428C-System Operation-Piston Pump (Implement and Steering)

428C Backhoe Loader Side Shift, Parallel Lift 2CR00001-16211 (MACHINE) POWE...
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Product: BACKHOE LOADER

Model: 428C BACKHOE LOADER 2CR00440
Configuration: 428C Backhoe Loader Side Shift, Parallel Lift 2CR00001-16211 (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3054 Engine
Systems Operation
416C, 426C, 428C, 436C and 438C Backhoe Loaders Hydraulic and Steering System
Media Number -SENR1208-03 Publication Date -01/03/1999 Date Updated -09/10/2001
i01098264
Piston Pump (Implement and Steering)

SMCS - 4306; 5070
S/N - 1AR1-UP
S/N - 1BR1-UP
S/N - 1CR1-864
S/N - 1ER1-864
S/N - 1FR1-1416
S/N - 1GR1-916
S/N - 1HR1-UP
S/N - 1JR1-1107
S/N - 1KR1-UP
S/N - 1LR1-UP
S/N - 1MR1-956
S/N - 1NR1-954
S/N - 1PR1-1599
S/N - 1RR1-998
S/N - 1SR1-UP
S/N - 1TR1-1284
S/N - 1WR1-8116
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428C Backhoe Loader Side Shift, Parallel Lift 2CR00001-16211 (MACHINE) POWE... Page 2 of 10
S/N - 1XR1-2184
S/N - 1YR1-1517
S/N - 1ZR1-926
S/N - 2AR1-1604
S/N - 2BR1-911
S/N - 2CR1-16212
S/N - 2DR1-2717
S/N - 4ZN1-16044
S/N - 5YN1-15148
S/N - 6XN1-3616
S/N - 7WN1-939
S/N - 8RN1-4089
S/N - 8TN1-925
S/N - 9JN1-884
S/N - 9KN1-1061
Piston Pump (Implement and Steering)
Illustration 1 g00577336
Variable Displacement Piston Pump And Compensator Valve (1) Signal line, (2) Flow compensator, (3) Pressure
compensator, (4) Pump output, (5) Actuator piston, (6) Cylinder barrel and pistons, (7) Swashplate, (8) Drive shaft, (9)
Torque limiter, (10) Spring, (11) Bias piston, (12) Bias spring and (13) Yoke pad
The piston pump for the hydraulic system is automatically controlled. Flow compensator (2) and
pressure compensator (3) are part of the pump controller. The flow compensator may also be termed
the margin spool. The piston pump senses both pressure and flow needs. Torque limiter (9) senses
hydraulic power. When none of the hydraulic circuits are being used, the pump is at low pressure
standby.
If one or more circuits are being used, the resolver network compares the control valve work port
pressures. The single highest pressure felt flows to the pressure compensator spool (2). The pressure
compensator spool keeps the pump output at a level that is needed in order to fulfill the system flow.
The pressure compensator spool keeps the pump output at a level that is needed in order to fulfill the
pressure requirements of the system.
The system pressure will be greater than the requirements for the highest work port pressure unless
the pump is at full stroke. Margin pressure is the difference between the pressure that is needed at the
work port and the supply pressure that is higher. The pressure compensator valve limits maximum
system pressure. This protects the hydraulic system from damaging high pressures.
The pump has two control pistons, bias piston (12) and actuator piston (5). The spring for the torque
limiter (10) and bias spring (11) in the bias piston causes swashplate (7) to move. The movement of
the swashplate causes the pump to upstroke. The actuator piston (5) has a larger area than the bias
piston. The actuator piston (5) causes the swashplate to destroke the pump. The flow compensator
spool (2) and the pressure compensator spool (3) changes pump output by regulating the discharge
pressure of the pump that is acting on the actuator piston (5) .
Low Pressure Standby
Torque limiter, (10) Spring, (11) Bias spring, (12) Bias piston, (13) Yoke pad, (A) Signal oil, (B) Pressure oil, (C) Return
oil, (D) Suction Oil and (E) Reduced pressure oil
Start the machine.
The pump is at low pressure standby, when the implement controls are in the HOLD position and the
steering is inactive.
There are no flow or pressure demands on the pump. Therefore, there is no signal pressure in line
(1) .
Before the engine is started, bias spring (11) and the spring for the torque limiter holds swashplate (7)
at a maximum angle. As the pump begins to turn, this causes oil to flow. The flow of oil builds up
pressure in the system because of the closed centers of the implement valves.
The pressure in passages for the pump controller is felt at the bottom of the spool for the flow
compensator (2). The pressure in passages for the pump controller is also felt at the bottom of the
spool for the pressure compensator (3). As this pressure increases, the pressure pushes the spool for
the flow compensator against the spring. The spool moves up. The movement opens a passage in
order to allow the pressure oil to flow to actuator piston (5) .
The oil acts against the actuator piston. The oil pressure overcomes the force of bias spring (11). The
oil pressure overcomes the force of the spring for the torque limiter and system pressure that is to the
left of the bias piston (12). This causes the piston to move to the right. The piston moves the
swashplate toward the minimum angle. The actuator piston uncovers a cross-drilled hole. Uncovering
the hole allows the oil to drain into the case.
The cross-drilled hole limits the maximum travel of the piston to the right. The pump produces
enough flow in order to supply flow for the leakage in the system. The pump produces enough flow
in order to supply flow for leakage to the pump case.
Low pressure standby will vary in the pump as system leakage increases or pump leakage increases.
As leakage increases, the pump will upstroke in order to compensate for the leakage. This causes the
actuator piston to cover more of the cross-drilled hole. As this happens, low pressure standby will
drop toward margin pressure. Low pressure standby will equal margin pressure as the piston covers
the cross-drilled hole.
The pump controller routes pump discharge pressure to actuator piston (5). The actuator piston (5) is
larger than bias piston (12). This causes the oil pressure that acts against piston (5) to overcome the
force of spring for the torque limiter (10). This causes the oil pressure that acts against piston (5) to
overcome the force of bias spring (11). This causes the pump to destroke. Pump outlet pressure is
maintained about 2100 kPa (305 psi) above needs of the work port pressure by flow compensator
(2) .
The controller also controls maximum pressure for the pump output. As the work port pressure rises
above 20700 kPa (3000 psi), pressure compensator (3) overrides flow compensator (2). This causes
the pump to destroke. This occurs at approximately 690 kPa (100 psi) below the maximum pressure
setting.
Start the engine. The pump rotates. The cylinder barrel rotates and the pistons rotate. This causes
each piston to move in and out of the cylinder barrel. As a piston moves out of the barrel oil is drawn
from the hydraulic tank. The oil flows through the pump inlet through a port plate and into the
cylinder barrel. As the pump rotates the piston then forces the back oil out of the pump through the
outlet port.
Upstroking
compensator, (4) Pump output, (5) Actuator piston., (6) Cylinder barrel and pistons, (7) Swashplate, (8) Drive shaft, (9)
Torque limiter, (10) Spring, (11) Bias spring, (12) Bias piston, (13) Yoke pad, (A) Signal oil, (B) Pressure oil., (C)
Return oil, (D) Suction Oil. and (E) Reduced pressure oil.
When the pump increases the output due to the demand for the increased flow of oil the pump is
upstroking. Because of the increased flow demand, the signal pressure combines with the force of the
spring in cavity.
This combination of signal pressure and spring force is greater than the pump discharge pressure.
This combination of signal pressure and spring force causes the spool to move down. As the spool
moves down, the spool blocks the flow of the supply oil to the actuator piston. Oil in the passage for
the actuator piston drains into the passage in the pump controller.
The oil then flows past the flow compensator spool. The oil then flows past the pressure
compensator. The oil then flows through the passage into the case drain.
Supply oil flows through a passage to bias piston (12). The oil combines with the force of bias spring
(11) and with the spring for the torque limiter. This causes swashplate (7) to upstroke.
This increases pump flow. As flow requirements are satisfied the pump output pressure increases.
The pressure increases until the pressure in the passage moves the flow compensator spool up to the
metering position.
Destroking
Torque limiter, (10) Spring, (11) Bias spring, (12) Bias piston., (13) Yoke pad, (A) Signal oil, (B) Pressure oil, (C)
Return oil, (D) Suction Oil and (E) Reduced pressure oil
When the pump decreases the output due to the decreasing demand for the flow of oil the pump is
destroking. The decreasing demand for the flow of oil causes the signal pressure in the cavity to be
less than the pump pressure in the passage. The combination of the signal pressure and the force of
the spring is less than the pump pressure in the passage. The spool is pushed up.
Oil behind actuator piston (5) cannot flow through the passage to the case drain. Pump oil now flows
through the passage, past the spool, through the passage and into the actuator piston (5). Pump
pressure behind actuator piston (5) is now greater than the combined force of the bias piston (12) and
bias spring (11). The angle of the swashplate (7) decreases. This decreases pump output and system
pressure decreases.
Once the lower flow requirements are met, the flow compensator spool moves down to the metering
position. Swashplate (7) will maintain an angle that is sufficient to provide the lower required
pressure. If all implements are returned to hold, the pump goes to low pressure standby.
High Pressure Stall
compensator., (4) Pump output, (5) Actuator piston, (6) Cylinder barrel and pistons, (7) Swashplate, (8) Drive shaft, (9)
When the hydraulic system stalls under load or when the cylinders reach the end of the stroke, the
system pressure increases. The signal pressure to the pump controller becomes equal to the pump
output pressure. The flow compensator spring keeps the compensator spool shifted downward.
When the system pressure reaches 19000 kPa (2755 psi) in the passage, the upward force on the
pressure compensator spool will overcome the force of the spring. This will cause the spool to move
up. Supply oil flows through the passage to the actuator piston (5) .
Pressure that is felt on the actuator piston will destroke the pump. For single valve operation, pump
output decreases while the system pressure is limited to 20700 kPa (3000 psi). For multiple valve
operation, the system pressure will be close to the maximum. The system pressure will be close to the
maximum, but the pump will produce flow in order to meet the needs of the other circuits with the
lower pressure requirements.
During a high pressure stall, movement of the control lever into the HOLD position causes the pump
to return to the low pressure standby.
Torque Limiter
Torque limiter (9) monitors the angle of the swashplate (7) and the torque limiter monitors the pump
signal pressure. The torque limiter destrokes the pump as pressure increases. The torque limiter keeps
the swashplate from moving to full stroke as the system pressure rises above 15180 kPa (2200 psi).
The torque limiter maintains the displacement of the pump in an inverse proportion to the discharge
pressure of the pump. The output of the pump is at a less available displacement as the pressure in the
system rises.
When the pump is at the maximum flow and when the signal pressure in line (1) rises above the
setting for the torque limiter, the torque limiter opens. The torque limiter routes some of the signal oil
back to the hydraulic tank. This causes a pressure drop through an orifice and this lowers signal
pressure in line (1) .
With a lower pressure for signal oil in line (1), the discharge oil causes the spool for the flow
compensator to move up slightly. When the spool moves upward, the spool opens a path for
discharge oil to flow to actuator piston (5) .
The oil acts against piston (5) and the oil causes the piston to move right. When the piston moves
right, the piston destrokes the pump and the piston reduces pump output.
428C Backhoe Loader Side Shift, Parallel Lift 2CR00001-16211 (MACHINE) PO... Page 10 of 10
As system pressure lowers, signal pressure in line (1) also lowers and torque limiter (9) closes. When
the torque limiter closes, part of the signal oil is no longer routed to the hydraulic tank. Signal
pressure in line (1) is now equal to the pressure for the load on the cylinder.
If the load pressure remains constant, a reduced output will be sufficient in order to maintain the
torque limiter in the closed position. If the load pressure rises again, the torque limiter will again
open. This will cause the pump to destroke. The torque limiter is set in order to allow full pump flow
whenever the signal pressure is below 15180 kPa (2200 psi).
Copyright 1993 - 2020 Caterpillar Inc. Tue Jan 14 23:20:41 UTC-0400 2020
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428C Backhoe Loader Side Shift, Parallel Lift 2CR00001-16211 (MACHINE) POWE...

Product: BACKHOE LOADER

Piston Pump (Implement and Steering)

Piston Pump (Implement and Steering)

Low Pressure Standby

Start the machine.

High Pressure Stall

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