-1

PHY 8251
①
Dr .
Chen
jie Wang / Cw
ang
232 ⑨ city U

Lecture A
( Sep 07 )

ax
fix
Readings : Shankar Chap 4 .

,
Sakurai chap t
)
Quantum mechanics governs the behavior
of microscopic particles :

-
electrons in atoms
I solids
photons
-

bosons
-

quarks .
gluons ,
Higgs
At low Without QM it's not
possible to understand the periodic Table
tempo terre .
.
.

have modern doctor

Not possible t Semi industry .

Plans .
① First half : Fundamental concepts ,
Symmetries ,
translation d rotation

angular momentum , Spins .

fermions / bosons .

Hydrogen atom ,
Harmonic oscillator

② Second
half : Perturbation Theory .

Scattering theory ,
intro to
QFTIM anybody
Physics . path integral ( if time allows )

classical mechanics

Ix
④ mix
state of a
particle position x momentum
p
-

: -

④ observable
, p
) x
, p ,
kinetic
energy
-

:
PIM , potential Vex ) =
Ik 712

④ ( )
dynamics .
Hamilton
's
equation
new eton 's second Law

OH
B
•

= -

×
Tp
= .
.

ME ¥kx kx
'

Exo Harmonic oscillator H Ism ⇒ -

-

-
t =

Quantum mechanics

↳
" "

state in linear 147 Ket

: a Vector a
Space , ,

÷
particle in ID : particle in discrete spare

'
F

I • • a a • • so

" ' "

General state he > =

fdx Ix > i.
↳
Wavefunction
 !2!

••-•
coefficient lkx
Meaning of the )

{1×7}
Probability to find the
particle probability at
position
w

the internal Ex ,
XTDDJ

.si#nIIiIYl.Euni=n1=fpEx.xtdDdx=ftkdl2dx
• III.
* "

Ysk
Idpxronaneiya

ftp.y#
" "

bra < 14 : complex conjugate

+
Transpose

Length of the vector : < 4/4>70 ( not

important , always normalize )
inner product between two vectors : < 41$ > = < 4/45
-a complex number .

basis

I.
normal da =8&,×i
'
: Ortho < > × = 1.2 .
'
' ' '

D
,

14 > = > →
sat 4 > =
< all Ebnk >
=
Elks Ila >

Evlxorax
.
=4× '
⇒ 4. = < 44 >

< 41
=

5<445 → < 4k
'
> =
4¥ .
⇒ 4a*=< 41A >

given a basis :

fit ,Y¥
( 0¥ )
< up > =
( '
. "

) .

14 > ⇒
( ¥p) ,

=aE4k at
> > <

=
41 EH salt > < >

)
-
all # ( yet ,
# . . -

must be I
condition
Fla
?
⇒ > s al =1 .
Completeness
 !3!

Properties of
ex , :

-•
basis for Hilbert { In }
space
Sqxx
-

continuous '

)d×=e*
.

< xlx
'

> = 8am 's .

= A
completeness
condition is useful .

Ukx ) =
< xl 4> wavefunetion
< 414 > =
fax ( ytxxxlu > =
fdxlfitxslkx ) =fdxHuDP

basis
change ( Home work # 1)

Hermann
8 Operators : 14 > → A'
'

14 > # at

ah At
-↳ a new vector

kyjxxfyx.ME#fdx1XKX1
Observabe : Hermitian operator A = At
"

position , x

momentum :
'sf
Hamiltonian .
H=P÷m + ±kE2
angular momentum : [

* Matrix representation : a ortho normal basis { In }

e Aap K pl
GIAIP > =
Aap ,
=

Ep
> <

a =

Ep saplxxpl ⇒ EK > < 4=1

Eigenvector
←

r#
*
Tahl
→ < xltila > =a<
da >

⇒
Escalate >
eigenvalue .

etgen state

14 > to I Axr =a4±

Is
 !4!

Eigenvalue of Hermttan operators ( observables ) are real .

Ala > tala > ⇒ < al # =<aIa*

⇒ < AIA = < a1a*
⇒ Catala > =sa1a*k >

II
in
⇒
⇒ acala > =a*cak >

Measurement A 14
: measure an observable on state > will
collapse
-

Ate state To
eigen state of A

14 ) → 1 a >

probability to observe a :
Pla ) =
KAH> 12
Average Value / Expectation value

HAH >
12=144
acalx <
1<44> > > =

A Epa I
a
=
.
a = a

( Assumes a is non
degenerate)

Position basis tx > : It > =

xlxs ,

xscxx
'
I → )

if ihscxx )Fx
'
→ -

=fkxlP^lx fex itocxx

)¥× .4cx 's
' ' '

xp
'

< 14 > > < x 14 > =

-

=
-
it ¥×Wx )

I
it =

Zm
→
-

Imai

xl # 14 > =fd×'dx1<x1F1x"
=fakxlF÷1x'
H
'

< xx >

xx
"

IPIX > c × 'µ >

ZM

ztmfihscxx
)2x] Eihocx 2×141×1
'
)
" ' '

)
Jdxdx
" . - x
=

=
¥m2i4a )
 ⑤

Momentum
Eigen state
. :

Ips
cxlplp
xtplp
=p

Wave
function of Ip > in
position space ?

sxlpttkx )
( > = > ⇒ -
it 2×4 =p Xcx )

⇒ ycx ) = eipxlt

⇒
Ip > =
fax eipxlhfx >

e' PMT
'

to observer the particle at

is a
plaine wave :

probability ¥
-

14AM
14M
t
"

(4431
"

const particle is
everywhere
-

= -

⇐
momentum Uncertainty principle
fixed

④ Dynamics :

Zeluco
4k¥
IF

lilies
in it ⇒ it > >
position space
=
=
:

ih-fhkx.es
' ' "
t
to derive ?
Any way it
Hamiltonian , energy
operator

14 His > UHH

)

UCtsitD-UCt3.tDUltz.tD@UCtz.t
=

transformation
↳
propagator

① UH it D= I
Requirements : , .

②
be applied to 14# ) )
D can
any
Lol Hist 4AD > =L ¢HDl4HD > =L 4*0+0/414)
⇒ Utu '
-
I
,
unitary operator
U Ut a
-

④ if time translation invariant ( independent of

Ulta ti ) the initial time )

Uctz ti ) =
U cot )
-

=
,

From
Unitary
evolution to
Schrodinger's equation ?
 !6!

Small time evolution .

Hamiltonian
Uc = I of
st + € = ± -

iq±µ→
took ⇒ ( light )( It
'¥A)= # -

ILICHHD ⇒ ⇒

Hermittan

=(
UH ) =
Ucot ) Not ) .
. - .
ot=
,Iv

a- i÷µty=

H=HI
Eitttlh
N -7 a

H :

generator of time evolution

/ translation .

E Eitttltly
'

Nets > > ⇒

"¥I4d
i¥days >
-

=
= .
>
,

⇒
ikjk 14h ) > =
H Hits )

÷ n
"

dinger 's equation .

evolution values
time
of expectation
-

c. 4H|Al4aD=ATt )
.
in
general change in time

HA [AiH]=o
if AH= ,
ie ,

Htlt
'
'

HTAA e-
'
/ 4€ >
AHT 4(o)|e'
,
=
<

= < 40 ) IAIYE ) > =

AI ,
Conserved Qrutity .

Heisenberg picture
-
:

otto att

E'HY£/4
.

14 , >
schrodinger : →

A → A
1

Heisenberg : ( 4 > → 14 >

A → eilttthajilttlh
 ⑦
evolution
Time
equation for operators
i Htlh
DALI =
day ( eilttth A e- )
=

if Act ) - AH ) z ) =
-

iz HT
#
HI
,

⇒ i
-hZtH=[AHJ ,
,
censored
quantity
does not evolve in time .

Timekeeper
-

ion

eigenvalue problem of
i

In
Edn ⇒ H
I En In I
-

It > > > an

-
=

It
e-Entlt
i
Then Eittttt In > = In >

State
; -

Ict ) =
C n1ei⇐YtAeiEntA In > =
Lalah >
d

Hamiltonian
for eigenstate ,
expectation
Value observables
III i is a

stationary .

of
does art evolve in time

Tvoonainproblems_inQM_BB@Modelasyster.i.e
.

, find the correct Hamiltonian

•
particle in a potential .

. H =
I'm t VCX )

sutatic
•
particle in
Magnetic field :
H =
Right + VCD

.
Quatuor
electrodynamics

② solve It In > =
Eln > .
either
exactly or
Approximately
partial g' round
'

in war .
the ' '
slate .

Calculate value of observables LACED

expectation
 ⑧
Example A particle ( line with
periodic boundary )
ring
: on a

•
H= -

tin ⇒
-

Injun ) =
Ehkx )
~ .

Assume it 's
plane waves ,
4hD=eik×

⇒ t÷eikx= Eeihx ⇒ ⇐ 1k£

•_• periodic condition : 41×3=41×+4

periodic
⇒ eikl =L ⇒ K -

ZIN ,
NEZ
E
A ⇒
E=¥mF I
? W
Energy level qutiution
µ
,

a . .

23 i
} two-fold degeneracy
why ?
A
•
-
••

of

Example ( line
boundary )
2
-
i
particle in a wire with open

* I
f
°

thank
'

H =
-
t Vix ) v as =

• - .

I
,
0 Ix ) >
finite energy
,
→ .

Solve
42×3=0
H4cx7=E4cx )

① IN
> I ,
. if Xcx ) is finite ⇒ l . his =
N

⇒ r .
h .
s = a

⇒ E = A .
Not what we want .

② IX ICE ,
Assume
ikx
Aeikxx
-

Be
Xx ) =

⇒ E= tibia ⇒ be JEE
③ condition
boundary

:i
"

:i±:÷
⇒÷::
"

* * ⇒ ⇒ ⇒
ie
to have nonzero
( ft ) ,
determinant must be 0

ikl
⇒ eihl ⇒ be Q 1.22
-

zi Sink n'
-
- '
-

e - =
-

⇒ ,
 ⑨
Therefore
¥ma
'

E- re A= -
e' TMB
,

ihx
⇒ Unix ) -
-

B feianeikx , e-

FT IT'LL )
{
= sin n even
,

ft as ( II
'

) ,
n odd

neo Nut
physical .

"

:c
:
is

Example 3 ( Hw )
Ino -
level
system

f-tv )
V
H =

V.
t

ideation ⑧ B

117 127

①
Diagonalize It
, find eigen energy & eigenfunction .

② it at t -0
,
142=113 ,
what is 14h52 ?

⑦
probability Pf) for the
particle at
position
A
.
?

Pact ) ?