NAME: BANSO ADEYINKA ALEX

COURSE CODE: AGP 830

MATRIC NUMBER: AGP/99/3655

ASSIGNMENTS

QUESTION 1: WRITE SHORT NOTE ON THE IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT IN COMPUTING SYSTEMS ON

GEOPHYSICAL APPLICATION.

SOLUTION

Geophysics is a science which aims at understanding the behaviour of the Earth from physical
measurements. Due to the dimensions and complexity of the subsurface, Laboratory equivalents are
hardly usable. Hence current day geophysics makes use of massive observation datasets and large scale
computer simulations to improve our knowledge of the earth. As a consequence solid earth simulations
are amongst the largest use cases for high performance computing, ranging from earth quake
simulations to exploration data processing.

QUESTION 2: What is the Significance of forward Modeling in Tomographic Inversion

Forward modeling in tomographic Inversion helps in using the model parameter through connecting
equation which can be mathematical to predict or generate a synthetic data.

QUESTION 3: Itemize Various Classes of Geophysical Appellations and identify Software Packages
available for use in each of the Class

GEOPHYSICAL APPELLATIONS SOFTWARE PACKAGES

1. Electrical Method a. Res 2D
b. Res 3D
c. Dipro
d. WinResist
e. GeoTomo
2. Magnetic Method a. Oasis Montaj
3. Seismic Method a. Petrel
b. Kingdom Suite
c. SeisWork
4. Gravity Method a. Oasis Montaj
b. Zone GM2D
c. GM-SYS
5. Electromagnetic Method a. NEC
b. HFSS
c. XFDTD
d. JCM SUITE
e. FEKO
6. Radiometry Method a. Oasis Montaj
 7. Induced Potential Method a. Prosys ii, field view, Electre ii, Electre pro

QUESTION 4. Write on any 2 areas of Application of Tomographic data Inversion in Geophysics

Solution

Topographic data inversion has application in the following areas of geophysics

1. SEISMOLOGY

Through Tomography data inversion, the subsurface of the earth can be imaged using a seismic
waves produced by Earthquakes or Explosions. The p-wave, S-waves and surface waves can be
used for tomographic models of different resolutions based on seismic wavelength, wave source
distance and the seismograph array coverage. The data received at seismometers are used to
solve an inverse problem, where in the locations of reflection and refraction of the wave paths
are determined. This solution can be used to create 3D images of velocity anomalies which may
be interpreted as structural, thermal or compositional variation.

2. ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY
Tomographic data inversion has been so useful in this area of geophysics for imaging sub-
surface structures from electrical resistivity measurements made at the surface, or by electrodes
are suspended in the boreholes, deeper sections can be investigated. It is closely related to the
medical imaging technique.

QUESTION 5. Distinguish between Tomography and Data Imaging.

Tomography is a technique for displaying a representation of a cross section through the sub surface or
other solid object WHILE Data imaging is the integration and organization of different data formats,
including computer reports, electronic documents and paper records, into a single repository with
common index.

QUESTION 6. What are the possible advantages of Tomographic Inversion on other forms of
Geophysical Data Inversion?

The advantages of tomographic Inversion over other forms of geophysical data inversion are:

1. Tomographic Inversion helps in determination of internal properties of medium in regards to

space and time.
2. Image reconstruction of the internal properties using the appropriate co-ordinate system and
right space
3. Tomography provides concentration, holdup, and 2D or 3D imaging of the subsurface.
QUESTION 7. SIGNIFICANCE OF TOMOGRAPHY IN GEOPHYSICAL DATA MANAGEMENT

One of the importance or significance of Tomography is in geophysical data management. Tomography

is a technique that uses geophysical data to create 2D and 3D images of subsurface anomalies by solving
large inverse problems such that generate models consistent with observed data.

QUESTION 8: IDENTIFY TWO AREAS OF TOMOGRAPHIC APPLICATION IN GROUNDWATER

EXPLORATION

 In determination of Horizontal and Vertical extent of an aquifer: Through the tomographic

inversion, the aquifer extent can be known and the ground water flow pattern in the subsurface
can be revealed.
 In mapping the geological structures in the subsurface that can serve as a barrier to
groundwater flow such as mapping dykes.

QUESTION 9: DISCUSS THE RELEVANCE OF TOMOGRAPHY IN TARGET IDENTIFICATION IN ANY

MINERAL EXPLORATION WORKS

In mining exploration, geological scenarios encountered varied and complicated and the target are
usually multi-dimensional, this requires tomographic imaging to delineate, detect and discriminate
mineral deposits. The detection and the mapping of both the vertical and horizontal extent of target,
can only be easily done through tomographic imaging.

QUESTION 10: DISTIGUISH BETWEEN TOMOGRAPHY AND DATA IMAGING

Tomography is a technique for displaying a representation of a cross section through the sub surface or
other solid object WHILE Data imaging is the integration and organization of different data formats,
including computer reports, electronic documents and paper records, into a single repository with
common index.

QUESTION 11: DESCRIBE THE CONCEPT OF ELECTRIC IMAGING IN THE FIELD OF GEOPHYSICS.

Electrical resistivity imaging is a geophysical technique for imaging subsurface structures from electrical
resistivity measurements made at the surface, or by electrodes in one or more boreholes. If the
electrodes are suspended in the boreholes, deeper sections can be investigated. It is closely related to
the medical imaging technique and mathematically is the same inverse problem. In contrast to medical
EIT, however ERT is essentially a direct current method. A related geophysical method, induced
polarization measures the transient response and aims to determine the subsurface chargeability
properties. Electrical resistivity tomography is a popular geophysical subsurface –imaging technique
widely used or applied to mineral prospecting, hydrological exploration, environmental investigation
and civil engineering, as well as archaeological mapping.