1 RESEARCH DESIGN

Research methodology is a philosophical stance of worldview that underlies and informs the
style of research (Sapsford & Jupp, 2006). In another view, Collis and Hussey (2003) and
Creswell (2009) considered research methodology as the overall approach to the design process
of conducting research including all phases from the theoretical underpinning to the collection
and analysis of data. Therefore, it could be deduced from the above that the philosophical
worldview of things is vital to the meaning of research methodology. Hence, research
philosophy is concerned with the way in which things are viewed in the world (Saunders et al.,
2009; Yin, 2009). It addresses the assumptions that support the research strategy and the
methods chosen as part of a research paradigm. In addition, our practical experiences,
relationship to knowledge and the process by which they are known and developed in real-life
situations (Saunders et al., 2009) also matter. Therefore, it helps to 936 A FRAMEWORK FOR
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC HOUSING ESTATES clarify research
design, to know which research design will work and which will not, and to identify and even
create a design that may be outside the researcher’s knowledge supported by past experience
(Easterby-Smith, Thorpe, & Lowe, 2003). But understanding research philosophy and agreeing
to adapt to a particular perspective for a proper research paradigm are probably contested as the
first step in setting other research parameters and choices to a study (Kagioglou et al., 1998).
As a result, in discussing the different research philosophies, it is important to have the
knowledge that they are lead by a set of assumptions which could be ontological, axiological
or epistemological. They have different assumptions which will influence the way in which the
research process is diagnosed and will provide a route to understanding the way to approach
research in a field of endeavour (Saunders et al., 2009). However, many researchers have a
preference to understand these complex philosophical perspectives within the context of the
two main traditions of research inquiry, generally acknowledged as quantitative and qualitative
lines of inquiries (Bryman, 1992; Creswell, 2009; Saunders et al., 2009). From the above, it is
clear that these research methods cannot be understood in isolation from the research
philosophies (ontology, epistemology, axiology and pragmatic) stance of the researcher.
Therefore, the four major aspects (though summarised in Tables 1 and 2) of thinking about
research philosophy and the postulations as suggested by Creswell (2009), Yin (2009), and
Saunders et al. (2009) needed to be considered. Commented [1]: This is just back ground information to
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S2. Case Study Research: Design and Methods
MacIntosh (Applied Social Research Methods) Robert K. Yin
Second Edition.
S3. Research Methods for Business & Management
Second edition A guide to writing your dissertation
Kevin O’Gorman and Robert MacIntosh
S1.“Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches” fourth edition
John W. Creswell. file:///C:/Users/Gast/Downloads/John%20W.%20Creswell-
Research%20Design_%20Qualitative,%20Quantitative,%20and%20Mixed%20Methods%20Approaches-
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S2. Case Study Research: Design and Methods (Applied Social Research Methods) Robert K. Yin
Second Edition.

S3. Research Methods for Business & Management Second edition A guide to writing your
dissertation Kevin O’Gorman and Robert MacIntosh
1. Pragmatism
2. Deductive
3. Case Study - Research Strategy (methodology)
a. Single (Holistic) our case study is the full startup ecosystem in Germany
4. Mixed Methods (Method)
5. Cross-sectional
6. Data collection and data Analysis
 Commented [3]: pag 35
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In order to satisfy the objectives of our dissertation, a Single Case Study Mixed Methods is held
in our research.

Methodology
Yin (1984:13) defines the case study research method “as an empirical inquiry that investigates Commented [4]: http://psyking.net/htmlobj-
3837/case_study_as_a_research_method.pdf
a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context; especially when the boundaries
between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident.

Among the types of case study methodology, we have chosen explanatory for our case as
explanatory case studies aim to answer ‘how’ or ’why’ questions with little control on behalf
of researcher over occurrence of events. This matches perfectly with our type of research
question. This type of case studies focus on phenomena within the contexts of real-life
situations. And we want to find out the way that, how the refugee situation influence the startup
ecosystem? Descriptive case studies aim to analyze the sequence of interpersonal events after
a certain amount of time has passed. Case studies belonging to this category usually describe
culture or subculture, and they attempt to discover the key phenomena.

In a Case study mixed methods the qualitative data remain central to the entire case study but
is necessary also analyze certain quantitative data. (Robert K. Yin pág 132-133 4th edition)
Mixed methods research forces the methods to share the same research questions, to collect
complementary data, and to conduct counterpart analyses (e.g., Yin, 2006b)—in short, to follow
a mixed methods design.

As for a mixed method, it is defined as a “class of research where the researcher mixes or
combines quantitative and qualitative research techniques, methods, approaches, concepts or
language into a single study” (Johnson & Onwuegbuzie, 2004, p. 17, emphasis added).
Advantage and disadvantages of Case study mixed method
Advantages of case study mixed method include:

● Data collection and analysis within the context of phenomenon,

● Evidence can be collected from multiple sources,
● Integration of qualitative and quantitative data in data analysis, and
● The ability to capture complexities of real-life situations so that the phenomenon can be studied in
greater levels of depth.
● Provides strengths that offset the weaknesses of both quantitative and qualitative research.
● Provides a more complete and comprehensive understanding of the research problem than either
quantitative or qualitative approaches alone.
● Provides an approach for developing better, more context specific instruments.
● Helps to explain findings or how causal processes work.
Both case studies and mixed methods do have certain disadvantages which may include:

● lack of rigor, challenges associated with data analysis and very little basis for generalizations of
findings and conclusions.
● The research design can be very complex.
● Takes much more time and resources to plan and implement this type of research.
● It may be difficult to plan and implement one method by drawing on the findings of another.
● It may be unclear how to resolve discrepancies that arise in the interpretation of the findings.
http://resourcecentre.foodrisc.org/mixed-methods-research_185.html

By designation as in our case, case study using mixed methods research is more difficult to
accomplish than studies and topics, which are limited to a single method. However, in our case,
only mixed methods research can enable us to address more complicated research questions
like ours. As a result, mixing case studies with mixed methods tend to be most perfect among
the other possibilities.

Reasons of performing case study mixed method

Approach is the way you are going to approach the project. Method is the way in which
you are going to complete the project.

(pragmatic) APPROACH ==> ASSUMPTION :An approach is a set of

correlative assumptions about the nature of language and language learning

(mixed method) METHOD ==> PLAN :A method is a plan for presenting the
language material to be learned and should be based upon a selected
approach.

Research approach
For our thesis, we have chosen mixed method approach with a Pragmatic worldview, which
comprises of collection of both quantitative and qualitative data sequentially in the design. We
are basing our inquiry on the assumption that gathering various types of data will provide a
more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter than either quantitative or qualitative
data alone. (“Research
Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed
Methods Approaches” fourth edition John W. Creswell pág 48)
The pragmatic approach to science involves using the method which appears best suited to our Commented [5]: http://www.alzheimer-
europe.org/Research/Understanding-dementia-
research problem and therefore is not caught up in metaphysical arguments about which is the research/Types-of-research/The-four-main-approaches
best approach in specific cases. We therefore grant ourselves the freedom to use any of the
methods, techniques and procedures typically associated with quantitative or qualitative
research. We recognize that every method has its shortcomings and also, different approaches
can be harmonizing once joined together.

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main-approaches

Individual researchers have a freedom of choice. In this way, researchers are free to choose the
methods, techniques, and procedures of research that best meet their needs and purposes. •
Pragmatists do not see the world as an absolute unity. In a similar way, mixed methods researchers
look to many approaches for collecting and analyzing data rather than subscribing to only one way
(e.g., quantitative or qualitative). •

Truth is what works at the time. It is not based in a duality between reality independent of the mind
or within the mind. Thus, in mixed methods research, investigators use both quantitative and
qualitative data because they work to provide the best understanding of a research problem. • The
pragmatist researchers look to the what and how to research based on the intended consequences—
where they want to go with it. Mixed methods researchers need to establish a purpose for their mixing,
a rationale for the reasons why quantitative and qualitative data need to be mixed in the first place.

Thus, for the mixed methods researcher, pragmatism opens the door to multiple methods, different
worldviews, and different assumptions, as well as different forms of data collection and analysis .
The Process
In order to describe the process, we need to fully understand the theory of methodology and as
well as methods we have developed as ‘Case study mixed method’. Commented [6]: can you just made it descriptive like
thsi is the process and thats all, whithout explain is just
to make cocreate an clear
Define and Design:

Developing the theory: Case Study Mixes Pragmatic Methods

Select cases: Startup ecosystem in Germany
Design data collection protocol:
Data Collection Plan

Collection of Data

Analyzing and Synthesizing Data

Sharing Results and Decision Making

Storage and Destruction of Data

Prepare, Collect, and Analyze:

Conduct Case Studies:

Write individual Case Reports:

Analyze and Conclude:

Draw cross case conclusions:

Modify Theory:
Develop policy implications:
Write cross-case report: Commented [7]: thid dont go here
The Case Study Process, adapted from (Yin, 2009, p. 1)

Commented [8]: Yin, R. K. (cop. 2014). Case study

research. London: Sage Publication.4th Edition Page
57
Commented [9]: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxhGj
saI2FX-SEZ1elZyMTQwdzA/view

Case study Method

Yin, R. K. (cop. 2014). Case study research. London: Sage Publication.4th Edition Page 57
 Commented [10]: To understand this read page 269
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0BxhGjsaI2FX-
R3pOdEpvU09QWVk

Page 270 John W. Creswell. (2014). Research design : qualitative, quantitative, and mixed
methods approaches [Printed]. Thousand Oaks, California : SAGE Publications. Inc.

Reference and inclusion of a diagram of procedures

Data collection strategy used for this methodology

Normally for a case study is necessary cóllect quantitative data

For this methodology we need used the mixed method which implies the collection for both
types using tools for both. In the next chapter we will explain the specific data collection
strategy (DCS) used in this research.
 Commented [11]: Chapter 5 Case Studies and
Data- Angeliki Papachroni and Sean Lochrie
book Research Methods for Business and
Management

Table 4,1 Types of data and research traditions toked from

Which are the most common methods in quantitative and qualitative

DATA EXTRACTION STRATEGY

For qualitative data

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manual-for-qualitative-researchers.pdf

pag 12

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research_185.html
Qualitative data extraction

DATA ANALYSIS STRATEGY

For a data analysis for a mixed method is recommended use Triangulation, that involves the attempt to combine Commented [13]: http://methods.sagepub.com/method
s-map/mixed-methods
multiple methods, measures, methodologies or theories in a variety of ways often to cross-check finding, often
on the assumption that the weaknesses of any single such element will be compensated by the strengths of
others.

Triangulation: A method used in qualitative research that involves cross-checking multiple data sources and
collection procedures to evaluate the extent to which all evidence converges. Qualitative analysis of text is often
supplemented with other sources of information to satisfy the principle of triangulation and increase trust in the
validity of the study’s conclusions. It would not be uncommon, for example, to analyze transcribed interviews
along with observational field notes and documents authored by the respondents themselves. The purpose of
multiple sources of data is corroboration and converging evidence.

Denzin (1978) and Patton (1999) identify four types of triangulation: Commented [14]: http://www.qualres.org/HomeTria-
3692.html
● Methods triangulation - checking out the consistency of findings generated by different data collection
just used as reference here we just talk about the
methods. methods and the dat analysis
○ It is common to have qualitative and quantitative data in a study
○ These elucidate complementary aspects of the same phenomenon
○ Often the points were these data diverge are of great interest to the qualiatitive researcher
and provide the most insights
● Triangulation of sources - examining the consistency of different data sources from within the same
method. For example:
○ at different points in time
○ in public vs. private settings
○ comparing people with different view points
● Analyst Triangulation - using multiple analyst to review findings or using multiple observers and analysts
○ This can provide a check on selective perception and illuminate blind spots in an interpreti ve
analysis
○ The goal is not to seek consensus, but to understand multiple ways of seeing the data
● Theory/perspective triangulation - using multiple theoretical perspectives to examine and interpret the
data