Amantiad, Riza

Barretto, Abigail

Galano, Estephanie

Lim, Dexter Kier

Ordeniza, Ma. Fielicity

Uy, Jhenylyn

Zamora, Robby Adrian R.

Grade 12 STEM (Saint Dominic)

STM 127

January 30, 2019

Regulation of Body Fluids

(Outline)

The regulations of fluids include controlling variables like temperature, pH (acidity),

water levels, presence of waste, salt and other electrolytes, and metabolism. The regulation of
fluids in both animals and plants is vital in achieving homeostasis or the state inside a system
where variables are controlled so that the internal conditions stay the same over long periods of
time, thus result to the prolonged survival of plants and animals.

The regulation of body fluids may be the process of retaining or eliminating certain ions
(such as Na+, Cl-, K+, HCO3-) and water (in and out must be equal (Nywel, 2016).

 Water Levels and Osmoregulation

The water levels in animal bodies are controlled by a process called osmoregulation.
Osmoregulation process relates to the regulation of the levels of salt and other electrolytes,
because it involves water moving from areas of low salt concentration to areas with higher
concentrations of salt. This movement is called osmosis.

Basically, substances like to spread out. So water will move to spread out in an area that
has more salt and less water, and salts will spread out into an area with less salt and more
water.The direction of water movements always depends on the salt concentration

This balance is important because if blood and cells have different concentrations of salts
then water will transfer either into the cell, or out of the cell. The body can therefore cause water
to enter a cell by increasing the salt concentration in it. As we supply the body with replacement
water and salt, this process of osmoregulation spreads those resources around the body as
needed.The membrane of cells allows water to move through.

 Energy Balance

The energy balance is about keeping the same amount of energy inside the animal. This
happens because of metabolism, or the process by which foods are burned to create energy.

The energy we absorb through food should be equal to the energy we use up by moving
our bodies and creating heat, plus the energy from the food that our bodies decide to store as fat.

The bodies of animals are able to control the flow of energy using neurological and
chemical signals. Not only can they control how much of the food they eat is stored as fat, but
they can send signals to the that which cause them to feel hungry or full.

 Temperature

Temperature should be one that must be regulated in animals.

The body tempreture of humans depends on its exercise, there is lower temperature at night;
when we sleep, while high temperature in the day. The one’s responsible for regulating the
temperature of human is the hypothalamus gland.

There are two possible ways on maintaing the temperature, it can either be through lowering
or rising the temperature.

Lowering Temperature

Sweating is a result of the excretion of heat in our body; not completely but a little. Sweat is
produced by the sweat glands. Sweat is mainly water, but it also contains some salts. Its main
function is to control body temperature. In addition, urine is the way body expels heat, excess
water, salts, and other compounds. The kidneys are responsible for such secretion (Better Health
Channel, 2018).

Rising Temperature

If the temperature is too low, the hypothalamus gland makes sure that the body generates
and maintains heat. If, on the other hand, our current body temperature is too high, heat is given
off or sweat is produced to cool the skin.

Excretion

The removal of metabolic wastes is important in achieving homeostasis in animal bodies.

Organs of excretion include the skin, liver, large intestine, lungs, and kidneys. All of
them excrete wastes, and together they make up the excretory system. This includes the excretion
of excess materials such as urine and feces.

Excretory System

DIFFERENT REGULATION AND EXCRETION OF WASTES OF DIFFERENT TYPES

AND CLASSES OF ANIMALS

Aquatic animals:

o Bony fish – have some salt, prone to water loss

 Freshwater bony fish – hypotonic (osmoregulators)
 Drink water constantly
 Most fishes have evolved osmoregulatory mechanisms to survive in all kinds of aquatic
environments. When they live in fresh water, their bodies tend to take up water because the
environment is relatively hypotonic. In an hypotonic environments, these fishes do not drink
much water. Instead, they pass a lot of very dilute urine, and achieve electrolyte balance by the
active transport of salts through its gills.

Freshwater bony fishes secretes large volumes of very dilute urine, unlike in seawater
bony fishes which only secretes small volumes of urine.

Examples: Goldfish, sunfish, catfish, and northern pike.

 Salt water bony fish – hypertonic (osmoconformers)

 Never drink water, constantly eliminate excess

When bony fishes move to a hypertonic environment, these fishes starts to drink sea
water. They excrete the excess salts through their gills and their urine. Most of the marine
invertebrates are isotonic with the sea water or known as osmoconformers. Their body fluid
concentrations conform to changes in seawater concentration. They achieve isotonicity with the
sea by storing large concentrations of urea. These animals that secrete urea are called ureotelic
animals. These bony fishes has rectal gland that secretes salt and assist in osmoregulation.

Examples: Tuna, molly, atlantic cod, seahorse, sharks and lionfish.

Stenohaline - Organisms that can tolerate only a relatively narrow range of salinity.

Euryhaline – Organisms that can tolerate a relatively wide range of salinity.

Most freshwater organisms are stenohaline, and will die in seawater, and similarly most
marine organisms are stenohaline, and cannot live in fresh water.

Terrestrial mammals/animals

o Lose water by evaporation, respiration, sweat and feces

o Drink water occasionally to replace what is lost.

o Excretes wastes through its kindey.

Kidney

Nephrons

Excretion olf Nitrogen wastes products

o Amino acid metabolism – broken down for energy or converted to fats, carbs for
storage. Amino groups are removed and excreted as ammonia, urea, or uric acid,
depending on species
o Ammonia – little or no energy needed in conversion by adding H (NH3)
Toxic and needs a lot of water to wash away
Excreted by bone fish, aquatic invertebrates, amphibians

o Urea – excreted by terrestrial amphibians and mammals

 Less toxic than ammonia and needs less water to remove from body

 Requires energy

 Produced in liver
 o Uric acid – insects, reptiles and birds

 Not very toxic, poorly soluble in water

 Requires most energy, but conserves most water

PLANTS

The homeostatic regulation of body fluids of plants is much simplier than in animals.

Capillary Action

Capillary action is the movement of liquid along a surface of a solid caused by the attraction of
molecules of the liquid to the molecules of the solid.

Let's simplify.Plants use capillary action to bring water up the roots and stems to the rest
of the plant. The molecules of the water (the liquid) are attracted to the molecules of the
inside of the stem (the solid). This attraction is used to help force the water up from the
ground and disperse it throughout the plant.

There are three forces involved with the process of capillary action..

Adhesion is the process of attaching one thing to another. For plants, adhesion allows for the
water to stick to the organic tissues of plants.

Cohesion keeps molecules of the same substance together. For plants, cohesion keeps the water
molecules together. Surface tension is the effect of intermolecular attraction that causes liquids
to form a top or outer layer that behaves like a thin film of sorts. Surface tension is responsible
for the shape of water drops and for holding the structures together as plants soak up the water.

Osmosis

Osmosis is how plants are able to absorb water from soil. The roots of the plant have a higher
solute concentration than the surrounding soil, so water flows into the roots. In plants,
guard cells are also affected by osmosis. These are cells on the underside of leaves that open
and close to allow gas exchange.

Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial
parts, such as leaves, stems and flowers. Leaf surfaces are dotted with pores called stomata, and
in most plants they are more numerous on the undersides of the foliage

Stomata
  Are generally abundant on the surfaces of leaves, more commonly on the underside.
 Stomatal pores in the epidermis are bounded by two highly specialised guard cells.

Regulating Stomata

Stomal movement is the result of changes in the turgor of the guard cells. If water flows
into the guard cells by osmosis, their turgor increases and they expand. The relatively inelastic
inner wall makes them bend and draw away from each other. This opens the pore.

The stomata are important in regulating water loss through evapotranspiration, and on
the cellular level the vacuole is crucial in regulating the concentration of solutes in
the cytoplasm.

One important hormone that helps plant conserve water is known to be as abscisic acid. It
causes stimulates root growth so that more water can be absorbed.

Plants share with animals the problems of obtaining water but, unlike in animals, the loss
of water in plants is crucial to create a driving force to move nutrients from the soil to tissues.
Certain plants have evolved methods of water conservation.

Xerophytes

 These are are plants that can survive in dry habitats, such as deserts.

 It can able to withstand prolonged periods of water shortage.

 Succulent plants such as the cacti, store water in the vacuoles of

large parenchyma tissues. Other plants have leaf modifications to reduce water loss,
such as needle-shaped leaves, sunken stomata, and thick, waxy cuticles as in the pine.

 e.g., cactus

Hydrophytes

 These are plants grow and found in water habitats.

 They mostly grow in water or in wet or damp places.

 In these plants the water absorption occur through the whole surface of the plant,

 e.g., the water lily.

Halophytes

 are plants living in marshy areas or areas that are close to sea.

 They have to absorb water from such a soil which has higher salt concentration and
therefore lower water potential or has higher osmotic pressure.
  They cope with such situation by activating salts in their roots. As a consequence, the
cells of the roots develop lower water potential which brings in water by osmosis. The
excess salt can be stored in cells or excreted out from salt glands on leaves. The salt
thus secreted by some species help them to trap water vapours from the air, which is
absorbed in liquid by leaf cells. Therefore, this is another way of obtaining additional
water from air,

 e.g., glasswort and cord-grass.

Mesophytes

 are plants living in lands of temperate zone.

 Grows in well-watered soil.

 They can easily compensate the water lost by transpiration through absorbing
water from the soil.

 These mesophyte are different for it developed a waterproof external covering

called cubicle to prevent excessive transpiration.

DISEASES/TREATMENTS OF HAVING IRREGULAR REGULATION OF BODY FLUIDS:

Dialysis is a medical process of removing wastes and excess water from the blood by diffusion and
ultrafiltration. When kidney function fails, dialysis must be done to artificially rid the body of wastes.
This is a vital process to keep patients alive. In some cases, the patients undergo artificial dialysis until
they are eligible for a kidney transplant. In others who are not candidates for kidney transplants, dialysis
is a life-long necessity.

Notes:

 Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body

fluids, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains
the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution which in this
case is represented by body fluid) to keep the body fluids from becoming too diluted or
concentrated. Osmotic pressure is a measure of the tendency of water to move into
one solution from another by osmosis. The higher the osmotic pressure of a solution,
the more water tends to move into it. Pressure must be exerted on the hypertonic side of
a selectively permeable membrane to prevent diffusion of water by osmosis from the
side containing pure water.
  Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining salt and water balance (osmotic balance)
across membranes within the body. The fluids inside and surrounding cells are
composed of water, electrolytes, and nonelectrolytes. An electrolyte is a compound that
dissociates into ions when dissolved in water. A nonelectrolyte, in contrast, does not
dissociate into ions in water. The body’s fluids include blood plasma, the fluid that
exists within cells, and the interstitial fluid that exists in the spaces between cells and
tissues of the body. The membranes of the body (both the membranes around cells and
the “membranes” made of cells lining body cavities) are semipermeable membranes.
Semipermeable membranes are permeable to certain types of solutes and to water, but
typically cell membranes are impermeable to solutes.

 Organisms in aquatic and terrestrial environments must maintain the right concentration
of solutes and amount of water in their body fluids; this involves excretion (getting rid
of metabolic nitrogen wastes and other substances such as hormones that would be
toxic if allowed to accumulate in the blood) through organs such as the skin and
the kidneys.

REFERENCES:

 Briggs, G. (2006, September 13). Homeostasis Regu.lation of Body Fluids

Retrieved January 19, 2020, from https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-
examples-of-homeostasis-in-animals

 Kregg, G. (2018, April 11). Plant and Animal Responses to the Environment.
Retrieved January 18, 2020,fromhttp://bio1520.biology.gatech.edu/nutrition-
transport-and-homeostasis/plant-and-animal-responses-to-the-environment/

 Lovessalex. (2011, December 1). Regulation of Body Fluids - Compare and Contrast
Process in Plants and Animals REGULATION OF BODY FLUIDS liquids
originating from inside the bodies of: Course Hero. Retrieved January 18, 2020,
fromhttps://www.coursehero.com/file/20391040/RegulationofBodyFluids
 n.a. (2018). Sweat Glands. Retrieved January 29, 2020, from
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/sweat
 Nywel. (2016, April 1). Body Fluid Regulation and Excretory System. Retrieved
 January 19, 2020, from https://prezi.com/gdbvrvcrersy/body-fluid-regulation-and-
excretory-system/

SUMMARY

PLANTS ANIMALS