Mariano Marcos State University

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND ACCUONTANCY

City of Batac, 2906

In partial fulfillment of the requirement in

BA41

Submitted by:

Baldovi, Apple Jane C.

Sudsudan, Angelika B
Pagurayan, Junimar T.
Ramos, Jomer
Rigonan, John Matthew F..
Pagurayan, Crystal Mae B.

Submitted to:

Ms. Carmela G. Adriatico

Instructor

August 18, 2016

PART IV. EMERGING TRENDS AND TECHNOLOGIES

Reporters 1 & 2: Baldovi, Apple Jane

Sudsudan, Angelika

Part I. Characteristics of Emerging Technologies

Emerging technologies are technologies that are perceived as capable of

changing the status quo. These technologies are generally new but include older
technologies that are still controversial and relatively undeveloped in potential, such
as 3D printing, preimplantation genetic diagnosis and gene therapy

Emerging technologies are characterized by radical novelty, relatively fast

growth, coherence, prominent impact, and uncertainty and ambiguity. In other
words, an emerging technology can be defined as "a radically novel and relatively fast
growing technology characterized by a certain degree of coherence persisting over time
and with the potential to exert a considerable impact on the socio-economic domain(s)
which is observed in terms of the composition of actors, institutions and patterns of
interactions among those, along with the associated knowledge production processes.

But according to Dr. George Veletsianos, there are 5 key characteristics of

Emerging Technologies:

1. Emerging Technologies May or May Not be New Technologies

New and emerging don’t always go hand-in-hand. For the most part, yes,
emerging technologies are “new”, but it’s not always the case. For example video-game
controllers are considered to be emerging technologies because they are now being used
to practice surgical techniques, but they are not a new invention.

2. Emerging Technologies are Evolving Organisms that Exist in a State of

“Coming into Being”

Technology and how it is being used in education is continuously

changing. Things like Twitter are already being used by teachers, but the way it will be
used will adapt to the demand and need of the learners.

3. Emerging Technologies go through Hype-Cycles

What’s popular right now in educational technology will be considered unpopular

in a few years. What’s important to remember is that they will always hold some teaching
potential.

4. Emerging Technologies Satisfy Two Criteria

(1) They are not yet fully understood and (2) They have not yet been properly
researched

5. They are Potentially Disruptive but their Potential is Mostly Unfulfilled

They may totally change the future of education, or they may be forgotten in six
months, it really depends on how teachers and learners use them, and if they are
embraced by the community as a whole.
Reporters 3 & 4: Pagurayan, Junimar
Ramos, Jomer

PART II. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BUSINESS

A. TRENDS IN SOFTWARE AND SERVICE DISTRIBUTION

1. Pull and Push Technologies

Pull Technology
a user states a need before getting information, as when URL is entered in a web
browser so that the user can go to a certain website.

Push Technology
Push technology is an internet communication system in which the transaction
request is generated by the central web server or publisher.

This phenomenon is used to describe the preplanned news, weather or other

selected information that is updated on a periodic basis on user’s desktop interface. Push
technology is also a prime feature of Web browsing applications.

Push technology gets its name from its ability to push information to a user’s
desktop instead of waiting for user to make a request. Modern webcasting products
encourage the user’s cooperation for managing the information. This is particularly true
for intranet users.

2. Application Service Providers (get discussion from MIS2 p. 248)

B. Virtual Reality

Virtual Reality is the term used to describe a three-dimensional, computer

generated environment which can be explored and interacted with by a person. That
person becomes part of this virtual world or is immersed within this environment and whilst
there, is able to manipulate objects or perform a series of actions.

Goal of VR is to create an environment in which users can interact and participate

as they do in the real world.

TWO MAJOR TYPES OF USER ENVIRONMENTS (scan picture in the book, p. 251
or research on other pictures in the internet)

1. Egocentric Environment - ability to imagine taking different perspective in

space

Technologies use:

 Head-mounted displays/ helmet-mounted display- is a display

device, worn on the head or as part of a helmet, that has a small
display optic in front of one (monocular HMD) or each eye (binocular
HMD).

 Virtual retinal displays/ retinal scan display(RSD) or retinal

projector (RP)- is a display technology that draws araster display (like
a television) directly onto the retina of the eye. The user sees what
appears to be a conventional display floating in space in front of them
 2. Exocentric environment - refers to a virtual reality or some other immersive
environment which completely encompasses the user, e.g. by placing the
viewer in a room made up entirely of rear projection screens.

VIRTUAL REALITY APPLICATIONS IN VARIOUS SECTORS

A. ASSISTANCE FOR THE DISABLED

In medicine, staff can use virtual environments to train in everything from surgical
procedures to diagnosing a patient. Surgeons have used virtual reality technology to not
only train and educate, but also to perform surgery remotely by using robotic devices. The
first robotic surgery was performed in 1998 at a hospital in Paris. The biggest challenge
in using VR technology to perform robotic surgery is latency, since any delay in such a
delicate procedure can feel unnatural to the surgeon. Such systems also need to provide
finely-tuned sensory feedback to the surgeon.

B. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

Some architects create virtual models of their building plans so that people can
walk through the structure before the foundation is even laid. Clients can move around
exteriors and interiors and ask questions, or even suggest alterations to the design.
Virtual models can give you a much more accurate idea of how moving through a building
will feel than a miniature model.

C. EDUCATION

VR Systems are used in educational games and simulations, such as VR “flash

cards” for teaching math skills. Incorporating visuals, sound, and touch into a game can
help improve learning process.

D. FLIGHT SIMULATION

Flight simulators are a good example of a VR system that is effective within strict
limits. In a good flight simulator, a user can take the same flight path under a wide range
of conditions. Users can feel what it's like to fly through storms, thick fog or calm winds.
Realistic flight simulators are effective and safe training tools, and though a sophisticated
simulator can cost tens of thousands of dollars, they're cheaper than an actual
aircraft (and it's tough to damage one in an accident). The limitation of flight simulators
from a VR perspective is that they are designed for one particular task. You can't step out
of a flight simulator and remain within the virtual environment, nor can you do anything
other than pilot an aircraft while inside one.

C. Radio Frequency Identification (scan picture in MIS2 p. 255)

The acronym refers to small electronic devices that consist of a small chip and an
antenna. The chip typically is capable of carrying 2,000 bytes of data or less.

The RFID device serves the same purpose as a bar code or a magnetic strip on
the back of a credit card or ATM card; it provides a unique identifier for that object. And,
just as a bar code or magnetic strip must be scanned to get the information, the RFID
device must be scanned to retrieve the identifying information.

An enabling technology, which means it doesn't provide much value on its own,
but it enables companies to develop applications that create value.
 RFID Applications is used to identify objects or people. Its advantages are that it
requires no human intervention, tags can usually be read even when a tag is not facing a
reader antenna (tags can't be read through metal and some other materials), and the
information can be transmitted to computers in real time.

Include discussion in page 256 table 14. 1 and Coca-Cola Company uses RFID-
based Dispensers for generating BI (RFID applications in tracking and identification,
payment and stored-value system, access control, anti-counterfeiting…..)

D. Biometrics

Biometrics generally refers to the study of measurable biological characteristics.

In computer security, biometrics refers to authentication techniques that rely on
measurable physical characteristics that can be automatically checked.

(Discuss biometric devices and measures in MIS 2 page 81 including the pictures
in page 82)

BIOMETRICS APPLICATION

Applications of biometrics can only be limited by limiting one's imagination.

Biometric technology is now being used in almost every area. Not only that, but various
types of biometric systems are being used to achieve various functionalities.

 Biometric Time Clocks or Biometric time and attendance systems, which

are being increasingly used in various organizations to control employee
timekeeping.
 Biometric safes and biometric locks, provides security to the homeowners.
 Biometric access control systems, providing strong security at entrances.
 Biometric systems are also developed for securing access to pc's and
providing single logon facilities.
 Wireless biometrics for high end security and providing safer transactions
from wireless devices like PDA's, etc.
 Applications of biometrics technology in identifying DNA patterns for
identifying criminals, etc.
 Biometrics airport security devices are also deployed at some of the world's
famous airports to enhance the security standards.

E. Trends in Networking

E.1 WI-FI

Wi-Fi also known as Wireless Fidelity is the name of a wireless networking

technology that uses radio waves to provide high-speed network and Internet
connections.

APPLICATION: Wi-Fi works with no physical wired connection between sender

and receiver by using radio frequency (RF) technology, a frequency within
the electromagnetic spectrum associated with radio wave propagation. The primary job
of an access point is to broadcast a wireless signal that computers can detect and "tune"
into. In order to connect to an access point and join a wireless network, computers and
devices must be equipped with wireless network adapters.

E.2 WiMAX
 WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless industry
coalition dedicated to the advancement of IEEE 802.16 standards for broadband wireless
access (BWA) networks.

APPLICATION: Wimax network provides the ability for service provider to deploy
new era broadband service. Wimax applications are most effective than today. It provides
a broad customer base, while adding up a mobility feature to those services. Wimax
technology applications are a mean of service providers to present data, video, voice,
mobile and internet access.

E.3 BLUETOOTH

Bluetooth is an open wireless technology standard for transmitting fixed and mobile
electronic device data over short distances. Bluetooth was introduced in 1994 as a
wireless substitute for RS-232 cables.

APPLICATION: Bluetooth communicates with a variety of electronic devices and

creates personal networks operating within the unlicensed 2.4 GHz band. Operating
range is based on device class. A variety of digital devices use Bluetooth, including MP3
players, mobile and peripheral devices and personal computers.

E.4 CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud computing is a type of computing that relies on sharing computing

resources rather than having local servers or personal devices to handle applications.
Cloud computing is comparable to grid, a type of computing where unused processing
cycles of all computers in a network are harnesses to solve problems too intensive for
any stand-alone machine

APPLICATIONS: The applications of cloud computing are practically limitless.

With the right middleware, a cloud computing system could execute all the programs a
normal computer could run. Potentially, everything from generic word processing
software to customized computer programs designed for a specific company could work
on a cloud computing system.

F. Nanotechnology

-Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the

nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers. It refers to the projected ability to
construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to
make complete, high performance products.

NANOTECHNOLOGY APPPLICATIONS

Nanotechnology Applications

Electronics
Nanotechnology holds some answers for how we might increase the capabilities of
electronics devices while we reduce their weight and power consumption.

Food
Nanotechnology is having an impact on several aspects of food science, from how food
is grown to how it is packaged. Companies are developing nanomaterials that will make
a difference not only in the taste of food, but also in food safety, and the health benefits
that food delivers.
Fuel Cells
Nanotechnology is being used to reduce the cost of catalysts used in fuel cells to produce
hydrogen ions from fuel such as methanol and to improve the efficiency of membranes
used in fuel cells to separate hydrogen ions from other gases such as oxygen.

Solar Cells
Companies have developed nanotech solar cells that can be manufactured at significantly
lower cost than conventional solar cells.

Batteries
Companies are currently developing batteries using nanomaterials. One such battery will
be a good as new after sitting on the shelf for decades. Another battery can be recharged
significantly faster than conventional batteries.

Space
Nanotechnology may hold the key to making space-flight more practical. Advancements
in nanomaterials make lightweight spacecraft and a cable for the space elevator possible.
By significantly reducing the amount of rocket fuel required, these advances could lower
the cost of reaching orbit and traveling in space.

Fuels
Nanotechnology can address the shortage of fossil fuels such as diesel and gasoline by
making the production of fuels from low grade raw materials economical, increasing the
mileage of engines, and making the production of fuels from normal raw materials more
efficient.

Better Air Quality

Nanotechnology can improve the performance of catalysts used to transform vapors
escaping from cars or industrial plants into harmless gasses. That's because catalysts
made from nanoparticles have a greater surface area to interact with the reacting
chemicals than catalysts made from larger particles. The larger surface area allows more
chemicals to interact with the catalyst simultaneously, which makes the catalyst more
effective.

Cleaner Water
Nanotechnology is being used to develop solutions to three very different problems in
water quality. One challenge is the removal of industrial wastes, such as a cleaning
solvent called TCE, from groundwater. Nanoparticles can be used to convert the
contaminating chemical through a chemical reaction to make it harmless. Studies have
shown that this method can be used successfully to reach contaminates dispersed in
underground ponds and at much lower cost than methods which require pumping the
water out of the ground for treatment.

Chemical Sensors
Nanotechnology can enable sensors to detect very small amounts of chemical vapors.
Various types of detecting elements, such as carbon nanotubes, zinc oxide nanowires or
palladium nanoparticles can be used in nanotechnology-based sensors. Because of the
small size of nanotubes, nanowires, or nanoparticles, a few gas molecules are sufficient
to change the electrical properties of the sensing elements. This allows the detection of
a very low concentration of chemical vapors.

Sporting Goods
If you're a tennis or golf fan, you'll be glad to hear that even sporting goods has wandered
into the nano realm. Current nanotechnology applications in the sports arena include
increasing the strength of tennis racquets, filling any imperfections in club shaft materials
and reducing the rate at which air leaks from tennis balls.
Fabric
Making composite fabric with nano-sized particles or fibers allows improvement of fabric
properties without a significant increase in weight, thickness, or stiffness as might have
been the case with previously-used techniques.

Reporters 4 & 6: Pagurayan, Crystal Mae

Rigonan, John Matthew

PART III. CHALLENGES AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS FOR THE COMING

DIGITAL FRONTIER

The emergence of Digital Business has sparked a shift in the relationship between
man and machine. Throughout generations, it has sparked into innovations of challenges
and opportunities.
Machines Are Taking a More-Active Role in Enhancing Human Endeavors:
Because the machines are more connected than ever before, they have an
increased ability to supplement human jobs and to reduce the cost of operations.
Digitalized Things Are Making Assisted Economic Decisions:
The increased use of computing machines in decision making is extending into the
realm of financial choices with increasing consistency. This makes one begin to think
about how many of the economic decisions we make will be supported by, then
automated through, digital technologies.
Renovating the Customer Experience Is a Digital Priority:
The practical digital business sees customer experience innovation as the next
frontier, and half of all consumer goods product investments are likely to be directed
toward improving the customer experience

CHALLENGES FOR THE COMING DIGITAL FRONTIER

Innovation becoming a critical component

In this context of rapid development and dissemination of new knowledge,

innovation is becoming a more critical element of competitiveness. Firms have to be
constantly innovating to avoid falling behind. This does not necessarily mean that they
have to be moving the technological frontier forward. Only the most advanced firms do
that. However, all firms need to be at least fast imitators and adopt, use and improve
new technology in order not to fall behind. This puts a great deal of pressure on firms’
technological capabilities. Moreover, innovation is not just a matter of new products or
new processes and ways to produce them, but also better organization and management
techniques, and better business models which facilitate doing business.

The implication of this for companies is that they have to make greater efforts to
keep up with new technologies and new forms of business organization and production
and distribution networks. This requires more investment in their technological capability
to search for, acquire and adapt technology to their needs and in managing production
and distribution systems. For those that are closer to the frontier, it means that they need
to put more effort into real cutting edge innovations in technology and business.

EXAMPLES:
 Dell

An example of business innovation is the development of consumer product

companies such as Dell, which subcontract production according to their design and
specifications to third parties, eliminate distributors, and sell directly to the final consumer.

Walmart

Another example of a business innovation is Wal-Mart’s monitoring of consumer

demand from points of sale through electronic cash registers, linking that information to
central ordering directly to producers all around the world, thereby eliminating
intermediaries in production and distribution.

Education and skills as fundamental enablers

Technological advance is very complementary with higher skills and more

education. As a result, education and skills are becoming more important in international
competitiveness. MNCs make their location decisions partly based on the education and
skills of the local workforces. This means that countries need to make more investments
on increasing education and skills. Globally, there has been an increase in average
educational attainment. There has been a strong increase in the number of persons with
higher education. Because of the knowledge revolution, there is a need for people to learn
a diverse range of new skills. This has given rise to what Peter Drucker termed the
“knowledge worker” (Drucker, 1994). The knowledge worker is not just the PhD with very
narrow and advanced education.

This implies that developing countries need not only to expand primary education,
but that they also need to expand the access and quality of secondary and tertiary
education.

They also have to make more effective use of distance education technologies,
particularly the potential of internet based education and training services which can be
delivered anywhere, anytime at any pace.

Logistics, transportation, and distribution becoming more important

In this new context of increased globalization, rapid technical change, and shorter
product life cycles, modular production and outsourcing, and the need to get components
and products to the customer quickly, logistics (transportation, distribution channels, and
warehousing), which connects manufacturing and retailing, is becoming another critical
factor for competitiveness. Therefore, transportation infrastructure – roads, railroads,
airports, seaports and transportation companies, with coordination enabled by IT – is
critical for countries to participate effectively in the global market.

The implication of this for many developing countries and emerging technologies
is that, even if they can produce competitively, it may still be very difficult for them to get
into global value chains because of high transport costs.
EXAMPLES:

Most countries in Africa have very poor shipping or air links with the rest of the
world, and few of these have direct links with key markets. This means that there are
usually many stops and several transhipments before products get to their final
destination. This increases both transportation costs as well as the inventory costs for
goods in transit.

Efficient IT becoming new critical infrastructure

Information technology is becoming a fundamental enabling infrastructure of the

new competitive regime. Information and communications technologies (ICT) are the
tools that allow flexible accumulation to function. ICT is a critical part of what enables the
organization and coordination of global production networks and the integration of global
supply chains. It is also an essential element for monitoring what the consumers are
buying and what they want, and passing that information seamlessly along to producing
units which often are not even owned by brand name manufacturers.

There are several implications for emerging technologies. At the national level,
there needs to be modern and low cost communication systems as well as good training
in the skills necessary to use these networks. For the development of e-business, there
need to be appropriate legal and regulatory systems including e-signature as well as
secure digital communications and safe payment systems. At the level of the firm,
investments in training and hardware as well as in restructuring business processes are
also necessary in order to take advantage of the reduction in transactions costs and time
that can be obtained through these technologies.

The enabling environment as a still necessary factor

The enabling environment consists of the government regulations and institutions

that facilitate the operation of business and the economy. It includes the basic institutions
such as government, rule of law, efficiency of capital and labour markets, ease of setting
up or shutting down business. It also includes the ability of the government to create
consensus and the ability to help people who fall through the cracks in the system.

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