PAY 8251 Dr .

Chenjie Way ,
Cw
augur @ city .

①
,

Lecture It ( Nov lb
) Shankar Chap
-

We already studied an
Approximation method :
perturbation theory
Variational method
Now we
study another method : .

Tim : For
any
147

7--541 Htt > ZEO

16.1
C E-
where is
E .
ground state energy :

proof :
Suppose It In > =
En In > ,
no .
1.2 ,
-
- - -

with Eof E E Ez E -
-
- -

Then ,
a

14 > =
Tanks

⇒ h=o
LES
-

M
a

I
,
NIU
einan Cml Hln >

En ,
aiman En 8mm

=
Lani En a ⇐okni Eo =E .
I .

Physical requirement here :

a ? His
diagonalizes he
,

② It b bounded from below .

Vaia¥ family

144433
:
.
.
Consider a
of states >

which defines . EH ) = C 4k ) IH 14h33 ( D= sails )

Finding the minimum

of Ely ) is a
Approximation of
ground
3 f-
state
o
't
2=2

The Approximation to
ground state is 1412*3 >
 ②

family 14k

Comments
① which to consider ?

K
. > >

Symmetry , asymptotic behavior ,

classical expectation
etc
experience clever ,
.

does not tell how the

② The method itself good or bad

result is .

Example

I
:

the
=
it .
-

.
+ init

trivial
wavefunction :

4×42 ( No nodes
decay expontiady as
x→a
e-
,

4cg , =

parity even
,
etc ) .

f-
Then %
a
*
MM
f Eazy xxx ) e-
,

Eco -

-
e- I -

t dx

- a

In
Ima
- 2

=
+
422

diff
o
-

-
DELI -

II -

¥ .
⇒

Therefore 6h41 Ys
ECE ) =
Ig ( ⇒
Is 3%20.541
*
*
when A- I I hi ⇒ E ECD l
0.53
=

mine
- -

m
-

=
-

, new
,

it's about 2% of error .

④ ,
property :
Oseually it's easier to obtain good ground state

but stab
energy ,
not
ground .

do
Ifs
? .lu/fFE
Write 14cm > = > t C- cold > =o

I
µ
state
true
ground
 ③
IIe {
ttcoftot
typo
Then
,
EH
't
) =
Col H to > > t Eat HAD
=
I
⇐of Ecoll HIM )
HE
'

=
Eo t E ( at IH to >
-

E . ) t OCE )

That's
,
first - order error in state Leads to
only 2nd order error

in
energy .

Usually , it's
easy
to see
many very different wavefunctions give

may body systems

dose in
Very energy particular in -
.

Exampled : Heilman atom

ZET
ZI
IIM t
I'm e÷

liesFirst
It +
-
-
-

THT It
④ order perturbation :
-

4=4 ,
.fr ) , 4. nerd 4TH lur -

>
Ke
-
Sit
Spin singlet .

antisymmetric
where
Z "
(
' -

"

4
µRg=B:6e
=
e
, . .

41 It 2245¥ ) Ry

4exact.r-79e.ir#
< = C -
=

④ Variational method
Ma
!=⇐÷I
" -
.

49in ) 4,9 4
e

4cal = .cm .

⇒ 44 HI I Ea ]
'
s 497 = za -14k z ) at Ry Eca )
-

Ka
Iha ] Ry
'
=
I za -
-
 nucleus ④
etteetzrehan.qeg.it
h*=z
one finds ,
,

The variational ground state

energi Ecf )= -
2 ( Z -

I Ry =
-1775dL

Extra :
Matrixprat/tenwk
status

• so • • so

H ,
④ Hz ⑤ As ④ -
.

Wave
functions
147524mg
④ Can >
lap His ④ ⑤ - . .

.
.
.
an

di
-

↳ a
big tensor
,
# of parameters

=
DN ,
D= dim #-)
Matrix -

product States . ( Variational wavefunction )

Assume AN
ya ,
.
. .

an
= -2 Maji ME: , , ,
Matic ,
- . - .

Mini ,

Sii }
L

-
, 42 -
- - -

LN

doo
to
!I '

of parameters
ya #
-
- - .
=

aw
- - -

,
"
=
(DDD Na D .

when N -7N

Reason for considering MPs i

entanglement Satisfies
area law !

Particle in
electromagnetic field
=

Gauge fields t ) CHI ATE.es

,

⑤ =
Exit
.
E' =
-74 -

I 3¥
Maxwell 54 tf It I T.it ) http
-
=

equation I ATI
,

I I As ez 2¥ ) CILJ
-

-
-
a =
 ⑤

Gaye transformation

ya
Nxt ) is function
any
?

yji.AT .

{ a at

This leaves E' & B→ & Maxwell

equations unchanged
.

④ Particle EM field classical

Theory
in :

L Imi IF

EEE
got +
-
-

Indeed

If 2¥ -93¥ -17¥
" '
'

3¥ ⇒ It Imi -

if E) =

E ⇐A I
⇒ offline ) =
-

geol t
If -

Etat

=
g E' + EE
'xB

⇒
mix '
=
g CE
't x
B )

•
Hamiltonian

p =
3¥ =
ME +
III

p in
? z
H -

-
-

CE Iet 5 ICE EI
's
'

=P EE ) Im q¢ t .it
-

. -
- -
-

-
'

IF EE
'

)
=
←
minimal
coupling .

tf
( F I
'

gauge transformation H A' 94 EZE

F
→
-
-
.
. -

So f should
transform accordingly →
P -

I a
.
 ⑥
④ Quatuor ( classical )
theory quatuor particle but Enfield

't
Im ( it
EE ) got

e-e-
He -
-

it's
• not
possible to
formulate question mechanic
of particles
in EM with Ex ⑤ alone .
One has to use
gauge fields
A 44 .

There are new physical phenomenon that must be described

ite
fields the Aharanou Bohm effect
by gauge
-

:
-
.

i⇐4cx?t5kiM←+9⇐
Should be invariant
Schrodinger equation under transformation
•

gaze
This
requires '

84K
'

Yee .es →
45kt )

I 84*4
- n
-
I

indeed exit) iffy

→
,
t )

{ texted
" ⇐

e-ikkcfzmc.ie
.

Hyatt , → Imf -
-

East IED
+
q @ Eff ) x 9444¥ , ]

=
-

9¥32 t
got } Wit )

84k
'

'

text )
+ Izzet

•
Better way .

Define covariant derivatives

De =
It t
.

If ¢

Di =
III -
id
KC
IF i -

-
X . y . -2
.
 ⑦

Then ,
the Schrodinger 's equation ear be written as

it Dey = -

Em Bullitt )

Under transformation
gouge
845C
'

84£
'

e'
' .

Dt → e- p ,

84ha eighth } ⇒ Schrodinger

'

c
eg
I

⑦ → e-
transform nicely
iconic .

4 → e- y ,

ZD electrons under uniform perpendicular Magnetic field

-

TI -

- BE 2b

E ⇒

TI -

- C o.o . B)

choose
gauge
a

If Co XB o )

}⇒7xE=
=
,
,
BE

4=0

H= -

In ( P -

IET ,
Solve
sdriidiyweq .

⇒ Lecturer
Next