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WEEK 1 ~ CHAP. 1
Physical properties and classification of soils;
1A) Definition & Origin
FAIZAH KAMARUDIN
BP 4.45
04-3823371
Learning outcomes:
At the end of this lecture/week the students would
be able to:
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CLASSIFICATION
OF SOILS
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
OUTLINE of PRESENTATION
1.0 Introduction & Definition
1.1 Application of Soil Mechanics
1.2 Origin of Soils
1.3 Soil Formation and Soil Profile
1.4 Main Soil Types
Soil Mechanics
SOIL MECHANICS (ECG413)
(ECG426)
(CEG461) ARM 2014
ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI 2015
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Introduction and Definition
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Definition of Soils
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
Rock Cycle and Formation
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
Mount Everest Standing at 8, 850 m
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
ORIGIN OF SOILS
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Questions to Answer
What is Soil?
What is Soil Mechanics?
What is Soil Engineering?
What is Geotechnical Engineering?
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Definition of Terms
Basic Definition
Soil – Uncemented aggregates of mineral
grains and decayed organic matter together
with the liquid and gas that occupy the
empty spaces in between.
Soil Mechanics – Branch of science that
deals with the study of the physical
properties of soil and the behaviour of
soil masses subjected to various types of
forces.
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Definition of Terms
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Application of Soil Mechanics
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Relationships of the Discipline
Geophysics and
Seismology
Economic
Geology
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Application of Soil Mechanics
Bridge Foundation
Excavation
Dynamic Compaction
Grout Curtain
Shallow Foundation
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Application of Soil Mechanics
Road
Embankment
Cofferdam
Geotextiles
Tunnelling
Embankment Dam
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Origin & Composition of Soil
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Weathering Process
Weathering
Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks by
mechanical and chemical processes into small pieces.
Weathering is divided into two distinct processes:
i) Mechanical Weathering
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Weathering Process
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Weathering Process
The product of soils formed from the weathering process at
its origin is known to be residual soil.
On the contrary, the transported soil can be classified
into several groups, depending on the mode of
transportation and deposition:
i) Glacial soils - formed by transportation
and deposition of glaciers.
ii) Alluvial soils - transported by running water and
deposited along streams.
iii) Lacustrine soils - formed by deposition in quiet lakes.
iv) Marine soils - formed by deposition in the seas.
v) Aeolian soils - transported and deposited by wind.
vi) Colluvial soils - formed by movement of soil from its
original place by gravity such as
during landslides.
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Soil Formation
1.3 SOIL FORMATION AND SOIL PROFILE
• Soil consists of:
i. minerals and weathered rock fragments
ii. organic matter
iii.gases
iv.Water
• Regolith
is the layer of unconsolidated rock and mineral
fragments and soil that covers most of the land
surface.
• Humus
is decayed organic matter.
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Soil Formation
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Soil Profile
i) O Horizon
This is the layer of humus on the
ground surface.
ii) A Horizon
Top soil.
Rich in organic matter and
typically dark in color.
Also called zone of leaching.
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Soil Profile
iii) B Horizon
Subsoil.
Also called zone of
accumulation.
May contain soluble minerals
such as calcite in arid climates
(caliche).
iv) C Horizon
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Main Soil Types
1.4 THREE (3) MAIN TYPES OF SOIL ARE :-
i) Laterite
These soils have been depleted of nearly all elements
except iron and aluminum oxides.
Laterites are derived from the weathering of basalt
(mafic parent rock).
They form in tropical climates with very high rainfall.
The high rainfall has caused leaching of most of the
elements and nutrients from the soil.
This is the soil typical of a tropical rainforest. When
used for agriculture, the small amount of nutrients is
quickly depleted, and the soil dries to become as hard
as a brick.
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Main Soil Types
ii) Pedocal
iii) Pedalfer
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Main Soil Types
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Mineral Composition
Mineral Composition
• The mineral portion of soil is divided into
three particle-size classes: sand, silt, and
clay.
• As a summary, soil can be classified into
two major groups given as:
i) Coarse Soils
Coarse soils are classified as having
particle sizes > 0.06 mm such as SANDS
and GRAVELS. The grains will either be
rounded or angular and usually consist of
fragments of rock or jasper with iron
oxide, calcite and mica present. The
relatively equidimensional shape is a
function of the crystalline structure of the
minerals including the degree of rounding
depends upon the amount of wear that
have taken place.
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Mineral Composition
ii) Fine Soils
Fine soils are finer than 0.06 mm and typically
flaky in shape such as SILTS and CLAYS. Very
fine oxides, sulphides and sometimes organic
matter may be present. The most important
engineering context of fine soils is the
flakiness of the clay minerals which give rise
to very large surface areas.
• Organic matter originates from plant or animal
remains and the end product, known as humus
which is a complex mixture of organic compound.
• Organic matter has undesirable properties which
are highly compressible and absorb large amount
of water that will change in load or moisture
content producing considerable changes in
volume.
• Featured in topsoil occurring in the upper layer of
usually not more than 0.5 m thickness.
• Peat are predominantly fibrous organic material.
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Soil Composition
it is expedient to consider a
soil as three phase model
composed of solid, liquid Three-Phase Diagram
and gas.
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014
SOILS : DEFINITION & ORIGIN
Three Phase Diagram
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(CEG461)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI
ARM 2014
2015
2014