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a Group of Authorities I
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ROY L. HARRl NGTON I
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Engineering Technical Pepartmelit
Newport News Shipbuilding and

Published by
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THE S ~ C I E OF
~ Y NAVAL ARCHITECTS AND MARINE ENGINEERS I
One World Trade Center, Suite 1369, New York, N.Y. 10048

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 Since 1942 and 1944 when the two volumes of MARINEENGINEERING were published, the
basic body of knowledge constituting marine engineering has greatly increased. Recognizing
that the original MARINEENGINEERING was substantially out of date, the Society in 1964 under-
took the task of compiling a reviged edition. That same year a Control Committee was ap-'
pointed by the president to guide the revision, carrying on the objective of the original work,
that of producing a comprehensive treatise reflecting the important technical progress of the
last several decades. Also, the intent is that this text should complement the Society's two com-
panion volumes, Principles of Naval Architecture and Ship Design and Construction, which deal
similarly with the subjects of naval architecture and ship construction practices.
When the task of revising the original MARINEENGINEERING was undertaken, it was quickly
found to be considerably larger in scope than anticipated. The original text had to be com-
pletely rewritten, not simply revised. At the putset, it was decided that, for ready use and
reference, the text should be a single volume limited to about 850 pages. Therefore, discussion
of engineering subjects.covered in other textbooks had to be greatly abbreviated. Every effort
. has been made, however, throughout the text to make reference to appropriate source material
for the individual or self-taught reader as well as the resourceful teacher (who may in some
cases prefer to use his own references).
Each chapter is written by a separate author (or authors). The committee felt that this
precept should be continued because of the advantages of professional specialization it affords.
Some unevenness in style results, but this has been minimized by the technical editor. In
May, 1968, Mr. Roy L. Harrington was selected as technical editor by the committee. Mr.
Hanington received a Society scholarship in 1960 to pursue an M.S. degree in marine engineer-
ing and also has had twelve years of technical ship design experience in a major shipyard. With
this background, plus his extensive literary capability, he was considered well equipped to
bridge the academic and the practicing professional points of view of the Society members.
This book is not intended to be either a handbook or conversely a definitive text on any specific
engineering discipline which may be used in marine engineering. Its purpose is to acquaint a
person already familiar with basic engineering fundamentals with the various engineering dis-
ciplines and applications which constitute marine engineering. The need for such a book becomes
apparent when it is recognized that many practicing marine engineers have had little formal
education in the field of marine engineering as such, but instead have come into it from other
related engineering activities.
The Control Committee appointed to guide the revision of MARINEENGINEERING consisted of:
Ernst G. Frankel
Jens T. Holm
William E. Jacobsen
John R. Kane
John H. Lsscaster '
Lauren S. McCready
Andrew I. McKee
Laskar Wechsler
John B. Woodward I11
@ Copyright 1971 by Robert E. Yohe
The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 78472362
Printed in the United States of America
Second Printing 1976
TMrd Printing 1980
 There have been so many technological advancements since the original MARINEENQINEER-
INQ was published that the'content of this book bears little similarity to the original text. For
example, in a manner of speaking, a nuclear power chapter has been substituted f o ~the old
reciprocating steam engine chapter, and other differences are almost as dramatic. However,
the same basic philosophy was used in writing both works except that, insofar as practicable,
this text covers naval practice in addition to merchant practice.
\
In order to ensure that this book is comprehensive and factual, and accurately represents the
consensus of opinion of the marine industry as a whole, the chapters were subjected to a series
of reviews. After the manuscripts were prepared by the authors and reviewed within their
respective organizations, they were then reviewed by the editor, Control Committee, and selected
members of the marine industry who were experts in each particular area. The entire Sociehy
, owes a large debt of gratitude to this last group as they were largely responsible for transforming
good manuscripts into excellent manuscripts.
With few exceptions, it is a gross injustice to suggest that the chapters have been prepared
by only the authors indicated. In several cases, the contributions of single individuals who
assisted were almost as large as that of the author; and in $1 cases, the comments and discussion
I provided by the Control Committee and other members of the marine industry were an invaluable
asset. Mr. John Markert (author of Chapter 19) accurately expressed the sentiment of the
chapter authors when he stated that the generous cooperhtion and assistance received from the
- numerous contributors, often persons not acquainted with the author, were a revelation; it
should, however, be noted that such cooperation is characteristic of the marine fraternity.
An accurate listing of those who assisted in the preparation of this book would include many
names. Several hundred people made direct contributions (by assisting in the preparation of
manuscripts, supplying reference material, reviewing manuscripts, or supplying illustration
material); and when those who made indirect contributions are added, the number of names
would become even larger. - It is, however, considered proper to acknowledge some of the con-
tributions as follows:
Mr. Catlin (Chapter 3) acknowledges the valuable contributions of Mr. George W. Kessler,
vice resident. Babcock & Wilcox. Mr. L. E. Triggs, chief engineer, Marine Dept., Combustion
n ~ , Mr. W. I. signell, chief marine engineer, J. J. Henry Co., Inc., and Professor
~ n ~ i h e e r i~nc.,
J. T. Holm, Webb Institute of Naval Architecture, in the development of the chapter dealing
with boilers and combustion.
Dr. Illies (Chapter 8) states that he received help from a large number of individuals while
preparing the low-speed directrcoupled diesel engine chapter. The material that was made
available by diesel engine manufacturers (MAN, Fiat, Sulzer, Burmeister and Wain, Gotaverken,
, Stork, and Doxford) was particularly helpful as was the valuable advice and personal assistance
that ww provided by Mr. Klaus Knaack.
Mr. Semar (Chapter 9) acknowledges the contributions made by Mr. W. S. Richardson, the
$
Falk Corporation, Mr. Norman A. Smith, General Electric Company, and Mr. Frederic A.
Thoma, DeLaval Turbine, Inc., in the development of the chapter on reduction gears.
Mr. J. F. Sebald (Chapter 13) acknowledges the valuable contributions made by Mr. P. D.
Gold of the Worthington Corporation, Mr. William J. Bow of the Foster Wheeler Corporation
and Mr. J. J. Biese of the Ingersoll Rand Co. h providing illustrations and for their critical
review of the manuscript. The cooperation of the Heat Exchange Institute and The American
t Society of Mechanical Engineers in permitting the publication of technical data and the techni-
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cal support provided by Gilbert Associates, Inc. are also gratefully acknowledge4.
Messrs. Smith and Nickerson (Chapter 16) gratefully acknowledge the assistance provided
by Mr. A. Taplin of the Naval Ship Engineering Center, who prepared the active fin stabilizer
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section of the hull machinery chapter.
Mr. Stephenson (Chapter 18) gratefully notes that the machinery arrangement illustrations
and many of the piping diagram illustrations in the piping systems chapter were included with
the permission of Mr. W. L. Baptie of American Mail Line, Ltd.
The typical chapter author is a highly competent engineer who enjoys his field of specializa-
tion and has devoted the majority of his life to it. By studying the various chapters, it will
become apparent that a book such as this is published only once per generation.
 Division 1
1'
Introductory
Chapter I GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS I N MARINE ENGINEERING
J. R. KANE,
Director of Engineering, Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company

1. Intrbduction .......................... 1%. ~ a i Propulsion

n Plent ~rade-offStudies. 11
2. Concepts and Concept Formulation.. .... 2 6. Preliminary Design Considerations. . . . . . 18
3. Ship System Formulation.. ............. 5 7. Specifications. ........................ 31
4. Development of Main Propulsion System 8. Final Design and Working Plans. . . . . . . . 33
$ Requirements.. ..................... 8 9. Tests and Trials. ..................... 35

Power Plants
I Chapter I1 THERMODYNAMICS AND B E A T ENGINEERING
Jws T. HOLM,
Professor, Webb Institute of Naval Architecture
J. B. WOODWARD
111, Professor, University of Michigan
I Page PW~
1. Review of Fundamentals. .............. 38 4. External Thermodynamics of the Steam
2. Heat Transfer in Boilers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Internal Thermodynamics of the Steam
Tutbine. ...........................
/ Turbine ............................ 55
5. ~herniod~namics of steam Cycles. . . . . . . 61
/ 49 6. Waste Heat from Diesel and Gas Turbine
i Engines ............................ 73

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Chapter I11 BOILERS AND COMBUSTION
EVERETT
A. CATLIN,~ a x i n Engineer,
e The Babcock & Wilcox Company
pa@
1. Classification of Marine Seam Generatom 78 3. Boiler Pesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2. Considerations in the Selection of a Boiler 90 4. Boiler Operation.. ..................... 125

Chapter I V NUCLEAR MARINE PROPULSION

ROBERT
T. PENNINQMN,
formerly Manager of Nuclear Maxine Engineering, Advanced Products
Operation, General Electric Company

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Page
1. Basic Fundamentals. .................. 130 3. . Nuclear Propulsion Applications. . . . . . . . 149
2, Reactor Design Considerations. . . . . . . . . 138

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 I ELECTRIC PROPULSION DRIVES
Chapter X
unrtpucr v STEAM TURB1,NES 1
WILLIAMI. H. BUDD,Assistant to Manager of Engineering, Marine Systems, DeLaval Turbine, Inc. W. E. JACOBBEN,
Manager, Marine Systems Engineering, General Electric Company

Turbine Control.. .................... 1. Introduction.. ........................ 334 4. The Turbine Alternating-Current Drive
1. Nonreheat Main Propulsion Turbines. .. 180
2. The Diesel Direct-Current Drive System. 339 System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
2. Reheat Main Propulsion Turbines. ..... Rotors and Blades. .................. 185
Norzlea, Diaphragms, and Stationary 3. The Turbine Direct-Current Drive System 347 5. The Diesel Alternating-Current Drive
3. Main Propulsion Turbine-Nuclear
Cycle. ............................. Blading.. .......................... 190 System. ........................... 356
Casings &adPackings. ................ 193 6. Electric Couplings.. ................... 360
4. Combined Steam and GaB Turbine Main
Propulsion Cycles. ................. Lubrication and Bearings. ............ 196
5. Turbine Speed, Number of Stages, Di- Main Propulsion Turbine Operation. . . . 199
mensions. ....................... : . Auxiliary Turbines. .................. 201 Chapter XI PROPELLERS, SHAFTING, AND
SHAFTrNG SYSTEM VIBRATION ANALYSIS
C. L. LONG,
Assistant Chief Engineer, Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company
Chapter VI GAS TURBINES Page Page
. A. 0. WHITE, Manager, Advanced Applications Unit, Medium ~k Turbine Operation, General b- 1. Introduction.. ........................ 362 b5. Bearings.. ............................ 379
Electric Company I 2. Arrangement Considerations.. . . . . . . . . . . 365 e 6 . Propellers. ........................... 384
p - 3 . Shafting Loads.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 -7. Torsional Vibration.. .................. 388
' '/4. Shafting Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 8. Longitudinal Vibration.. ............... 393
1. Basic Considerations.. .................. 206 6. Axial-Flow Compreseor Design. . . . . . . . . 225 9. Whirling Vibration.. ................... 397
2. Arrangement and Structural Details. . . . . . 213 7. Turbine Design and Construction. ...... 229
3. Accessories. ........................... 218 8. Combustion Systems. ................. 235
4. Controls. ............................. 219 9. Bearings, Seals, and Lubrication. ....... 239
5. Centrifugal Compressor Design. ......... 222
Division 4
Auxiliary Co~aponents
MEDIUM AND HIGH-SPEED DIESEL ENGINES PUMPS, FORCED-DRAFT BLOWERS,
LASKARWECHBLER,Technical Director, Machinery Systems ~ i v i s i o n ,Naval ship ~ n ~ i n e e r i n ~ COMPRE$SORS, AND EJECTORS
G. W. SOETE,
Supervisor, Centrifugal Pump Engineering Departmen;t, DeLaval Turbine, Inc.

L=- page Page

1. Introdrtction. ......................... 246
v 1. Centrifugal Pumps.. ................... 401 4. Rotary Pumps.. ...................... 432
2. aaracte$tics of Diesel Engines. . . . . . . . 251
LOWSPEED DIRECT-COUPLED DIESEL ENGINES
KURTILLIES,
Professor, Technische Universitat Hannover
Pege
1. survey of Principal &acteri&ics. ..... 280
2. Engine Subsystems. ................... 292
3. Marine Uses for Diesel Engines. . . . . . . . . 257
4. Design Considerations. ................ 261
Chapter XI11
3. Overall Considerations. ................ 303
!*
2. Reciprocating Steam Pumps. ........... 422 \.-5. Forced-@aft Blowers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
3. Power Pumps.. ....................... 428 L. 6, Compressors.. ......................... 440
7. Ejectors.. ............................ 444
MAIN AND AUXILIARY CONDENSERS
JOBEPH Consulting Engineer and Special Consultant to Gilbert Associates, Inc.
F. SEBALD,
Page Page
1. General C~aracterhtics................. 450 3. Surface Condenser Performanm. . . . . . . . . 473
2. Condenser Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 4. Performance Predictions from Design
Geometry.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478

Chapter X I V HEAT EXCHANGERS

Transmissions CHARLEB D. ROBE,Vice President, AquaXhem, Incorporated
REDUCTION GEARS PHILIPLIU, Chief Thermal Design Consultant, Research and Development, Aqu*Chem, In-
corporated
W. SEE~AR,
HAROLD Manager, Technical Support, Marine Mechanical Dep&ment, westinghouse
Electric Corporation page page
page 1. . Introduction. ......................... 488 3. Heat Exchanger Applications. .......... 514
2. Heat Transfer in Shell-and-Tube Heat
v 1. Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 3. Gear Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Exchangers.. 496
2. Tooth Design Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 v 4 . Applications.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 .......................
ix
Chapter XV DISTILLING P U N T S . Division 6
C ~ I D.WROBE,Vice President, AqueChem, Incorporqted Supporting Technology
page Page
Chapter XX BEARINGS AND LUBRICATION
1. Distilling Plant Designs. ............... 530 2. Distilling Plant Design Considerations. .. 550
WATT V. SMITH, Head, Friction and Wear Branch, Materials Department, Naval Ship Research
and Development Laboratory, Annapolis, Maryland
Chapter XVI HULL MACHINERY - J. M. GRUBER,Vice President, Waukesha Industries Corporation
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IRVING
W. SMITH,Mechanical Engineer, Office of Ship Construction, Maritime Administration
page Page
ARCHERM. NICKERBON,JR.,Senior Engineer, J. E. Bowker Associates, Inc. , 1 1. Review of Fundamentals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770 ""2. Bearings.. ............................ 778
ptlge page 3. Lubrication System. ................... 785
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v 1. General Design Consideratioqs. ......... 564 2. Hull Machinery Installations.. .......... 570 I

Chapter XXI AUTOMATION

W. 0. NICHOLS,Chief Engineer, Central Technical Division, Shipbuilding Department, Bethlehem
Steel Corporation
Division 5 Pa%e Page
Sl~ipboard Systems 1. Automation System.. ................. 791 2. Applications.. ........................ 796

ELECTRIC PLANTS
Chapter XXII CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
W. LEE WILLIAMB, Assistant Bead, Materiala Department, Naval Ship Research and Development
Laboratory, Annapolis, Maryland
M. ROBERTGROSS,Head, Materials Engineering Branch, Materials Department, Naval Ship Re-
1. Introduction.. ........................ 605 6. Lighting and Power Distribution. ... :... 640 search and Development Laboratory, Annapolis, Maryland
2. Generating Plants. .................... 607 7. Interior Communications.. ............. 654 Page Page
3. Switchboards and Panels. .............. 614 8. Electronic Navigation and Radio
4. Powe~Equipment. .................... 621 Communication..................... 659 1. Prefacing Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810 5. Applications of Materiala.. .............. 824
5. Lighting Fixtures and Equipment. ...... 635 9. Wiring Application and Methods. ....... 663 2. Corrosion of Metals.. .................. 810 6. Glossary of Metallurgical Terms Used in
3. Fatigue ............................... 817 Materials Engineering.. .............. 835
4. Behavior at Elevated Temperatures. .... 821
Chapter XVIII PIPING SYSTEMS
E. E. STEPHENBON,Manager, Piping Design '~epartment,Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Chapter XXIII PETROLEUM FUELS
Dock Company
CARLE. HABERMANN, Manager, Technical Services, Marine Sales Department, Mobil Sales and
Supply Corporation
', 1. Machinery Space Arrangement.. ........ 670 " '2. Piping Design Details.. ................ 676
;'3. Piping Systema........................ 682 Page Page
1. Fuel Manufactureand Characteristics. ... 842 2. Fuel Procurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL page

W. MARKERT,
JOHN Professional S u p p o r t A i r Conditioning, Office of Construction Management, INDEX.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858
Public Buildings Service, General Services Administration

1. Intraduction.. ........................ 710 5. Air Handling System Resign.. .......... 745

2. System General Requirements. ......... 718 6. Air Handling Equipment. .............. 756
3. Design Criteria and L o 4 Components. .. 726 7. Beating and Cooling Equipment. ....... 763
4. Piping Systems.. ...................... 734 8. Refrigeration Equipment.. ............. 766