ACT I Scene 1

(iv)

ACT I Scene 1
Act I
5 - 25 CONTEXT QUESTIONS
5
Scene 1 Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow:
13
Scene 2 1.
20 (i) Where are Antonio and his friends? What does Antonio say about' his
Scene 3
Act II
26 - 59 sadness?

26 Antonio and his friends are in a street in Venice. Antonio. says that his
Scene 1 ~ ! sadness makes him depressed and dull. He further says thatthJ is yet
Scene 2 29 to learn about the, origin and nature of his sadness.

Scene 3 36 ,pi) Give the meaning of:

f· t
38" - ~.
Scene 4 (a) whereof it is born " n,\.)Vv it originated.

Scene 5 40 (b) a want-wit sadness: a dull sadness.

Scene 6 44 (c) That I have much ado to know myself: That I have much difficulty in -
47 recognising myselt.
Scene 7
51 (iii) Whal reason does Salarino give as the probable cause of Antonio's
Scene 8
melancholy?
Scene 9 54
Salarino tells Antonio llidl he is sad because ·his mind is preoccupied
Act'III 60 - 85
with his ships filled with cargo, which are 'out· at' sea.
Scene 1 60
(iv) State in your own words the scene on the ocean as described by'.salar~nd(
Scene 2 65 when Antonio's ships were sailing.

Scene 3 77 Salarino compares Antonio's ships sailing on the waves with the 'great
79 lords and wealthy citizens, who lookdo~n on lesser men as they walk
Scene 4
along the street. He says that compared to smaller ships, Antonio's 'ships
Scene 5 83 move swiftly on the sea with their canvas sails and look like, grand:
86 - 102 spectacles or pageants of the sea. .'
Act IV
Scene 1 86 (v) The play begins in an atmosphere of melancholy. Why do you think
that Antonio is presented as a melancholic and passive character?
Scene 2 100
Antonio is presented as a melancholic andpassive character mainly for
Act V 103 - 110
three reasons. Firstly, by portraying Antonio as a whimsical person,
Scene 1 103
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THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK ACT I Scene 1 7

6

who is least bothered about the consequences of his actions, justifies. his (v) What light does the opening scene throw on the danger that the sea
could pose to ships?
signing the bond-agreement. Secondly, Antonio's melancholy creates a
tragic atmosphere suitable forthe play. Thirdly, Antonio's melancholy The opening scene describes the possible dangers that the sea could
creates a sense of mystery for the audience. pose- to ships such as strong winds, dangerous shallow waters, sand
banks and dangerous rocks.
2.
(i) Where would Salanio's attention be if he had business ventures abroad? 3.
Why would he be 'Plucking the grass'? What else would he be doing (i) Where does this scene take place? Name the people who are present
in that context? there. In what mood is Salarino in this scene?
If Salanio had bu_sinessventures abroad, his thoughts would be fixed on
This scene takes place in a street of Venice.Antonio, Salarino and Salarrio
the dangers to his ventures and methods of securing them. He would
be plucking th€:blades of grass and casting t~ep1.in the air to see which are present in the s~ep:e.Salarino is in a talkative .rreood and wants to
way the wirid blew, to see if it was blowing in a direction favourable know the reason fot Antonio's melancholy. He sa~s that he too would
to the course of his ships or not. Further, he. would look into maps for be feeling melancholic if his ships were sailing on the sea.
harbours, channels and open road-steads near to the shore where his (ii) What would the wWd cooling the broth remind Sal~rino of?
ships could anchor -in case of need.
It would remind Salarino of the stormy winds at sea and of the terrible
(ii) What would make Salanio fear some danger to his ventures? Give two
damages they might cause to the ships.
examples from the- opening scene to show how some objects remind
Salarino of the danger to the ships. (iii) Give the meaning of:
Every thought of Salanio would make him fearful of danger to his And see my wealthy Andrew dock'd in sand,
business ventures. Two examples which reminded Salarino of the Vailing her high-top lower than her ribs
danger to his 'ships were: (a) While cooling his soup by blowing on it, Ta kiss her burial. -
reminded him of the stormy winds at sea causing terrible damages to
his ships. (b) The sandy hour-glass reminded him of the richly laden Wealthy Andrew refers to a Spanish ship called Andrea captured by
vessels wrecked on the sandy shore. the British sailors _in 1596. It ran aground when it. was being brought
to England. Since then Andrew refers to a big cargo ship. In the above
(iii) Give the meaning of: lines Salarino imagines that his rich cargo ship is grounded in sand
(a) Plucking the grass to know where sits the wind. and her mast dipped down lower than her sides as if trying to kiss the
Plucking of grass and casting them in the air to see which way the sands that surround her.
wind blew. (iv) What is the 'sandy hour-glass'? What would it remind Salarino of?
(b) Peering in maps for ports, and piers, and roads. Sandy hour-glass is an apparatus used to indicate time. It would remind
Looking into maps for harbours, channels and even open road -steads Salarino of the dangers from hidden banks of sand at sea, on wihch a
near the shore. ship may run aground.
(iv) In spite of the danger to his ships, why is Antonio not worried about (v) What is referred to as 'wealthy Andrew'? Why is it so referred?
his financial security?
Salarino refers to his richly laden ship as wealthy Andrew. It is so referred
Despite danger to his ships, Antonio is not worried about his financial
because Salarino feels that like the Spanish ship Andrea captured by
security because his business is neither dependent on anyone ship nor
the British in 1596, his ship too is majestic and rich with cargo.
on any single location or commercial transactions of the current year.
 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
8 ACT I Scene
(vi) When Salarino would go to church what would he see? What would
the scene make him imagine?
When Salarino would go to the church he would see the holy building
made of stone. This scene would make him think of the perilous rocks of
the sea and imagine that a collision of his ship with these rocks would
be sufficient to break his vessel into .pieces and scatter on the sea all
her spices and silks.
4.
(i} . Who has just said that Antonio was in love? What was the reaction of
Antonio to that remark?
Salarino has just sajd\that Antonio was in love. Antonio calls the remark
as nonsense and completely denies that he is in love.
(ii) Antonio says that he-is not sad because of love. What explanation does
Salarino give in the extra ct for Antonio's sadness?
Salarino concludes that Antonio is sad because he is not happy. He
remarks that there are some curious creatures in the world. He swears
by Iunus, the two-headed Roman God that some people have merry
natures and are continuously laughing whether the things they see
are subject for mirth Of not. Again there are others with the sorrre-xt.
countenance who will not laugh at any thing though the gravest old
warrior Nestor himself confirms the joke as most amusing.
(iii) What is meant by the 'two-headed Janus'? Why is he referred to in the
extract?
Janus is a Roman god usually depicted with two heads looking in
opposite directions _:_.one. frowning and the other smiling. He had
received from god Saturn, the gift· to see both the past and the future.
He is referred to in: the extract to show that there are two types of
people _. one happy and the other sad.
(iv) Describe in your own words the two types of strange fellows who .have
been framed by nature.
Nature has two types of people. The first type of people have happy
natures and of-tenlaugh even if the subject of laughter is too trivial. The
second type of people are those with serious and grave faces, who do
not laugh even at the most amusing jokes.
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1 9
(v) Who is Nestor? Why is he referred to in the extract?
Nestor was the King of Pylas. He was one of the greatest generals in the
Trojan War. He was famous for his wisdom, justice, knowledge of war
and profound gravity. If he laughed, it meant the joke was really funny.
He is referred to in the .extract to describe the sad and grave· people.
(vi) Give the meaning of:
(a) And other of such vinegar aspect
The second type of people who are grav~ and serious ..
(b) Though Nestor swear the jest be laughable.
. Even if the wise and,.g1ave Nestor certify the joke as funny.
(vii) Why are a class of people compared to parrots?
A class of. people are compared to parrots because they laugh even at
a bag-piper as foolishly as 'a parrot laughs at anything.. <
(viii)Who comes at the end of Salarino's speech? Why does Salarino leave
then?
At the end ot Salarinos speech, Bassanio, Gratiano and Lorenzo come.
Salarino leaves Antonio then because Antonio's friends, Bassanio, Gratiano
and Lorenzo have come to give him company.
5.
(i) Why is a young man compared to 'his grandsire cut in alabaster'? Under
what condition is he likely to be infected with jaundice?
Gratiano gives the example of a warm-blooded young man who represses
spirits and forces himself to stillness till he looks like the marble image of
his grandfather. He does so to advise Antonio not to remain in melancholy.
He is likely to be infected with jaundice due to his bad temper.
(ii) Give the meaning of:
(a) Do cream and mantle like a standing pond:
Some men overcast their faces with a pale expression as unchanging
as the cream that forms on the surface of milk and as the scum that
forms on the surface of a stagnant pool.
(b) doa wilful stillness entertain:
maintain an obstinate silence not to disturb the solemnity of their
faces.

10 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
(iii) What is said in the extract about the people who try to earn a reputation
for wisdom?
In the extract, Gratiano speaks about people who try to obtain a
reputation for wisdom, seriousness and deep thought by remaining
silent. Such people mean to say that they speak with the authority of
the Greek Oracle and they alone are infallible in their utterances. When
they speak, other should keep quiet.
(iv) What is meant by 'I am Sir Oracle' and 'let no dog bark'?
'I am Sir Oracle' means 'I speak with the,authority of the 'Greek Oracle'.
The Gre~k fOracles made known the w ill of Gods and were received by
all withJui:' questions. '<-
'Let no dog bark' means 'let no one spea!<'.It refers to the attitude of
those. wise' men who consider themselves as the fountain of wisdom
and want that when they speak, others should remain silent.
(v) What advice does Gratiano give to Antonio at the end of his speech?
At the end of his speech. Gratiano advises Antonio not to be one of those
who try to gain a reputation for wisdom by being silent. He further
tells Antonio not to use melancholy as a bait to win the, reputation of
wisdom and cheap popularity, which is like a worthless cheap fish, a
gudgeon.
6.
(i) VVhereare Bassanio and Antonio? What has Antonio said earlier in reply
to which Bassanio spea ks these words?
Bassanio an.dAntonio are in a street in Venice.Prior to this extract, Antonio
asks· Bassanio. to tell him about his plans. He adds, that if Bassanio's
plan is, as honourable as he is, he then promises him everything that
he has-- money, influence, personal help and utmost resources.
(ii) Explain the following:
Or bring your latter hazard back again,
And thankfully rest debtor for the first.
The' above 'lines'-mean that at any rate Bassanio could pay the second
loan and remain his grateful debtor for the first.
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ACT I Scene 1 11
(iii) What confession has Bassanio made to Antonio earlier about his financial
position? How can you conclude that Bassanio is a spendthrift?
Earlier, Bassanio confesses to Antonio that he has spent his wealth by
having a more lordly way of living than his moderate income allowed
him. Therefore, he has incurred heavy debts because of his youth and
extravagance. This proves that Bassanio is a spendthrift. "~
(iv) \tVhatexperience of his school days does Bassanio relate to justify his
plan for repaying the loan?
Bassanio says that, when he was a boy at school and he lost one of
his arrows while shooting, he would shoot another arrow in the same
direction. Thus, k:>i risking the second, he often regained both the arrows.
(v) How does Bassanio propose to pay back his previous loan as well as
the present loan?
!
Bassanio proposes to pay back his previous loan as well as the present
loan by carefully managing the expenditure of his second loan amount,
7.
(i) What is meant by, 'fair speechless messages' and 'nothing undervalued'?
'Fair speechless messages' mean glances which are silent messages of love..
Bassaniowants to say that sometimes he received from Portia's eyes lovely
silent messages. The words 'nothing undervalued' mean not less precious.
Bassanio says that his Portia is no less precious than Cato's daughter.
(ii) Who are Cato and Brutus? Why are they referred to here?
Cato, the father of Brutus' wife Portia, was the great-grandson of the
famous Cato, the Censor. In the Civil War between Pompey and Caesar
he supported Pompey and was defeated by Caesar. Brutus, husband of
Portia, was the chief of the conspirators against Caesar and caused his
assassination; They are referred to show that Portia of Belmont is as
precious and great as Cato's daughter, Portia.
(iii) What evidence is there in the passage to show that Portia's fame had
spread throughout the world?
The passage says that Portia's fame had spread throughout the world
as suitors from every part of the world come to Belmont to win her
hand in marriage. .
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THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK 13
12 ACT I Scene 2

(iv) E~plain in your own words the meaning and significance of the 'golden (b) To have it of my trust or for my sake.
fleece' whichJason sought in Colchos.
Either on the security of my name or from feelings of personal
Jason was a' Greek hero, who was sent by Pelias, his uncle who had friendship.
usurped the throne, to fetch the golden fleece from Colchos. In Greek
(v) In the opening scene, the theme of romance and love is introduced.
mythology, golden fleece is referred to as the fleece,of the winged ram
How is this scene linked to the Bond story?
Chrysomallos. It was kept at an oak tree in a grove sacred to god Ares
and guarded by a dragon in Colchos. Bassanio compares Portia to the In the opening scene, Bassanio comes to Antonio to borrow money so
golden fleece and himself in his quest for.Portia, to Jason on his voyage that he can go to Belmont to win his lady love. But Antonio confesses
to fetch the golden fleece. Herefers to other suitors as Jasons. that he has no ready cash and instructs Bassanio to borrow money from
a merchant dgainsl his security or name. Thus, Shakespeare links the
(v) Describe briefly the first impression the audience have of Portia in the
first scene t~ the Bond story which involves the loan from Shylock.
opening scene. "" .
(vi) Compare briefly the character of Antonio with that of Bass~nio in the
Bassanio's descripti~n of Portia in the opening sce~e reveals that she is
opening scene.
a paragon among women She is rich and beautiful, with golden hair.
She has wonderfultmental qualities and is virtuous as well. Her fame Antonio is introduced in rth~ scene as' a rich merchant rr.r~ing many
has attracted suitors from all over the world. She is in no way inferior shipping ventures at sea. He is in a state of melancholy and not interested
to her namesake, Catos daughter and Brutus' wife. in love. Loyalty and generosity towards Bassanio are the major traits of
his character. Compared to Antonio, Bassanio is shown as a spendthrift
8.
young gallant, who lives a life of luxury beyond his means. He seems to
(i) Why is Antonio unable to help Bassanio at once? LiJke undue advantage of Antonio's generosity. Unlike Antonio, he is a

Antonio. is unable t(~help I3assanio at once since he has no money in romantic mall, whu warus Lu J.uCtfl'y Portla, a rich and beautitul heiress
hand as all his business vent u res are at sea. Iroru Belmont.

(ii) 'To raise a present sum'. How much was this sum? Why was it
required urgently?
The sum was three thousand ducats. It was required urgently for Bassanio ACT I Scene 2
to go to Belmont and present himself before Portia as a worthy suitor.
(iii) What does Antonio instruct Bassanio to do in this regard? CONTEXT QUESTIONS
Antonio instructs Bassanio to find out.a merchant who is ready to give
Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow:
him money' against his name.
1.
(iv) Give the meaning of:
(i) What has Portia just said in response to which Nerissa speaks these
(a) That shall be rack'd, even to the uttermost. words?
The credit shall be stretched to the utrnost limit. Antonio says that Portia has just said that she can neither choose the one she likes nor
he is ready to stretch the credit as far as to equip' Bassanio to go to refuse the one she dislikes because the choice' of her husband depends
Belmont to woo Portia. on the lottery of caskets devised according to her late father's will.
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14 THE MERCHANT
(ii) Describe the .lottery referred to in the extract.
The lottery refers to the choice of the right casket containing Portia's
portrait from among the. three caskets of gold, silver and Iead: The
suitor who w'ill make the right choice as per the will of Portia's father.
will win her in marriage.
(iii) Givethe reactions of Portia as well as of Nerissa to the lottery.
.Initially, Portia appears to be anxious over the prospect of choosing her
husband 'through a lottery devised according to her father's will. She
feels sad as she can neither choose the one she likes nor refuse the one
she dislike as ,a her husband. But later onshe accepts her father's will.
She says that ·she.would remain a virgin }fkeDiana unless she is won
in marriage by some suitor fulfilling the conditions of her father's will.
Nerissa's reaction to the lottery was positive. She calls Portia's father
pious and 'asserts that good men :do have inspirations. at the time of
death. She consoles Portia by saying that she will be chosen correctly
by a person whom she truly loves.
(iv) Give the meaning of "never be chosen by any rightly, but one who you
shall rightly love."
These lines mean that Portia will be chosen correctly by a person whom
she truly loves.
(v) Portia is melancholic iri .the beginning of the scene as it was the case
with Antonio in the previous scene. What is the difference between
Antonio's melancholy and that of Portia?
Portia's melancholy is the result of her anxiety over the prospect of her
futu re husband while the cause of Antonio's melancholy "isunknown.
(vi) How does this scene show a mood of melancholy,
The scene shows a mood of melancholy, anxiety and suspense. The
mood of melancholy and anxiety is due to the prospect of Por+ias
future husband to be decided by the lottery designed according to her
deceased father's will. This also creates an atmosphere of suspense.
TIle conversation between Nerissa and Portia, Portia' s cornmerits on the
suitors and Nerissa's reference to Bassanio as 'the best deserving-a fair
lady' increase the elements of anxiety and suspense in the scene.
2.
(i) Where are Portia and Nerissa? What are they generally discussing about?
In what mood is Portia in the scene?
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OF VENICE - HANDBOOK ACT I Scene 2 15
Portia and Nerissa are in a room in Portia's house at Belmont. They are
discussing the lottery of caskets and about the suitors who have already
come to try their luck. In this scene, Portia is in a mood of melancholy
and anxiety.
(ii) Who is the County Palatine? Why has he come to Belmont?
County Palatine was the Count from Palatinate, the region on the west
bank of the Rhine in Germany. He was a powerful lord who came to
Belmont to win Portia's hand.
(iii) Who is the first prince described by Portia? What does she say about
him?
The first prince tJ.e:scribed·by Portia is the Neapolitan prince from
Naples, Italy. Portia describes him as a dashing youngster and as wild
as a young horse. He does nothing but talks of his horse. He further
considers his ability to shoe a horse himself as al great accorrrplishment.
(iv) Who is the weeping philosopher? In which context is he referred to in
the extract?
The weeping philosopher refers to Heraclitus of Esphesus. He was a
Greek philosopher who lamented the stupidity and folly of mankind and
wept at everything in the world. Portia refers to him to describe County
Palatine. She feels that since County Palatine is unusually gloomy in
his young age, he will become a sad philosopher like Heraclitus when
he grows old.
(v) Give the meaning of:
(a) An you. will not have me, choose
anxiety and suspense? If you do not want me, choose anyone you wish
(b) a death's-head with a bone in his mouth
'a skull with a bone in its mouth'. The emblem of a skull with two
bones crossed underneath was usually known as "death's head".
(vi) Give a character-sketch of the County Palatine.
County Palatine is described as a gloomy and self-conceited person.
He is always frowning as if to say that if Portia will not marry him,
she may choose someone else. He is morose and sullen that even jovial
stories don't make him laugh. He has an abrupt manner of speech and
may become a sad philosopher like Heraclitus when he grows old.
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THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK ACT I Scene 2 17

3. 4.

(i) What has Portia said earlier about Neapolitan prince and his horse? (i) How is the young baron's external appearance described in the passage?
Which characteristic is common between Monsieur Le Bon and the What light does it throw on the national pattern of clothes of Englishmen?
Count Palatine? The baron's external' appearance is described as odd and. strange. He is
Earlier Portia described the Neapolitan prince as wild as a young horse oddly dressed and very odd in behaviour too. He wears an Italian jacket
and so attached to his horse that he always spoke about the horse only. and breeches in the Fr~nch fashion. He seems to have' got his hat from
The Count Palatine and Le Bon share the common characteristic of Germany and his manners from everywhere. Englishmen of Shakespeare's
frowning. days had fondness for the manners and clothes of foreigners.
(ii) Give the meaning of: (i i) What shows that the English lord has poor knowledge of the European
(a) he is every ma1~ in no man: He has every man's characteristics but no languages? Why does Portia find it difficult to interact with him?
personality ·bf' his own. : Portia's statement that the Englishman did not know {Latin,French or
(b) he falls straight a-capering: He starts to jump about. Monsieur Le Bon is Italian shows that he had very poor knowledge of European Languages.
so fickle-rnVuled that if hears a thrush sing, he starts to jump about. Portia found it difficult to converse with him as he did not know Latin,
French or Italian and IP6rtia's knowledge of English twAs very poor.
(iii) How does the French lord react to the singing uf a tluush?
(iii) Give the meaning of:
When he hears the singing of a thrush, the French Lord starts jumping
immediatel y. (a) He is a proper man's picture: He is handsome and fine-looking.
(iv) What would happen: (b) How oddly he is suitedl: He is dressed very Slla.H~dy.
(a) if Portia were to lIlarry the: Count? (i v ) \-Vl-I."!I 1'<; n->fpl'l·pd to as "a dumb show'? Why it: thp. haroJl said to be a
It would be as if she were married to twenty husbands as he is 'dumb-show' ?
never one man but twenty men by turns. The word dumb-show refers to a play in which all characters act without
(b) if he were to despise Portia? speaking, that is by gestures. A pantomime is a dumb-show. Here it
means that the Englishman is unable to speak foreign languages and
If he were to despise Portia, Portia would not be in the least angry
had to converse by means of signs as in a dumb-show.
and would forgive him.
(v) Give a brief description of the Scottish Lord.
(c) if he were to love Portia passionately?
Portia could never return his love since she could never possibly The Scottish Lord is not impressive. Portia speaks about his cowardice
love twenty husbands. in a sarcastic way by calling him kind-hearted as he did not return the
Englishman's blow immediately.
(v) Give any three negative qualities of the French lord, as described by
Portia. (vi) What type of contemporary relationship among England, Scotland and
France is reflected in the description of the Scottish Lord?
Portia says that the French Lord is more attached' to his horse than the
Neapolitan Prince and excels Count Palatine in frowning. If he hears a The description of the Sottish Lord is a reference to the frequent alliances
thrush singing, he starts jumping immediately. Further, if he does not between the Scots and the French 'against England when Scotland was
have anybody to fence with, he will take his own shadow as adversary. at war with England.
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18 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
ACT I Scene 2 19

5.
(ii) Who is Sibylla and who is Diana? Why are they referred to in the context?
(i) How does the young German behave when he is sober and when he
In Ovid's metamorphoses, Sibyl was a prophetess. She was granted a
is drunk? If. the worse happens to Portia which would compel her to
wish by goddess Apollo that she would live for as many years as the
marry him, what would she do?
grains of sand she held in her hand. She was the ageless old woman.
When sober, the young German is less than a man in behaviour and
Diana was the goddess of moon and hunting. She is known as the virgin
whendrunk he is no better than a beast. If the worse happens to Portia,
goddess. They are referred to here to explain Portia's resolve to remain
she will manage to do without him.
a virgin like Diana even if she lives to be as old as Sibyl of Cumae
(ii) Givethe meaning of: unless she is won in marriage by some suitor in the lottery of caskets.
(a) when he is worst, he is little better than-a beast: (iii) What does Nerissa say to introduce Bassanio? What were the feelings
of Portia for Bassanio in this scene?
When he is drunk, he is no better than a beast.
To introduce Bassanio, Nerissa recalls the visit ofa young Venetian along
(b) set a deep glass of Rhenish wine on the cbntrary casket-
with the Marquis of Montferrat, when Portia's father was alive. He was a
Place a tall goblet of Rhenish wine on the wrong casket. scholar and a soldier. In this scene, Portia's feelings for Bassanio are quite
_,: :t

positive. She recalls his name and tells Nerissa thathe fully deserves her
(iii) What'planldoes Portia make to prevent the young German from choosing ,
praise. Her simple reply shows that she is already in love with Bassanio.
the right casket?
(iv) In what sense can we say that the opening of the first two scenes of
To prevent the young German from choosing the right casket, Portia
Act I give the plots of the -play?
instructed Nerissa to place a tall goblet of Rhenish wine on the wrong
casket. Portia was sure that the German suitor will not be able to resist The opening of the first two scenes of Act I gives the plots of the play.
the temptation of his national drink even if the picture of the devil The two main plots of the play are the bond-story and the casket-story-
himself was within. The bond-story is initiated in Scene 1 while the casket-story is initiated
in Scene 2 of Act I.
(iv) Why is the young German referred to as a sponge'?I

(v) Name the six suitors given in this scerie. Give two characteristics of
A sponge constantly absorbs water. Similarly, a drunkard, who constantly
each suitor described by Portia.
takes liquor is' called a.tsponge'. Since the young German is a drunkard,
Portia calls h.im a 'sponge'. The six suitors given in, this scene are:
(v) After Portia's speech; what does Nerissa say to console her about the (i) The Neapolitan Prince from Naples, Italy, was a dashing youngster,
suitors? as wild as a horse. He always talked about his horse.
Nerissa tells Portia to set aside her fears concerning the suitors. She says (ii) The County Palatine was always frowning and unusually gloomy.
that they have informed her of their decision to go back home and not (iii) Monsieur Le Bon from France, had the characteristic of every man
to press their courtship further unless Portia's father's decree concerning
and had no personality of his own.
the caskets can be set aside and they may woo her in an ordinary way_
(iv) Mr. Falconbridge from England, though handsome was strangely and
6.
unmannerly dressed and did not know Latin,. French or. Italian.
(i) What was Portia'sfc~.ther'swill as far as Portia's marriage was concerned? (v) The Scottish Lord, was a coward and did not repay the Englishman
Portia's father's will was tha~her marriage will be decided by the lottery who gave him a blow.
of the three caskets. The sui or, who chooses the right casket containing (vi) The Duke of Saxony was a drunkard. He in his sober moments"
Portia's picture will be her usband. . behaved less than a man and when drunk no better than a beast-
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ACT I Scene 3 21
20 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK

journey to Tripolis, another is bound for the Indies, a third is voyaging

ACT I Scene 3 to Mexico, fourth to England and others to various other distant places.
He is so overconfident of his riches that he agrees to an unreasonable
and dangerous bond.

2.
CO~TEXT QUESTIONS
'(i) What is meant by 'a fawning publican'? Give three reasons why Shylock
Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow: hates Antonio.
1. Publicans were tax collectors for the Romans and were generally
(i) Give the conditions to which Antonio is bound. How wise was Antonio oppressive. They were hated by the Jews because they were agents of
to bind himself to such conditions'? Romp, who collected taxes also from the Jews. Pubfir-an is a rian rral
term of contempt and loathing in the mouth of a Jew. Shylock hates
Antonio -is bound to 4 Hol1.daccording to which if he fails to repay the Antononio because he is at-Christian,lends money without interest and
amount in due time, Shylock will be entitled to take an exact pound of hurls abuses on him.
flesh from any part of ~ntonio' s body that hf' may wish. It was very
(ii) Give the meaning of:
unwise of Antonio to misjudge Shylock's intentions and sign such a
fatal bond. (a) loui simplicitu: rhiloish foolishness

(ii) Give the meaning of: (b) gratis: free of interest.

May you stead _me? 'will you pleasure me?
Can -you help me and will you do -me this favour?
(iii) Shylock says that Antonio is a good rn ari. Whrtt cJOf'S
with the connotation 'good'?
When Shylock says the above words, he means that Antonio is a reliable
'man, whose surety is _sufficient. to give a loan.
(iv) Enumerate the possible threats to Antonio's business ventures as srare-d
by Shylock, after the above extract.
Shylock enumerates -the possible dangers to Antonio's merchandise
ships -being only planks of wood- ar~ apt to be broken; the mariners
being merely human beings, areIiable to be drowned; there are pirates
on the waters; and there-are all the dangers of the ocean from the gales,
tempests and dangerous rocks.
(v) How can it be proved that Antonio is a prudent businessman but he is
overconfident? .
Antonio can be considered as a prudent businessman as his wealth
is distributed over the whole world. One of Antonio's ship is on its
(c) rate of usance: rate of interest.
(iii) Write the meaning of the following in your own words:
Shylock mean ~f I· can catch him once upon the hip,
I will fl!ed [at the ancient grudge I bear him.
The above words mean that if Shylock could get hold of Antonio at a
disadvantage or in 'a weak spot, he will satisfy fully the long-standing
hatred he has against him. .
(iv) What old grudge does Shylock have against Antonio?
Shylockhad a long-standing grudge against Antonio becauseAntonio was
a Christian and looked upon the holy Jewish race with contempt. He. used
to lend money without interest and thus, bring down the rate of interest.
He even spat on Shylock, kicked him and called him a 'cut-throat dog'.
(v) What does the 'sacred nation' refer to? What insults has Antonio heaped
upon Shylock?
'The Sacred Nation' is a reference to the holy Jewishrace. Antonio insults
Shylock for his business deals and for earning profit by lending money
on interest.
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22 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
~(vi) , How does Shylock plan to get the money immediately? What light does
this extract throw on Shylock's character?
Shylock plans to get ~oney immediately from a wealthy fellow-Jew
Tubal. It shows,' that Shylock wants to execute, the bond as soon as
possible and use the chance.to take his revenge on Antonio.
3.
(i) What topic is referred to in the extract? Who were Jacob and Abraham?
The topic referred to in the extract is lending money for interest. Jacob
was the second son of Issac who became the third successor to Abraham.
Ab!ar.am was the founder of the Hebrew nation and Jacobs' gtandfat:her.
(ii) Gi~e the story of Jacob who got I{is'share as his payment' from Laban.
Laban was Jacob's uncle, Jacob and, Laban entered into an agreement
that Jacob would receive as his wages the lambs which were born ~ith
spots or stripes. During the breeding season, Jacob arranged the wadden
rods in such a way that the shadows of the rods should fall on the
sheep. Consequently, most of the lambs were born spotted or stripped,
and thus, they became Jacob's property.
(iii) What is the difference between taking interest and receiving payment
for one's labour?
Taking interest means to charge specific amounts on the money given as
loan for a specified period. Receiving payment, for one's labour means
to take remuneration 'for one's service rendered. This is legitimate while
taking interest is not in order.
(iv) What role did Jacob's wise mother play to make him the third possessor?
Esau and [acob rwere Issac's sons. Issac wanted to bless his elder son
Esau but would do so after he brought him some savoury meat. Jacob's
mother Rebecca overheard this conversation. She wanted to get this
blessing for Jacob. She told Jacob to fetch two goats to make a savoury
dish; Rebecca then asked Jacob to go to his blind father with the savoury
meat. In this way, [acob, through the crafty assistance of his mother,
got the blessing of his father.
(v) How does Antonio interpret Jacob's success after this extract?
After this extract,Antonio tells Shylock that it was purely a matter of
chance in Jacob's case. He had no control over it himself, but providence
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ACT I Scene 3
23
guided' and govemed the event. It was not a matter in the hands of
men, like the taking of interest.
4.
(i) What is meant by 'shall we be beholding to you'? What is Rialto?
'Shall we be beholding to you' - this statement was made by Antonio
and he wants to say to Shylock, "Are you going to lend us money?"
Rialto was the Venetian Stock Exchange where the merchants met for
the transaction of business.
(ii) Give som~ examples to show that Shylock was ill-treated by Antonio.
How dip Shylock react to Antonio's insutts?
Shylock speaks of his ill-treatment at the hands of Antonio. He says that
Antonio had spat upon his Jewish robe ill contempt and called him an
unbeliever and a cur. He had also spatlupon his beard. On another day
he had pushed him aside with his foot as if he were a stray dog being
kicked out of.his house. Shylock reacted to Antonio's insults patiently.
(iii) Why did Shylock bear Antonio's insults patiently?
Shylock bore Antonio's insults patiently since, as a shrewd Jew, he was
waiting for an opportune time to take revenge on Antonio. Earlier, in
the scene Shylock admits that patience is the badge of his race.
(iv) Give the causes, financial and racial, for Shylock's hatred for Antonio.
Financially Antonio' is a threat to Shylock's money-lending business
because he lends money without charging interest and thus brings
down the rate of interest charged by money-lenders. Besides, he hates
Antonio since he is a Christian, who despises the Jewish race.
(v) What is the need for Antonio to borrow money 'from his enemy?
Antonio needs toborrow money from his enemy Shylock to give it to
Bassanio, his friend so that he can go to Belmont to woo the rich ,lady
Portia.
(vi) Which trait of Shylo~k's character emerges in this scene?
In this scene, Shylock is presented .as shrewd, cunning and crafty.
However, the most evident trait of his character is that of revenge - to
take revenge on Antonio for all the insults heaped on him by Antonio.
He is eager to execute the bond-document for this purpose.
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ACT I Scene 3 25
24 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
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6.
5.
(i) Who is a notary? Whom does Shylock want to take to the notary? Why?
(i) What were the "sharries' which stained Shylock?
A notary is a Lawyer who has the authority to execute official and legal
Shylock is referring to the insults hurled on him by Antonio such as
dealings and agreements, Shylock wants to take Antonio. to the notary
speaking abusively of him and his money-lending, spitting on him,
to sign the bond document which stipulates that' the forfeit to be. paid
kicking him, calling him a dog and ridiculing the Jews.
will be a pound of flesh from any part of Antonio's body.
(ii) What is meant by "the present wants'? On what terms is the speaker
(ii) Give the meaning of:
willing to' supply the wants?
. (a) single bond: agreement in which Antonio will be the only signatory .
"The present wants' refer to the immediate need of Antonio - three
thousand ducats to provide for Bassanio's trip to Belmont to woo Portia. (b) merry sport: for a pleasant joke.
The speaker is ready. to supply the wants provided Antonio signs a
(iii) What does Bassanio say to prevent Antonio from signing the bond?
bond, according to '~;w:hichif Antonio is unable tOrpay him the money + .3 . ~ f
on the specified date" the penalty to be paid will be an exact pound of Bassanio tells Antonio that he will not have him make such an agreement
flesh from any part of Antonio's body. on his account. He adds that he would rather remain as poor as he is
now and do without his 'wants supplied at such a price:
(iii) How does Antonio' storm Shylock? Why was Shylock willing to lend f f

money without interest?
Antonio storms Shylock by saying that in future too he is likely to abuse
and disgrace him and that he should lend the money as to an enemy
rather than a friend. He challenges him to exact the penalty if he fails
to repay on time. Shylock is willing to lend the m.oney without interest
because he wants to' trap Antonio in a fatal bond and take his revenge.
(iv) vvhat did the speaker plUpuSe to do irnrned iatcly after this?
(iv) Why IS Antonio confident that there is nu danger ill Sigllillg, LIte bond?
What aspect of Antonio's character is shown in this incident?
Antonio is confident that there is no danger in signing the bond because
he is confident that one month before the date of payment, his ships
will have brought nine times the amount they are borrowing and
they will not have to pay the penalty. This incident shows Antonio's
overconfidence and generosity towards Bassanio.

Immediately after this, the speaker proposes to Antonio to accompany (v) Why does Shylock insist on a pound of Antonio's flesh in the bond?
him to a lawyerand execute a bond with his signature wherein the forfeit Which aspect of his character is shown in his absurd demand?
to be paid will be an exact pound of flesh from any part of Antonio's Shylock insists on a pound of Antonio's flesh to take revenge on' him
body. and to put him completely at his mercy. Shylock's hatred for Antonio
(v) What is meant by Shylock when he says, "This is"kind I offer?" and Christians is shown in his absurd demand. Taking advantage of
the s'itu a tion, he wants to take revenge on Antonio and all Christians,
'This is kind I offer )'011' rnearis this is the kindness that I offer you.
who 1'1':'1:"51"111 tpd him and his race.
This refers to his lending at money Without charging any lIllel'esL on it.
(vi) Who is the third person, present at the scene? Why is he reluctant to
agree to Shylock's terms?
The third person present at the scene is Bassanio. He is reluctant to
agree to Shylock's terms because he did not trust the kind words uttered
by Shylock. He tells Antonio that he will not have him make such an
agreement-on his account. He would rather remain as poor as he is
now and do without his wants supplied at such a price.

THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
ACT II Scene 1
CONTEXT ·QUESTIONS
, .ead the extracts given' below and answer the questions that follow:
(i) Where does this scene take place? Who are present in the scene? What
explanation does Morocco give for his dark complexion?
This scene takes place in a room il} Portia's .house at Belmont. Pepple
present are: Prince. of Morocco aridHis attendants, Portia, Nerrssaurid
her attendants. Morocco says that he got his dark colour because of the
fierce sun. He was born and brought irp in a country where the surris
ver) dose to the earth. . ,
ii) What qualities does a creature born in north have? Why?
Peopleborn in north are fair-skinned. This is because the sun's rays 'are
so faint in the north that they are hardly able to melt the frost, snow
and icicles.
~o is Phoebus and what is meant by Phoebus' fire? What test does
the speaker propose, to prove 'whose blood is reddest'?
Phoebus in Greekmythology is one of the namesof the Sun God, Apollo.
"Phoebus' .fire" means the rays. of the sun. Morocco proposes that he
should be .matched with any fair-skinned man born in the north. They
should open their veins to see whose blood is .redder. Red blood "vas
considered to' be a sign of courage.
- :iv) What effect does the physical appearance of Morocco have on the brave
men and the .prettiest women of his country?
Morocco's physical appearance frightened the brave men whereas the
prettiest women admired and loved it.
:'VAwhat condition is the ~eakerprepared to change his darkcomplexion? '
f-·CWLD c_.vO
The speaker is prepared to change his dark complexion only to win
over Portia's favour.
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ACT II Scene 1 27
~idea do you get about the character of the Prince of Morocco from
the extract? .
From the extract we know that the Prince of Morocco is a 'warrior and
self-assured man. He has a large imposing physical app~arance and is
proud, of his dark complexion. He is an egoist who thinks that he, is
better than other people. He boasts of his red blood and the admiration
and affection he enjoysin his land from the nobles and best of maidens.
2.
. (i) Wha~he lottery of Portia's destiny? How does it prevent her from
~ight of voluntary choosing?
Lottery hf Portia's destiny refers' to~tli.e lottery devised accordingf to
her deceased father's will. According to the lottery, each suitor has to
choose (rom amongst the three caskets pf gold, silver and lead the one
containing Portia's portrait. The suitor who will make the' correct choice
will win Portia's hand in marriage. The lottery of caskets designed by
her father, thus prevents Portia from exercising her freedom of choice.
The suitor, who will make the right choice will win her as wife.
(ii) Give the meaning of:
But if my father had not scanted me,
And hedged me by his wit, to yield myself
His wife who wins me by that means I told you,
These lines mean: "If I had not been limited and restricted by my father's
wisdom and obliged to accept for a husband the one who will succeed
in winning me by the means I have told you."
(iii) Ho~udent was Portia's father to have arranged her marriage through
-----arotter),? Give a reason for your answer.. .
Portia's father was prudent to have arranged for her marriage through
a lottery. We see that at the end the wisdom of her father prevails and
she is won as wife by Bassanio whom she loves and admires.
(iv) Give the brief character sketch of the Prince of Morocco in this scene.
From the extract we know that the Prince of Morocco is a warrior and
self-assured man. He has.a large imposing physical appearance and is
proud of his dark complexion. He is an egoist who thinks that he is better
than other people. He boasts of his red blood and the admiration and
affection he enjoys in his land from the nobles and best of maidens. He
 ACT II Scene 2
28 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
admits that the lottery of the caskets has no consideration for heroism and
can be won by anyone. even an undeserving candidate. He harps on'the
idea of chance - choice, lottery, destiny, chosing, fortune and hazards. I~at
~ agree with Portia's statement that the Prince of Morocco stands as
fair a chance as the other suitors? Give a reason to justify your opinion.
Portia does not really mean that Morocco had a good chance of winning her "
love, because in Act I,5cene 2 she holds her former suitors in contempt. She
thinks the same of Morocco because he is boastful. Portia treats him with
perfect courtesy and tact and speaks as if she holds him in high esteem. ..~oes
3.
(i) Whal id;meant by a 'scimitar'? What conquests did Morocco make by
11sine his scimitar? !:
"Scimitar" means sword. By using his sword, Morocco had slam the
Emperor of Persia and a Persian Prince, who had defeated Sultan -i
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to choose the right casket, the outcome depends only on chance as in
a game of dice.
final instruction does Portia give to Morocco before he is led to -
make the choice? .
Before he is led to make' the choice, Portia tells Morocco that he must take
a chance. He must either leave the matter altogether and not make the
attempt or swear in the Chapel before choosing, that if he makes the wrong
choice, he will never again speak to any lady on the subject of marriage.
Portia ask Morocco to go to the ,temple before he makes the
choice of the casket? -
Befo,p:>he makes the choice of the Casket, Portia asks Morocco to go to
the temp lETtp swear an oath that if he makes the wrong clioi ce, he will
never agdlil'speuk to any Indy on the snpj¢ct of marriage.

Solyman of Turkey thrice.

: (ii)/Sf~wo
I

of the brave deeds Morocco is prepared t6 carry out in order

tACT II Scene 2
,-,/ to win Portia.
The brave deeds Morocco is prepared to perform in order to win Portia are: CONTEXT QUESTIONS
(i) to challenge the most brave warrior on earth.
Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow:
(ii) snatch away the young sucking cubs from the mother bear and dare 1.
her wrath.
(i) Who is Launcelot Gobbo? What inner struggle is going on in his
. ~~~~o are Hercules,and Lichas? What could happen if they were to play conscience? What does his struggle show about the contemporary
a game of dice? In what way is this exa.mple applicable to Morocco? Christian practice? .
In Greek mythology, Hercules was renowned for his manliness, strength
L~unc.elot Gobbo is Shylock's servant. An inner struggle is going on in
and exploits. Lichas was his servant. According to the legend, once
hIS mirid between his conscience advising him to be a faithful servant
Hercules and Lichas were playing a game of dice. By chance, the winning
and. the ~evil tempting him to leave Shylock's service and take up
throw came from Lichas. This_example is applicable to Morocco since
serv.lc~WIth Ba~samo. Launc~lot's ~nner struggle shows the contemporary
his fame, wealth and achievements _are of no help to him to win Portia.
Christian practice of strugghng WIth the temptation to yield to it or not.
He is forced to take his chance against any inferior rival.
(iv) Why is the fortune said to be blind? What does Morocco fear since the
",.. (~~L-Why---&~esLauncelot want to run away from the Jew? What does his
..- conscience advise him to do?
blind fortune is leading him to choose the casket?
~auncelot want~ ~o run away from the Jew because his master, Shylock
The goddess fortune is usually represented blindfolded. Fortune is said
7

IS.the very devil m human form. According to Launcelot, Shylock is a

to be blind due to the unaccountable variations 'in her dispensation of
miserly man under whose service he remains famished. Besides, he fears
favours to mankind. He fears that as the blind fortune is leading him
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3CJ THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK ACT II Scene 2

that he would becomeaIew if he served Shylock any longer. Initially, means 'my father who begot rne". Old Gobbo cannot recognise his son
his _conscience tells him not to run away from Shylock's household as he is more than half-blind.
and to be care~l. However, __ when the devil persuades him to flee, his
(ii) Why is old Gobbo looking for the way to Master Jew's house? How
conscience tells him .that as he is the child of a good father or at least·
does Launcelot confuse the old man while giving directions to him to .
a good mother and so, he should stay where he is and not move.
reach the Jew's house?
(iii) Launcelot's speech providessome comic relief in the play. Why was such
a relief needed .in the context of the play? [Hint: What was happening Old Gobbo is looking for the way to the jew's house to go there to find
in the previous scene?] out if his son -Launcelot, who was working as a servant in Shylock's
household is snllthere. Launcelot confuses Gobbo by giving him wrong
In-this scene Launcelot provides some comic relief in- the play. .In the
context of the play such a relief was needed because the previous scene directions to Shylock's house.
related to the bond story, depicted a serious mood where Antonio agrees (iii) What was Gpbbo's reaction to the direction~ given to him by Launcelot?
to sign" aitreacherous bond that stipul€lh~s a pound of his flesh in case
Gobbo says that by the saints, it was a difficult direction to follow.
he forfeits the agreement. -
\J~t present has Gobbo brought to give to t~e Jew? What does Launcelot
(i~Umera~e the reasons given by Launcelot's conscience to stay on with,
- the master. :' t say to his father about it?

Launclot'sconscience advises him not to run away as such an act of fleeing Cobbo has brought a dish of cooked doves to give to the Jew- Launcelot
is a matter of contempt. It adds that he is the child of a good father or tells his father to give Shylock a rope to hang himself with rather than.
at least -a good mother and hence he should -stay on with the master.· any present because he has half-starved him.
(v) Finally, whom does Launcelot obey - the devil or his conscience? How (v) Launcelot plays a comic role in this scene. Give two examples of comedy
is the theme of racial discrimination brought out in Launcelot's decision
provided by him.
to run away?
"\,Then Gobbo asks Launcelot the way to Shylock's house, the wrong
Finally, Launcelot obeys the devil. The theme of racial discrimination is
directions which Launcelot gives him provide real comedy in the scene.
brought out in Launcelot's decision to run away because he runs a\vay
The directions are too confusing for Old Gobbo to follow. The second
from his master, Shylock, who was a Jcw and takes up service with
example is Launcelot's' asking his fathers' blessing. He kneels before
Bassanic, a Christian.
his father. Being blind, his father touches Launcelot's face and says that
" (vi) How is the theme of conflict between the goad and the evil shown in - - D bbi hi t-horse-
Launcelot has more hair on hIS face than that 0 m, IS car
this -scene? .

The theme of conflict-between the good and the evil is shown in this scene. 3.
.' - . d
. hi conversation with
.Launcelot's conscience advises him to stay on with his master while .tl).e _ (i) Why does Lauricelot use hlgh-soundmg wor
s m IS - ~.
- r t the audience m this
devil advises him .to flee. He feels the devil's advice as good and that Gobbo? What does Shakespeare want to convey _ 0 -'
of the conscience as rigid. He follows the good advice of the devil. context about the habit of some people in his time?
Launcelot uses high-sounding words in his conversation with Gobbo
- . I I . and is a gentleman.
~~are Launcelot and old Gobbo? What is meant by :tru<,-begotten to impress him that he possesses classica earnmg • - . - -- .
di the habit of some vam
father'? Why can't old Cobbo recognise his son? Shakespeare h
wants to convey to t e au tence .
people of his time who pretended to be what they were not.
Launcelot and Old Gobbo are in a street in Venice. "True-begotten father'
 ,---- .....-.- .. ,_U _
2 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
ii) Why does Launcelot call old Gobbo 'father' in the first line of the extract?
Give the meaning of:
'accDrding to Fates and Destinies, and such odd sayings, the Sisters Three
and such branches of learning,
Launcelot calls Old Gobbo 'father' in' the first line of the extract as he
plans to reveal his identity gradually to him. In the given lines Launcelot
tells Gobbo that according to his Fate or Destiny or"the Three Sisters of
the' ancient Greeks and such other branches of learning the young man
is dead.
iii) How does Gobbo react to the news of the apparent loss of his son?
Old Gobbo is stunned on hearing that his ~on is dead. He states that
his son w~s his" only support in his old age.
iv) How does Launcelot show dramatically that he is Gobbo's son? Why
does the Iormer refer to his mother's name: in the context?
When Gobbo asks Launcelot to tell l iim whether his son is really dead
or not, Launcelot dramatically confesses that he is Gobbo's son. But
Gobbo does not believe him. Then Launcelot mentions the name of his
mother, Margery, as a proof to show that he is really Gobbo's son.
(v~does Gobbo show by words and actions that he is fond of his son?
Gobbo is fond of his son. When Launcelot tells him that his son is
dead, Gobbo is shocked to' hear it and larnents that his son was his
only' support in his old age. Further Gobbo does not believeLaunceluts'
confession till he mentions the name of his mother. When Launcelot
tells him that he is his son, Gobbo, being blind, feels Launcelot's face
to ascertain that he is actually his son.
':vi) -Give any two humorous situations frorn this scene.
One l'uirnoroui. situation is v"hpn T.auncclot gives Gobbo directions to p;o
to Shylock's house. The directions are so confusing that Gobbo does not
follow it. Another humorous" situation is the scene of Launcelot asking
his fathers' blessing. He kneels in front of his father. His father feels
his beard and says"that Launcelot has more hair on his face than their
cart-horse has on his tail.
I.
(i) What has just happened that makes Gobbo say that Launcelot has
changed? What present did Gobbo bring? To whom does he want to
give it?
'-":.!iIiIIi-
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ACT II Scene 2
When Gobbo remarked that Launcelot has more hair on his face "than·
Dobbin, their shaft-horse has on his tail, Launcelot responded that
Dobbin's tail is growing less because when he last saw him, he had
more hair on his tail than he had on his ace. At this Cobbo rem9:rked
that Launcelot has changed. Gobbo has brought a d.ish 6{' cooked doves
to be given to -.Shylock.
(ii) Give the meaning of:
(a) My master's a very Jew: My master is a typical jew, i.e., he is a miserly
man.
(b) give him a halter: give him a rope to hang himself with.
(iii) How can you~o;nclude from the extract that ltatlncelot has been suffering
in the Jew's service?
In the extract Launcelot tells his father that 'under Shylock's service
he has grown so thin for want of pruper f60d that his ribs ann bones
are standing out prominently and can be counted with the finger. This
shows that L~uncelot has been suffering in the Jew's service.
, (~,~L,W-hat-doyou find strange in the expression: You may tell every finger I
have with my ribs?
Launcelot means to say that anyone can count all his ribs by feeling
them with a finger. but Launcelot reverses the orcler, thus achieving a
comic effect.
,(v) Wh9-J-special privilege would Launcelot have if he serves Bassanio?
---"'-what would happen if Launcelot were to serve the Jew 'any longer'?
If Launcelot serves Bassanio, he will have the privilege of having flew
uniforms. According to Launcelot if he works any longer for the [cw ,
he may become a Jew himself. He means that it is .lmposstble for him
to remain in Shylock's service any further.
(vi) What kind of attitude against the Jews is shown in this scene?
The miserly nature of the Jews is shown in this scene. Launcelot says
that"he is half famished under Shylock's service and adds that he .has
grown so thin for want of food that his bones and ribs are standing out
prominently and can be counted with a finger.
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THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK ACT II Scene 2 35

34

~5. (ii) Give the meaning of:

(i) How has Launcelot shown that he could speak for himself to be employed To allay with some cold drops of modesty
by Bassanior
Thy skipping spirit,

When Old Gobbo delays in asking Bassanio to accept his son, Launcelot To tone down your lively spirits by exercising a little moderation.
'i~his service, Launcelot cuts him 'short and tells Bassaniothathewants (iii) Briefly summarise the advice given byBassariio to Gratiano in the extract.
to ser've him: .
Bassanio tells Gratiano that he is uncontrollable, blunt and rough. These
(ii) What .impact .is the palm-reading by Launcelot likely to make on the faults of his are acceptable to Bassanio and his friends as qualities of
audience? his nature. But his wild behaviour may be misunderstood at Belmont.
Hence, Bassanio. advices him to control his wild behaviour and tone
The palm-reading by Launcelot provides the audience a comic relief and
down his lively spirits by exercising moderation.
foretells the good fortune that may happen in the life of Launcelot.
". . 'j" .• •
:\_~~y~es Bassanio ask Gratiano to b~have properly in Belmont?
W.hat does
(iiit.. Lauri.celot predict about his wives and his escape from
.' danpers to his life? Bassanio asks Gratiano to behave properly in Belmont because he fears
that ~or';people who' don't know Cratiano, his behaviour will appear
After reading hi~ palm, Launcelot foretells that he will have a long life.
as faulty. His wild behaviour will be misunderstood at Belmont and
He will marry a large number of wives (eleven widows and nine maids Bassanio may lose all chances of marrying Portia.
in all). He w ill escape thrice from drowning and will have a hair-breadth
escape once from falling out from a feather bed. (v) What assurance.does Gratiano give to Bassanio about the latter's ad vice?

(iv) What instructions did Bassanio give to the Gobbos and to. his servants Gratiano promises to behave in a proper manner. He says that he will
converse gravely and will seldom use an oath. He will carry prayer
after employing Launcelot?
books in his pockets and look most sedate. During the grace before
After employing Launcelot, Bassanio tells the Gobbos to go to Shylock meals, he will veil his eyes with his hat and solemnly say 'Amen'. He
and bid him ·farewell and then reach his house. He tells his servants will. do everything that politeness demands and follow all the customs
to' get a uniform for Launcelot with more decorations or ornamental of good manners, as though he istrying to please his grandmother by
stripesthan ~hose of his other servants. showing a quiet and serious behaviour.

(v) Before this extra~t'Launcelot referred to a proverb which is &ppli~able (vi) What exception to Gratiano's behaviour is accepted for the particular
both to Shylock and t9. Bassanio, What was the proverb and how is it night? Why?
applicable to both of them? Bassanio tells Gratiano that his rude behaviour will be tolerated for the
n,.e old -p~ove!'b that Launcelot mentions is: 'The grace of God. is wealth night because of the party. This is because Bassanio wants that night
, enough". l-{e .says that this proverb is equally applicable to Shylock .and to be orie of fun and mirth. He. will be sorry to s~e Gratiano in a sad
Bassanio. Bassanio is a good man and has the grace· of God. Shylock mood. Bassanio would prefer to see him in his wildest spirits and be
does not have grace of God. But he has 'wealth enough'. in his most amusing mood.

6.
(i) Give the 'context ir).-·which Bassanio speaks these words.

Bassanio speaks these words to Gratiano when the latter makes a request
to him to permit him to accompany him on his trip to Belmont.
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THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
36
ACT. II Scene. 3
CONTEXT QUESTIONS
Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow:
1.
(i) Give reasons for Launcelot's leaving Jessica's house.
Launcelot left Jessica's house since her father Shylock was a miserly
Jew and his stay as his servant has h~lf.,.f~mis~edhim. H~ felt that a~y
further slay -with him would make hrm Iike the Jew. Besides, Ba~s~mo
has accepted him in his service and Launcelot feels that Bassanio IS a
better master.
(ii) Give the meaning at:
Our house is hell, and ihou., a merry devil,
Didst rob it of some taste of tediousness"
In the above .lines, Jessica says that her house is hell because of her
father's avarice.' Launcelot with his jolly nature and with his antics and
nonsensical capering has relieved it of much boredom and dullness.
(iii) How does Jessica show in words and action that she liked Launcelot's
presence in her house?
Jessica shows in w orcls and actions that she liked Laun.celots' prese~ce
in the house. He calls him a merry devil and thanks hun for reducmg
the boredom arrd dullness in her house. She offers him a ducat too.
(iv) What errand does jessica giveto Launcelot? What precautions does she
ask him to take :whil~ doing the errand?
Jessica gives to Launcelot the errand of delivering a letter to Lorenzo at
supper in Bassanios house that night.- She advises him to deliver the
letter to Lorenzo secretly.
(v) How does Jessica show herself as a scheming but prudent young lady?
In what way is her character different from that of Portia?
Jessica shows herself as a scheming lady when she plans to elope with
a Christian boy, Lorenzo without the knowledge of her father. She
proves herself to be prudent when she instructs Launcelot to deliver her
letter to Lorenzo at Bassanios party secretly. Her character is entirely
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ACT H Scene 3 37
different. from that of Portia. While Portia obeys her deceased father's
will to marry the one who" wins the lottery of caskets, Jessica betrays
her father and religion to marry Lorenzo.
2.
(i) How does Launcelot bid farewell to Jessica? In this context, what are
your feelings for Launcelot, Jessica and Shylock?
Launcelot bids farewell to Jessica calling her 'most beautiful pagan'
and later 'most sweet Jew'. He says that tears prevent his tongue from
uttering his feelings. We feel happy for Launcelot and Jessica. Launcelot
is leaving his miserly master and is undertaking Bassanio's service
where he will be happier. Jessica too will soon escape from the 'hell'
and marry Lorenzo. We feel sorry for Shylock ,lis he is still obstinate,
miserly and with evil intentions. Further, he shall lose his daughter as
well as money.
(ii) Why does Jessica regret being the daughter 'of Shylock? .What is the
'heinous sin' referred to in the extract? Is it really a 'sin'? Give reason~
to justify your answer.
Jessica regrets being the daughter of Shylock due to his behaviour,
his being a bad father to her and for making :her home "hell.' Jessica
describes her feeling of being ashamed for being her father's daughter
as a 'heinous si~'. It is not really a sin because' even if she is Shylock's-
daughter by birth, she does not actually detest. her father but detests
his miserliness and tyrannical nature.
(iii) Give the meaning of:
But though I am a daughter to his blood,
I urn nul to his rnurtners,
The above lines mean that although I am his daughter by birth, I don't
have his habits. . ..
(iv) Which promise has Lorenzo to keep?· Describe the strife that jessica is
going to end.
Lorenzo has to keep the promise of eloping with Jessica that night.
Jessica will end the struggle between her desire to marry Lorenzo and
her duty to her father, Shylock.
(v) Explain Jessica's relationship with her father which is shown in the
scene.

..-- ......
,.~,
.,'"'''---7-''
40 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
(v) Describe the atm.osphere of activity and pre-occupation prevailing in
this short ~cene.
An atmosphere of activity and pre-occupation prevails in this scene.
Activities include preparations forthemasquerade and Jessica's elopement.
Pre-occupation regcirding the dinner party dominates the scepe: Eve.n
Shylock is' invited for the party. Launcelot acts as a messenger m this
scene. He delivers Jessica's letter to Lorenzo and Lorenzo's reply to
Jessica. He invites Shylock for Bassartio's party on Bassanio's behalf.
ACT n Scene' 5
CONTE~T QUESTIONS
. Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow:
1.
. CiYWhy does Shylock accept the invi~ati~nto di~er? On. w~at grounds
. ._//. did Shylock refuseto accept an invitation to dinner earlier m the play?
Shylock accepts the invitation to d~er out of hatred and to eat the fo~d
of the extravagant Christian,. Bassam? In ~ct I, S.ce~e3 ~hen Bassanio
invites him for dinner he refuses to dine with Christians smce they were
pork-eaters. He asserted then that he would n~ver ea~,.dr!nk or pray
with'Christians although he is ready to do business with tnem.
//
(i9 Why "isShylock unhappy to accep~th~.invitation this time too? .vV~ois
the prodigal Christian? Give the significance of the word: prodigal.
I . Shylock is unhappy to accept the invitation this time too as .he fee!s a
.premonitiori of some misfortune abou~to take pIac.e.The prevlOus mght
he had a dream about money-bagswhich was considered as abad omen.
Bassani~ is referred to as the prodigalChristian because heis awasteful,
I who spends money extravagantly which he has borrowed from Shylock.
I.. Prodigal isa reference to the pro~igalson describ~d. in the Bible who
wasted his share of wealth by lavishand careless living.
(iii) Give the meaning of:
(a)' I am' not bid for love: I am notinvited out of love. . (b) sound of shallow foppery.
(b) I am right loath to go: I hate to accept the invitation to dinner.
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ACT II Scene 5 41
\.~essica and Lorenzo take advantage of Shylock's absence from
home during dinner?
Jessica and Lorenzo taking advantage of Shylock's absence from horne
makes a planto elope. Jessica uses the occasion to leave.home with her
father's money and jewellery. Lorenzo uses the occasion to arrange the
masquerade in which Jessica will be the torch-bearer and thus easily
elope with him.
. (v) YV_hat-sort
of a bad omen did Shylock have which made him think that
'~ere is some evil being. plotted against him?
Shylock had a dream about money bags on the previous night. To dream
aqput money and all kinds of coins,was considered as a bad omen. 'INs -
made Shylock think that there was 'some evil being plotted against him.
2.
(i) Who is the speaker of the above liries?To whom is he giving his advice?
Why should the doors be locked?
Shylock is the speaker of the above lines. He is giving this advice to
his' daughter, Jessica. When Launcelot tells him about the masquerade,
he is alarmed for fear that such revelry may become unruly. He hates
their frivolity. Hence, he asks Jessica to lock the doors of the house .50
that no sound .of foolish displays may enter his serious house.
(ii) Where is the speaker going? What reason does he give for his going
out? Who was Jacob? Why does the speaker swear by Jacob's staff?
The speaker is going for Bassanios dinner party. He is going out
for dinner out of hatred for the Christians and to eat the food of .the
extravagant, Bassanio. Jacob was the grandson of Abraham, the founder
of thejewish race. According to Bible, Jacob, the ancestor of Shylock
had a staff that proved a blessing to him. In Genesis 32:12,Jacob boasts
that he had crossed river Jordan only with a staff yet returned with
co~frren.
._Jiii}---Give
the meaning of:
(a) Clamber not you up to the casements.
Do not climb up to see from the windows.
shrill notes of the fife.
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42 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK ACT II Scene 5

43

{iv)/Jv-vllo are the 'Christian fools with varnished faces'? What were they ( iii)
\,,~nal: t~ at UL
d~es Shylock mean by saying
. ,
'drones hirve no rwi h
t WIt me'?
.c.:> planning against the speaker? What warning did the speaker have of
By the, above words, Shylock means that laz" 1 "
J peop e cannot live WIth
it earlier? him. Shylock says that Launcelot is lazy and t b hi "
. . , . , canno e IS servant,. so
Christian fools with varnished faces refer to the Christians taking part he allows him to Jom Bassanio s service.
in the masquerade at Bassanio's dinner party. They were planning to,
(iv.) Whar'i~
·'....___.~b
meant by the 'borrowed
d?"
purse'?
.
For wh' ,
at purpose .was It
make the speaker's daughter to elope with a Christian, Lorenzo with' orrowe .
the speaker's money and jewellery. The speaker had warning of this in
the form of a ' dream where he saw money bags and coins'. 'Borrowed purse' refers to the three thousand d
. . ucats borrowed by
Bassanio from, Shylock on the basis of the bond . ,
(v) Does the person to whom the advice is given, follow the speaker's SIgned by Antonio.
The money was borrowed to enable Bassanio to go t B I .
advice? Why? .. , .' , , 0 e mont and wm
~ Portia 111, ffi:arriage after partIClpating in the latter .of
;,;, : ,~ Y caskets.
The advice was given to Jessica by he/father, Shylock. She did not follo.vv
(~oe6-St1y-Iock ask Jessica to shut doots? Give the ", ,
the adyice and used the occasion of ma;squerade to elope with Lorenzo. biInd ,as
f t fin.d' ' meamng of: Fast
(vi) Sucimarise the advice of the speaker in your own words.
Shylock tasks Jessica to shut the doors to rnake hi h
. . IS ouse safe from
The speaker ad vices his daughter, Jessica to lock up the doors. He tells revellers taking part In the .masquerade. He·quotes I
. .,. . . '. . an 0 d proverb ' fast
her not to go upto the windows when she hears the drums and. the bind, fast find which means that if you lock a thi , .
. " , ll1g up, you will find
shrill notes of the fife. He tells her not to stretch her neck out to gaze It safe. (Leave secure and you will find all secure.)
over the public street to look at Christian fools with painted faces. He (vi) Describe briefly how Shylock becomes an inst
instructs her to close all the windows' of his house so that no sound of rument of fate in this
scene,
the foolish display enters his sober house.
In this scene, Shylock becomes an instrument of f t t furt '
3. . ~ a e 0 urther the action
in the plot. Un the one hand, his desire for '.. '..
revenge upon Antomo is
(i) What is meant by the "patch' in the extract? What reasons does Shylock revealed because he goes to the supper to help t
o 'consume Bassanio's
give to Jessica for parting with Launcelot? borro-wed money.He overlooks his religious prio . I " " .
.. . ". Clpes which forbade him
dining WIth Christians. He even ignores the p . '. .,... ;.
The word 'patch' in thp. extract means the clown or the fool or ,the '. . , . . remonlhons of unpendin
evil because ot hIS revengeful nah,ire. This pro .d d J .',' ' , . g
jester. In olden days, the professional fools or jesters used to wear . VI e essica an occasion
to ee from home WIth money and jewellery a d t lc . ,.
fl.
multicoloured patched costume: So the word patch is used in the extract , . . ,n 0 e ope WIth Lorenzo
a Christian. Thus, fate has used Shylock to fu th . '
for Launcelot. Shylock says that he is sending Launcelot to Bassanio r er ItS plans.
as he would assist Bassanio in his spendthrift habits and waste his
borrowe oney.

(ii) om does Shylock wish to be ruined? Why?

Shylock wishes Bassanio to be ruined because he wants to take revenge

upon Antonio and can do so if Bassanio and Antonio fail to repay the
loan on a stipulated date.
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44 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK ACT II Scene 6 45

ACT II Scene 6 o~r the same road, on its return journey with the same energy and
-,.../animation with which it set out.
(vi) All things that are,
\,.,....t1:re
with more spirit chased than enjoy'd.
CONTEXT QUESTIONS
How fa~ is this statement brought mit by giving the example of a ship?
Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow: "All things ..... enjoy'd" means that the pursuit of any desired object is
1. more enjoyable a task and gives more joy compared to the pleasure one
(i) Where does this scene take place? Who has out-dwelt his hour? Normally gets on its attainment. The truth of the statement is brought about by
what do the lovers do as far as the appointed time is concerned? the example of a ship. A ship with its sails spread and flags flying, sails
out from the harbour like a high-spirited spendthrift youth in search of
This scene takes place in the street outside Shylock's house , Lorenzo pleasure. But after being tossed about' and hugged by the rough wind;
has out-dwelt. his hour tomeet Gratiano and Salarino for themasque. it comes back to the port with broken planks and torn sails. It looks
Lovers generally rush to the meeting place long before the appointed like the returning of the prodigal son, ruined by the faithless gales.
hour. . , .,
2.
(iir Who is Venus? How do the Venus's pigeons behave as far as love is
,/ concerned? (i) Where is Lorenzo and who are his sweet friends?

In Greek mythology, Venus is the goddess of love. Salarino comments
that the doves that draw the chariot of Venus, the goddess of love, fly
ten times fasterwhen they are journeying to bind new love more firmly,
than they do when love is already pledged and certain.
(iii) How does Gratiano explain in the extract the state of people in love?
According to Gratiano, people in love are anxious to meet each other.
They rush to their meeting places much before the appointed. time. Thus,
people in love keep punctuality in their meetings and never delay.
. (iy}~Give the meaning of:
_/
Lorenzo is in the street outside Shylock's house. His sweet friends are
Salarino -and Gratiano.
(ii) What did his friends say about the anxiety of those in love?
His friends said that lovers generally rush to meet each other before the
appointed time. Salarino commented that the doves that draw the chariot
of Goddess of love, fly ten times faster, when they are journeying to
find new love than they do when love is once pledged and certain.
(iii) What were the affairs 'that kept the speaker away so long?
The speaker was kept away so long due to his business affairs. Also

,__(a) . he out-dwells -his hour. he had to plan for the masquerade, in which he would elope with his
lady-love, Jessica.
he overstays the time fixed by him to meet.
. (ivj'What is meant by 'to play the thiev.es for wives'? How apt are these
,__('Dr'yo seal love's bonds new-made.
V remarks in the context?
To bind new love more firmly.
'To play the thieves for wives' means if ever any of them wishes to do
~xplain the meaning of: what he is doing that night and steal away a fair lady to be his wife, he
will wait as long as they have done to help him on the occasion. These
,___jAl'nere
is the horse that doth uniread again
remarks are quite relevant because. Lorenzo wants to give the reason
~. tedious measures with the unbaied fire
for his delay as well as thank his friends, whom he has kept waiting
~bove lines mean that _youwill not find even a horse travel again for a long time.
 - '"'5"..' -,,'.,.,'",
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THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK ACT II Scene 7 47
46

.."'/
"Jv) What does Lorenzo ask Jessica to do later in the scene? What is jessica's and costumes and took part in a torchlight pr(}ce's's'ionplaying drums
reaction to his request? and fife. Jessica was to carry the torchlight or candle. If she carries the
candle, she will show up her shameful acts - her male attire, the casket
Later in the scene, Lorenzo tells Jessica to come down in the street quickly containing her theft and the fact of her elopement. .
and that she has to play the part of his torch-bearer in the masque that
night. Jessica is shocked and embarrassed at the suggestion. She asks ~,~e the ~eanirig of:
Lorenzo' whether she must hold a light to show up her shameful acts Why, 'tis an office. of discovery, love;
- her elopement, theft and male dress. And I should be obscured.
(vi) Who appears on the stage after the extract? In what condition does the
These lines mean: "The duty of a torch-bearer would expose me to all
person appear?
when I·should be concealed." Jessica means that her shameful disguise
After this extract, Jessica appears on the stage. She appears on the stage ofa page-bay'S dress is too frivolous and Lorenzo should not light them
dressed in a boy's clothes, as a page-boy . further by h~ving her as torch-bearer., ;
.~ ~:~ . ''if- .:

3. (vi) How is Je§si~a's feminine nature highlightedm the extract?

._).i:)~·-'Whatdo you think is sent down in the ,casket? How can you conclude Jessica's .fem~ninenature is highlighted in the ~xtract. Her shyness at her
. tHat the contents in the casket arervaluable? f male clothes shows her feminine modesty as.in' Elizabethan times women
never wore men's clothes.Alsoshe comesdown from her house after making
The casket must have valuables like jewellery which Jessica has stolen
from her house. We can conclude that the contents in the casket are sure that the person, who has corne to take her is Lorenzo, her lover.
valuables since Jessica hands over the casket only after making sure
that the person to whom she is giving the casket is her love, Lorenzo.
Besides, she tells Lorenzo that it is worth carrying the casket. ACT II Scene' 7
(ji)': What is meant by 'I am much ashamed of my exchange'? Why is the
--- p')(rh;::mep. needed?

The above words mean that Jessica is much ashamed that she has to CONTEXT QUESTIONS
change her dress to' that of a page-boy. This p)(d~'r!nr,p WrlS l1PPOPc:I for
her to elope with Lorenzo. Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow:
/" 1.
""j-iii) In what way is love blind in the context? Who is referred to as 'Cupid'?
Why would he blush? (i) Who is asked to draw aside the curtains? Who is askedjo make his
choice?
Love is blind in the context since it makes Jessica dress like a
page-boy, steal jewellery and money from her house and be ready to Portia asks one of her attendants to pull apart the curtains so that the
elope with Lorenzo, a Christian. Cupid is the classical god of love, who different caskets are made visible. The Prince of Morocco is asked to
is always represented as a blind boy with bow and arrows. Jessica says make the choice.
that Cupid, the little blind god of love himself would be shocked and (ii) What does Portia say-later to the prince regarding. the right casket?
blush if he saw her dressed like a boy.
After reading the inscription on the three caskets, Morocco asks Portia
gy,Y'/What is meant by a torch-bearer? In what way would Jessica hold a
how he will know if ,he chooses the correct casket. Portia replies that
-.. candle to her shames, if she were a torch-bearer?
her portrait will be in the right casket. If he selects that one, then she
Masquerades were dramatic performances where the players wore masks will be his wife. .
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48 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
(iii)" vyhich casket does' the prince of Morocco finally choose? What are the
"\/ reasons for his choice?
The prince of Morocco finally chooses the golden casket. Morocco argues
that base lead cannot contain such a saintly person like Portia. Silver
which is ten times inferior to gold also cannot hold Portia as she is such
a rich gem. So he concludes that Portia, whom many men desire and
is most precious must be contained in the golden casket. Besides, the
English have a gold coin with the figure of an angel engraved on it.
Portia is an angel and hence her portrait may be in the golden casket.
..~...(iv) For what reasons does the prince reject the other two caskets?
The prince rejects the base lead arguing that it cannot contain such a
noble person like Portia-and silver which is ten times inferior to gold
cannot contain Portia as she is such a rich gem. ..
!. (v) What does the prince find.when he opens the casket?
When the prince opens' the casket he finds a skull and in its eyeless
.. , .. socket a scroll.
(vi) How does the prince bid farewell to Portia? What does Portia say when
the prince leaves the place?
Morocco bids farewell to Portia with the warm-hearted ness of a lover and
says he must accept the cold .comfort of the rejected. He says that his
sorrow is too great for many words. Those who have lost their hearts'
desire depart thus sadly. When the prince leaves the place, Portia calls
it a good riddance and wishes that every suitor like him should make
'a similar choice.
2-.
(i) On which casket do the words, Who choosetli me shall get as much as he
deserves, appear?
The above words appear on the silver casket.
..Jii) Why does Morocco initially doubt his worth to deserve the lady?
Morocco initially doubts his worth to deserve the lady because he
thinks that though by his own standard, his merits may be very high,
yet those merits may not be sufficient enough to deserve Portia, as her
reputation is greater than his.
,jili) Why does he change his mind and say that he deserves the lady?
Morocco, after having doubts about his worth to win Portia, later all.
changes his mind. He feels that he deserves Portia because of his royal
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ACT II Scene 7
49
birth, his wealth, his virtues and his upbringing. Above all, he is Worthy
of her because of his deep affection for her. . .
(iv) Give the meaning of:
\_j9} And weigh thy value with an even hand:
And compare. your personal worth impartially.
'-_Q?)...-atoeak disabling of myself:
A sign of weakness which would bring discredit on myself .
(v)-/'Why does Morocco think that Portia's picture is not in the lead casket?
./
Morocco read the inscription on the lead casket which stated that
.whosoever selects it must be prepared to give all and to risk everything,
Morocco declares that no one except a fool will be prepared' to risk
everything for the sake of dull le':ld. He argues that lead cannot contain
such a noble person like Portia. '. ,
3.
(i) Who speaks these words? Where is he? What has he said about his
courage in an earlier scene?
The Prince of Morocco speaks these words. He is in a room in Portia's
house getting ready to make· his choice of caskets. In an earlier scene,
Morocco said that with his sword he had slain the emperor of Persia
and a. Persian Prince, who had defeated Solyrnan of Turkey thrice, He
boasted that he was courageous enough to confront a hungry lion, defy
the most valiant warrior on earth and face the wrath of a mother-bear
by separating its young ones from her.
, (ij). What is the significance of the words 'shrine' and 'saint' in the context?
Which breathing saint does the speaker refer to?
Shrine is a place where any sacred relic of a holy person or the image
of a saint is kept. In this context, the saint is Portia and the shrine is
Belmont. The Breathing Saint is a reference to Portia. Morocco says that
people came from every part of the globe to worship at the holy place
which enshrines this living object of adoration - Portia.
(iii) What warning is given by Portia to the speaker before he makes the
choice?
Before he makes the choice, the speaker is told by Portia that the correct
casket contains her picture and if he chooses it, she will be his wife.
 '--lJIW ..- ".-- _ ...
50 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
(iv) Who are 'they' that are referred to in the extract? What difficulties do
they face· while coming?
The word 'they' refers to the many suitors who come to Belmont from
all parts of the globe to woo Portia. While coming they travel through
Persian deserts, immense wilderness of Arabia and even cross the oceans.
,.~v:) Give' the meaning of:
. -:.(a) Hyrcanian deserts:Hyrcania was a province of the ancientPersian empire.
Hyrcanian deserts were deserts .lying in the south of Caspian sea.
\{b~'e watery kingdom: The oceans and its fierce waves do not stop
suitors from abroad.
(vi)//Why does the speaker reject the leap casket?
The speaker rejects the lead casket since on it was written that whoever
selects it must be prepared to give all-and to risk everything. Morocco i
declares that only a fool will risk everything for the dull lead. He thinks
lead too crude a metal even to enclose the winding sheet when she is
buried in the grave. He asserts that the lead casket cannot hold Portia's
picture and' so he rejects it.
4.
(i) Why-does the prince think that Portia's picture is not in the silver casket?
'The Prince thinks that Portia's picture is not in the silver casket because
silver is ten times undervalued as compared to gold and such a rich
gem. can never be set in anything less than gold .
.(ii) What is the 'sinful thought'? Why is it so?
'Sinful thought' .is the thought that Portia is contained in the silver
, casket because silver has only a tenth of the value of gold and a rich
,.rgem like Portia can never be set.in anything less than gold.
/ \... -'
'-~1iii) Describe the coin' referred to in the extract. What is the difference
I
between the angel on the coin and the angel in the casket?
The 'coin' referred to in the extract is the gold coin in England on which
.the figure of Archangel Michael standing and piercing a dragon was
engraved on one side. The coin was called an angel and its value was
about ten shillings. Morocco says that the figure of the angel on the coin
is engraved on the surface of the coin. It is outside, whereas Portia is an
angel, who lies on a golden bed within the casket entirely hidden from view.
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ACT II Scene 8 51
(iv) After opening the casket, the prince finds a dead skull and a scroll.
Explain what is written on the scroll.
On the scroll it is written that things which make the most brilliant show
are not always the truest metal. For the sake of mere gold, hundreds
have risked and sacrificed their lives. Costly gold-plated tombs may be
erected, but they have no real value. Decayand death are all they contain.
The message. tells the Prince that if he had been as wise a.shis courage
and if he had united youthfulness of body to the wisdom of riper years,
the answer would have been a living woman, not a written scroll.
(v) Explain how the theme of appearance and reality is shown in the .choice
made by the prince.
The the1n~of appearance and reality is sH:o~nin the choice madeby the
prince. In spite of his good qualities, the prince is materialistic. He only
sees the outward appearance and value of the caskets. He thinks that in
birth, i!:l fortune and outward graces, h~ deserves Portia. However, he !
says nothing about his inner worth, that is, of his good deeds, character and
education. He chooses the gold casket for its bright and glittering
appearan.ce. The prince is motivated by pride and admiration, not true
love. If he loved her, he would have been.ready to risk everything for her.
ACT II Scene 8
CONTEXT QUESTIONS
Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow:
!..
»:
(i) What is meant by 'a passion so confused, so strange, outrageous, and
so variable'? Why was the Jew so excited?
In the above lines, Salanio says that he has not seen such an outburst of
anger, so confused, so strange, excessive and frequently changing as is
displayed by the Jew. Shylock discovers that his daughter has eloped after
robbinghim of his money and jewellery.This makes him excited and furious
with grief and despair. He gives vent to it by an exhibition of passionate
excitement and anger which is strange, excessiveand frequently changing.

52 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
(ii) Earlier, how did the Jew trouble the Duke? Where did the Duke go and
what were his. findings?
Earlier, Shylock roused the Duke with his complaints against Lorenzo and
Jessica for robbing him and eloping. He made such .a disturbance that
the Duke was obliged to attend, to his demands. He even. accompanied
the Duke to search for Lorenzo and Jessica on board Bassanio's ship.
By the time they reached the place, the ship had already 'set sail. The
Duke was told by someone that Lorenzo and Jessica had been seen
sitting together in a gondola.
~~ What. did Shylock utter in his excitement? Besides money, what else
. . did his daughter steal? 1 1
In his excitement, Shylock utters confused cries for his daughter, who
pad eloped with a Christian, takipg with her, his ducats and jewellery.
Be wants justice from the law, Besides'money, Jessica has taken' away
from Shylock some jewels, precious stones and diamonds.
,-(ivY Give the meaning of:
". .{a) double ducats: coins of double ducats.
,.(br"a'·sealed bag: a bag that is securely sealed to ensure the security of
its contents.
(v)......-Explain
how Shylock's lamentations add to the humour in the play.
,/ '
,,' Shylocks' lamentations add to the humour in .the play. He is depicted as
a comic character in the scene. The manner in which he laments the loss
of his daughter and his ducats amuses the audience; Shylock's repetition
of '0 my daughter! 0 my Christian ducats!' indicate his greedy nature
and shows that Jessica is another possession for him like the ducats.
The manner in which all the boys of Venice follow him and repeat-his
words of lamentation in a tone of mockery and jeer at him further .add
to the. humour in the scene.
2.
(i) What is meant by: 'Let good Antonio look he keep his day' ? What
could be the consequence if Antonio failed to 'keep his day' ?
'Let good Antonio keep his day' means let worthy Antonio make sure
that he has the money to pay Shylock on the appointed day. If he fails
to keep his day, Shylock would take his revenge on Antonio.
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ACT II Scene 8 53
(ii) What did Salarino hear from the Frenchman, the previous day? Why
was. the news quite startling?
In his .conversation with a Frenchman, Salarino heard that a richly
laden ship from Italy had been wrecked in the narrow channel
which divides England and France.. The news was startling because
Salarino thought of Antonio's ship and wished that it might not be
one of his ships. '
(iii) After hearing the news from the Frenchman, what, did Salarino wish?
Salarino wished that the wrecked. ship might not be one of Antonio's
ships.
;. ;..
(iv) What 'advice does Salanio give to Salafino regarding Antonio?
Salanio advises Salarino to tell Antonio what he has heard about a
shipwreck. However, he advises .hirnnot to tell Antonio about the news
immediately for it may make him sad. .
(v) Explain how the news given by the Frenchman creates suspense in the
_/,/ story. What would be Shylock's react~on after hearing the news?
The news given by the Frenchman creates a suspense in the .story. The
possibility of the wreckage of one of Antonio's ships casts a gloom
since it may imply that Antonio would not be able to make payment
of the loan on the day the bond is due. After hearing the news, Shylock
is happy that he could take his revenge on Antonio. He calls him a
bankrupt and insists on the execution of the bond.
(v9, Wha.t role do Salanio and Salarino play in this scene?
Salanio and Salarino provide the information about recent events. They
report Shylock'sfury and parody his behaviour. They are worried about
Antonio and go quickly to look for him and cheer him up. They do not
take part in the action of the play, but keep the action going when the
chief characters are absent.
3.
(i) In what context has Antonio said the words given in quotation? Who
quotes his words here?
Antonio has said these words at the time of bidding farewell to Bassanio,
when the latter was about to embank on his journey to Belmont. Salarino
quotes his words here.
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54

(ii) Give the meaning of:
(a) Slubber not business for my sake, Bossanio
Bassanio, do not spoil your plan for my sake.
<1?) But stay· the very riping of the t~me.
But stay as long as it would be necessary to attain your objective.
(iii) What advice did Antonio give to Bassanio about the latter's stay in
Belmont and his love affair?
Antonio advises Bassanio to stay at Belmont as long as it would be
necessary for winning Portia and tells him not to bother about the bo~d.
H~ advises Bassanio to be cheerful" and devote himself entirely to win
his lady-love in a most suitable manner.
(iv) p~scribe how' Antonio parted frornBassanio, What does it show about
their relationship?
While parting, Antonio's eyes were filled with tears. He turned his face
away and extended his hrmd behirid him. Then, moved by his 10v~, he
held the haru ..Is of Bassanio and they parted from each other. It shows
that there is great .love and affection between them.
(v) What do Salanio and Salarino decide to do at the end of this scene?
At the end of the scene, Salanioand Salarino decided to look for Antonio
and raise his low spirits with some amusement.
(ii) Enumerate the three conditions in the oath which Arragon was supposed
to take. Which conditions in the oath he explicitly keeps at the end of
the scene?
Arragon is bound by the oath to observe three conditions. First, he must
never reveal to any other person which of the caskets he has selected.
Second, if he does not win Portia, he should not woo any other lady.
Third, if he chooses wrongly he must depart at once without further
words. He explicitly kept the last condition at the end of the scene.
(iii) How wise is it to arrange marriages through a lottery system where
chance plays a significant role? What does Portia feel in this regard?
How does Nerissa justify the system in Portia's case?
It is not wise to arrange marriages through-a tottery system where chance
plays a significant role. Portia initially feels that her fate is sealed by the
lottery of caskets designed by her father. However, later she accepts her
falhel/::; {will arul asserts that she will abideby it and would remain a
virgin like Diana if no suitor wins her in marriage. Nerissa justifies the
lottery of caskets saying that her father was a virtuous man, who' must
have had her well-being at heart. So, according to her father's will. she
will be chosen by someone who will truly love her.
(iv) It is said that Arragonis too proud and self-opinionated. Do you agree
with this statement? Give two reasons to justify your answer.
Prince Arragon is too proud and self-opinionated. While making his
selection, he calls the common people as 'fool multitude' and again as
'barbarous multitudes'. He says that he will not act according to what
common .men choose. and put himself on the level of the ignorant and
the foolish. Secondly, Arragon thinks himself to' be most deserving

ACT II Scene 9 2.
because of his inherited nobility.

(i) What does the inscription on the gold casket say? Which casket does
CONTEXT QUESTIONS the speaker choose?
The inscription on the gold casket says 'who chooses me shall gain what
Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow: many men desire'. The speaker chooses the silver casket.
1. (ii) How does Arragon interpret themeaning of. 'many men' given on the
'(i) What proper honour is given to Arragon to indicate that he is a prince? gold casket?
. To honour Arragon as a prince, trumpets were sounded as he entered Arragon says that the words 'many men' probably refer to the foolish
the room and Portia addressed him as noble prince'.
J
majority, who are so slow-witted and who have so little wisdom that

THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
56
they judge o~ly by appearances and outward glitter. Their· untaught
eyes never see the inner meaning of things, but is content to remain on
the outside like the swallow.
(iii) How does Arragon compare the martlet to the foolish multitude?
Arragon compares the multitude 'to the martlet. The martlet, instead of
seeking a sheltered place for its nest, constructs it in the most exposed
places like the outer wall, unprotected from, any stormy weather or any
acc~dentwhich may occur. Similarly, the foolish common people who
judge by the outside of things, fall into errors and calamities. '
(iv) Give the meaning of:
. t (a) in the force and road of casualty.'
open to disaster and in the very path of danger.
cb) rank me with the barbarous multitudes.
I don't put myself at the level of the ignorant and foolish common
people.
(v) How is the theme of appearance and reality brought out in the choice
of caskets?
The theme of appearance and reality is brought out in the choice of
caskets. Arragon rejects the lead casket calling it base lead because of its
dull and plain appearance. He says lead must present a more attractive
appearance than it does before he gives or risks anything for it. He rejects
the gold casket saying he will not choose what many people desire. He
will not put himself at the level of ignorant common people. The word
'deserves' meaning 'merit' on the silver cakset attracts Arragon and he
selects it.
3.
(i) What does the inscription all. the silver casket say?
The inscription on the silver casket says, 'who chooses me shall get as
much as he deserves'.
(ii) Why did the- words of the inscription on the silver .casket appeal to
Arragon?
Words all.the inscription on the silver casket appeal to Arragori because
the word "deserves' meaning 'merit' in the inscription appeals to him.He
thinks himself to be the most deserving. He feels that there are many
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ACT II Scene 9 57
who succeed without having any inner merit. But he deserves' because
I
of his inherited nobility.
{iii) Give the meaning of:
To cozen fortune and be honourable
'Without the stamp of merit?
To try to cheat fortune and win something without merit. It means no
one ought to be allowed to deceive and trick fortune by asking her for
what he does not deserve.
(iv) Ho,": does Arragon explain further the importance of deserving before
gettmg ap honoured position? : '
Arrag6n further tells that .no man should' aspire to be honoured unless!
he deserves it. Arragon wishes that all the positions of rank, dignity
and o~ces were bestowed on the deserving, instead of being obtained
dishonestly. If this happens, many low ranking people would be separated!
out from the ranks of the truly honourable.
(v) Which casket did Arragon finally choose? What did he feel after making
the choice? .
Arragon finally chooses the silver casket. After making the choice,
Arragon is dumb-founded and very disappointed with what he finds in
the casket. He pauses silently for a long time before speaking. He says
that there is such a difference between that creature and the picture he
hoped to see. He asks Portia whether he deserves no more than the head
of a fool He wants to know whether that is his prize and whether he
deserves nothing more than that.
4.
(i) After which incident does Arragon speak these words? In what mood
ishe? With which fool's head did he come to woo?
Arragon speaks these words after opening the silver casket. He is in a
mood of disappointment. He came to woo Portia with one foolish head
of his own.
(ii) Which second head did he get? Briefly state what was written on the
Schedule attached to the second head.
The second head he got was from the silver casket. The scroll attached
to the second head says that silver metal of the casket was tested seven
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58 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK ACT II Scene 9 59

times by fire. A mind which never makes an error of judgment must
be similarly tested seven times. Some people find their happiness in
shadows and unreality -.·Their happiness is therefore only shadowy and
unreal. There are many living fools whose foolishness is hidden by
their silvery-hair because they have the appearance of being venerable
(iv) What were the reactions of Portia and Nerissa to 'the announcement of
and wise. One of these is the fool's head concealed in the silver casket.
Arragon will always have a foolish head. Heshould now leave as his
chance is over.
(iii) Which casket does the speaker choose? Why did he choose that casket?
The speaker chooses .the silver casket. The motto of the silver casket
an ambassador of love. Even a day in April, the sweetest spring day,
coming to give people. a foretaste of bright. and bountiful summer, is
not comparable to this gorgeous messenger, who rides in advance of
his master.
a new suitor?
Portia asks the servant to stop speaking because he is so generous in
his praise that she is dreading to hear him say that he is some relative'
of his. Then Portia tells Nerissa to come quickly along with her to meet
this messenger of Cupid, who has arrived in ~uch a courteous manner. I
.

I
appeals to .the speaker. It says 'who chooses me shall get as much as Nerissa prays to Cupid, the god of love, that the lord announced be
he, deserves'. He feels that he des~rves Portia because of his inher\~ed Bassanio if such is his will.
nobility.
(v) Why does 5)Portiasay to the servant to be iil~nt and not to praise the
(iv) After the departure of the prince, what did Portia say about him? , young Venetian further?
!,

After the departure of the prince, Portia says th~t there is another moth Portia tells the servant to be silent because (he is too extravagant in his
which has burnt itself in the flame of the candle. These people, when praises that she is dreading to hear him say that he is some relative of
they choose, the wisdom of their superficial knowledge makes them his.
look utterly foolish and lead them to make the wrong choice.
(vi) Explain how the plot makes progress in this scene.
(v) State the old saying uttered by Nerissa after the prince's departure.
The plot of the play makes further progress in this scene.: This scene,
After the Prince's departure, Nerissa utters an old saying.r''Hanging the second .of the casket scenes, is important because it fills up the
and winning goes by destiny". It means that it is fate that decides what interval of the three months between the signing up of the bond and the
happens to one, whether one is to be hanged or to be wedded Tt impl,ips forfeiture. It also seems to reveal the wisdom of the device of caskets
that it is destiny l.lral has saved Portia from two unsuitable suitors and because it shows that thp results rlfP not rl mere lottf'ry. It Pf,()VPS that
it i,e; destiny that may give her a worthy suitor. only the person, who rightly loves, will choose rightly. This scene also,
5. reveals to the audience which is the right casket. It will heighten the
suspenseduring Bassanio's selection later. This scene also keeps up the
(i) Where does lhis. scene take place? Who has alighte,d at the gate? theme of appearance and reality. /// ..:
This scene takes place in a room in Portia's house at Belmont. Gratiano ;/
has alighted at the gate. )
(ii) The visitor brought gifts of rich value. What does this indicate in the
, context of the scene?
Gifts of rich value indicate the great regard and love Bassanio has for
Portia.
(iii) Give the meaning of the last three lines of the extract.
In the last three lines, the servant says that he has not seen so generous
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THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK ACT III Scene 1 61
60

.. (y}_ Howdoes Shylock react to the loss of Antonio's ship?

ACT III' Scene 1 Shylock was pleased to hear about the loss of Antonio's ship. He
calls him a. spendthrift and a beggar, who used to come smiling, so
self-satisfied to the market. He must take care to redeem his bond in time.
CONTEXT QUESTIONS
2.
Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow:
(i) 'Y.D_ose.
.-flight is being talked about? Where has the person flown? With
1. -'-"---'~hom has the person flown?
(i) Whom does 'she' refer to in the first line of the extract? What is said
The flight of Jessica is being talked about. She has flown to Belmont.
about her in the extract?
Jessica has flown with Lorenzo.
In the firstline 'she' refers to the rumour or report which is personified
(ii) What~'bad news, besides the flight of "tHebird, is given just before th~~
as a tatling old woman. When Salarino talks about Antonio's ship,
Salanio only wishes that Rumour may prove to be a big liar in thiscase arrival of Shylock?
! ~s any old woman, who ever gossiped with her neighbours oyer her' Just before the arrival of Shylock, the news about the Antonio's ship-
ginger bread cakes and made her neighbours believe that she mourned wreck in the English Channel at a spot called Goodwin Sands is given.
sincerely for the death of her third husband ..
(iii) Give the meaning of:
\~hat was said earlier about the place where a ship of Antonio was
.wrecked? Where did the news about the ship-wreckage spread? the. bird was fledged;

"Earlier, it was told that Antonio's ship was wrecked in the waters of the and then it is the complexion of them all to leave the dam.
English channel at a spot known as Goodwin Sands, a most perilous These words mean that it is the nature of a fully feathered yot,J.ngbird
sand bank. The news about the ship-wreckage spread at the Rialto or to leave the nest when it is old enough. He means to say that Jessica
the. Exchange where merchants met for business transactions. was old enough to run away with her lover, Lorenzo.
\_~ the meaning of: (iv) What steps has Shylock taken to get back the flown bird?
without any slips of prolixity or crossing the plain highway of talk, .c.>:
Shylock took all possible steps to get back his eloped daughter. He
These words mean: 'without speaking much or beating about the bush'. asked the Duke for justice and even persuaded him to check the ship
That iswithout being guilty of any lengthy, irrelevant or tedious speech in which Bassanio left for Belmont. Later it was said that someone saw
or going outside plain direct speech. Lorenzo and Jessica in a gondola. Shylock engaged his friend Tubal for
(iv) What feelings for Antonio are expressed by Salarino and Salanio in this finding and' bringing Jessica to him.
extract? (v) j::Iow''''aoes Salarino compare the character of the flown bird and of
,____,-.~.
In this extract, Salarino and Salanio express their feelings of concern Shylock after the extract?
.and sympathy for Antonio. Salanio calls him 'good Antonio', hone~t

J Antonio and wants a better adjective to describe "him'- Finally, Salama

conveys the news that Antonio has lost a ship. Salarino hopes that this
After the extract, Salarino compares the character of Jessica and Shylock.
He says that Jessica is a complete contrast to Shylock as black is to white

I .may be the end of his losses. or as ordinary red wine is to expensive white Rhenish wine .
 -- ..--
62 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
3.
(i) What is meant by a 'bankrupt' as well as a 'prodigal'? Why has the
man gone bankrupt? Why is he called a prodigal?
A 'bankrupt' means a person who has not enough money to payoff his
Just debts. 'Prodigal' means a spendthrift who spends money recklessly.
The man has gone bankrupt because his ship has been wrecked in
the English Channel with its rich cargo. He is a spendthrift who has
mismanaged his affairs and has gone bankrupt. That is why he is called
a prodigal. by Shylock.
\~~ krown as Rialto? Why was the m~n said to go 'so smug upon
the mad'?
The Venetian StockExchange where the merchants used to met to transact
business deals, was known as the Rial to; The man used to go to Rialto
smiling and so self-satistied because he was sure of his financial pusition
as he owned a number of ships carrying merchandise to the four corners·
of the world. Shylock :;,;ct)'s these words to comp<1rcAntonio's financial
position in the past with his present bankrupt condition.
(iii) Give some incidents to show that the man referred to in the extract
used to insult Shylock.
The man referred to in the extract used to insult Shylock. He used to
disgrace him, laugh at his losses, mock at his gains, desprse his race
and interfere in his business deals simply because he was a Jew.
\~ 'bankrupt' cause loss to Shylock in Venice?
The bankrupt caused loss to Shylock in Venice by lending money without
interest and thus, affecting Shylock's business of lending money at
exhorbitant rate of interest.
(v) How is the bankrupt likely to go into a loss? How will such a loss affect
Shylock as far as his revenge and financial position is concerned?
The bankrupt is likely to go into a loss as his ship has been wrecked
with its rich cargo. Besides, he is to pay three thousand ducats he had
borrowed from Shylock for Bassanio. Such a loss will favour Shylock
to pursue his plan of revenge.
.. ,_.,
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ACT III Scene 1 63
4.
(i) Who is the thief referred to in the extract? What had the thief stolen?
What loss has Shylock suffered due to the theft?
The thief referred to in the extract is Shylock's daughter, Jessica. The
thief had stolen his money, gold and gems, including a diamond costing
two thousand ducats. After the theft, Shylock has to spend money to
locate Jessica. So he has suffered loss upon loss due to the theft.
(ii) Who is Tubal? Why did he go to Genoa?
Tubal is another Jew, a friend of Shylock. He went to Genoa to search
for Jessica, whp has eloped with Lorenzo .
~
•.
(iii) What news did Tubal bring from Genoa about the thief?
Tubal brought .the news that he went to the places in Genoa where he
heard some 'news about Iessica but could not find her.
(iv) State what ill-luck befellAntonio. Why was Shylock happy over the news?
One of Antoruos large ships has been wrecked on the way back from
Tripolis. This ,"V<18 the ill-luck that befell Antonio. Shylock was happy
over the news as his chances of taking revenge on Antonio became
brighter.
(v) The extract refers to 'satisfaction' and 'revenge'. In what context are
these expressions used by Shylock?
Shylock uses the expression satisfaction and revenge in the context of
his efforts to retrieve his lost money and eloped daughter. His daughter,
Jessica had stolen money, precious stones, and many other jewels. His
efforts to locate her and retrieve them have not succeeded. So, he has
neither the satisfaction of getting back his lost daughter and money.nor
taking revenge on the Christians, who caused her elopement.
(vi) In the context of the theft, what reference does Shylock make of his
bachelor days?
In the context of the theft, Shylock makes a reference to his bachelor
days. His wife Leah gave a turquoise ring to him before their marriage.
. His daughter Jessica stole that ring before eloping and exchanged it for
a monkey.

64 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
5.
~bal say that Antonio is undone? What makes him say with
certainty that Antonio is undone?
Tubal says that Antonio is undone because he. has heard from some of
the sailors he met in Genoa that o~e of Antonio's large ships has been
wrecked on the way back from Tripolis.
(ii) In what mood is Shylock in this scene? How is Tubal said to be torturing
him?
In this scene, Shylock is in a mood of grief. He feels as if he is the only
ope'.in the .world suffering from \}.lluck. Tubal is said to be torturing
Shylock by giving alternate accounts of Antonio's losses and Jessica's
extravagances. He alternately makes Shlock elated and depressed for
apparently no reason. He elates him by the news of wreckage of Antopio' s
ship on its way back from Tripolis, while he depresses him by saying
that he could not find Jessica and that she had spent eighty ducats on
one evening and exchanged a ring with a merchant for a monkey.
(iii) What is Shylock's reaction on hearing about Antonio's misfortune? How
is he going to punish Antonio? What would he gain by his revengeful
action?
Antonio's misfortune makes Shylock elated because he will be able
to. take his revenge on Antonio. He will punish Antonio by exacting
a pound of flesh from any part of his body. By his revengeful action,
he would avenge his hatred for Antonio and the Christians. Further, if
Antonio is removed from Venice he can make profits as he likes.
(iv) Givethe meaning of :
(a) a wilderness of monkeys.
"-
A horde of monkeys. It means that Shylockwould not have exchanged
his turquoise ring even for a horde of monkeys.
(b) I can make what merchandise i will.
. I can make as much profit as I like. It means that once Antonio is
. .. ..' o#ofVenice, Shylock can make as much profit as he wants.
~~iS a synagogue? What can you conclude from Shylock's journey
towards the synagogue?
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ACT III Scene 2 65
A synagogue is a Jewish house of prayer. Shylock's journey to the
synagogue gives us the clue that he will take revenge on Antonio.
Shylock believes in the old Mosaic law, which prescribed an eye for an
eye, and a tooth for a tooth. So, Shylock feels he is justified in taking
revenge against an enemy of his religion and race.
(vi) In what way, by the end of the scene, does Shylock convince the audience
that his attack on Antonio is without any mercy?
Shylock's passion for revenge and his complete justification of it is
given in this scene. He explains the insults he has suffered unjustly and
his right to take revenge. He believes that he is doing as his enemies
would do ..The fierceness of his thirst for ~evenge is expressed in his
final threat 'I will have the heart of him'; Shylock states that Jews are
no different from Christians and they will follow their example in the
matter of r~venge too.
ACT -III Scene 2
CONTEXT QUESTIONS
Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow:
1.
(i) Where does this scene take place? What is meant by the first line of the
extract?
This scene takes place in a room in Portia's house at Belmont. The first
line refers to Portia's maidenly modesty according to which she has no
other choice except to think, though she may not express her thoughts.
Portia says enough to convey to Bassan10 that she loved him. She is
doubtful whether Bassaniohas understood what-she has said and wanted
to explain further. But then she is taken over by her maidenly modesty.
.~r-reason:-dOes Portia give at the end of her speech for speaking so
. long? What does this show about her feelings towards Bassanio?
At the end of her speech, Portia says that she spoke at length to stretch
the time and delay to the fullest extent Bassanio's act of choosing the
caskets. This shows that she has feelings C?f love for Bassanio and does
66 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
"
..
not want to lose him soon. In her speech, she repeats her wish to make
him stay in Belmont for a month or two before he hazards the choice
of the caskets.
,(iii). Wh
vvnyy
~..ca 't Portia teach Bassan.i~ to choose the correc~ casket? I~Bass:nio
,~. to make an incorrect choice what would Portia have wished?
Portia cannot teach Bassanio to choose the correct casket as she has
promised her father not to reveal the secret of the caskets to anyone.
She would never break her pledged word. If Bassanio were to make
an incorrect choice, Por.tia would have wished that she had broken her
promise.
(iv) Give ~he~meaning of:
Be§hrew your eyes,
They have o'erlook'd me and divided me;
The abo~e lines mean, 'May your eyes be~confounded. They have cast a-
spell on me and divided me'. Portia says that Bassanio's eyes have cast
a spell on her and divided her for she no longer seems to be herself.
She says that half of her belongs to himand the other half to her. Even
if the latter half is hers, it would still be his. So she is entirely his.
(v) What light does the extract throw on the character of Portia as a daughter
and as a lover?
The extract shows that as a lover, Portia loves Bassanio and does not
want to lose him and wants LuJelaill Iuru w iLhhe! [01 d U1Ullllt or lvvo ,
Also she wants to train him how to choose the right casket. She says that
Bassanio's eyes have bewitched her and divided her. She affirms that
she is completely his. But as a dutiful daughter, she will never guide
Bassanio to choose the right casket ~s it would break her promise to
her father.
2.
(i) Explain the meaning of 'he makes a swan-like end.' What contemporary
belief about swans is expressed in the extract?
There was a contemporary belief that the swan, which is usually mute,
sang a beautiful song just before its death. The swan-song. was sung
only once. If Bassanio were 'to die', that is, to lose the love for Portia,
by choosing the wrong casket, then his end will be accompanied by the
fading music, like the swan that sings before it dies.
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(ii) Why does Portia order music to be played while Bassanio makes the
choice of caskets? To what does Portia compa,re the music, should
Bassanio choose correctly?
Portia calls for music first of q_11to calm the excitement in her own
heart and her tension when Bassanio is choosing the casket. She further
defends her action saying that if Bassanio fails-he will bid him his last
farewell in the midst of music and thus will be like the swan that sings
before it dies. If Bassanio succeeds, the music will add to the festive
atmosphere of the occasion, making. everyone happy.
,..~-euld Portia's eyes be a watery death-bed ,for Bassanio?
. Portia explains the condition if Bassanio fails to choose the right casket.
In that case, he will have a swan-like end. Making the comparison more
explicit, Portia says that her eyes with tears will be Bassanio's watery
grave as the riv;r is the grave for the dying sw~n.
(iv) How would the music call the dreaming bridegroom to his marriage?
If Bassanio is successful in the choice of caskets then the music also
represents the sweet notes of music that awaken the dreaming bridegroom
on the morning of his marriage and tells him that his wedding day has
come. It refers to an old English custom of playing music under the
windows of the bridegroom on the morning of the wedding day.
(v) In what way does Portia act as a romantic heroine in this scene?
In this scene, Portia acts as a romantic heroine. Her maidenly modesty
and bright 'wit is seen when she detains Ilassaniou little longer while
making his choice. She accompliahcs the difficult task o[ revealing Lv
Bassanio her affection for him. When Bassanio chooses correctly, she is
happy and surrenders herself, her property and her servants to Bassanio.
a
She also offers him ring and makes him promise never to part with it.
3.
(i) Who is.Alcides? What is the 'virgin tribute"? How did Alcides save the
virgl;"tribu te?
Alcides refers to young Hercules, son of Alcaeus. In Greek mythology,
he is depicted as a strong and courageous youth. 'Virgin Tribute' refers
to Hesione, the unmarried daughter of the Trojan King. Hesione was
tied to a rock on the sea-shore of Troy, expecting every moment to be
devoured by the sea-monster. Hercules saved the 'Virgin Tribute' by
killing the sea-monster and setting her free. Here Portia compares her

68 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
tension and suspense while Bassanio makes his choice of caskets to
the anxiety of .Hesione, waiting for the sea-monster's attack. She sees
Bassanio as having more love than Alcides.
(ii) In what way is Bassanio compared to young Alcides? Why does Portia
here stand for sacrifice'?
I
Portia compares Bassanio to Hercules by saying that Bassanio has as
much dignity of bearing as Hercules had, but he goes with much more
love than Hercules. Hercules did not go to save Hesione out of love
but to get the horses offered as a reward. Here Portia compares herself
to Hesione, who was offered as a sacrifice to a sea-monster. Similarly,
if B~ssanio chooses thewrong casket, she will fall into the clutches of
an unworthy suitor.
(iii) Give the meaning of:
(a) howling Troy: the loud lamentations of the people of Troy at-the
sacrifice of Hesione.
(b) bleared visages: means tear-stained faces. The reference is made to the
Trojan women who had assembled on the beach with tear-stained
faces to wait arid watch the result of the encounter between the
sea-monster and Hercules.
(c) The issue of the exploit: It means the outcome of the rescue operation.
It refers to the outcome of the encounter between Hercules and the
sea-monster.
(iv) What are 'The rest aloof' referred to in the extract? Who are the Dardanian
wives? What were the wives doing in the scene when Alcides was saving
the virgin tribute?
'The rest aloof' referred to in the extract are people in the room like
Nerissa, Gratiano and others whom Portia compares to Trojan women.
Dardanian wives are Trojan women. Dardanus was the mythical ancestor
.of the Trojans, who were called Dardanians. The Trojan women had
assembled on the beach with tear-stained faces to wait and watch the
result of the encounter between Hercules and the sea-monster.
. (v) Why does Portia say, 'Go, Hercules'? What will she be doing at the
same time?
Portia asks Bassanio,'Go Hercules' because in her opinion the similarity
between Bassanio and Hercules is complete and perfect. Portia tells
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ACT III Scene 2 69
Bassanio to go ahead and choose the casket. While he is choosing she
will be watching the test with much more anxiety than he, who has to
make the choice. She says that if he lives, that is, he succeeds, she lives.
If he fails, it is death for her.
4.
(i) Which theme in the play is highlighted in the above extract? How is it
highlighted?
In the above extract, the theme of appearance and reality is highlighted.
Bassanio, commenting on the caskets says that a pretty exterior may
often hide a rotten interior. The multitude is always led astray by
decorations .and adornments of various kinds. He is highlighting this
theme by providing the examples of lawyers, religious heresies and
cases of co~ards, who assume outward sign~of valour.
(ii) How can 'vice assume the external show of virtue?
Bassanio says· that every wrong has some appearance of virtue. He
explains it through the example of a lawyer. In a law-suit, possession of
a pleasing voice and attractive presence in a lawyer, entirely hide any
appearance of wrong in the cause he pleads. The ornament of the voice
gives an unsound plea, the false appearance of a good reality. Similarly
religious heresies can be glossed over if a preacher makes them appear
as true and just.
,~'tairs of sand'? To what are these stairs compared?
'Stairs of sand' refer to a stairway made of shifting sand. Such a stairway
is unreliable and gives way beneath the footstep it should support.
These stairs are compared to cowards, who cultivate beards to give them
the appearance of great. warriors like Hercules and Mars. The manly
appearaI)ce is cultivated only to deceive the world into thinking that
they are formidable.
(iv) Who is Hercules and who is frowning Mars? What are they, with their
beards known for?
Hercules was a great hero in Greek mythology and Mars was the Roman
god of war. Hercules and Mars are referred to here because they, with
their beards, stand for strength, manliness and bravery.
(v) Give the meaning of the following:
have livers white as milk;

70 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
The Elizabethans looked upon the liver as the seat of courage. A brave
man's liver was said to be red with blood. Cowards were spoken of as
having white livers.
5.
(i) Explain how is beauty purchased by weight? How does it make the
wearers lightest? (Give the two meanings of the word: lightest.)
Bassanio says that if we take the case of beauty we find that an imitation
of it is easily obtainable and may be brought in the market. TIle cosmetics
which enhance beauty can be bought by weight in a chemist's shop.
These bring about a marvellous change in the appearance of women.
The word }lightest is punned on. Bassanio .means that the addition of
cosmetics makes a woman 'light' that is fair coloured. The other meaning
of ,lightest' is to be frivolous and fickle-minded.
~ed to as 'crisped snaky gold~n locks'? Who wears them
and who is their actual owner?
'Crisped snaky golden locks' refer to false hair that women wear. Bassanio
says that the shining, golden tresses whose ringlets are tossed about by
the playful breeze, seen on the head of a woman, appear to be real.
Actually il is (;l1sp hair and originally it belonged to a dead woman,
who is lying in the grave.
(iii) What is referred to as 'the dowry of a second head'? Who has bred this
head? Where is the head now?
The 'dowry of a second head' refers to the. false hair (wig) worn by a
woman, that appear to be real but actually is a gift from some dead
woman, i.e., it originally belonged to a dead woman who is lying in
the grave. Shakespeare refers to the popular custom of wearing wigs
among the Elizabethan women.
(iv) Why does Bassanio say that ornament is but the guiled shore to a most
dangerous sea?
Bassanio says that outward adornment is always deceptive. It is like
the attractive but treacherous sea-shore that leads people into perilous
waters.
(v) Give any two examples from Bassanio's speech to show that appearances
are deceptive.
Bassanio asserts that appearances are deceptive. Two examples he
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ACT III Scene 2 71
mentions are : First, the shining, golden false hair that some women
wear. Though they look real, they belong to a dead person. The second
example is that of a lovely scarf that hides the ugly face of an Indian
beauty. This is deceptive as people expect to see something better than
an Indian beauty when the scarf is removed.
6.
(i) Wh~sth.e gentle scroll? Give the summary of what was written
I
~the scroll.
The gentle scroll was in the lead casket. On the scroll it was written
I
that since he has not chosen by mere outward appearances, he may
be fortunate af'\.,dmake his choice as wisely as' pe,:has done. -Since this
fortune has come to him, he should be satisfied "and seek nothing more
for his happiness. If he is pleased with his luck and feels that fate has
brought him happiness, he should go to his beloved and claim her as
his own with ~ loving kiss. !
(ii) What prize had the speaker won? Give the reasons which led to the
winning of the prize.
The speaker has won Portia. The speaker chose the correct casket, i .f'.,
lead casket coritairnnp Portia's portrait. Its simple looks impressed
Bassanio more than the protestations of gold and silver. Besides, the
inscription on the casket stated that the man who chooses it, must give
and hazard his whole being which means his true love.
(iii) What was the speaker asked to give and to receive?
The speaker was asked to go to the lady and claim her as his own with
a loving kiss and receive a kiss from her.
(iv) Give the meaning of:
(a) universal shout: loud applause of joy. This refers to the clamour of
the crowd at Bassanio's choice of the right casket.
(b) Giddy in spirit: overwhelmed with joy. This speaks of the bewildered
state of mind of Bassanio after his choice of the lead casket.
(v) To whom does the speaker compare himself? In what way does he
compare himself?
The speaker compares himself to the one who is striving to win some
contest; like one of two prize-fighters. He compares himself as someone
who wins a prize in the contest.

72 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
(vi) Why is the speaker doubtful whether what he sees is true?
Bassanio is at the height of his joy after choosing the correct casket.
He hears a loud applause from the people' standing there. He is so
bewildered by the outcome of making the correct choice, that he is not
sure if the applause is for him or not. He asks Portia to confirm it and
sanction it by returning his' kiss.
7.
(i) Which possessions' of. hers, does Portia' transfers to Bassanio after he
chose the correct casket?
After Bassanio chooses the correct casket, Portia transfers her mansion,
.her servants, herself and all her posJessions to him. : showered upon them.
..~on t~ree of the wishes of Porti~ which express her desire to exc:I
1I?- everythmg. ! . t '
Portia, for the sake. of Bassanio wishes that she were sixty times better
than herself, a thousand times more beautiful and ten thousand times
wealthier. These wishes express her desire to excel in everything for the
sake of Bassanio.
(iii) On what condition does she give the ring to Bassanio? How does the
ring become a part of the main plot in the story?
As a token of her love to Bassanio, Portia gives him a ring. She warns
him that if he parts with the ring or loses it or gives it away, that will
be a sign that his love for her is dead and give her the right to reproach
him. The ring becomes. a part of the main plot of the story as it starts
the ring episode we come across later in the play.
(iv) Give the meaning of:
Let it presage the ruin of your love,
And be my vantage to exclaim on you.
These lines mean: "Let that be a sign that your love for me is dead and
it will give an opportunity for me to accuse you for that." Here Portia
asserts that if Bassanio loses the ring she has given him, it will show
the loss of his love for her and will give her the right toreproach him.
(v) After Portia's speech, what does Bassanio say in his excitement? What
assurance does he give to her about the ring?
After Portia's speech, Bassanio is overpowered with emotion and he tells
Portia that her love and goodness has made him speechless. Regarding the
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ACT III Scene 2 73
ring, Bassanio promises Portia that when the ring leaves his finger, his
spirit will flee and his life will leave him. He will part with the ring
only at his death.
8.
(i) Give the context in which Gratiano speaks these words. What good
wishes does he give to Bassanio? .
After Bassanio's successful selection of the right casket and after the
. speeches of Portia and Bassanio Nerissa greets them and wishes them
great joy. Thereafter Gratiano speaks these words. Cratiano wishes
Portia al).dBassaruo that all the joy and happiness they desire may be
... _.
(ii) What request does Gratiano make to Bassanio?
Gratian6 requests Bassanio to grant him !a special favour - that is, to
permit him to allow him to marry at the same time of the marriage
ceremony of Portia and Bassanio.
(iii) What condition does Bassanio put regarding Gratiano's request?
Bassanio gives his consent most heartily, provided Gratiano can get a
wife.
. (iv) §_xplaill-how Gratiano's fortune too 'stood upon the caskets'?
\. ...... --------~...- ,
While Bassanio wooed Lady Portia, Gratiano wooed her lady-in-waiting,
Nerissa. However, the promise that Gratiano received from Nerissa was
that Nerissa would love Gratiano provided that Bassanio had the good
fortune of winning the love of Portia by selecting the right casket. Thus,
Gratiano's fortune too stood on the caskets.
(v) How has Gratiano-Nerissa episode added humour to the story in this'
scene?
Gratiano-Nerissa episode has added humour to the story. The romance
and marriage of Nerissa and Gratiano strengthen the old belief that
characters in association with nobility are themselves ennobled. Gratiano
experienced the joy of love in the company of Bassanio. Nerrisa being
educated by her mistress Portia, was able to win a gentleman' slave.
Gratiano, with a keen sense of humour arouses mu~h mirth and laughter
in the' scene.

THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
74
9.
(i) Where does the scene take place? Who brings the letter from Antonio
to Bassanio?
This scene takes place in a room in Portia's house at Belmont. Salerio
brings the letter from Antonio to Bassanio.
(ii) How does Portia conclude that there is some bad news in the letter?
What could be the bad news according to Portia?
Portia concludes. that there is some bad news in the .letter because as
soon as Bassanio reads the letter, his face turns pale and .he becomes
greatly agitated. According to Portia, the bad news in the letter my.st
Be about the loss of someone loved' by Bassanio. ' over.
(iii) What right does Portia now have to know from Bassanio the contents
of the letter?
Portia begs of Bassanio to tell her the cause of his sorrow as she and
Bassanio are one, and she ought to share in everything that happens
to hirn. Hence, she asks Bassanlo to tell her what news that letter has
brought.
(iv) Briefly state what Bassanio told Portia about the bond and the destruction
of Antonio's cargo ships.
Bassanio tells Portia that the letter contains some of the most unwelcome
riews. He tells Portia that he is deeply indebted to i'I kino frir-nri. This
friend for his sake agreed to a bono with his worst enemy, a man. who
hates him. He did this solely lo supply I3assanio with the money he
needed to come to Belmont. Bassanio looks upon Antonio's letter as if
it is his body and the cruel words of the letter as wounds from which
blood is 'gushing out. He then tells that all the ships of Antonio have
been wrecked on the dangerous rocks.
(v) What did Salerio say about Shylock's insistence on the forfeiture of
Antonio's bond?
Salerio says that even if Antonio had sufficient money to payoff his
debt, Shylock will not accept the payment. Shylock threatens to take legal
action against the city's governance and call in question the equality of
rights of foreigners with the citizens of Venice, if they refuse Shylock
justice by bringing Antonio to trial. Twenty merchants, the Duke and the
noblemen of the highest rank in Venice, have tried to persuade Shylock
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ACT III Scene 2 75
I
to be reasonable, but without any success. Shylock holds stubbornly to
his malicious purpose of exacting the full penalty for the forfeiture of
the bond.
10.
(i) Who are Tubal and Chus? What did Jessica hear Shylock say to Tubal
and Chus about the bond?
Tubal and Chus are two Jewish friends of Shylock. When Jessica was
at home, she had heard Shylock swearing to Tubal and Chus that he
will have the penalty carried out and that a pound of Antonio's flesh
would give him more pleasure than to be paid the debt twenty times
t .~ ~
(ii) What would the Duke, law and influential citizens do to prevent Shylock
from t~kihg his cruel forfeiture?
The Duke, ~aw and influential citizens would use all their powers of
persuasion to prevent Shylock from taking his cruel forfeiture.
(iii) What is ·the danger if the forfeiture is denied to Shylock as per the terms
of the bond?
If the forfeiture is denied to Shylock as per the terms of the bond,
there was the danger of Shylock taking legal action against the city's
governors and call in question the equality of rights of foreigners with
the citizens of Venice. Thus, there was the danger of Shylock bringing
discredit to the business in Venice.
(iv) What does Portia offer to do in terms of payment to Shylock in cash?
In terms of payment to Shylock.in cash, Portia offers to pay him double
the amount. Then she says to give him double of six thousand and then
three times of that. Later she says that she will give him enough gold
to pay the debt twenty times over.
(v) What does Antonio's letter state about his last wish?
Since the payment of the penalty means his death, Antonio's last wish is
to see Bassanio before he dies. He says that it will cancel all bonds and
obligations between Bassanio and him. However, he adds that Bassanio
should do as he wishes and should not pay any attention to Antonio's
welfare.
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ACT III Scene 3 77

THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK

. portia's secret plans in sending Bassanio to Venice?

ACT III Scene 3
fe
76 ¢le I110ney to Bassanio and sends him to rescue Antonio. She
es CONTEXT QUESTIONS
l fv 1'1to disguise herself as a lawyer and Nerissa as .her assistant

11·
.rr· ~~-.~fl~
-V If" & ~ ~o
to Venice to rescue Antoni~ from the clutches of Shylock.
~ Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow:
(i) fCt'-~~efl tJleaning of: 1.
. ~J tre e UJife': make me your wife, get married to me. '
(i) \y'bat--does Shylock ask the jailer to do? Give two reasons from the
#' tie (tlt,.rt fT. unquiet soul': with a disturbed, grief stricken mind. "----··extract to justify why Shylock was against Antonio.

.'
t! ) Ie 11 ct
,¢lit1
~ssanio supposed to do as frr:as Antonio s forfeiture of ther
. , .
Shylock asks",the jailer to guard Antonio closely and see that he does not
(1).) (.p ; , • 13 cerned?: . escape. He tkns him not to plead with him t~ ~how mercy to Antonio.
)d
J& O~l
{t1 r~
j&..c as supposed to go to Venice and offer double the amount The extract shows that Shylock was against Antonio. He insists on having
~o! ,.0 ~
Shylock and cancel the bond, If he did not agree to. thatl the bond sayiI~g thathe has taken an oath to exact the full penalty of
{J &~(I- J ~s to offer him, double of six thousand ducats or three times the bond. Besides, he says that since' Antonio called him a 'dog'. Antonio
~ p& (}(I-,o J t or even twenty times the bond amount. should beware of his teeth, as they can bite.
f1 1:1 (l-J vJl . . . .
tJi &&~ (flO ld Portia and Nerissa supposed to be doing In Belmont after , (ii)1 G.iV.e"t~1emeaning of:
f1t'- 't ~ ¢lotJa1'1dSleave for Venice? What did they really do? - -_"'-1-' __...__---....-
p&J \_._/'{a) Lent out. money gratis: lending money without interest.
t t-1-~t rt-t.. &1? ..'
{'Jeris5a were to stay in Belmont as spll1,s~ers or WIdows aft~r
¢1 j:( ~flJ J1ds leave for Venice. But in fact they .did not do so. Portia (b) beware myfangs: beware of my teeth. That IS beware of my revenge,
t re j~ t-t&l?aawent to Venice in disguise of a lawyer and her assistant,
(iii) What does Shylock say after this extract, blaming the jailer for bringing
(i4) clt( VefiS:r and played a constructive role in saving Antonio from the
Antonio out of prison?
fr~ r'tiVef Shylock.
After this extract, Shylock angrily tells the jailer that he is surprised at
~:('- ./Jete& ~ tant is this scene for the forward movement of the storyline?
t1& 'if'-
f'ot ' . I his being so foolish as to yield to Antonio's request and to bring him
.f;vt ,jff'" .is imp_odantJor_the£orwardmovement of the storyline, It out in: fhe-open. He censures the jailer for bringing him ouf:
I
4)
r ,.,
? 0¢1 tei1.e t}1.ecasket story and brings it in direct contact with "" other
& ete5 t}1.ebond story, Jessica-Lorenzo love story. and the nng story
1p1 fl /' tOry begins in this scene. The, bond, story IS revealed through
I (iv) How does this short scene show the determination
the penalty as stipulated in the bond?
of Shylock to extract

(
O~j.e~ ~ g letter and Bassanio's return to Venice. ",
This short scene shows the determination of Shylock to extract the
:; 0:( f1~ '& .,. ' .
&t e (I-~O oice of the casket by Bassanio, Portia takes over the leadership penalty as stipulated in the bond. His passion for revenge is revealed in
1~t() 1t\e c}1. What are your views on this statement? ., this scene, when he savagely cries to the jailer to guard Antonio closely
f>y} tv 1~Y-
f' ttef J1.
t after the choice of the casket by Bassanio, Portia takes over and see that he does not escape. He refers to the bond five times in
r tr-e e,tJ:t~t1the play. When Antonio is in trouble, she offers Bassanio the scene and refuses to listen to Antonio's pleas. His determinatlon is
,fi) ~f' ~ttJf' eS the bond amount to save Antonio. She herself dons the sealed by his statement that he has sworn an oath that he will .have his
(v .& f& ·tJl . d i .
t '- J.e
tJ lawyer and using a perfect blend of mercy an Justice saves bond.
}e&J
~ e}' 0
Ad t
a
.¢1.&e '0'
f.J-'- f~
". -a
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THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK ACT III Scene 4

78 79

(v) Describe briefly how this scene prepares the audience for the climax of (v) What final wish does Antonio express before he would die? What does
the Trial scene. it reveal about his character?

This scene is important because it brings the action near to the Trial Scene. Antonio's final wish is to see Bassanio before he dies. This shows his
It adds suspense to the bond story as it shows that it is impossible for great love and affection for Bassanio. Antonio resigns himself to his fate
Antonio to escape Shylock's revenge. ,This scene fills the interval before but takes comfort in the thought that he is going to die for the sake of
his friend.
the Trial scene and allows time for B~ssanio' s journey from Belmont to
_._ •.. _--_ _._----'''-
..

Venice.

2. ACT III Scene 4

(i) What has enraged Antonio to speak in this manner? According to
Ant?IVO, why does Shylock seek his .life ?

When Antonio's continuous pleas to "Shylock to listen to him fail and he CONTEXT QUESTIf)NS
insists, on having his bond, Antonio g~t enraged. He says that Shylock Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow:
wants to take away his life because he has frequently helped Shylock's 1. ~
debtors out of his clutches when they approached him for help. This
has made Shylock to hate him. (i) Who is referred to as a true gentleman? Why is he in need of relief?

(ii)""'What does Salarino say about the Duke? ~n:onio is referred as d tl Llt' gentleman. He is in need of relief as Shylock
InSIstS on the penalty for thf> forfeirn re of th'e bond, which is a pound
Salarino says that he is sure that the Duke will never permit the penalty of flesh from any part of his body.
of the bond to hold good in law.
~!2,_Ex-plain the relationship that exists between the gentleman and Bassanio.
(iii) Who are the strangers referred to in the extract? What commodity do
The relationship between the gentlemen, i.e., Antonio and Bassanio is
they have In Venice?
that of lov~, affection and friendship. Antonio readily agrees to Shylock' 5

Strangers referred to in the extract are the traders and businessmen bond to. gIve money to Bassanio to woo Portia and never regrets his
from other countries doing business in. Venice. Here, specific reference generosity even at the forfeiture of the bond. His last wish is to see
is to Shylock, a Jew, a foreigner. They do trade and business in Venice, Bass~nio before he dies. Bassanio reciprocates the same sentiments by
rushing back to Venice soon after his marriage to save his friend.
(iv) Can ,t~~'Duke deny the course of law to the strangers? Why?
(iii) Give the meaning of:
The Duke cannot deny the course of law to the strangers. Firstly, the
(a) an equal yoke of love: by the same bond of love.
rights and privileges of trade that foreigners have in Venice cannot
be denied. If denied they will expose the justice system of the state (b) Of lineaments, of manners and of spirit: features, mind, behaviour and
disposition.
to reproach. Secondly, prosperity of Venice depends on its trade with
foreign nations. If injustice is done. to Shylock, other foreigners will raise {LYJ__wn-ydo~ Portia conclude that the true gentleman' must be like Bassanio?
alarm and objections. They will loose confidence in the. justice system
Portia says that when two people are close friends and are united
and it will affect the trade in the city.
by the tie of mutual love, their two natures may have many things. in

80 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
common. There must be a certain similarity of features, mind, behaviour
and disposition. This makes her conclude that the true gentleman, i.e.,
Antonio must be like Bassanio. - it difficult to run her house smoothly?
(v) Show clearly how Portia's marriage takesplace due to the risk taken
by the true gentleman.
Bassanio needed three thousand ducats to come to Belmont to woo Portia.
He approached Antonio for help. As Antonio had no ready cash with
him, he borrowed the amount from Shylock, his enemy after signing
the treacherous bond. Bassanio could win over Portia and marry her
due to this generosity of Antonio.
(vi) ~,Which·aspect .of Portia's charact~r.:is shown in this scen~?
'This scene shows Portia's intellectual ability, her devotion to Bassanio
and her admiration for Antonio. She feels that since Antonio is }ike
(B~ssanio in mind and personality, her admiration for Antonio is justified.
2.
(i) Wh~~ meant by 'the husbandry and manage of my house'?
\..._~above words mean: the control and management of my house. Portia
tells Lorenzo that she gives into his hands the entire management and
care of her mansion till the return of her husband.
(ii) What responsibilities does Portia give to Lorenzo? Till her husband's
return, what would Portia do?
Portia gives Lorenzo the complete control. and management.· of her
mansion till her husband's return. Portia says that she has taken a secret
oath to pass her days in religious exercises and holy meditation with
Nerissa alone as her companion until the return of her husband.
(iii) What in fact was Portia's intention in leaving her home? Why did she
....-.-.
\....
__
__.--need Nerissa to accompany her?
Portia's intention in leaving her home was to go to Venice to save
Antonio from the clutches of Shylock by disguising herself as a lawyer.
She needed Nerissa to act as lawyer's clerk.
\...Q:W~r what pretext was Portia leaving her house?
Portia was leaving her house under the pretext of spending her days
in religious exercises and holy meditation in the company of Nerissa
till the return of her husband.
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(v) .~y does. Portia say that during her absence Lorenzo would not find
Portia says that during her absence Lorenzo would not find any
difficul~ in running her house because she has instructed her servants
to accept Lorenzo and Jessica as their master and mistress till she comes
back.
(vi) How does Portia show that she is intelligent and has good management
skills?
In this scene, Portia shows that her intelligence and good management
E
skills. Spe devises a plan to save Antonio ftom the clutches of Shylock.
After consulting her cousin Dr. Bellario, she decides to go to Venice,
dressed as a lawyer with Nerissa dressed as lawyer's clerk. She entrusts
to Lorenzo and Jessica the administration of her mansion. It is her !
intelligent planning and management of the situation that take the action
of the play forward.
3.
(i) }'Yhere"does Portia send Balthazar? Why does she choose him to do the
__ .,--errand for her?
Portia sends Balthazar to Padua to Dr. Ballario. She chooses him for
this errand as Balthazar is her honest and trustworthy servant.
(ii) What does Balthazar take with him? To whom is he to give it?
Balthazar takes with him a letter to be given to Dr. Bellario of Padua,
a lawyer and Portia's cousin.
(iii) Give the meaning of:
(a) with imagined speed: with maximum speed one is capable of.
(b) to the. common ferry/ Which trades to Venice: to the public ferry-boat
which plies to and from Venice.
(iv) What was the purpose of sending Balthazar to Portia's cousin?
The purpose of sending Balthazar to Portia's cousin was to hand over
to him her letter andthen to bring back from him certain letters, notes
and robes. Notes prefer to Dr. Bellario's written opinion about the case.
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82 83

Robes refer to the robes of a Doctor of Law for Portia and the dress of ..(iv) Give-the meaning of:
a lawyer's clerk, meant for Nerissa. (a) puny lies: credible lies, lies that are convincing.
(v) What hints does Portia 'give to Nerissa in the extract regarding their (b) raw tricks: inexperienced tricks of youth.
mission? When and how are the rest of the plans to be revealed?
(c) braggi~$. Jacks: 'boastful fellows.
After Balthazar's departure, Portia gives Nerissa a hint regarding their . .
mission saying that she has' some urgent work. She also says that they (vL~lf<ircioes Porti~ tell Nerissa about disclosing her future plan? Comment
will go' to the place where their husbands are. Portia will outline the '6~ the imaginative skills of Portia in this scene.
rest ofthe plan to Nerissa in the coach which will carry them to their Portia tells Nerissa that she will outline her future plan to' her in the ".'<
':

destined place.
4.
(i) Why wouldn't the husbands of Portia and Nerissa recognise them when
they would see them?
The husbands of Portia and Nerissa Would not recognise them when!
they would see them because they, will be dressed like young men -
one a Doctor of' Law and the other as his clerk.
(i~)-·,'fiowwill Portia appear and behave after she reaches the destination?
After she reaches her destination dressed as a young man, Portia will
wear a dagger by her side. She will speak in the husky voice of a
youth, passing from boyhood to manhood. She will walk with long
manly strides instead of two short and quick steps of a woman. She
will talk of broils and fights like ,a boastful young man. She will tell
fanci+ut stones, as for instance how many greal ladies have loved her
and died of a broken heart. She says that her mind is full' of thousands
of school-boyish pranks and she will try them all.
,(iii) VYh:a(~;'quaintlies' would Portia tell to mislead people? How, does she
-, '''-/~xpect men to' react' to her quaint lies?
Portia will tell fanciful stories as for instance how many great ladies have
coach while travelling to Venice. This scene describes the imaginative
skills of Portia. She plans in detail the plan of action and decides clearly
her and Nerissa's: roles in it. The way she plans.to speak and walk and
tell boastful lies clearly .indicate Portia' s imgina'ti~e skills.
ACT III Scene 5
CONTEXT QUESTIONS
Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow:
1.
(i) .:»'b::rt:' is Launcelot? What is he discussing and with whom?
Launcelot is in the garden of Portia at Belmont. Launcelot is discussing
with Jessica the question of her salvation. He says that being the
daughter of a Jew, she will be damned, LhaLis there is no salva Lionfor
her soul because children are punished for the sins of their fathers. This
is because Christians of those days believed that for the souls of Jews
and non-christians, there is no salvation. .
L ~ /'!

\(i9 ~ho .isto be blamed mor~,o11n/2t-f~r~at -t~~so~~'! ,,>" .J..,r;<

",--'
loved her and died of a broken heart because she did not love them
in return. Then she would say that she could not help it and pretend
she is sorry for them and that she wished they did not die for her sake
as it was not her fault. Similarly, she would tell scores of other little
inventions and lies. She expects men to believe that she has left school
more than a year.
.' ;), .
According to Launcelot, Lorenzo is to be blamed for the conversion of
Jessica because by converting her, he has added one more member to
the community of Christians, who are already many. Besides, it will
raise the price of pork as one more pork-eater will be added to the
group of pork-eaters.
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THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK ACT III Scene 5 85
84

~WWdUld Jessica's becoming a Christian affect the. price of hogs? Thus, Jessica states that there is no another woman like Portia in this
world. She is peerless;
Jessica's becoming a Christian will increase the number of pork-eaters
and thus, will affect the price of the. pork. (iii) What has Lorenzo said earlier about Launcelot's skill in using words?

(iv)_}V-llat"didLauncelot say earlier about damnation of Jessica? How did
<:»> he justify his opinion of damnation? How does Jessica hope to escape
damnation?
Earlier Launcelot had said that Jessica will be damned due to the sins
of her' father. He justifies this by referring to a passage in the Bible
(Exodus 20/5) which says that even children and children's children
will be punished for the sins, of their fathers. Jessica hopes t~ e~ca?e
damnation through her husband. That is, being converted to Christianity
by her husband she will be saved. This has also a reference. to Bible
where St. Paul says that the unbelieving wife is sanctified by the pus band
I" (1 Corintheans 7:14).
Lorenzo tells Launcelot that he is trying to show his wisdom by using
words at every opportunity. He tells him to try to understand a simple
man, who speaks plan language.
(iv) What mix up of words has Launcelot done earlier in the context of
serving dinner? Bring out the humour arising from his speech.
In .the context of serving dinner, Launcelot behaves like a refined jester.
Lorenzo asks Launcelot to go indoors, and tell the servants to get dinner
ready and serve it. Launcelot misuriderstands 'prepare for dinner as
'prepare themselves for dinner' and says that they are ready and have
good appetite. Further he takes 'prepare dinner' for' get dinner cooked'.
Launcelot inverts the words take,'meat and bid. He tells Lorenzo/that

t··;:
the table shall be 'served' meaning 'Iaid/ and the meat shall be 'covered'
; (v}/EXplain the conflict of religions referred to in this scene· I
meaning 'served' ..He says as for their coming to dinner, it depends on
_- Conflict ofreligi6ns is highlighted.in this scene. Christians of those days their mood and fancy and he cannot 'bid'. them to do anything.
believed that non-Christians and Jews will be damned. Since Jessica is
(v) Give a brief character sketch of Launcelot in this scene.
the daughter of Shylock, she will be damned. However, J,es~icaas,ser:s
her position referring to St. Paul, who said that the unbelieving wife IS In this scene, the character of Launcelot changes from that of an ignorant
sanctified by her husband who is a Christian. practical joker to that of a more refined jester. He resembles, a court fool
here. He theorises on the consequences of Jessica's turning a Christian.
2. He further reveals his skills in punning words so that even Lorenzo
(i) What is ipast all expressing'? Why does Jessica suggest that Bassanio admits that the fool has filled his mind with quite a stock of fine words
should lead an upright life? ready for use.
Jessica uses these words - 'Past all expressing' which mean words are
not enough to express her admiration for Portia. Jessica suggest~ th~t
Bassanio should lead an upright life because he has such a blessmg in
his wife, Portia: He has the joys of heaven here on earth. If he does not
value the joy while on earth, he does not deserve to expect happiness
in heaven.
,_~oes Jessica say immediately after this extract praising Portia?
Immediately after this extract praising Portia, Jessica says that if ~wo
gods should 'enter into a contest and stake two earthly women as pnzes
in the game, then if.Portia were to be one of them, the other woman
would need some addition to her worth so as to make the stake equaL
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THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
86
ACT IV Scene 1
CONTEXT QUESTIONS
Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow:
1.
(i) Where does this scene take place? What has the Duke said before this
extract about the hard-hearted .adversary?
~ This scene lakes place in a court of justice in Venice. Before thi~ extract,
:_) the Duke has described the hard-hearted adversary .as an inhuman
wretch without pity, totally lacking in mercy.
(ii) What rigorous course-is referred to in the extract? Why does Antonio
say that no lawful beans can carry him out of his enemy's reach?
The rigorous course referred to in the extract is the demand for the
pound of flesh from Antonio's body by Sh~lock, as. the penalty .for the
forfeiture of the borid. Since Shylock remains obstinate, Antomo says
that no lawful means can save him from his enemy.
(iii) Give the meaning of:
(a) I do oppose/My patience to his jury.
\, I shall suffer his cruelty and. anger with patience.
J
(b) arm'dl'To suffer.
I am prepared to .face his cruelty and anger with a calm spirit.
(iv) From the speech of the Duke, after the extract, give an example to show
that the Duke was anrioved with Shylock.
The extract shows the Duke's annoyance with Shylock. He tells Shylock
that it is everyone's opinion that Shylock intends to keep up the show of
severity and hatred until the last stage of the case. Then he will rele~t
and not only show kindness and pity but will agree to abandon hIS
claim and forego a portion of the original sum borrowed by Antonio.
(v) In what mood are Shylock and Antonio at this juncture?
At this juncture, Shylock is defiant and insistent on the penalty for
the forfeiture of the bond, i.e., a pound of Antonio's flesh. Antonio on
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ACT IV Scene 1 87
the other hand, is resigned to his fate and is ready to face calmly the
consequences of the forfeiture. He believes that no lawful means can
save him from Shylock's sinister intentions.
2.
(i) In what way does the Duke expect Shylock to mitigate his stand towards
the forfeiture?' .,
-:;.)The' Duke expects Shylock to mitigate hIS stand towards forfeiture after
considering Antonio's heavy losses that have come so thick and fast.
The Duke' expects that Shylock will be moved by human tenderness
and sympathy.
(ii) What is meant by 'a moiety of the principal'? Why does the Duke
request Shylock to have 'mercy on Antonio? .
~)'A moiety of the principal' mea~s ~ part .of the principal. The Duke
requests to have mercy on Antonio SIncehIS losses have been so heavy
and have come so thick' and fast upon him lately that they have been
enough to ruin a noble merchant. They are enough to draw pity and
sympathy for his condition from anyone.
(iii) Give the meaning of:
(a) so huddled on his back.
;:." So accumulated on him. It refers to the many losses that befell on
.) Antonio so thick and fast.
(b) never train'dlTo offices of tender courtesy.
--;~)
Who have never been taught the feelings of human kindness. The
/ Duke says that Antonio's losses are enough to draw pity and
sympathy for his condition, from' hearts as hard as brass and as
rough as stones and from uncultured Turks and Tartars, who have
never been taught the feelings of human kindness.
(iv) Who are the Turks and Tartars? What is said about them in the extract?
~;rurks are the. people of Turkey and Tartars are the people of Tartary.
.They were considered uncultured and having no feelings of human
kindness. They were considered to be stubborn. The Duke says that
even the Turks and Tartars, who have never been schooled in acts of
kindness and love, will feel pity and sympathy for Antonio's plight.
(v) Why does Shylock refuse to have mercy on Antonio?
--::)Shylock refuses to have mercy on' Antonio because he wants to take

88 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
revenge on him. He tells the Duke that he has already explained to
the Duke his intentions. Moreover, he has taken an oath by his holy
Sabbath, to see that the terms of the forfeit are carried out.
3.
(i) What question is Shylock answering in the context? What examples
does he give in the extract to justify his position for not giving a firm
reason?
Shylock is answering the Duke's suggestion that he expects a gentle
answer from him. Shylock says that he will not give an exact reason. He
goes on to state that he has undivided whims like other men. If his house
is infested with rats, he may spend ten thousand ducats to have them
poisoned. There are people who cannot tolerate the sight of an open-
mouthed roasted pig, sight of a cat or the stream of a bag-pipe. In all
these there is no definite reason for hating these things. It is determined
by a strong whim or mood, which can overpower any reason.
(ii) Give the meaning of:
(a) As to offend, himself being offended.
This means offending others, after being offended. Shylock speaks
of people behaving according to their whims. These people stoop
low. by offending others and expressing their dislike.
(b) a lodged hate.
This means a deep-rooted hatred. This refers to Shylock's deep and
.....
>\
- 'definite dislike and hatred of Antonio.
(iii) How does Bassanio react to what Shylock says in the extract?
I, Bassanio reacts to what Shylock says by calling him a hard-hearted
.c creature. He further says that his answer is no excuse for his merciless
actions.
(iv) If Antonio is shown mercy by the Duke, against the wishes of Shylock
what would be its implication?
~"If Antonio is shown mercy by the Duke against the wishes of Shylock, it
'will expose the justice system of the state that allows right and privileges
of trade for foreigners. Besides, foreigners will lose their confidence
in the just and impartial administration of law in Venice and this will
adversely affect its trade and prosperity. ' that these people have no well-grounded reason to offer as to why they
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ACT IV Scene 1 89
'(v) S.flOWho~ tense the scene has become as Shylock fights for his legal
right against the rest. '
This scene known as the Trial Scene is the central scene or the climax of
the play. The scene becomes tense when Shylock insists on his legal right
though the Duke and Bassanio try to reason with him to show mercy
and compassion. The stage is set for a legal battle between Shylockand
the rest.
4.
(i) What argument takes place just before this extract?
l,}lstbefore this extract an argument takes place between Bassanio and
Shylock. Bassanio asks Shylock whether a man is obliged to seek the
death of everything he dislikes. In reply, .Shylock wants to know when
a man hates a thing intensely, why should he not kill it willingly.
Bassanio further argues that a first offence, does not arouse so fierce a
hatred. Shylock argues again with another question. He asks, Bassanio
whether he would give. a serpent a second chance to sting him.
(ii) Give two examples from the extract to show that it is useless to plead
with the Jew to show mercy. ,
In the extract Antonio tells Bassanio that it is useless to plead with the
Jew to show mercy. He tells him if he is hoping to soften his heart, he
might as well stand on the sea-shore and ask the tide not to rise so high
'as usual. Secondly, he may as well ask the wolf why he has made the
mother sheep to mourn for the lamb he has devoured .
(iii) Give the meaning of:
(a) 'bate his usual height:
It means reduce its mutual height, meaning to ask the ocean tides
not to rise.
(b) To wag their high' tops:
It means to sway their high top. It refers to the swaying of the high
tops of the pine trees on the mountains.
(iv) What reason does Shylock give for his hatred for Antonio?
Shylock does not give a definite reason for his hatred for Antonio. He
goes on to state that he has individual whims like other men. He says
90 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
r ACT IV Scene 1
dislike various objects, like a gaping pig, a harmless domestic ca(~Il.d
a bagpipe. Shylock says that he bears just such a deep-rooted hatred
and a definite dislike for Antonio.
(v) Bassanio offers Shylock six thousand ducats. What is Shylock's reaction
to the offer?
Shylock tells Bassanio that if he were to double it and double it again
three times over, he would still refuse to accept thirty six thousand
ducats. He wants only the penalty to be paid.
5.
(i) 'let their beds / Be made as soft as yours,'
Who are they referred to in the first line of the extract? Whose bedsare
referred to?
In the first line of the extract 'They' refers to the slaves of the Christians.
The beds of thes slaves are referred here.
(ii) What is meant by:
'let their palates/Be season'd with such viands?'
This means to give the slaves rich food to eat. This refers to Shylock's
complaint that Christians don't provide their slaves the rich food they
themselves take and treat them as they please since they are their
property.
(iii) How is the pound of flesh dearly bought by Shylock?
Shylock says that the pound of flesh which he claims from Antonio has
been bought by him at a high price. As per the bond agreement, at the
forfeiture, Shylock is entitled to only a pound of Antonio's flesh. He
will lose his three thousand ducats he had given.
(iv) Why does Shylock keenly say, 'I stand for judgment'?
Shylock thinks that since the pound of flesh has been bought by him at
a high price, it is his and therefore, insists on having it. He demands
justice from the Duke as per the bond agreement.
(v) What do the decrees of Venice guarantee? What would happen if Shylock
were refused justice?
Decrees of Venice guarantee equal rights and privileges to the citizens
and foreigners. If Shylock were refused justice, ~e justice system of
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91
Venice would be exposed to disrepute and will adversely affect the
trade and prosperity of Venice.
(vi) How can you conclude from the given extract that Shylock is good at
giving relevant arguments to prove his case.
The given extract proves that Shylock is good at giving relevant arguments
to prove his case. He gives replies word by word to the questions
put forward by his enemies. When asked to give a noble response on
having mercy on Antonio, Shylock says that Christians are no better.
They treat their slaves as they treat their asses.. dogs and mules. He
questions if Christians would allow their slaves to intermarry in their
families and allow them to have comfortable beds and tasty food like
them. He further argues that just as people have no good reason whey
cannot put up with a gaping pig, a harmless domestic cat or a bagpipe,
he has no reason to give for taking a pound of Antonio's flesh.
6.
(i) How did Bassanio encourage Antonio assuring him of every help?
Bassanio tells Antonio not to lose hope and have courage. He is ready
to give his own flesh to greedy Shylock and his whole body too, before
he will allow him to lose One drop of Antonio's blood on his behalf.
(ii) What is meant by "tainted wether of the flock"? In what way is he
meetest for death?
Antonio says that he is like a sick sheep in the herd only fit to be taken
out from the herd for slaughter. He says that he is the most fit or suitable
person to die.
(iii) What is an epitaph? Why does Antonio talk about the epitaph at
this time?
Epitaph is an inscription written on the tomb of a dead man. Antonio
talks about the epitaph now since he is sure that he has to die as the
Jew was determined to have his bond.
(iv) State the generous offer made by Bassanio to save his friend just before
the extract.
To save Antonio, Bassanio offers to pay Shylock six thousand ducats,
double the amount of money borrowed from Shylock.
(v) Who comes to the scene immediately after Antonio's speech? Why does
.the person come?
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1. !@! . . L.

92 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK ACT IV Scene 1 93

Nerissa, dressed as a lawyers' clerk came to the scene immediately It can be concluded that Shylock has the spirit of the wolf because all
after Antonio's speech. She came to deliver a letter to the Duke from his in~linationsare wolf-like - he is greedy, bloodthirsty and rapacious.
Dr. Bellario of Padua. Certainly the spirit dwelling in his breast must have formerly been
tl;at of a wolf when its former body was slain, it took up its abode in
(vi) Describe Antonio's mood in the context. How does his such attitude
Shylock/s body.
shape him to be an important character in the comedy?
(vi) State clearly how Shylock ridicules Gratiano after the extract.
In this context Antonio's mood is quite passive and is resigned to his
inevitable fate. His nobility and love for Bassanio is also shown in this Shylock laughs at Gratiano's outburst. He says that he is injuring his
extract. This attitude makes him a· tragic hero and wins him the love lungs. He says it is a mere waste of breath unless, curses can make his
and sympathy of the audience. bond illegal. He sarcastically tells Gratiano to try to get more wisdom or
his understanding will soon be beyond the hope of any improvement.
7.
8.
(i) Explain why Gratiano reacts violently in the extract.
(i) What is the meaning of 'strain'd'? Why is the quality of mercy not strained?
When Shylock insists that he wants only his bond and is sharpening
his knife to cut the flesh from the man, who has failed to pay the debt, The word 'strained' means forced. Portia tells that the very characteristic
Gratiano reacts violently to his remarks. He says that Shylock is not of mercy is that there can be no compulsion in its exercise. It drops as
sharpening his knife on the sale of his shoe, but on his soul and no freely as the gentle.rain from heaven on the earth below. It is beyond
metal, not even the axe of a hangman can have half the sharpness of the power of man and the law to compel a man to be merciful. Mercy
is a free voluntary action.
his envy.
(ii) In what way is mercy twice blessed and is mightiest in the mightiest?
(ii) Who was Pythagoras? What was the theory about rebirth according to
him? Portia says that mercy carries with it a two-fold power and a double
blessing. It benefits both the giver and the receiver. It is not an attribute
Pythagoras was a Greek philosopher and mathematician (BC 540-510).
of weakness. She says its effect is the greatest and noblest when exercised
He taught the doctrine of the transmigration of souls. According to this
by the great and the powerful, though the law gives them absolute
theory, the souls of some human beings pass, after death, into animals
power to enforce 'justice.
and those of animals into some men.
(iii) What is a sceptre? What does the sceptre signify?
(iii) Give the meaning of:
Sfeptre is a rod which a king holds in his hand, symbolising his royal
(a) waver in my faith: It means to lose faith in my own religion power. The king's sceptre is the outward symbol of his earthly power. It
(Christianity). It means that he tends to believe Pythagora's Theory gives him awful majesty and fills his subjects with dread and fear of him.
of Transmigration.
(iv) Give the meaning of:
(b) the gallows did his fell soul fleet: It means that when he "Vashanged
for man-laughter the soul of a wolf entered his body at birth. (a) it becomes/The throned monarch better than his crown.

(iv) How did the spirit of the wicked wolf enter into Shylock? Portia says that mercy sheds upon a royal king a brighter lusture
than the crownhe wears.
The spirit of the wicked wolf entered into Shylock's body when he was
in his mother's womb. The wolf was killed for man's slaughter. (b) But mercy is above this sceptred sway.
Portia says that mercy is far above the earthly power of a king
(v) How can it be concluded from Shylock's tendencies that he has the
symbolised by his sceptre.
spirit of the wolf?
 = '.. !>:"' - .,.....:" ~tee:f" _ .., ~ .• ~ ,._,.-.. -"'-~ .. ·.,· _ · _·.·..;:mv,--
94 THE
(v) Why does Portia say that if strict justice is followed none of us would
have salvation?
Portia says that if strict justice were to be meted out to all, _,~.\O one,
could enter heaven. We all pray to God for mercy. We pray tp God
to forgive us our trespasses that we may forgive those who trespass
against us. Hence Portia requests Shylock not to press for bare justice
in the case but to forego his legal rights and to reason justice with
mercy.
(vi) What does Shylock say in to Portia's mercy plea?
Shylock has closed his mind to Portia's arguments and says that he takes
on himself all responsibility for his acts. Further, he demands justice
and the carrying out of the agreement.
(vii) Why does Portia later say, 'We do pray for mercy'? What does this
prayer teach us about mercy?
Portia later says that we do pray for mercy. This is to impress Shylock .
towards mf'r,y. Shp snys that we pray to Cod to forgive us our trespasses
so that we flirt)' [l_Irgivl:' l.h'Y::if:' who trt!:ipl:ll'is GlgGlillsl us. This prGlyer LeadH~S
us that he W~10 needs God's mercy to be shown to him, should show
mercy to the man, who needs it from him.
9.
(i) What is meant by 'this bond is forfeit'? How is the bond now forfeit?
'This bond is forfeit' means that the agreement has been broken and the
penalty must be paid. Now the bond is forfeit since Antonio has failed
to pay back the three thousand ducats he had borrowed from Shylock.
(ii) Give the meaning of:
When it is paid according to the tenour.
It means when it is paid according to the terms of the bond. It refers
to Portia's suggestion to accept three times the money and tear the
agreement, Shylock says that the bond can be torn only when its terms
are carried ou t.
(iii) Why does Shylock call Portia a worthy judge? Why was she compared
to Daniel earlier?
Shylock flatters Portia by calling her a worthy judge. He says that her
leamed explanation and just decision shows that her knowledge of law
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ACT IV Scene 1 95
MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
is very sound. Earlier, Shylock compared her to Daniel, a wise Jewish
prophet. He was a wise judge like Solomon. Daniel saved a beautiful
woman Susannah from wicked elders by cross-examining them separately.
In this way, he made justice to triumph and saved Susannah. So, Shylock
is comparing Portia for her wisdom, with Daniel the prophet, for she
refuses to break the law on the ground that bad precedents will be
created in future.
(iv) What 'was Shylock's reaction when Podia offered him thrice the due
amount for the first time?
When Portia offered him thrice the due amount for the first time, Shylock
told her that he has SWornan oath before God to have nothing but the
bond. He cannot commit a sin of breaking an oath and not even for
the whole wealth of Venice will he break his oath.
(v) Stnt~ why Shylock was confident that no one could take away his right
to forfeiture.
Shylock was confident that no one could take away his right to forfeiture
since the strict exposition of the I<lW of Venice permits it. Portia, the
lawyer has already stated that the law cannot be altered to save Antonio
as it would set forth bad pr~cedents in the administration of justice.
(vi) What impression of Shylock's character do you have from the above
extract? Give a reason to justify your opinion.
Shylock's deep-rooted hatred for Antonio and his determination to have
Ius LUIlJ as per tlre agreement are shown in this extract. This is because
he declares "There is no power in the tongue of man to alter me: I stay
here on my bond."
10.
(i) To whom is Antonio speaking these words? What is meant by "Grieve
not that I am fallen to this for you"?
Antonio is speaking these words to Bassanio. 'Grieve not that I am
fallen to this for you' - in these words, Antonio asks Bassanio not to
worry that this fate has befallen on him for Bassanio's sake.
(ii) What is the normal custom of the Fortune? What is meant by 'lingering
penance'?
The normal custom of the Fortune is to allow a man in misfortune to
live to see with his hollow eyes and wrinkled 'face, .the ruin which has

96 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
come upon him and to endure an old age of hardships and sufferings.
'Lingering penance' refers to prolonged suffering of witnessing one's
own ruin and experiencing misery.
(iii) Why does Antonio think that 'Fortune' is kind to him?
Antonio thinks that /Fortune' is kind to him by mercifully letting him
escape a prolonged suffering of his misfortune by an early death.
(iv) What request does Antonio make to Bassanio to tell Portia about him?
Antonio requests Bassanio to convey his greetings to his noble wife and
to tell her the manner of Antonio's death. He also tells Bassanio to tell
her of his true and faithful friendship for him and to speak well of him
after his death.
(v) What is it that Bassanio must not regret and what is it that Antonio
does not repent?
Bassanio must not regret that Antonio has to face misfortune because of
him. Antonio will not regret that he is making the sacrificefor Bassanio's
sake. He is willing to pay the penalty freely and with all his heart.
(vi) What offer does Bassanio make, after this extract, to save Antonio? What
does this offer reflect on Bassanio's love for Antonio?
Bassanio tells Antonio that he has a wife, whom he loves as dearly
as his own life. But he rates Antonio's life above his own, above his
beloved wife and above everything else on earth. He is ready to give
up all if by 'so doing, he can persuade Shylock to spare Antonio's life.
Bassanio is ready to sacrifice everything he has to save Antonio from
the evil designs of Shylock. This offer reflects Bassanio'5 deep love and
friendship for Antonio. .
11.
(i) What is the law as interpreted by Portia just before this extract?
Just before this extract, Portia interprets the law to Shylock. She tells
him that in the bond there is no mention of even the smallest drop of
blood. The words clearly say' a pound of flesh'. She tells Shylock to take
the forfeit in this agreement which is just a pound of flesh. However,
in the process of cutting if he sheds a drop of blood of a citizen, all his
wealth and possessions will be forfeited to the government, according
to the law.
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ACT IV Scene 1 97
(ii) 'Thou shalt have justice, more than thou desirest.' What kind of justice
is Shylock going to have?
'Portia tells Shylock that he will get justice as he pleads so insistently for
if But it may be that the justice will be stricter than he will wish for.
(iii) Why does Gratiano rejoice by repeating the words, '0 leamed judge'?
Gratiano is happy as the tide has changed. He is taunting Shylock and
throws back at Shylock his words in praise of Portia's wisdom. He calls
Portia a most honourable judge. Gratiano tells Shylock to notice that
Portia is the most wise judge.
(iv) When the money is offered by Bassanio, what does Portia say by declining
the offer?
Portia stops Bassanio from giving the money to Shylock. She states that
~hylock shall have the justice he has asked for to the fullest extent. She
asks Bassanio not to be in such a hurry. Shylock can have nothing now,
bu t the bond.
(v) After the extract, what drawback in the bond is highlighted by Portia?
After this extract, Portia highlights another loophole in the bond. She tells
Shylock to be careful to cut neither more or less than an exact pound
of flesh. If he fails in cutting that amount precisely and if he cuts more
or less than an exact pound, if it weighs lighter or heavier by even a
twentieth part of a small grain, or if the beam of scales inclines to one
side only by the breadth of a hair, he will suffer the penalty of death
and all his possessions will be confiscated by the state.
. 12.
(i) State in your own words the 'pardon' referred to in the extract. State
the conditions under which the pardon is granted. Why does the Duke
threaten to recant the pardon?
'Pardon' referred to here is the Duke's granting Shylock his life. The
pardon is granted under the condition that half of his riches will now
belong to Antonio, the merchant he plotted against. The other half .
would go to the state, but if he repents and humbly begs for mercy,
the state may just impose a fine instead of taking the full amount. The
Duke decrees that Shylock must abide by the conditions put forward by
Antonio; otherwise he will withdraw the forgiveness he has extended
to him.
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THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK

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98 ACT IV Scene 1 99

(ii) What two conditions did Antonio impose on Shylock for being allowed tells her to grant him two favours, first not to refuse his request and
to retain half of his wealth? second to forgive his persistence.
The two conditions Antonio imposed on Shylock are: first, he draws up (ii) What does Portia ask Bassanio to give her as token?
a will leaving half of his wealth, to Lorenzo and Jessica after his death.
Portia asks Bassanio the ring he is wearing as a token of gratitude.
Second, that he becomes a Christian.
(iii) Give the character of the Duke in this scene. (iii) Why does Bassanio say that it is a shame to give Portia what she has
asked?
The Duke appears in this scene as a just and kind administrator of justice.
Initially, he persuades Shylock to have pity on Antonio for his heavy Bassanio is unwilling to part with the ring. He says that it is a shame
business losses. When Shylock insists on the penalty for the forfeiture to give the ring as it is far from being valuable. He cannot .really think
of the bond, the Duke follows the course of justice. When Portia points of allowing her to accept such a paltry gift.
out the penalty for conspiring against a citizen of Venice, he pardons (iv) What is the reality that makes Bassanio hesitant to comply to Portia's
Shylock and grants him his life. request? What does he offer to do instead?
(iv) What would Gratiano do if he were the judge? What comic effect does Bassanio was hesitant to comply to Portia's request of giving her the
Gratiano's offer make in the context? ring he was wearing because it was a prsent from his wife. Further, his
If Gratiano were the judge, he would have constituted a jury of twelve wife had made him swear never to part with the ring. He offers to give
people, who would sentence Shylock to death and will have him hanged Portia thp most valuable ring available in Venice.
on the gallows. Gratiano lrere ci eates some comic effects with his (v) How does Portia react to his hesitation even after Bassanio tells her of
sharp-witted statements. He says that when Shylock is baptised, he will his promise made to his wife?
have two godfathers. Further, he says that instead of the baptismal font,
he would have reached him to the gallows. Portia remarks that many men who do not wish to give a present,
give such a reason. She adds that if his wife is. a sensible person and
(v) How can you conclude that Shylock is in a frustrated mood at this time?
understands what Portia has done to earn the ring, she will soon relent
What are your feelings [or Shylock at the end of this scene?
and will not be angry for long with him.
Shylock is a frustrated man at this stage. All his hopes of taking revenge
(vi) What makes Bassanio change his mind and part with the ring?
on Antonio have failed. He begs to be allowed to go home since he is
not well. We feel pity for Shylock as he makes a sad exit with the crowd Antonio tells Bassanio that he should let Portia have the ring. He tells
ridiculing him at the door of the court. At the same time, we feel happy him that the promise he made to his wife should be outweighed on this
that his evil designs did not succeed. occasion by Portia's merits and the love he bears for Antonio. Hence
he changes his mind and parts with the ring.
13.

(i) What does Portia say about the payment fOFher services? How does (vii) What effect does the ring episode have on the audience?
Bassanio insist that Portia should take something as a token of gratitude? The relief needed after the strain of suspense in the trial for Antonio's
Portia says that one who is well pleased with one's work is sufficiently life is provided with t~'e merry episode of the rings. It relaxes their
rewarded. She is well-pleased that she has saved them from the clutches minds and makes them tension-free. The audience totally enjoy the
of Shylock and considers this as a sufficient reward. Bassanio insists that scene when Portia wheedles the ring out of her husband as a reward
for her legal services.
Portia should take something as a gift or a token of their gratitude. He

100 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
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ACT IV Scene 2
CONTEXT QUESTIONS
Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow:
1.
(i) Which deed is referred to in the extract? What are the contents of the
deed? Why will Lorenzo be happy to have the deed?
The deed referred to in the extract is the legal document prepared by
Portia. The contents of the deed are that Shylock's property will go to
Lorenzo and Jessica after Shylock's death. Lorenzo will be happy with
this deed as it is beneficial to him and Jessica.
(ii) Give the meaning of:
(a) Inquire the Jew's house out.
Find out the house of Shylock. Portia asks Nerissa to ask someone
to direct her to .Shylock's house.
(b) you are well 0 'erta'en.
I am glad to have overtaken you.
(iii) Where is Portia going that night? Why should she reach home before
her husband? Under what pretext was she' away from home?
Portia is going to Belmont that night. She should reach home before her
husband so that he may not doubt her absence from Belmont. She was
away from home under the pretext of going to a convent to do religious
exercises and holy meditation till the arrival of their husbands.
(iv) What comedy follows later because of Bassanio having given the ring
to Portia?
In Act V Scene 1, the comedy occurs due to Bassanio having given the
ring to the lawyer. Portia accuses Bassanio for this saying if he knew
the special qualities of the ring, the virtue of the one who gave the ring
and his honour in keeping vows, he should not have parted with it. He
defends himself saying that he parted with it reluctantly and gave it to
, the lawyer, who saved Antonio's life.
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ACT IV Scene 2 101
OIl"
(v) How does the ring episode become a part of the love episode?
The ring episode is an integral part of the love episode. It adds humour
to the ~lay and further promotes the love and commitment of the couples.
An~omo agrees to be the guarantor for Bassanio that he will never again
deliberately break the promise made to Portia and will never part with
the ring again. '
2.
(i) To what does Portia refer when she says, 'That cannot be'? Why do
y?U think, she says so?
By..saying 'That cannot be', Portia is referring to Bassanio's request to
her. to have dinner with him. Portia tells Gratiano that it is not possible
for her to accept Bassanios request to come for dinner. She says so
because she is in the disguise of a lawyer and did not want Bassanio
to know her identity at this stage. Secondly, she wants to return to
Belmont before the arrival of her husband.
(ii) Wh a IS
. th e ' youth' referred to in the extract? Why should the youth be
shown Shylock's house? .
The 'youth' referred to here is Nerissa. The youth should be shown
S~ylock's house so that she could give the draft deed to Shylock for
his signa ture.
(iii) Wh at tnc
. k iIS N erissa planning? How would Portia and Nerissa challenge
their husbands about their rings? How will this incident later on have
a comic effect in the play?
Nerissa is planning to get the ring from Gratiano. Portia says that their
husbands will keep swearing that they have given the rings to men
as a gift but Portia and Nerissa will contradict them and swear just
as vehemently that they are deceiving them. This incident provides
a comic effect in the play in Act V Scene 1. Both Nerissa and Portia
accuse their husbands for parting with their rings. But Bassanio and
Gratiano swear that they have given the rings to boys and that too to
express their gratitude to them for their services in saving Antonio from
Shylock. They swear never to part with the rings again. The ring-episode
provides comic relief after the serious trial scene.
102 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK ACT V Scene 1
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(iv) How does Act IV of the play end? How does ,it prepare the audience
for the final Act? ACT V Scene 1
Act rv of the play ends with Nerissa and Gratiano ~oing t~ se~rch for
Shylock's house to make him sign the deed .and ~lth Nerissa s plans
to get the ring from Gratiano. Loss of the nngs IS com~lete and the CONTEXT QUESTIONS
consequences are seen in Act V. Act IV prepares the audience for the
final resolution of conflict in Act V. Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow:
1.
(v) Comment on the leadership shown by Portia in Act IV.
Portia's intellectual ability and leadership are shown in Act IV. She (i) Which topic is being discussed in the extract?
considers herself perfectly justified in what she is doing. Throughout the ~The theme of love is being discussed in the extract.
act, she is calm and composed. She has learnt Dr. Bellarios instructions so
well that she seems to know how to act the role of a lawyer. She coolly (ii) Who is Thisbe? What is meant by 'fearfully o'ertrip the dew'?
. proceeds from' one point to another. She has provided herself wit~ all -
~hisbe was a beautiful maiden of Babylonia who was in love with
the necessary documents and law books for the case to be made against
'Pyramus, ~ho also belonged to the same place. The words 'fearfully
Shylock if hp cines not relent. She makes Shylock to c~mmit himself in
the court that he will accept nothing but the penalty In the bond and , o'ertrip the dew' means that Thisbe, with a heart throbbing with fear,
came daintly, stepping over the dewy grass.
ensures that Shylock is judged as per tl1P law as he wanted and ably
managed lo save Antonio trom his evil dt-siellloi. (iii) Give briefly the story of 'lhisbe.

, -, Thisbe arid Pyramus lived in adjoining houses but their parents would
not let them marry. They managed to talk to each othpr though a hole
in the garden wall. One moonlit night they arranged to meet secretly
at a tomb in a forest outside the city. Thisbe arrived first, but heating
the roar of a lion she ran away in terror, leaviIlg behind her mantle.
The lion seized the mantle, tore it and stained it with blood of an ox it
had killed. Pyramus came later. Seeing the stained mantle he concludo.I
that Thisbe had been devoured by the lion and stabbed himself. Later
when Thisbe returned to the tomb she saw the dead body of Pyramus
and killed herself. They are symbols of faithfu] love.

(iv) Who is Dido? Why is she standing with a willow.in her hand?

1 Dido ,,:as the queen of Carthage and the. foundress of the city. After
. the Trojan War, .the ship ~f Aeneas, a ~roJan prince came to Carthage
a~ was entertained by DIdo. She fell ill love with him. But the gods
wanted Aeneas to go to Italy. Aeneas cruelly deserted her ~md set sail
secretly at night. Dido heart broken, lit a funeral fire and died in its'
flames. Her anxious wait for Aeneas is symbolised by her standing with
a willow in hand.

104 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
(v) What do the 'willow' and the 'wild sea-banks' signify?
...J..villow and the wild sea banks are emblems of forsaken love. Queen
?[)ido stood on the wild sea-shore, carrying in her hand a willow-wand,
the emblem of foresaken love, waving to her lover Aeneas in the ship,
vainly appealing to him to return to her.
(vi) Why are the stories of Thisbe and Dido given in the context? In your
answer, bring out the comparison aimed at, between the characters in
the play and the stories of Thisbe as well as of Dido.
1\ The
.. stories of Thisbe and Dido are given in. the context to heighten the
/) theme of love. While Thisbe's story tells of faithful lovers, Dido's story
speaks of foresaken love. Jessica refers to Thisbe's story and refers to her
faithful love for Lorenzo. Dido's story is narrated by Lorenzo to taunt
her at the fate of Dido. Constancy of the love of Lorenzo and Jessica is
highlighted in the scene.
2.
(i) What did Jessica steal from the wealthy Jew in such a night?
J Jessica stole from the wealthy jew money and jewels.
(ii)" What precautions were takenby Jessica and Lorenzo to ensure that she
could escape from her father's house undetected?
z::'\Jessicaand Lorenzo took all precautions to ensure that she could escape
/ from her father's house undetected. Lorenzo came to take her as a part of
a masquerade dressed in costumes and wearing a mask. Jessica dressed
herself as a boy and they eloped in a moon-lit night when Shylock was
away at Bassanio's house for dinner.
(iii) Ho~did Jessica's father react to her escape? What were Jessica's feelings
just 'before her elopement?
~}Jessica's father reacte~ viol~nt1y at J~s~ica's escap~. He was a~gry at
/ his daughter for eloping WIth a Christian and taking away WIth her,
his' money and jewels. H~.wished to see her dead and ly~ng in a coffin
with his ducats and jewels in it. He sought the help of the Duke and
his friend Tubal to track down and find Jessica and Lorenzo. Just before
her elopement Jessica feels ashamed of herself for her masculine disguise
and for stealing her father's money and jewellef)', . (v) Explain how the Jessica-Lorenzo .romance is linked to the love story of
(iv) What was the role played by Lorenzo in Jessica's escape from?
~ Lorenzo is quick to see the masquerade he and his friends have planned as
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ACT V Scene 1 105
an opportuni~ for el?ping with Jessica. He decides that Jessica disguised
as a page w~ll be hIS torch-bearer in the masque. When Jessica feels
. 'i..embar~assed in ~p~ge-boy' s dress, he satisfies her by saying that she looks
charming even In the disguise of a boy and finally takes her with him.
(v) What do Venice and Belmont stand for? What does the elopement of
Lorenzo and Jessica from Venice to Belmont signify?
) Ve~ce stands for a busy life, full of problems, businesses and hardships
while Belmont stands for peace, love and tranquility. Elopement of Lorenzo
and Jessica from Venice. to Belmont means they have freed themselves
from the destructive facts of life at Venice and have come to Belmont,
where there is peace and tranquility and that nurtures their love.
3.
(i) Where does this scene take place? Who is Stephano? What message
"does he bring?
r-zl}niSscene takes pl~cein the garden in front of Portia's house in Belmont. '
"Stephano is a servant of Portia. He brings the message that Lady Portia
will arrive at Belmont before day-break.
(ii) According to Stephano, what has his mistress been doing during her
absence from. home?
.»:~ ~c~~rding to Step~ano, d.uring her absence from home his mistress was
/ VISIting the roadside shrines with holy crosses. She knelt and offered
prayers at these holy places for blessings in her wedded life.
(iii) In reality, what has she been doing during her absence? Who accompanied
the mistress? .
~l~ reality, during her absence from home she went to Venice disguised
-"as a Doctor of Law, and successfully argued for Antonio in his
bond-forfeiture case and saved him from the evil designs of Shylock.
Nerissa accompanied her mistress as the lawyer's clerk.
(iv) What role did Portia's maid play in the company of her mistress?
7/1 In the company of her mistress, her maid played the role of a lawyer's
j clerk. Once the deed document was made, Portia's maid went to Shylock's
house for his signature on the document.
Portia and Bassanio.
"C'. Jessica-Lorenzo romance is linked to the love story of Portia and Bassanio.
_/
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106 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK
Lorenzo is Bassanio's friend and well wisher. Jessica is Shylock's daughter
who finds life at her home hell. Bassanio's dinner party provides Jessica
and Lorenzo an opportunity to elope. They elope to Belmont and stay
at Portia's mansion during her absence.
4.
(i) Who speaks these words? Where is he now? To whom is he speaking?
Lorenzo speaks these words. He is in the garden in front of Portia's
house in Belmont. He is speaking to Jessica.
(ii) What has the speaker said about music before this extract?
Before this extract the speaker has asked Stephano to arrange for some
music in the open air.
(iii) According to the speaker, what effect does music have on animals?
What is the effect of lack of music on men?
According to the speaker if animals hear music, they quickly come to a
standstill and remain quietly listening and gazing with calm eyes. Lorenzo
says that a man who lacks music is capable of treachery, intrigue and
dishonesty. His spirit has no brighter feelings, his emotions are sordid
and dark as hell. Such men cannot be trusted.
(iv) Give the meaning of:
(iv) What does Lorenzo say about the man who has no sense of music?
(a) patines of bright gold: glittering plates of bright gold.
(b) floor of heaven: Lorenzo describes the sky as the floor of heaven.
(v) What is the effectof music on the person to whom these words are addressed?
The effect of music on the person addressed here, i.e., Jessica, is one of
sadness. Lorenzo explains that due. to her attentiveness, she gets lost in
music.
(vi) According to the Elizabethan view of music, what are the orbs said to be
doing? Why can't human beings hear the music of the heavens in this life?
.Elizabethans believed that every star or planet produced, in its motion,
a peculiar musical note and the combination of all notes composed the
6.
harmony of the universe. The angels are said to be listening to the music
of stars. Our souls are immortal and they produce divine music. But
as long as the clothing of mortality - the human body - encloses the
soul, we cannot hear the music of the heavens.
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ACT V Scene
s.
(i) Who was Orpheus? What effect did the music played by Orpheus have
on objects in nature?
Orpheus was the son of the Muse Calliope. He was a famous poet of
Thrace. He was presented with a lyre by Apollo and instructed by muses
in its use. He enchanted with its music not only the wild beasts, but
also the trees and rocks upon Olympus. It is said that he made trees,
stones and streams move from place to place by the power of his music.
(ii) Give the meaning of:
Since naught so stockish, hard, and full of rage,
;
But music for the time doth. change his nature.
The above lines mean that there is nothing in the world so insensible,
so fierce and unyielding tha t it does not, even for a passing moment,
yield to the power of music. It means music can change the nature of
things. at least for some time.
1
.
(iii) What has Lorenzo said earlier about the effect of trumpet sound on
wild colts?
Earlier Lorenzo had said that at the sound of trumpet, wild unbroken
horses, rusl iing madly Over the plains with energy come to a standstill.
They remain quiet, listen and gaze calmly.
T.orenzo Si'lys that tlw rnari, who has no sense of music is capable of.
treachery, intrigue and dishonesty. His spirit has no spark of brighter
feelings and he is lifeless like the world sleeping at night. His emotions
are sordid and as dark as hell. Such a man can never be trusted.
(v) What is referred to as Erebus? Why is it used in the extract?
Erebus was the son of Chaos. His name signifies darkness. In classical
mythology it was considered also as the home of the dead, an area of
darkness near hell. Departed souls had to walk through this area during
their passage to Hades. Lorenzo says that a man, who does not love
music, has thoughts as dark as night and emotions as dark as hell.
(i) What is meant by 'a hoop of gold' and 'a paltry ring'?
'A hoop of gold' means a circlet of gold. 'A paltry ring' means a ring
of small value.