Overview of education in health care

Historical Foundation for the teaching role of nurses

For a long time healthcare and teaching were pursued by religious orders. As is the
healthcare and welfare norm, the sisters and priest delivered the health bulletins to the
citizenry. However the early recordings of ancient civilization offer little information
about those who cared for the sick. During this time beliefs about health were embedded
in superstition and magic locally they are called ‘albularios”, they relied on indigenous
ways and materials of treating the sick. These individuals were also repositories of
knowledge of how to take care of ones health. With the coming of religious order, the
more informed way of treating the sick had been institutionalized with the awarding of
degrees in nursing and medicine. In year 1836 (2) Theodor Fliedner reinstituted the Order
of Deaconesses and opened a small hospital and training school in Kaiserwerth,
Germany. Florence Nightingale received her training at the (3) Kaiserwerth School. In
1860 Florence Nightingale develop her school the Nightingale training school for nurses.

The religious sisters continued to be nurses until lay individuals were able to secure
nursing degrees in the 1800s. in the longest time, teaching in health education adapted the
norm of transmitting knowledge for the sake of teaching the students. There was neither
an effort to understand the learning process nor the learner.

The first in nursing history and other historical milestone in nursing education…..
1906- Iloilo mission hospital under the Baptist of foreign mission society of
America started its school of nursing.
1909- Iloilo mission hospital training school for nurses graduated the first trained
nurses in the Philippines
1912-National League for Nursing Education was established for the development
of Nursing education standard in the United states
June 1920-the first examination given by the board of examiner for nurses was
held in manila. Presided by Dr. Jun Cabarrus with Belen delrosario and Miss
Anastacia Giron, the first board topnatcher was Anna Dahlgen with 93.5%
Act 2493 of 1915 an Act to amend Act no 310 regulating practice in the
Philippine islands of medicine and surgery. Was the first law affecting the nursing
practice in the Philippines
March 1919- first nursing law was act no 2808; act regulating the the practice of
nursing profession in the Philippine islands
University of Santo Tomas College the first college of Nursing in the Philippines
with its first dean Ricarda Mendoza
1981- Mrs Anastacia Giron Tupaz is regarded as the Dean and pioneer of
Philippine nursing and was awarded (Post- Humous) by PNA as the founder of
PNA and Dean of Phillipine nursing
1992 American Hospital Association passed the patients bill of rights Mandating
client education as right of all clients.
Social economic and political trends affecting healthcare

Nursing educators play an essential role in the nursing profession, as they bring a wealth
of actual clinical experience to bear in their mission to train the next generation of nurses.
The future of nursing lies not with the leaders of the past or present rather with today’s
and tomorrow’s nursing students. Although current scientific, social and economic
influences may affect the utilization of nursing services, they do not determine nursing
practice. The nursing profession is therefore particularly interested in the educational
preparation of nurses for the future. This interest is reflected in documents such as the
ANA’s Standard for professional education and the NLN’s criteria and guidelines for the
evaluation of diploma programs in nursing.

The traditional focus of nursing education was to teach the knowledge and skills to
enable the nurse to practice in the hospital setting. However as the nursing respond to
new scientific knowledge and technological, cultural, political and socioeconomic
changes in the society nursing education curriculum needs to be reviewed and revised to
meet the needs of nurses working in a changing environment.

There are lot of social and political issues in the Philippines such as the budget programs
of the department of health for the health of Filipino, the budget provided are below than
the required budget for each individual with these the nurse should be able to use all the
resources that are available that can be low cost and yet effective.

Another rising problem in the country that can affect the healthcare is the Price of
Medicine, Three Times as Much Prices of eight common drugs in the country were
three times as much as they were in India, according to the Department of Health (DoH).
For example, a 20-milligram tablet of Adalat Retard or Nifedine 20 that cost over P34 in
the Philippines in 2001 was only priced at about P5.74 in India in the same year.
The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) has accused local pharmaceutical firms
belonging to the Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Association of the Philippines (PHAP)
of dictating prices of medicine in the country. The Philippines is a developing country if
Filipinos cannot access the necessary treatment that they need because they cannot afford
to buy the prescribed medication this will also affect the health and wellness of the
individuals.

Another social political issues is the 20 to 34 Percent of Filipinos Undernourished

About 20 to 34 percent of 74.2 million Filipinos in the period 1998 to 2000 was
undernourished, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in its report
entitled "The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2002." The situation in the
Philippines was worse that those in Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam where
only 5 to 19 percent of the population was undernourished. With this data a Nurse
educator can formulate a teaching plan on proper nutrition,

The trends that are affecting the healthcare can be utilized by health educator as a tool to
promote health and prevent further problems related to social, economic and political
trends.
Purpose,Goals,and Benefits of Client and staff Education

A. Purpose of health Education

1. it is meant to propogate health promotion and disease prevention
2. it may be used to modify or continue health behaviors
3. it provides health information and services
4. it is meant to emphasized good health practices as an integral part
of culture, media and technology
5. It disseminates information of vital public importance.
6. it is a form of advocacy

B. Importance of Health Education

1. Enhance knowledge awareness
2. promotes health, safety, and security of the people
3. develop and improve community resources
4. increase productivity and strength of character
5. disease prevention
6. minimized cost

C. Purposes of patient teaching

Nurses teaches patient in order to:
1. Increases client’s awareness and knowledge of their health status
2. increases client satisfaction
3. improve quality of life
4. ensure continuity of care
5. decrease patient anxiety
6. increase self reliant behavior
7. reduce effectively the incidence of complications of illness
8. promote adherence to healthcare treatment plans
9. maximize independence in the performance of activities of daily living and
10. energized and empower consumers to become actively involved in the planning of
their care

Education Process is the systematic, sequential, logical, scientifically based, planned

course of action consisting of teaching and learning (Bastable: 2007). It is a cycle that
involves the teacher and learner

1. assessment-
is a process which provides the nurse educator with information regarding
the students knowledge and skills needed to efficiently and effectively
transfer knowledge and skills to the learners
refers to the gathering of data about the learners or group of learners
demographic profile, skills and abilities needed in identifying the most
appropriate teaching strategy
 2. Planning-
A carefully organized written presentation of what the learner needs to
learn and how the nurse educator is going to provide the teaching
It also includes culturally relevant skills for the learner, the goals of
learning, type of teaching –learning setting such as classroom,
laboratory, clinical and ward setting
3. Implementation and application of the teaching plan
The point where theoretical and practical aspect of the teaching learning
process meet as the teacher applies the plan to the learner
4. Evaluation-
Is the measurement of the teaching –learning performance of both the
teacher and the learner
Evaluation must be constructive and objective with the purpose of
creating effective change in the behavior of both the teacher and the
learner in terms of input-output process

Note: Difference between the education process and Nursing Process

The nursing process focused on planning and implementation of care based on

assessment and diagnosis of the physical and psychosocial needs of patient while the
education process is focused on implementation of teaching based on assessment and
prioritization of learner’s needs, readiness to learn and learning styles

Role of the nurse as a nurse educator

One of the many nursing role and responsibility of nurses is to be an educator/teacher.

This is the role which is involved in all nursing activities; especially the health promotion
is the primary nursing concern. Part of this is the assessment of client’s learning needs
and readiness to learn, setting learning goals, implement and evaluate teaching strategies.

The nurse educator is:

1. the primary source of knowledge of learners in nursing
2. the primary catalyst for the learning process
3. a role model for nursing student
4. an active facilitator , demonstrates and teaches patient care to nursing students in
the classroom and clinical settings
5. a source of health care information and patient care to clients of care and
6. diligent, keeps abreast of developments in his or her fiel through continuing
education, reading of nursing journals, and active participation in workshops and
seminars
Functions of health educator

1. Collaborates with health specialist and civic groups in determining community

health needs, the availability of service and goals for meeting needs
 2. design and conduct evaluation and diagnostic studies to assess the quality and
performance of health education programs
3. Develops and implements health education and promotion programs such as
training workshops, conferences and school or community presentations.

Barriers to teaching and obstacles to learning

1. Student factors
a. physical disability
b. negative attitudes and stereotypes
c. family poverty
d. student’s capabilities, personal beliefs and values
e. irrelevant to the needs of the students

2. Institutional factors
a. inadequate physical facilities and funding
b. philosophy, vision, mission of shools
c. legal frameworks around education can be weak
d. issues of safety and security in and around school particularly affect girls
e. accountability movement
f. perceived lack of support

3. Teacher factors
a. teachers qualification and values
b. inadequate professional preparation
c. lack of certification
d. encroachment of other disciplines