Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FOR
ADDIS ABABA BOLE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT WELL
(AABIA-01-17)
January, 2018
Addis Ababa
Acronyms
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator
E East
N North
m.a.s.l Elevation – meters above sea level
m Meter
l/s Liter per second
m2/day Meter Square per Day
EC Electrical Conductivity
µS/cm Micro semense per centimeter
Temp OC Temperature
SWL Static Water Level
mm Millimeter
m3 Cubic meter
Hrs Hours
Q Discharge
0C Degree Celsius
mg/l Milligram per liter
lit/sec Liter per second
WL, m Water level, meter
DD, m Drawdown, meter
min Minute
S Drawdown
ECDSWC Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation
WHO World Health Organization
TABLE OF CONTENT
1. GENERAL ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. DRILLING HISTORY ................................................................................................... 1
1.2. BASIC WELL CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................ 2
2. DRILLING METHOD AND DIAMETER .................................................................... 2
6. PUMPING TEST........................................................................................................... 9
6.1. PRELIMINARY PUMPING TEST ................................................................................... 9
6.2. STEP DRAWDOWN PUMPING TEST .......................................................................... 10
6.3. CONSTANT AND RECOVERY PUMPING TEST ............................................................ 11
7. WATER QUALITY ..................................................................................................... 13
ANNEX- I ........................................................................................................................ 17
ANNEX- II ....................................................................................................................... 22
ANNEX- IV...................................................................................................................... 44
List of Tables
List of Figure
Figure 1 Geophysical and Lithological Logs with well Design of AABIA-01-17 ............ 5
Figure 2 EC, PH and Temperature of Drilling Fluid (AABIA-01-17) ............................ 6
Figure 3 Well Development by Compressor (AABIA-01-17) ........................................... 9
Figure 4 Step Drawdown Pumping Test Analysis Graph (AABIA-01-17) ..................... 10
Figure 4 Pumping Test of AABIA-01-17......................................................................... 11
Figure 5 Constant Rate Pumping Test Analysis (AABIA-01-17) .................................... 12
Figure 6 Recovery Analysis by Thies method (AABIA-01-17) ...................................... 12
Figure 7 Pie Plot of Water Samples Collected from AABIA-01-17 ................................ 13
1. General
The Well is located within the compound of Addis Ababa Bole International Airport
compound. It is found close to fuel depot at geographic coordinate of: UTM Zone 37:-
479033E, 993298N and elevation: 2351 m.a.s.l. The well is drilled up to 480 meter. After
drilling was completed electrical logging, casings installation and well development were
conducted respectively. Fractured Basalt is the main water bearing formation.
Drilling operation was carried out from 01/08/2017 to 09/12/2017using Mud rotary systems.
The total penetration depth is 480 meter below ground level. The first 28 meter was drilled
by 22 inch rock bit, then 18 inch surface casing installed. Drilling down the well was
continued by 16 inch rock bit up to 240 meter and by 14 inch up to 480 meter. Then
Lithological and electrical logging were conducted. Following this, 10 and 8 inch blind and
screen steel casings were installed.
General Information
Project: Hydrogeological study and Drilling Supervision for Addis Ababa Bole International
Airport project
Client: Ethiopian Airports Enterprise.
Date of Contract: June 26, 2017
The diameter of the wells and drilling methods used are tabulated below.
Table 2 Diameter of well and method of drilling (AABIA-01-17)
In order to install Screen casings, Geophysical loggings (Long Normal & Short Normal
resistivity, Gamma and SP) were conducted and correlated with lithological logging to
locate the exact depth at which water bearing formation exist (The raw data is annexed as
Annex-III).
During drilling and pumping test, electrical conductivity, PH and temperature of the water
and drilling fluid were measured. In addition drilling mud viscosity, sand content and
density were measured every 6 hours to check quality of drilling fluid (See Annex I for raw
data of Mud Engineering).
Electrical conductivity of drilling fluid ranges between 571 µS/cm and 1232 µS/cm and its
temperature ranges between 22.2 0C and 36.20 C. (See Figure 2 and Annex II for raw data of
EC, PH and temperature of drilling mud). During pumping test also, electrical conductivity
and temperature of water from AABIA-01-17 borehole was measured. EC of pumped water
ranges between 460 µS/cm and 931 µS/cm and its average temperature is 28.8 0C.
500
450
400
350
300
Depth (m)
250 PH
T (oC)
200 EC (µ/cm)
150
100
50
Figure
0 2 EC, PH and Temperature of Drilling Fluid (AABIA-01-17)
1 10 100 1000 10000
pH, Temp(oC), EC (µ/cm)
4. Casing Arrangement
Casing arrangement was done based on the information obtained from geophysical and
lithological logging. 481 meter of blind and screen steel casings were installed and attached
to each other by welding. The thickness of each casing is 7.9 and 7 mm for 10 and 8 inch
steel casings.
To monitor water level, observation pipe of 1 inch internal diameter was installed in between
the wall of the well and casing. The total length of the observation pipe is 220 meter and out
of this 40m is slotted.
After the completion of casing installation, the space between the wall of the well and the
casing packed with 26 M3gravel. These gravels are 9 to 12 mm in size, clean, well rounded,
and free from soluble materials. This is used to maintain the good quality of ground water, to
protect sand from passing into the screen and also to give strength to the borehole by
supporting the wall.
5. Well Development
Air lift and mechanical surging well development methods were used for 31 hours and 40
minutes (See Figure 3)
o To repair and remove damage done to the formation by mud cake that covers
the borehole
o To flush out drilling fluids introduced into the borehole,
o To reverse chemical and physical changes occurred by drilling fluids and
activities and
o To improve near well permeability and stability by removing fine sediments
and particles.
6. Pumping Test
Pumping test was conducted after well development. This test is helpful to estimate well
performance, well yield, the zone of well influence and aquifer characteristics such as aquifer
ability to store and transmit water, aquifer extent, presence of boundary conditions and
possible connection to surface water and also it can be used for developing optimum scheme
of groundwater management.
Prior to constant test the preliminary test was conducted for 2 hours by installing pump at
depth of 200 meter below the surface to estimate the possible discharge rate and to suggest
the pump position which will give sufficient amount of yield. The discharge of the well was
18 l/s and 86.89 meter drawdown was recorded.
Three step drawdown pumping test were conducted for 6 hours with 6l/s, 12l/s and 18l/s
discharges rate respectively. The main purpose of this test is to obtain information about the
efficiency and performance of the borehole and also to determine a suitable discharge rate
for the constant rate test. Well efficiency of AABIA-01-17 is 92.16%.
Q= Discharge S= Drawdown C= Well loss coefficient B= Aquifer loss coefficient E= Well efficiency
B: 3.20E-2d/ m²
C: 2.66E-6 d²/ m5
Constant pumping test was conducted for about 72 hours by installing submersible pump at
depth of 200 meter below surface level. Discharge of the well is 18 l/s and 100.17 meter
drawdown was recorded. In addition, during constant pumping test both temperature and
electric conductivity of water was measured; ground water samples were collected for
laboratory analysis. This test is helpful to determine sustainable abstraction rate, aquifer
parameters and the physical limitation of the aquifer.
Immediately after constant test, recovery test continued for 1 hour. The recovery was fast
and retains 90% within 1 hour (The analysis of Constant and Recovery test as shown below
and all pumping test data are annexed as Annex-IV).
Transmissivity: 4.20E+1m²/ d
Conductivity: 3.28E-1 m/ d
Transmissivity: 1.82E+1m²/ d
Conductivity: 1.42E-1 m/ d
7. Water Quality
Three, two liter each, water samples were collected during constant pumping test for
laboratory analysis. The chemical quality analysis of collected samples were conducted at
ECDSWC laboratory and the result shows that most of the major physio-chemical
parameters of AABIA-01-17 water samples are within the limit of the WHO and the
Ministry of water resources standards for domestic uses (See Table 5) except Fluoride,
Sodium and Turbidity concentration that is higher than both the limit of WHO and
Ethiopian national standard. The analysis result plotted on pie diagram by using Aquachem
version 4.0 shows that the water samples collected from AABIA-01-17 well is Na- HCO3
type. (See Figure 8)
AABIA-01-17
WHO
Well ID maximum
allowable
concentration
(mg/l)
Date of Collection 30/11/2017 1/12/2017 02/12/2017
Date received 14/12/2017 14/12/2017 14/12/2017
Client ID. No. AABIA-01-17 AABIA-01-17 AABIA-01-17
24 hr. 48 hr. 72 hr.
Lab. ID. No. 877/2010 878/2010 879/2010
pH 7.61 7.65 7.68 6.5-8.5
Electrical 1029.00 1005.00 1009.00 _
Conductivity(µS/cm)
T. Solids 1050c (mg/l) 666.00 658.00 638.00 -
T. Dissolved Solid 1050c 628.00 616.00 618.00 1000
Turbidity (NTU) 20.00 22.00 12.00 5
Sodium(mg/l Na) 238.00 240.00 222.00 200.00
Potassium(mg/l k) 10.70 10.60 10.60 -
Total Iron(mg/l Fe) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.3
Manganese(mg/l Mn) Trace Trace Trace 0.1
Ammonia(mg/l NH3) 0.56 0.57 0.58 -
Total Hardness(mg/l 73.80 65.60 65.60 500.00
CaCO3)
Calcium(mg/l Ca) 22.14 19.68 19.68 200.0
Magnesium(mg/l Mg) 4.43 3.94 3.94 150.0
Alkalinity(mg/l CaCO3) 519.80 526.00 529.00 -
Carbonate(mg/l CO3) Nil Nil Nil -
Bicarbonate(mg/l HCO3) 634.16 642.57 645.38 -
Chloride(mg/l Cl) 17.02 17.02 18.02 250.0
Sulphate(mg/l SO4) 20.29 24.25 19.37 400
Nitrate(mg/l NO3-N) 0.50 0.40 0.50
Nitrite(mg/l NO2-N) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.2
Fluoride(mg/l F) 11.53 9.15 10.93 1.5
Phosphate(mg/l PO4) 0.13 0.24 0.19
8. Encountered Problems
Machine and security problems were the main problems encountered during construction
AABIA-01-17 borehole. In addition, deploying suitable submersible pump to conduct pump
test took long time.
After pumping test operation was completed, the well was grouted by cement. And also the
well was sealed and capped with a lid of 6mm thick steel plate to assure that no foreign
object fall into the well before the well starts giving the intended service.
Following this, well head was constructed according to the specified design to protect the
stick up above the ground from breakage and movement during pump installation and for
sanitary purpose. The dimension of well head is 1m x 1m x 1.25m and the type of the
concrete is C25.
Fractured Basalt is the major water bearing formation. All works have been conducted
according to contract agreement signed between HGEI and client (Ethiopian Airports
Enterprise). Discharge of AABIA-01-17 well is 18 l/s and its drawdown is 100.17meter.
It is recommended to pump water from the well at 15l/s by installing submersible pump at a
depth of 200 meter. In addition maximum pumping hour shall be not greater than 10 hours
per day.
ANNEX- I
ANNEX- II
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, PH AND TEMPERATURE
98 765 23.4 8
100 732 23.4 8
102 758 23.7 7.9
104 693 23.6 7.9
106 684 23.4 7.8
108 629 23.5 7.8
110 638 23.2 7.7
112 683 23.8 7.9
114 635 23.8 7.8
116 643 23.9 7.9
118 586 24.0 7.7
120 571 24.0 7.7
122 583 24.0 7.7
124 596 24.0 7.8
126 571 24.0 7.9
128 583 24.0 7.8
130 596 24.1 8
132 614 24.1 8
134 635 24.1 7.9
136 646 24.0 7.9
138 675 24.0 8
140 632 24.2 8
142 643 24.0 8
144 676 24.0 7.9
146 762 24.3 8
148 821 24.0 7.7
150 852 24.0 7.9
152 865 24.0 8
154 894 24.2 7.8
156 923 24.0 7.9
158 945 24.0 8
160 964 24.0 8.1
162 912 24.1 8
164 936 24.0 7.9
166 974 24.0 8
168 960 24.0 7.9
170 923 24.1 8.1
172 815 24.0 7.9
174 836 24.0 7.9
ANNEX- III
79 56 12 12 42
81 38 11 14 49
83 68 13 12 42
85 44 13 20 70
87 34 14 13 45
89 36 13 17 51
91 36 12 21 63
93 56 14 17 49
95 44 13 12 42
97 48 13 15 52
99 36 16 7 24
101 42 20 5 17
103 36 23 14 49
105 52 8 7 24
107 36 8 16 56
109 32 8 5 17
111 42 9 7 24
113 42 11 10 35
115 46 10 8 28
117 32 9 15 52
119 36 4 2 7
121 58 9 15 52
123 46 5 12 42
125 36 5 18 63
127 52 4 3 10
129 64 6 16 56
131 56 5 10 35
133 48 1 7 24
135 60 1 11 38
137 64 3 4 14
139 50 0 18 63
141 62 3 12 42
143 38 0 17 59
145 52 -1 7 24
147 44 0 11 38
149 40 3 19 46
151 36 2 23 60
153 48 -4 6 21
155 36 10 15 52
157 42 -29 14 49
159 36 -31 8 28
161 46 -43 3 10
163 42 -44 3 10
165 56 -40 9 31
167 56 -63 5 17
169 60 -65 11 38
171 38 -72 7 24
173 48 -84 2 7
175 42 -105 4 14
177 42 -107 2 7
179 46 -68 1 5
181 48 -62 1 7
183 54 -68 5 17
185 46 -38 5 17
187 54 -105 6 21
189 52 -109 3 10
191 56 -104 1 7
193 48 -99 6 21
195 44 -64 2 9
197 66 -59 3 10
199 44 -35 1 7
201 42 -63 11 38
203 38 -49 4 14
205 42 -85 1 7
207 48 -55 6 21
209 32 -65 2 11
211 36 -95 7 24
213 28 -86 14 49
215 30 -92 8 28
217 68 -92 12 42
219 38 -94 15 52
221 52 -127 2 7
223 44 -44 12 42
225 36 -142 17 59
227 34 -117 10 35
229 42 -103 15 52
231 40 -116 13 45
233 22 -140 8 28
235 42 -169 10 35
237 58 -102 21 73
239 48 -159 17 59
241 46 -147 11 38
243 38 -167 10 35
245 34 -132 14 49
247 62 -67 5 17
249 60 -98 10 35
251 56 -89 8 28
253 40 -84 12 42
255 26 -114 11 38
257 40 -108 8 28
259 50 -87 6 21
261 40 -96 13 45
263 50 -104 9 31
265 50 -100 5 17
267 34 -101 19 66
269 28 -114 14 49
271 44 -109 9 31
273 36 -120 6 21
275 34 -119 10 35
277 42 -124 3 10
279 30 -132 5 17
281 34 -94 1 6
283 42 -105 2 8
285 40 -91 3 10
287 36 -97 16 46
289 46 -100 7 24
291 50 -139 13 42
293 74 -66 18 63
295 70 -110 6 21
297 76 -131 3 10
299 82 -119 10 35
301 86 -156 2 10
303 82 -156 7 24
305 90 -150 2 8
307 74 -137 5 17
309 84 -127 1 7
311 90 -101 5 15
313 74 -99 2 9
315 64 -121 11 38
317 54 -142 1 6
319 48 -142 3 10
321 50 -145 17 59
323 50 -137 10 35
325 46 -153 5 17
327 48 -146 4 14
329 46 -147 6 21
331 56 -102 3 10
333 48 -144 12 42
335 54 -142 7 24
337 60 -81 8 28
339 52 -113 3 10
341 68 -120 7 24
343 40 -131 12 42
345 48 -126 9 31
347 42 -141 5 17
349 38 -147 8 28
351 52 -148 15 52
353 70 -131 20 70
355 68 -121 16 56
357 70 -131 8 28
359 50 -130 3 10
361 50 -118 1 7
363 38 -111 2 13
365 34 -100 4 15
367 50 -125 4 13
369 46 -125 5 17
371 46 -130 1 8
373 58 -130 11 31
375 66 -74 5 14
377 76 -117 5 17
379 72 -150 1 8
381 84 -131 4 14
383 86 -151 11 38
385 96 -141 2 7
387 104 -147 11 38
389 90 -165 17 59
391 92 -161 7 24
393 86 -160 2 7
395 76 -162 12 42
397 56 -147 6 21
399 60 -154 6 21
401 58 -154 4 14
403 54 -165 4 17
405 42 -134 1 7
407 46 -155 5 16
409 50 -172 4 14
411 40 -152 3 10
413 38 -185 9 31
415 46 -160 3 10
417 42 -182 4 14
419 28 -183 16 56
421 44 -171 3 10
423 30 -169 14 49
425 34 -160 17 59
427 68 -185 5 17
429 34 -183 7 24
431 60 -202 2 7
433 78 -193 3 10
435 68 -175 2 7
437 130 -162 7 24
439 130 -194 12 38
441 136 -228 1 10
443 120 -237 6 21
445 166 -217 15 32
447 112 -211 8 28
ANNEX- IV
PUMPING TEST RAW DATA
Well ID AABIA-01-17
Client Ethiopian Airports Enterprise
Contractor HGEI
Well Depth 480 m
Static Water Level 58.65
Pump Position 200 m
Recovery
Time(min) Water Level(m)
0 158.82
1 133.90
2 125.44
3 120.56
4 116.68
5 112.30
6 108.91
7 104.93
8 102.17
9 100.88
10 97.98
12 90.33
14 86.88
16 84.55
18 83.10
20 82.03
25 80.33
30 79.22
35 78.50
40 77.85
45 77.30
50 76.92
55 76.43
60 76.05
0 158.82
ANNEX- IV