=

PHY 8251 .
Dr .
Chenjie Wang .
cwungzsz @ Citgo .

Lecture 3 ( Sep 21 ) readings .

. Shankar chap Reb .

Rotation momentum Lx Ly Lz
in 3D ⇒ angular ,
,

Li =
Gijkxy Pk
.

[ Li , Lj ) =
ifijhlk ,
ij .
k= 1.23 .

particle in 3D Central
-
-

force potential

H
-

? .
II t Vcr )
,
Coulomb potential Vcr ) =

,
r=fxIx5

This Hamiltonian describes the

Hydrogen atom ( without relativistic correction )

•
elation
What are the
stationary States
of the electron ?
errs Proton
⇒ find eigen energy H
-

of
.

&
eigenstate .

One can show

Hydrogen atom
:
.

[ H , Li 3=0 .
⇒ His rotational invariant
,
as
expected .

How to make use

of the Three
angular momentum operators ?
-

For A EA ] solve
single
a with H = o We

Ahh
• ,
,

at 4 >
-

and find all 14 > with eigenvalue a

. Define the
Subspace as
Tfa
=

Then Solve
,
Schrodinger 's
equation
in Ba
=

Eigenstate ⇒ ID Hilbert spae that is invariant under It

•
Multiple operators ⇒ find Hilbert ( possibly multi dimensional )
spare
-

{ Eta } # a . . .
that are invariance under f Aa }
,

[ closed under
) commuter
 ②
" "

This invariant Hilbert is said to be

spare
a
of
the Lie Algebra { Aa } .

Certain invariant Hilbert be

further divided into
spae can

Sunnah
in variant (
spares say .
two invariant
subspaces ) .

divided called
representation spaces
that cannot
=
be further are

fir
"
irreducible
"

reps for short ) There exist distinct it

many reps
.
.

e' MH
'

Exampled =p

reµeque
A momentum
eigenstate Ip > or in
position basis
:

. ,

for particle in ID
space
is an ID irreducible
representation
of Lie Algebra pi
the with one operator .
Since

Elp > =
plp >
Different Values of I
Labels different irreps .

Angular -
momentum

How to
find irreps ?

start from Lz
eigenstate of one
operator say
•

.
.

la
↳ > =
at >

°
There is no other
operators commuting
with Lz .
Define

LI = Lx I
ily
One can cheek :

[ LzLIT .
= th Lt
 ③

New States
by acting LI on la > ?

LzL
(

Lzttlt
= Lt ) la >

ath
LI
=

=
(
Cath
Lt LAI
)
a >

⇒ Lotta > =
latte >

x
Lz
Lz L - In > = (L .
Lz -
th ) 1a > eigenstate of
4th
with
eigenvalue
=
.
a CL -
AL -
Sk >

(a te ) la ⇒ LH > Ith >

L >
= =
-

ate
Therefore : Lt is called the
raising operator

§
At 3k
L is
operator
•

lowering
-
i , is

, #

424€
Attn
t.tn
•

dimensional
For irreps There
hightest
'

finite is
'

• a

2
" ,

state tr
weight Such
"
a
that
• -

↳ Kmax > "

' '
=
o wall vector .

Similarity ,
there is Kanin >

L -
( dm in > = o

starting from 12mm, > .

we
apply L -
for several times

( L Jk I
-
dmax > =
tannin > ⇒ Aman, -

Amin = Mtn MEZ integer

,
.

We
expect dmax = -

Amin ⇒ 2Xma×= Mtn ⇒ dmax=m .

 ④

states
More
precisely Define
•

I = LE they the = LET L -

Lt th Lz

LI t Lt L -
-
th

which has the

property
nice

[ E .
Li J -

- o
,
[ E.LIT -

- o

for highest weight ,

we have

E) Lomax > = (LE - Lt -1L

tttz )/Lmax7= Imax I xmaxth ) lamax >

[ 1am in > =
It ↳ L CL -
- ti Lz ) / am in > = ( Amin
Linint ) Knin >
-

(L I for
'

Since we have
It min > = - 12mm > some k

Elamin > =
EH T Kma -
(#
L Tt Knox >
-
=
dmax(2maxth) 12mi > .

Accordingly ,
2ma×( dmaxth ) = Amin ( Amin -

ti
) ⇒ Amin =
-

Amex

•
Therefore ,
we have

¥:
A
g- x A

•
dmax =L E Z
•
2 max =L E 2/2

÷
• 2

• 3/2

.
.
.
. . .
.

• -
I •
-312
•
-

2 •
2mi n= -
l

q
-

tmax = -
l

integer angular momentum half integer spins

 ⑤
ir Lie
reps of Lx
Ly Lz algebra
•
, , .

{ It 'm > } m
-
-
e
,
e .
,
,
.
. . -
e
2h11 States in total .

with
properties :

Lz Ibm > = mtll.my

L2 team > = l Ceti > till .m >

Il )
"

L
"

Lt
team > =
t J¥m¥mnJ .
met > Home work

•
Are half integer
spins -

physical ?? Consider 21T

mm
rotation .
finite rotation

e-
is ↳
ft but
I Not
identity ⇒ Not physical only for
-

→ .

the current problem .

"
"

⇒ of electron
spin
C Next Lecture )
( t I it spin angular momentum included )
.

Matrix
•

representation

j=z

Eco
ELI
Ef
I 5=1

til
'

!;) )
I Jz
J
-

on
-
-
-

Jx .

, ;) !
Jx=tf÷÷)
I

fo÷÷÷ )
i Jy
°

Jy )
=
t
-

-
.

'

i .
 ⑥

Coordinate ( integer angular momentum )

l 2
given C-
.

( Sino Za 0¥ )
Y
( Io ¥ )
'
↳ it +
cord cot the ± into
Lt
=
, =
⇒
Ly = it C- cool Zo + sing at o
¥ )

Let 41 c no .
f) =
CRO .
the > ,
then .

ti
⇐ coto If ) 41 Crit .
=o

lot
'

Let 's radial The

ignore
the
part .

¥ dependence is of the form e'

finds
"
let
Then ,
410,43 =
fco , e

⇒ I
( e ) foes o

lato
coto
-
=

do

dsio
⇒ daff = )fo ⇒
dts =L .

Sino

⇒ f -

Ers
one ( ignoring the radial part . after normalization )

Teilo
Yee co .
= c- De
Kff÷ ÷ .
Gino
-

more
general rial Harmonies
sphere : m > 0

Yenta on =
used .

÷ e÷:÷a%,e #nose .

YIM co . 43 =
C -
pm yen
 ⑦
Hydrogen atom
-

Central force problem in

coordinates
radial

H -
-

In ( t Zr r
.

Er t
ozos.io#-rsiIoEaDtVoD
To Solve It 4cr.o.gs =
E Hero .
4)

Assume :
yer ,
o .
.

g) = Rcr ) 4710.9 ) ,
given him

⇒ II Err
'

I f- -

lf I + vcrs
} Rib Ras

what we have achieved ?

I spare Sir > 3 r

> o

' "
Liebert
f *us .

Solve the ID wavefunction problem ! ( HW #

2)
remaining
C chap 13
of Shankar )