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e-
Wavelength (nm)
FYI
Recall that moving electric charges produce magnetic
fields. Accelerated electric charges produce
electromagnetic radiation, including visible light.
Wavelength (nm)
FYI
The failure of classical wave theory with experimental
observation of blackbody radiation was called the
ultraviolet catastrophe.
Plancks
hypothesis
e-
The Nobel Prize amount for 2012 was 1.2 million USD
at the time of its announcement.
phototube
Ip
V
Ip
A
Classical Wave
Theory OK?
= hf0
FYI
The excess energy in an incoming photon
having a frequency greater than f0 will be
given to the electron in the form of kinetic energy.
Use E = + EK.
Use E = + eV.
FYI
Heating a gas and observing its light is how we
produce and observe atomic spectra.
cool
gas X
hot
gas X
absorption
spectrum
emission
spectrum
discontinuous!
0.00 eV
-0.544 eV
-0.850 eV
-1.51 eV
-3.40 eV
-13.6 eV
= (1/2)ke242ke2m / n2h2
= 22k2e4m / n2h2
22(8.99109)2(1.6010-19)4(9.1110-31 )
=
(6.6310-34)2 n 2
= (2.166810-18 J)( 1 eV / 1.6010-19 ) / n2
= 13.6 / n2 eV.
n=
n=5
n=4
0.00 eV
-0.544 eV
-0.850 eV
n=3
-1.51 eV
Paschen
n=2
-3.40 eV
Balmer
n=1
-13.6 eV
Lyman
3
2
1
2r1
2r2
2r3
+
2
mv
r
=
E
2
equation in 1D
82m dr
Compare the highlighted region with the allowed EK of
the electron in a box EK = n2h2 / (8mL2), or the
hydrogen atom: EK = n2h2 / (8m2rn2).
Just as ax2 + bx = c has solutions, so does the
Schrdinger equation. Instead of x we use .
The major differences between the equation in x and
the Schrdinger model is that the model is a differential
equation and the wavefunction is a function in 3D:
probability P of the
electron being located
at radius r.
P(r, , t) = | (r, , t) |2 V
potential difference
wave function
, t) = | (r, , t) |2 V
r
The wavefunction is the combined waveforms of the
particle in each of the three regions.
The probability function P(r) = | |2 V tells us the
probability of finding the particle at any position r.
The probability of the particle existing outside the
potential well is extremely small, but it is not zero.
Thus on rare occasions, the alpha can escape!
This is what radioactive decay is!
And this barrier penetration is called tunneling.
B
r
Heisenberg
uncertainty principle
FYI
The energy form tells us that for very short time
intervals, energy conservation can be violated!
x
x = b / 2 b = 2 x.
b
p
And from the purple
triangle we have, for
small , p / p . Thus
p / p
Note that we are missing
p / p / b
a factor of 2. This is
because we have
p / p / (2 x)
x p (p / 2)
x p (p / 2) (h / p)
x p h / 2.
Why?
FYI
When matter meets antimatter both annihilate each
other to become pure energy!
Physicist
Concept
Equation
1900
Planck
Energy Quanta
E = hf
1905
Einstein
Light Particles
hf = Kmax +
1913
Bohr
Hydrogen Model
En = 13.6 / n2
1924
de Broglie
Matter Waves
=h/p
1926
Schrdinger
Wave Mechanics
(EK + EP) = E
1927
Heisenberg
Uncertainty Principle
x p h / 4
1928
Dirac
Antimatter
hf 2mec2
FYI:
Schrodinger's
statement has
never been
disproved, either!