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Fundamentals of Biology

No. 2. lesson

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

2. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 Concept of Cell

The smallest, structural, physiological

and phylogenetic unit in living
organism but can live alone as well.

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

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 Paramecium caudatum as a living cell

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

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Group of cells according to
phylogenesis
Procaryote Eucaryote

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

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 Differences between pro- and
eucaryote cells
procaryote eucaryote
Name Pro = before; Eu = true; caryote =
caryote=nucleus nucleus
Nucleus — (it hasn’t nuclear + (nuclear membrane +
membrane only the DNA and RNA)
material for inharitance
=DNA and RNA)
Nucleolus — +
Membranes Simpler, there aren’t Complex, there are
organelles made up of organelles made up of
membrane membrane
DNA circular linear

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

2. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 Differences between pro- and
eucaryote cells

procaryote eucaryote
Histone protein — +
Ribosome in cytoplasme on endoplasmic
reticulum

Mitochondrion Mezosome +
(infolding of plasma
membrane)

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

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Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN
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Animal and plant cells

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

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 Endosymbiosis theory

• Theory for origination of eucaryotic

cell
• Explanation for origination of
mitochondria and choloroplast

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

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Process

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

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These organelles can reproduce
independently Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN
2. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 Biogenic elements

Indispensable for the structure and function

of living organism

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

2. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 Classification on basic relative
frequency in living organism
Group Elements (chemical symbols)
Primary (appr. C, H, O, N, S, P
99%)
Secondary (appr. Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, Fe
1%)
Trace (micro) (< I, F, Co, Mn, Cu etc.
1%)

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

2. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 C, carbon
• Te most important organic element that is in
the most quantity in living organism.
• Component in organic compound.
• It contributes long carbon chain and rings as
well.
• It contributes single (covalent) and multiple
(double, triple) bonds.

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

2. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 Hybridisation of carbon atom

energy

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN Tetrahedral molecular geometry

2. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 H, Hydrogene

• Component of water
• Important element in metabolism as
transporter of electrons

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

2. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 O, Oxygen

• Component of water
• In gaseous form of Earth’s atmosphere
• It is an essential element for plant and animal
life: respiration (starting material),
photosynthes (product)
• Electron acceptor in terminal oxydation

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

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Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN
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 N, Nitrogen
Component of proteins and nucleic acids.
Inorganic form (NO, NO2-, NO3-) for plant
absorption

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

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 S, Sulfur
• Component of protein and amino acids (such
as cistein, metionin)

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

2. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 P, Phosphorus

• It is found in ATP, nucleic acids, cell

membranes, and animal bones.
• Its main function is structural, in bones as
calcium phosphate
• In buffer systems as a phosphate anions.

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

2. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 Na, Sodium

Responsible for osmotic pressure in

animal cells

It is important in working of neuron

(Na-K pump)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
xweYA-IJTqs

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

2. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 K, Potassium

• Responsible for osmotic pressure in plant

cells
• It is important in working of neuron (Na-K
pump)

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

2. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 Ca, Calcium

• Calcium is present in bones in the form of

Ca3(PO4)2 (formula of calcium-phosphates)
• it affects neuromuscular excitability of
muscle
• it is necessary for blood coagulation

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

2. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 Mg, Magnesium
Is present in skeleton (70 %) and muscles
of animals
Is an essential part of tissues and body
fluids
Part of the chlorofils in plants

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

2. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 Fe, Iron
• It can have valency 2 or 3 (Fe2+ or Fe3+)
• It is a component of hemoglobin
• This element is in enzymes.

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

2. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 Cl, Chlorin

• It is important for equlibrium of ions in the

cell (NaCl, or KCl, respiratory gases carrier)

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

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 I, Iodine

Component of thyroxine and tri-iodine-

thyronine (hormones of thyroid gland)

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

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 F, Fluorine
• Component of tooth enamel

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

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 • Cu, Copper
• Zn, Zinc,
• Co, Cobalt (part of B12 vitamine)
• Mn, Mangan

• Part of enzymes

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

2. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester