k{kk rduhd esa fodkl ds lkFk f'k{kk cgqèkzqoh; gks xbZA vFkkZr~ mijksDr
ds lkFk&lkFk vU; ?kVd Hkh f'k{kk izfØ;k ds vax gks x,A tSl'µs kSf{kd y{;]
mUgsa lh[kus&fl[kkus ds ifjfLFkfr;ks]a rduhfd;ks]a ewY;kadu fofèk;k¡ vkfnA
f'k{kk dh bl voèkkj.kk us fo|ky; rFkk f'k{kd ds ,dkfèkdkj dks
lekIr djus ij cy fn;k gSA blus fo|ky; ds vfrfjDr vU; vukSipkfjd
(Informal) rFkk fujkSipkfjd ;k vukSipkfjdsrj (Non-formal) lkèkuksa dks
f'k{kk iznku djus ds fy, Lohdkj fd;k gSA vkèkqfud lekt esa f'k{kk dks