5/24/19 DEVELOPMENT OF HISTORICAL WRITING

THE DISCIPLINE OF HISTORY • Herodotus – histories of the Greek and

• History Persian wars (484 BCE)
- From Greek word “historia” = learning, • Thucydides – the Peloponnesian War
inquiry or knowledge acquired through (455BCE)
investigation
- German word “Geschichte” = that which SPANISH PERIOD (SPANISH HISTORICAL
has happened; history of past events WRITINGS)
• Aristotle – “history is a systematic - Written by friars of the religious orders and
explanation of a natural phenomenon missionaries
regardless if it is chronological or not - Ethnography
- Science - Friar accounts
• History focuses on man’s decisions & - Observations of the Filipinos
events - Characteristics:
- Man creates history - Value judgements
• History focuses on the chronological - Moralistic and ethnocentric
explanation of events that happened to - Strong Spanish prejudice
humans - Religious and racial basis
- Superiority of Spanish
NATURE OF HISTORY - Spanish friar orders:
Ø Social Science - Augustinians
• Study of society - Franciscans
• Based on facts/evidences – sources - Dominicans
Ø Anthropocentric - Jesuits
• Humanities ; man creates history - Recollects
Ø Studies past events based on sources - Non-friar accounts (Secular Histories)
Ø Emphasis on chronology, order or - Antonio Pigafetta – Magellan’s
sequence chronicler
Ø Time and Place - Antonio de Morga
• “History is the daughter of time” - Foreign Travel Accounts:
- John Bowring
• History reconstructs and recreates past - John Foreman
events – piecing together things that have - Propaganda Movement:
happened through sources - Jose Rizal
- Marcelo H. Del Pilar
• History contains interpretation of the
historian – interpretation of facts
AMERICAN PERIOD
- Historical writing must be based on
3 ELEMENTS OF HISTORY
sources/ documents
- Each historical event has a different set of
- Dean Worcester – portrayed the Filipinos
elements
as inferior
1. Man
2. Time
POSTWAR PERIOD
3. Place
- Teodoro Agoncillo – nationalist; Filipino
POV
 - Renato Constantino – Marxist ; conflicting - Oral traditions
classes in history - Pass knowledge, culture,
traditions and history through
MULTIDISCIPLINARY HISTORY word of mouth
• Local History – localized level - Forms: stories, songs, folk tales,
• New Fields of History – influenced by the epics, myths, legends
Annales School - Oral history
• Economic History – development of the - Recollections and memories of
economy people about an event
- Oral testimony
• An event becomes part of history 2. Secondary Sources
- Must be recorded - Use primary sources as reference /
- Sources or documents: sources of data
- Archives – collection of documents - Examples: textbooks, encyclopedia,
and other sources about the past internet articles
- Libraries 3. Tertiary Sources
- Museums - Sources using secondary sources
- Example: textbooks depending on
CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCES sources
1. Primary Sources
- Sources present during an experience or • Historical Fact = Facts/Sources + Historian
time period and offer an inside view of a - Historian performs historical
particular event methodology
- 2 Major Classifications:
- Eye-witness Testimony HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY
- Present when and where it - History as a science
happened 1. Choosing a topic
- Contemporaneous Accounts 2. Gathering of Sources
- Produced by a contemporary of 3. Examination of Sources / Historical
the events it narrates Criticism
- Present during time but not place - Historical Criticism : Examines
- Can be written works, literary works, authenticity & credibility of sources
visual arts, relics, artifacts, fossils, - 2 levels:
objects - External Criticism
- Examples: government documents, - Examines authenticity
diaries, memoirs, autobiography, letters, - Genuineness of document
law books, constitution, rule books, - Physical appearance of doc
personal documentation, books - Color of paper used, condition
published during time of event, and characteristics of the paper
newspapers, maps, and ink used, handwriting style
cartoons/caricatures, campaign - Internal Criticism
materials, advertisements, photographs, - Credibility of source
seals/stamps, inscriptions, burial sites, - Willingness to tell the truth
churches, monuments, coins - Ability to tell the truth
- Oral Sources
4. Extraction of data from authentic and
credible sources
5. Interpretation and writing of history
- Interpret facts
- Write history in a well-organized,
coherent, and elegant history
3 QUESTIONS HISTORY ANSWERS
- from objective to subjective
- develops interpretation of facts
1. What happened?
2. Why it happened
3. What can we learn?
• Most important function of history –
prescribes and provides lessons
PREHISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES
- Before documentation
SOURCES
1. Fossils – bones, teeth, etc.
2. Artifacts – human made (pottery, stone
tools, metal tools)
3. Midden site – deposits of whatever was
consumed in prehistoric times
- Ex. shell midden – layers upon layers
of shell
- “prehistoric trash can”
PERIODS
1. Paleolithic (450,000-6,000 BCE)
- Old stone age
- Hunters and gatherers
- Not capable of building communities
because they are nomadic
- Frequent movement depended on
availability of food
- Main technology : crude tools
- Flake tools : pointed edge, primarily
used for cutting/scraping
- Cobble-pebble stone : big chunky
stones used for hammering and
pounding
- Fossils:
- Homo Luzonensis (67,000-50,000 yrs
ago) – curved finger & toe bones,
teeth
- Tabon Skull Cap (16,500 yrs ago) –
Homo Sapien
- Molar of Stegodon – Stegodon
Luzonensis
2. Neolithic (6,000-2,000 BCE)
- New Stone Age
- Agricultural revolution (cultivation)
- Domestication of animals
- Ability to produce own food
- Able to have larger community –
permanent settlement
- Presence of surplus – feed more people
and trade
- Development of pottery – to store food
and as secondary burial sites
- Manunggol Jar – secondary burial site
- Stone technology:
- Smoothen stone tools
- Tools with handle
- Tools with shapes and forms
- Bark Cloth Beater
3. Metal Age (2,000 BCE – 1,000 CE)
- Shift from stone to metal tools
- Development of iron : tools and
implements
- Plow with an iron blade
- Square-edged bolo, dagger, and
chisel used as tools and weapons
- Iron implements with different
shapes
- Malayan Forge-Cylinders
- Pumped to heat a fire for the
working of copper and iron
- Earliest form of blacksmithing
- Golden Age of Pottery
- Able to produce different types of
pottery that is well-decorated
- Earthenware pot with a ring base
- Earthenware jarlets
- Jars with s-shaped scroll designs
- Maitum Vase with cord mark and
scroll designs
4. Age of Contact with the Great Traditions of - Tibia – bone of lower leg; 47000
Asia (1,000 CE) years ago (45000 BCE)
- Trade contact with Chinese • Who influenced PH culture?
- Blue and white ceramics / porcelain Ø The Austronesian Hypothesis
• Filipino culture was influenced by the
GEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF THE PH Austronesians
- Currently 7614 islands Ø Island Origin Hypothesis
- PH archipelago belongs to the PH Mobile • Wilhelm Solheim
Belt • Came from islands of SE Asia
- Philippine Mobile Belt – strip of Ø Out-of-Taiwan Hypothesis
lithospheric blocks that grew during the • Peter Bellwood
Tertiary Period 65M years ago • From Taiwan to PH then spread to
- When convergence occurs… SE Asia
- PH sea plate and Eurasian Plate Dive Ø Language as evidence
- ^ How the PH was formed • Austronesian Family
- Formation of Volcanoes, Mountains, Flat
• Disyllabic Language – repetition of
lands
syllables (ex. bit > bitbit)
- Magma from volcanoes hardens and
creates islands
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE
- Diastrophism (Earthquakes)
AUSTRONESIANS
- Folding of plates creates mountain
Ø Pottery traditions
ranges
Ø Dugout Canoe – taught boatbuilding
- Faulting (tectonic plates)
Ø Caracoa – big boats of Visayans
Ø Balangay – with a sail
PLEISTOCENE PERIOD
Ø Rice Cultivation
- 3M years ago
Ø Root Crop Planting – yams
- Life forms developed
Ø Nipa hut – bahay kubo
- Ice Age
Ø Language
- Glacial Period – sea level fell by 130-240 AUSTRONESIAN
meters
- Sunda Shelf (SE Asia) & Sahul Shelf Malayo -
(present day Australia) Formosa Polynesian

Western
PEOPLING OF THE PH East
Malayo -
Hawaiian
• Myth : Wave of Migration Theory Polynesian
- Beyer : Filipinos came from Negritos,
Malays, Indonesians
PH
- Debunked by Philippine Archaeology
Languages
(Homo Luzonensis)
• Homo Luzonensis – earliest fossil THE PH DURING PRE COLONIAL AND
• Tabon Man SPANISH PERIODS
- 1st Homo Sapiens in the PH • Precolonial Period – pre-16th century
- Proofs: • Spanish Period – 1565-1898 (333 years)
- Skull cap – 16500 years ago (14500
• Primary Sources
BCE)
 - Chau Ju-Kua’s Chu-fan-chi
- Trade between the Philippines and
China in the 13th century
- Antonio de Morga
- Spanish official perspective of
Filipinos that time
- One of the most objective accounts
of Filipinos
- Pedro Chirino, S.J.
- Relacion de las Islas Filipinas
- How friars viewed the Filipinos
- Andres Bonifacio
- “Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga
Tagalog”
- Lower middle class even if he’s
‘maka-masa’
- “Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas”
- Insulares started saying the word
Filipino which is why Bonifacio uses
‘Katagalugan’ (Fr. Jose Burgos)
(19th century term)
- Marcelo H. Del Pilar
- Monastic Supremacy in the
Philippines
- Spanish as a medium of
communication
- Trying to communicate with the
friars as to their doings
PRECOLONIAL PHILIPPINES
Ø Political
• Decentralized
- Independent political units governed
by different leaders
- Barangay – smaller
- Confederacy – bigger geographic
territory, normally near a trading
area (ex. Manila or Cebu)
- Sultanate of Lanao, Maguindanao &
Sulu
• No Kingdoms, kings or queens
• Rulers are called:
- Datu : Barangay
- Raha : Confederacy
- Sultan : Sultanate
• State
- Territory, sovereignty, government,
population
• Rulers formed alliances
- Sandugo (blood compact) – “Isang
dugo”
Ø Forms of Punishment
• Myth : Code of Kalantiao
- Inhumane punishments
- Ex. drowning with stones in river or
boiling water ; eaten by ants; thrown
to crocodiles
- Fake document which did not exist
before 1914
1. Content is peculiar
2. Very unFilipino, harsh, severe,
sadist, vicious
Ø Judicial
• Oral traditions
• Punishment to crimes via forms of
penalty or dept peonage and servitude
Ø Economic Developments and Settlement
Pattern
• Lived near bodies of water
- Riverine, coastal barangays,
lakeshores
- Linear settlement (along bodies of
water)
- Lived in Bahay Kubo – on stilts for
when water rises
- Farming : rice
- Cultivation : bananas, yams, camote
- Domestication : carabao, fowl, goat,
swine
- Boat building : balangay, caracoa
- Produce liquors – coconut, rice,
sugar cane
- Pearl Diving
- Pottery making – earthenwares
- Metal tools & crafting
• Lived in mountains & forests
- Swidden farming – cut and burn
- Hunting and gathering
- Timber-cutting
- Mining
 - Metal crafting - 14th century (1380) : Karim Al
- Body ornaments Makhdum reached the Sulu
- Weapons Archipelago
- Trade - Abu Bakr as direct descendant of
- Trade with Chinese Mohammed & Sultan of the Muslims
o ‘junc’ ships (1450)
o Based on monsoon • Burial Practices
o NE Monsoon (Amihan) – come - Respect for the dead
to the PH - Maitum jars (metal age)
o SW Monsoon (Habagat) – return - Manunggul jars (Neolithic age)
to China - Igorots – hanging coffins
o “Trade Winds” - Mummification – Igorots
o From PH : beeswax, cotton, Ø Clothing
pearls, tortoise shell, betel nut • Men
o From China : porcelain, trade - Short collarless garments with short
gold, iron pots, glass beads, iron sleeves
needles - Chiefs wore dyed clothes – red in
Ø Social color, strip of cloth wrapped around
• Maginoo Class & Datus – upper class waist
and ruling class Ø Literature
• Maharlika – lower aristocracy, warrior, • Oral traditions
protector Ø Weaponry
• Timawa – commoner • Swords
• Alipin or Oripun (Visayan term)
- Namamahay THE PH DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD
- Saguiguilid (1565-1898)
- Due to debt, captivity, birth, • European exploration – Spain and Portugal
purchase - 1492 – 1st expedition of Spanish
• Babaylan • Christopher Columbus – 1st explorer of
- Old women (menopause) Spain
- Transgendered men • Travels of Marco Polo in the East
• Pintados - Mentioned spices of Asia, porcelain of
- Tattooed people China
- Considered as courageous warriors - Gold, silver, spices (pepper, nutmeg,
Ø Precolonial Script : Baybayin cinnamon, cloves)
Ø Religion - Spices were only available in Indonesia
• Animism (Moluccan Islands) : “Molucas”
- Bathalang Maykapal • Portugal led the race to the riches of Asia –
- Anitos – dead ancestors used the caravela / Naō
- Diwata – nature spirits
• Bul-ol – representations of anitos SPAIN’S OBJECTIVE
• Babaylan – priest/priestess Ø Gold – resources
• Islam Ø Glory – route to Asia : Magellan’s route
(1519-1522)
• Ferdinand Magellan
 •Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – 1st • Gobernadorcillo
governor - Highest rank a Filipino can attain
• For Portugal - In charge of a pueblo
o 1497 – Vasco Da Gama • Barrio/Barangay
- Sailed around cape - Cabeza de barangay
• Fray. Andres de Urdaneta, O.SA. 2. Royal Patronage
o Urdaneta route - Union of Church and State
o Mexico – conquered by Hernando - Governor general and archbishop have
Cortez equal powers
Ø God – religion as a secondary objective 3. Frailocracy
and a pacification tool - Exploitative powers of friars
• Had to denounce animism - 2 Types:
• Spaniards used translators, then sons • Regulars
of Datus - Belonged to religious orders
• Cross : Christianization • Seculars
• Doctrina Christianica – (1593) prayers - Primary function is to act as
• Sword : Entrada parish priests
• Divide-er-impera = “divide and - In PH, there were more regulars so they
conquer” became parish priests
- Powers of Friars:
POLITICAL SYSTEM • Political
1. Centralization - Elections
• Monarch owns all lands - Censorship
• Council of the indies makes laws for the - Schools
colonies - Peace and order
• Viceroy of Mexico ruled us until Mexico - Public works
gained independence from Spain • Economic
• Ministerio de Ultramar – ministry of - Selling of indulgences
overseas colonies - Donations
- Selling of rosaries and scapulary
• Central government under governor and
- Friar lands – friars act as
captain general
absentee landlords
- Executive and judicial functions
- Commander in chief • Religious
- Powers over friars • Education
• Provincial Level § Primary education : parish priests
- Alcaldia – pacified provinces as teachers and convent as
- Tributo – tax collectors classrooms
- Padron – list of taxpayers § Secondary education
- Colegio for boys
• Ciudad
o Colegio de Nuestra Señora del
- Governed by Alcalde Mayor
Santisimo Rosario – 1611; now
- A city council
UST
• Corregimiento
o Colegio de Niños Huerfanos de
- Unpacified provinces
San Juan de Letran – 1620
- Corregidor
 o Ateneo Municipal de Manila –
1859
o Seminario – Colegio de San
Carlos de Cebu – 1783
- Boarding schools for Spanish
girls
o Colegio de Santa Potenciana –
1st school for girls in PH
o Colegio de Sta. Isabel – oldest
existing until now
- Beaterios for Filipino girls
o School and nunnery
o Christianity, good manners,
right conduct, reading, writing,
counting, sewing, singing
o Beaterio de la Compania de
Jesus – 1725; St. Mary’s;
founded by Mother Ignacia del
Espiritu Santo
§ University
- Pontifical and Royal University of
Santo Tomas (1645)
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
RACE
• Spaniards
- Peninsulares – born in Spain
- Insulares – born in colonies but
Spanish origin
• Natives
- Principales – native elite; datus
- Indio – Christianized natives
• Sangley
- Chinese traders
19TH CENTURY STRATIFICATION
Peninsulares
Insulares
Spanish Mestizos
Principalia
Chinese Mestizos
Chinese Indios
Indios
RETAIL TRADE BUSINESS
- Opened small shops
- Sold Chinese silk, lacquered wares,
furniture, spices, exotic foods
- Opium addiction became a problem
(brought by British to China)
CONTROL OF THE CHINESE
- Segregation à parian
- To be able to trade, you have to convert to
Christianity
- Taxation
- Deportation
RELIGION
• Indio – Christian natives
• Infieles – pagans; not Christian or Muslim
• Moro – sultanates; Muslims
ECONOMIC POLICIES OF SPAIN IN THE PH
Ø Taxation
• Tribute – for the monarch
• Cedula personal
- 1884
- Income tax certificate
- Replaced the tribute
Ø Real Compra de Bandala
- Forced sale of harvest to the
government (quota for each province)
- Paid with promissory notes
Ø Encomienda
- Entrusting of lands
Ø Polo y servicio
- Forced labor of men
Ø Monopoly
- Tobacco (1782)
- Certain crops assigned to each
province
Ø China-Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade
- 1571-1815
- Manila as transshipment point
- Route developed by Urdaneta for
Manila to Mexico
- Galleon contained goods from Asian
countries
 - Contained Chinese goods, spices, - Patron saints for each pueblo
jewelries, ivory, carpets, earthenwares - Commemorated through fiestas
- Return Trip to Manila brought: • Transportation
o Friars - Calesas
o Things needed in Manila - Manila – Dagupan Railways (1892)
o Rope o Products brought to Manila from
o Paper Northern Luzon
o Gunpowder • Cockfighting
o Documents and news from Spain • Compadrazgo – godparenthood
- Paid using silver money • Fiestas
- Introduction to wine • Food
- Olive oil • Way of Dressing
- Corn
- Tobacco RESISTANCE AGAINST SPANISH RULE
- Tomato • Lapu-Lapu’s resistance of Spaniards
- Potato - Patriotism not nationalism
• Reasons for resisting Spanish rule:
CULTURAL
- Personal Interest
- Settlement patter : natives to resettle
- For political power
• Reduccion bajo el son de la campana - Resistance to economic exploitation
- Resettlement under the sound of the - Against Catholicism
Church bell
• Characteristics of Philippine Resistance:
- Settle near the Church
- Regional
§ Cabecera
- Sectional
- Center of the town
- Tribal
- All the biggest colonial houses
- Lack of unity among natives
§ Visita
- Even if they were suffering from the
- Small chapels away from town
same oppressive Spanish rule
center
• Resistance Movements (Pre-1872)
§ Active Mission Area
- Rebellion – indios; 26 revolts from
- Area for conversion
1574-1843
§ Unhispanized zone
- Retreat – infieles
- Those that did not convert
- Raids – Moro
Unhispanized zone • Why Nationalism did not develop before
Active mission area 1872?
visita - Due to colonial policies
- Geography
cabecera - No concept of Nationalism

DEVELOPMENTS AND FEATURES OF 19TH

CENTURY PHILIPPINES
• Development of Transportation
• Churches
- Manila – Dagupan Railway
• Stone houses
• Development of Bridges
• Veneration of Images
 - Puente de España (1875) – now Jones
Bridge
- Puente de Colgante / Suspension
Bridge (1852) – now Quezon Bridge
• Telegraph Lines (1887)
• Hotels
- Hotel de Oriente – 1st hotel
• 1849 : Catalogo Alfabetico de Apellidos
- Narciso Claveria
- Catalogue of surnames in the PH
• Opening of Banks
- Banco Español – Filipino de Isabel II
(1851)
- Commercial banking
- Chartered Bank of India, Australia and
China
- Entering of foreign banks due to world
trade
- Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking
Corporation (1875) – HSBC
- Monte de Piedad y Casa de Ahorros
(1882) – savings bank and pawnshop
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO
DEVELOPMENT
• PH opened to World Trade (1834)
- No more restrictive trade
- Cash crop economy
- Sending raw materials abroad
- Liberal ideas entered the PH from the
west
• Opening of Suez Canal (1869)
- Linked Red Sea and Mediterranean
Sea
- Faster transport of goods
- Liberal ideas and philosophy about
freedom and democracy entered the
Philippines
WORLD EVENTS
• Seven Years War
• British Invasion of Manila
- 1762-1764
- Treaty of Paris made them leave
- Impact to Filipinos : Myth of Spanish
invincibility
• Age of Enlightenment
- Social contract theory
• Latin-American War of Independence
- Mexico 1821
- Haiti 1817
- Brazil 1821
• French Revolution
- 14 July 1789 : Parisians massed
outside the Bastille (prison fortress and
symbol of Parisian oppression)
- Fall of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
• Liberalism of Carlos Maria de la Torre
- 1869-1871
- Freedom of speech for Filipinos
- Abolish press espionage
• Development of a new social class
- The clase media / middle class
- From the principalia, Chinese &
Spanish mestizo classes
- Beneficiaries of new wealth earned
through commercial agriculture
- Family-borrowed money from foreign
banks to plant cash crops
• Rise of Ilustrados
- The educated Filipinos who studied in
Spain
• Secularization movement
- 1826-1872
- Problem in curacies:
o Jesuits removed
o Implementation of visitation policy
by Archbishop – regulars did not
want to be visited
o Vacation of parishes – led to
training of Filipino priests
- Before 1768, priesthood was closed to
Filipinos
- Regulars never left the parishes
- To get back the parishes and repeal
the Royal Order of 1826
- Phase 1 : Fr. Mariano Gomez & Fr.
Pedro Pelaez
o Filipino secular priests
 o Return the parishes to Filipinos
- Phase 2 : Fr. Jose Burgos
o Young Spanish mestizo
o Concept of equality between
Spanish friars and Filipino seculars
7/9/19
SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT (1861-1872)
- No Filipino/native was allowed to be a
priest until 1700s but only for seculars
• Regulars
- Belong to a religious order
- Responsible for baptism and convert
natives
- Duties:
o Go to pagan lands
o Teach doctrines
o Prepare natives for baptism
- There were more regulars than seculars
so they had to stay longer and stay in
the parishes
• Seculars
- Operate affairs of parish
- Not part of religious orders
PROBLEMS OF THE CHURCH IN THE PH
• Parish became bigger – need for more
parish priests
- Seculars could not sustain so they had
to get regulars
• Dilemma of 1768
- Exile of the Jesuits – Relegated to
missionary works
- More parish priests needed
- Solution was to start training Filipino
secular priests
• Church Visitation (1771)
- Santarustia (?)
- Regular priests refused to undergo
visitation
- Archbishop has no right to visitation only
the Provincial superiors
- Archbishop told the regulars who did not
want visitation to return to Spain
ARCHBISHOP’S SOLUTION
- Train Filipinos to be secular priests
- Filipino clergy took over the parishes
vacated by the regular priests
• Criticisms against Filipino seculars:
- Filipinos unfit to act as parish priests
- Filipinos as inferior and mediocre parish
priests
- “low quality” parish priests
- There is some truth to this because
Spanish clergy/priests did not teach
them everything they needed to know
and they rushed the training of the
Filipino parish priests
• Regulars demanded the return of parishes
to them
- Royal Order of 1861
§ Transfer of the parishes back to the
regular clergy
§ Caused a problem with Filipino
priests because they enjoyed
Filipinized parishes for almost 100
years
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SECULARIZATION
MOVEMENT
• Objectives:
- To get back the parishes
- To repeal the Royal Order of 1861
• Phase 1
- Fr. Mariano Gomez and Fr. Pedro
Pelaez
- Goals:
§ Return the parishes to the secular
priests
§ Reform in the Churches in the PH
§ Provide good and adequate training
for the Filipino secular priests
- Fr. Pelaez died in 1863 in an earthquake
(Manila Cathedral)
- Due to Pelaez’s death, the movement
slowed down
• Phase 2
- Dr. Dr. Fr. Jose Burgos (2 doctorates)
- Fr. Jose Burgos – 1864; Spanish
mestizo
 -Answered the attacks made to the - Methods:
Filipino clergy by writing a manifesto § Political writings, paintings – novels,
- Manifesto que a la noble Nacion essays, poems
Espanola dirigen los leales Filipinos - Audience :
(Manifesto addressed by the loyal § Spanish government
Filipinos to the noble Spanish Nation) § Educated Filipinos
§ Issue of racial equality - La Solidaridad – J.P. Rizal
§ Elevated the issue of racial equality - Gregorio Sanciangco – El Progreso de
between Spanish and locals Filipinas
§ Used a collective term/identity – - Juan Luna – Spolarium
Filipinos - Antonio Luna
- Filipinos always loyal to the Church § Licentiate (University of Barcelona) in
- Goals: Pharmacy
§ Nationalist interest § Doctorate (Universidad Central de
§ Racial equality Madrid) in Pharmacy
• Cavite Mutiny (20 January 1872) - Jose Rizal never finished his doctorate in
- Revolt due to the taxation of workers medicine, he just settled with a licentiate
there who were supposedly exempt - Felix R. Hidalgo
- 3 priests implicated (GomBurZa) § Studied law, which he never finished in
- Comite de Reformadores UST
§ Reform group that campaigned for - Graciano Lopez Jaena
equality in law and for civil and § Pursued his medical studies at the
political rights school of medicine at the University of
§ GomBurZa accused of leading the Valencia but did not finish the course
mutiny were given the death penalty § Moved to the field of journalism
by strangulation § Founded La Solidaridad
- GomBurZa linked to the mutiny because - Mariano Ponce
of their reform group - Jose Maria Panganiban
- Executed for treason – garrote (17
February 1872) KKK (KATIPUNAN)
- This execution became the motivation of - Andres Bonifacio
Filipino intellectuals to continue to § 3rd and last supremo of the Katipunan
seeking for equality (reform movement) - Deodato Arellano
- Teodoro Plata
STAGES OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM - Valentin Diaz
• Secularization Movement - Ladislao Diwa
• Reform/Propaganda Movement - Roman Basa
• Katipunan - Melchora Aquino
§ “lola ng Katipunan”
REFORM/PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT § Financier of KKK
- 1880s § Exiled
- Spain
- Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Antonio - Tondo, Manila
Luna, Juan Luna, Graciano Lopez Jaena - 1892
- Main goal : Assimilation
- Objective: independence and separation - Katipunan – 1892-1897
from Spain - Launched the 1896 revolution (Bonifacio)
- Reforms were not enough – revolution
PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION (1896-1902)
• Goal : revolution and independence • Phase 1 – Spain vs PH
• Methods: - Manifested in the writings of Bonifacio
- Political writings - Cry of Pugadlawin
- Establishment of KKK Chapters - Goals:
- Women’s chapter § Declare war against Spain
§ Headed by Lakambini ng Katipunan § Seek Philippine Independence
– Gregoria de Jesus (wife of - Change of leadership from Bonifacio to
Bonifacio Aguinaldo
§ Messenger of secret documents - Spanish government vs Katipunan
- Triangle Method to Increase Revolutionary Government of Aguinaldo
membership • Phase 2 – USA vs PH
• Audience : Filipino masses
• KKK Flag
• Bonifacio’s Flag
• Magdiwang
- Flag consisting of a red banner with a
white sun with the baybaying letter k
(ka) at the center
- Mariano Alvarez, General Artemio
Ricarte, Santiago Alvarez
• Magdalo
- White sun with a baybayin letter K (ka)
with eight rays to represent the 8
provinces that Spanish put under martial
law – Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas,
Bulacan, Pampanga, Bataan & Nueva
Ecija

DISCOVERY OF THE KKK

- Fr. Mariano Gil was supposed to be killed
- They found out that there were plans to kill
Spanish friars because someone
confessed it to Fr. Mariano Gil
- Katipunan seal and ink pad made of stone
found in the raid of the KKK
- Cry of Pugadlawin
§ Ripping of the cedula to signify
separation from Spain
§ August 13, 1986

PEAK OF NATIONALISM