JIMMA UNIVERSITY

JIMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULITY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING

MAJETE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

Advisors 1. Million Eba

2. Beekan Gurmessa

January 2021

Jimma, Ethiopia
DECLARATION

This Majete Town Water Supply Project is the Document proposed for partial fulfillment of the
requirements for Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Water Supply and Environmental Engineering at
Jimma University, Institute of Technology.

Its purpose is to introduce the key concepts, considerations involved in the design of waterworks
facilities, to make us to solve real time problem, to develop teamwork sprit, and collect data
related to water supply and environmental engineering varying from medium to small scale.

Overall, we declare that this Document is not copy of other worked documents except using it as
a reference.

Students Name ID Number Signature

1. Asnake Kasa RU-1996/08 __________________

2. Eskedar Shifarew RU-1897/08 __________________

3. Fetu Usman RU-2091/08 __________________

4. Kalab Mesfin RU-1604/08 __________________

5. Naaf Guta RU-2253/08 __________________

6. Shegaw Gebeyehu RU-2300/08 __________________

Date: - _______________

This Document, Majete Town Water Supply Project, had submitted to the department of Water
Supply and Environmental Engineering with our approval as Advisors of this team.

Advisor’s Name Signature

1. Million Eba ______________

2. Beekan Gurmessa ______________

Date: - _______________

i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Deep appreciation is extends to the following for the cooperation and support given during the
pilot activities and preparation of the document: -

For the professional advice and their comments and inputs in enhancing the Documents, the team
extends its gratitude to Instructor Million Eba and Instructor Beekan Gurmessa (M.Sc.).

The team would also like to express profound thanks to the Department of Water Supply and
Environmental engineering for such type of Project which is related to our professional to
encourage our knowledge.

ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This Final year project report presents design of water supply project for Majete town which is
located in the Amhara Regional state, North Shoa zone, Antsokiya Gemza Woreda. The
Population forecasting is done for Majete town based on the Population Census data (2007)
taken from Ethiopian Central statistical Agency. A Design period of 20 years (from 2015 to
2035) in two phases, Considering 10 years for each phase, is used.

Depending on Amhara Water Resources Development Bureau, Water Supply Design Guideline,
Geometric method was used for population forecasting and estimated to be 25,000 using base
population of the town 10,673 at 2013. The selected water source to satisfy this demand is
Groundwater (spring) and water demand for the design period is assessed considering various
water purpose and estimated to be 1021.5m3/d in Average Daily Demand.

An overview on the possible water supply sources that can be utilized for the town water supply
systems and the capacity/Potential of the selected source should be such as to meet all the
demands is taken. Depending on Annual rainfall, existence of sources of water supply, and
Availability of ground water in majete town, spring is taken as the main source of water supply
design project. Yield from spring, given that 22l/s, is used to determine whether existing water is
enough to forecasted population at the end of design period or not.

Spring water development and treatment are evaluated depending on the types of treatment
recommended for Ground water and Disinfection by chlorine is taken as the best types of ground
water treatment for Majete town water supply design project. Analytical Method is used to
determine storage capacity of a reservoir for the town and calculated to be 100m 3 for the first
phase and 250m3 at the end of second phase.

Analysis was done using the computer analysis method – Water GEMS to analysis the
distribution system of water in easy way for the whole town. Environmental impacts due to the
implementation of the project are evaluated and mitigation measures are suggested under the
topic. The cost analysis is roughly done, since there is no enough data obtained for the total
economic analysis of the project. Finally, the conclusion and recommendation are also included.

Key Words: - Analytical Method, Average Daily Demand, Disinfection, Ground water, spring,

iii
Table of Contents

DECLARATION..............................................................................................................................i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................ii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................iii

LIST OF TABLE..........................................................................................................................viii

LISTS OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................................x

ABBREVIATION..........................................................................................................................xi

CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1

1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................1

1.1. Project Area.......................................................................................................................2

1.1.1. General.......................................................................................................................2

1.1.2. Topographic features of the woreda/town.................................................................3

1.1.3. Climate.......................................................................................................................3

1.1.4. Infrastructural developments:-/of the wereda/town/..................................................3

1.1.5. Existing government and religious institutions in the woreda...................................4

1.1.6. Farming and Agricultural Activities..........................................................................5

1.1.7. Irrigation Condition of the Area................................................................................5

1.1.8. Education Facility......................................................................................................6

1.1.9. Health services in the woreda....................................................................................7

1.2. Objectives..........................................................................................................................7

1.2.1. Main Objective..........................................................................................................7

1.2.2. Specific Objectives....................................................................................................7

1.2.3. Scope of the study......................................................................................................7

CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................8

iv
2. POPULATION FORECASTING AND WATER DEMAND PROJECTION.......................8

2.1. Base Population.................................................................................................................8

2.2. Population Projection........................................................................................................9

2.2. Water Demand Projection...............................................................................................10

2.2.1. Domestic Water Demand (DWD)...........................................................................10

2.2.2. Non Domestic Water Demand.................................................................................15

2.2.3. Fire and Livestock’s Water Demand.......................................................................16

2.2.4. Un-accounted for Water (UFW)..............................................................................17

2.2.5. Average Day Demand (ADD).................................................................................17

2.2.6. Maximum Day Demand (MDD) and Peak Hour Demand (PHD)..........................18

CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................20

3. POTENTIAL WATER SOURCE SELECTION...................................................................20

3.1. Sources of Water Supply.................................................................................................20

3.1.1. Ground Water Supply..............................................................................................21

3.1.2. Advantages of Groundwater....................................................................................21

3.1.3. Uses of Groundwater...............................................................................................22

3.2. Water Supply Coverage..................................................................................................22

3.2.1. Comparison of Estimated Yield and MDD.............................................................22

CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................23

4. SPRING WATER DEVELOPMENT AND TREATMENT................................................23

4.1. Spring Water Development.............................................................................................23

4.1.1. Types of Spring Sources..........................................................................................24

4.1.2. Step in Developing Springs.....................................................................................24

4.1.3. Basic Design Features of a Spring Box...................................................................25

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 4.2. Spring Water Treatment..................................................................................................26

4.2.1. Disinfection..............................................................................................................26

4.2.2. Methods of Disinfection..........................................................................................27

CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................................................28

5. SERVICE RESERVOIR.......................................................................................................28

5.1. Function of Service Reservoir.........................................................................................28

5.2. Accessories of Service Reservoir....................................................................................29

5.3. Depth of Reservoir..........................................................................................................29

5.4. Determination of Storage Capacity.................................................................................30

5.5. Structural Design of Reservoir........................................................................................34

5.5.1. Design of 250m3 of Circular Reservoir...................................................................35

CHAPTER SIX..............................................................................................................................36

6. COLLECTION CHAMBER AND PUMPS..........................................................................36

6.1. Collection Chamber (CC)...............................................................................................36

6.1.1. Determination of Collection Chamber Capacity.....................................................36

6.2. Pumps..............................................................................................................................37

6.2.1. Purpose of Pump......................................................................................................37

6.2.2. Selection of a Pump.................................................................................................37

6.2.3. Centrifugal Pumps...................................................................................................38

6.2.4. Determination of Pipe Size......................................................................................38

6.2.5. Determination of Total Dynamic Head (TDH).......................................................40

CHAPTER SEVEN.......................................................................................................................43

7. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM...................................................................................................43

7.1. Methods of Distribution..................................................................................................43

vi
 7.2. Layout of Distribution System........................................................................................44

7.3. Analysis of Water Distribution Network........................................................................45

CHAPTER EIGHT........................................................................................................................46

8. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND ASSESSMENT (EIA)..............................................46

8.1. Positive impact of the project..........................................................................................46

8.2. Negative Impacts of the project......................................................................................46

8.3. Mitigation Measures.......................................................................................................47

CHAPTER NINE...........................................................................................................................48

9. COST ESTIMATION............................................................................................................48

CHAPTER TEN............................................................................................................................49

10. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.................................................................49

10.1. Conclusion...................................................................................................................49

10.2. Recommendation.........................................................................................................50

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................51

vii
LIST OF TABLE

Table 1.1:- Religious data of majete town.......................................................................................2

Table 1.2:- Topographic features of Antsokiya Gemza Woreda.....................................................3

Table 1.3:- Climate Condition of Antsokiya Gemza Woreda and Majete Town............................3

Table 1.4:- Governmental and religious institution of Antsokiya Gemza Woreda.........................4

Table 1.5:- Types of Live stocks and Crops....................................................................................5

Table 1.6:- Existing Situation of Irrigation......................................................................................5

Table 1.7a:- Number of schools in the current year........................................................................6

Table 1.7b:- The past three years trend of student s & teaches number in schools.........................6

Table 1.8:- Established health services in Antsokiya Gemza Woreda............................................7

Table 2.1:- Population growth rates set by CSA.............................................................................8

Table 2.2:- Water Supply design period..........................................................................................8

Table2. 3:- Town Category Grouping...........................................................................................11

Table2.4:- Connection profile of Category 5.................................................................................12

Table2.5:- unserved and served population with mode service.....................................................13

Table2.6:- Per Capita Demand (L/cap/day) for Category 5..........................................................14

Table2.7:- Estimated per capita demand for Majete town.............................................................14

Table2.8:- Adjusted water demand according to climatic and socio-economic condition............15

Table2.9:- Non Domestic Water Demand.....................................................................................16

Table2.10:- Water demand for Fire and Livestock’s.....................................................................17

Table2.11:- Un-accounted for water demand................................................................................17

Table2.12:- Total average day demand of Majete town................................................................18

Table2.13:- Maximum day and peak hour demand factor.............................................................18

Table2.14:- Maximum Day Demand and Peak Hour Demand......................................................19

viii
Table2.15:- Summary of Water Demand.......................................................................................19

Table 5.1: - Reservoir capacity computation using analytical method for phase I........................31

Table 5.2:- Reservoir capacity computation using analytical method for phase II.......................33

ix
LISTS OF FIGURES

Figure 1:1 Location of Majete Town...............................................................................................2

Figure 4.1:- Spring Water Supply lines 23

x
ABBREVIATION

Abbreviated Form Full Word

ACSI Amhara Credit and Saving Institution

ADD Average Day Demand

AWRDB Amhara Water Resource and Development Bureau

CSA Central Statistical Agency

DWD Daily Water Demand

FTC Farmers Training Center

GTP Growth and Transformation Plan

MDD Maximum Daily Demand

PHF Peak Hour Factor

TDH Total Dynamic Head

UFW Un-accounted For Water

WSSA Water Supply and Sewerage Authority

WWDSE Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise

xi
CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and animals must have water
to survive. If there were no water, there would be no life on earth. Even though water is a critical
necessity for life, it has an adverse effect to life unless and other wise properly handled. Ethiopia,
A well-known for its enormous potential, were generates in its own tertiary and it is still known
the water towers in Africa.

However, the provision of safe, clean, adequate and potable water and sanitation has become
major factors. The safe quality of water supplied to communities is an important consideration in
the protection of human health and well-being. Access to water is of paramount concern and
other factors, such as the population served the reliability of the supply and the cost to the
consumer.

At the United Nations conference at Mar del Plata in 1977, which launched the International
Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade, this philosophy was adopted unambiguously: “all
peoples, whatever their stage of development and social and economic condition, have the right
to have access to drinking-water in quantities and of a quality equal to their basic needs”
(WHO, 1997).

Designing water supply scheme for town or city is necessary to provide safe, clean and adequate
drinking water. While designing, we should determine the total quantity of water required for
various purposes, and then finding out the suitable water sources from where the demand can be
satisfied.

1
 1.1. Project Area

1.1.1. General
There are 2 Urban and 15 rural kebeles in Antsokiya Gemza Woreda, which is located in the
North shoa zone of Amhara region. The total area of Antsokiya Gemza Woreda 59,501ha. The
proposed study area, Majete Town is situated at 67Km from the Antsokiya Gemza Woreda. The
total area of Majete town is 980 ha with only one urban (sub) kebeles. The Average elevation of
Majete range from 1,251m.a.s.l-3500m.a.s.l. Kebeles/Gottes included in the project area are
Majete, Agla Majete and Anqar Kobekob.

Figure 1:1 Location of Majete Town

Religious Data
Table 1.1:- Religious data of majete town

Religious Christian Muslims Others

Orthodox Protestant Catholic

In % 88.9 1 __ 10.1 __

2
 1.1.2. Topographic features of the woreda/town
Table 1.2:- Topographic features of Antsokiya Gemza Woreda

Features Percentage Ha

Flat land 60% 35701

Hilly 27% 16065

Gorges 8% 4760

Undulating Land - -

Others 5% 2974.4

1.1.3. Climate
Hydrometeorology data are required to characterize the climatic conditions and determine the
water balance of a certain basin for developing and managing its water resources.

Table 1.3:- Climate Condition of Antsokiya Gemza Woreda and Majete Town

Climatic Region Kolla Woynadega Dega

Woreda 45% 44% 11%

Specific Site - 100% -

Annual Temperature

Temperature data are the major factor in computing potential evapotranspiration of the area. The
annual minimum temperature of the study area is 18oC and the annual maximum temperature is
30oC. The annual average temperature and precipitation of majete town is 24 oC and 1050mm
(700-1400mm) respectively.

1.1.4. Infrastructural developments:-/of the wereda/town/

The road types of Antsokiya Gemza Woreda is 38.2km Weathered roads, 38.2km Gravel roads
and 23.5km Dry Weathered road. However, in Antsokiya Gemza Woreda there is no Asphalted
road and they access road /from source up to the town/ 1km far away.

3
 1.1.5. Existing government and religious institutions in the woreda
Table 1.4:- Governmental and religious institution of Antsokiya Gemza Woreda

Types of Institutions No. Types of Institutions No.

School 4 Kebele Administration Office 3

Police Office 1 Bus Station 1

Micro Enterprise 1 Farmers Cooperatives Association 1

Justice 1 Churches 2

Court 1 Mosque 2

Health Centre 1 Protestants Church 1

Municipality 1 ACSI 1

Healthy Post 2 kebele agricultural office 1

Metrology 1 Youth Center 1

FTC 1

4
 1.1.6. Farming and Agricultural Activities
Table 1.5:- Types of Live stocks and Crops

Livestock Crop

Type Amount(No.) Type Amount

Dalga kebt Teff

Beg ena fiyel Mashila

Doro Key Shinkurt

Nib Bekolo

Gimel timatim

1.1.7. Irrigation Condition of the Area

Table 1.6:- Existing Situation of Irrigation

Name of Discharge Crossing Way of Command Total Command

Sources (Lit/s) Kebeles Irrigation Area Area

Java river 2 Modern 705 --

Sirinka 2 Modern 52 72
spring

Berbera wenz 1 Traditional 15 30

5
 1.1.8. Education Facility
Table 1.7a:- Number of schools in the current year

No. of Staffs No. of Students

Name of Schools
Male Female Total Male Female Total

Majete full cycle primary 32 26 58 764 836 1600

school

Majete kindergarten 0 2 2 99 109 208

Agla elemetary school 6 5 11 111 124 235

Majete high school & 42 14 56 398 549 947

preparatory school

Ewukwt Ber primary school 10 15 25 387 378 765

Table 1.7b:- The past three years trend of student s & teaches number in schools

No. of Students No. of Staffs

Name of Schools
Currently 2004 2005 2006 Currently 2004 2005 2006

Majete full cycle 1600 - 1748 1663 58 52 56 57

primary school

Majete kindergarten 208 - - - 2 - - -

Agla elemetary school 235 232 245 225 11 10 11 11

Majete high school & 947 699 877 719 56 48 52 50

preparatory school

Ewukwt Ber primary 765 540 627 643 25 14 15 20

school

6
 1.1.9. Health services in the woreda
Table 1.8:- Established health services in Antsokiya Gemza Woreda

Establishment Professionals in No.

Patient per
Total No.

Total No.
of Beds

No. of
Male Female Total

day
Hospital -

Health Center 1 15 25-30 20 23 43

Pharmacy 1

Health Post 1

Health Committee -

1.2. Objectives

1.2.1. Main Objective

To address and alleviate the problem of water shortage by investigating and identifying feasible
source (s) of water for the next 20 years

1.2.2. Specific Objectives

Forecasting the Population for future water demand estimation
To consider expansion of the town and water supply situation
To Design Suitable sources of water for forecasted population
To assure an adequate water for the concerned population
To evaluate the environmental impact of the project

1.2.3. Scope of the study

The scope of this study and design project paper is stick on activities that will be carried out to
satisfy the need of water, which is increasing from time to time by providing efficient water
supply system which includes population projection, demand projection, rising main design,
pump and generator selection, reservoir capacity determination, and distribution network design.

7
CHAPTER TWO

2. POPULATION FORECASTING AND WATER DEMAND

PROJECTION

2.1. Base Population

The central statistics Authority (CSA) is a recognized body in Ethiopia, which determines the
official population figures and growth rates for any development activity throughout the country.
The present population or base population of the town was 10673 at 2013.

Table 2.1:- Population growth rates set by CSA

Year
Growth Scenarios
2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 2021-2025 2026-2030

Medium 4.60% 4.40% 4.20% 4.00% 3.80%

Water demand will increase annually according to the population increase, development of the
industry etc. For this reason, short term ranged plan will result in uneconomical and unreasonable
facilities due to overlapped facilities in future system. In order to avoid those cases, master plan on
water supply system formulated for long-range plan covering up to 20years. (AWRDB, Nov. 2012)

Table 2.2:- Water Supply design period

Design Period

Category Base Population Target Year Phase I Phase II

Large towns >50,000 20 10 10

Medium towns 10,000-50,000 20 10 10

Small towns 2,000-10,000 15 15 -

Rural villages <2,000 15 15 -

8
 2.2. Population Projection

Population projection provides information on the future size of the population in a given area.
Knowledge of this information is fundamental for development plans whose target is to satisfy the
future needs. The basic components of changes in the size of the population of a certain area include
fertility, mortality, migration and urbanization (Water Supply Core Process, 1994)

The following are the standard method by which the population forecasted:-

i. Arithmetical increase method

ii. Geometrical increase method
iii. Incremental increase method
iv. Simple graphical method
v. The logistic curve method

According to AWRDB Water Supply Design Guideline, the Geometric growth method with CSA
growth rates established at national level for every 5 years interval is used. The equation for this
n
method given by: P n=Po(1+ k )

Where Po = base population, Pn = population at n decades or year

n = Decades or years and k = percentage (geometric) increase in decimal.

Using given Po=10,673 (base Population), n=20 years (2 decades) from 2015 to 2035 (considering
2years as time required for project planning and implementation) and each given value of k :-
n 2
P n=Po ( 1+k ) ↔if Po=P2013 → P2015 =10,673 ( 1+0.044 ) =11,633

taking P2015 as Po , P2020=11,633 ( 1+0.042 )5=14,290

taking P2020 as Po , P2025=14,290 ( 1+0.04 )5=17,386 for Stage I

5
P2030 =17,386 ( 1+ 0.038 ) =20,950
5
P2035 =20,950(1+0.036) ≅ 25,000 for stage II

The CSA population growth rate is only available up to year 2030 and assumed that the population
growth rate after this year’s will flow linear extrapolation trend and the growth rate of 3.6% is
considered.

9
 2.2. Water Demand Projection

To estimate the water demand as accurately as possible, it is important to compare the existing
water consumption records over the past several years with estimated water requirement as per
the standard recommended figures. This correlation assumes that all the inhabitants of the town
use piped water supply with an affordable price through different mode of services. Domestic
water consumption varies according to the mode of services, climatic conditions, socio-economic
condition and other related factors. (MoWRE, 2015)

Water consumption for various purposes divided under the following categories:-

 Domestic water demand

 Non domestic demand
 Fire demand
 Livestock’s water demand
 Uncounted for demand (UFD)
 Maximum day demand
 Peak hour demand

2.2.1. Domestic Water Demand (DWD)

Domestic water demand is the daily water requirement for use by human being for different
domestic purposes like drinking, cooking, bathing, gardening, etc. the domestic water demand
required by human being can be supplied or obtained through different modes of services
depending on the economic level and facilities owned by the individual. (AWRDB, Nov. 2012)

The use of water for domestic purposes may be subdivided in various categories:

 Drinking
 Food preparation and cooking
 Cleaning, washing and personal hygiene
 Vegetable garden watering
 Stock watering, and
 Other uses including waste disposal

10
In order to attribute certain characteristics to each town, the town have been grouped into
categories according to their population size.

Table2. 3:- Town Category Grouping

From To Category

Over 250,000 1

80,000 250,000 2

50,000 80,000 3

30,000 50,000 4

20,000 30,000 5

10,000 20,000 6

5,000 10,000 7

2000 5,000 8

1,000 2,000 9

Less than 1,000 10

(Source: - Central Statistical
Authority, 2007)

According to this categories Majete town forecasted population at the end of 2035 is 25,000,
which is categorized under Category 5 (between 20,000 and 30,000).These Categories are used
to determine the present and future service levels, as well as present and future per capita
consumption for each of connection types.

11
Mode of Service Determination

In the case of water supply system in Ethiopia, there are commonly four modes of services in
which an individual can be served:

 House Connection (HC)

 Yard Connection (YC) and Neighborhood connection (NC)
 Public Taps (PT)
 Traditional Sources Users (TSU)

Since by the year 2015 the government planned the potable water supply coverage to be 100%,
traditional source users shall be excluded in the demand analysis. (AWRDB, Nov. 2012)

The following table shows population percentage distributed by mode of service for Category 5.

Table2.4:- Connection profile of Category 5

Connection Type 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

House (%) 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.9 3.3 3.7

Yard (%) 11.6 13.2 14.9 16.9 19.1 21.7 24.6

Yard Shared (%) 9.4 10.6 12.0 13.6 15.4 17.4 19.7

Public Tap (%) 55.0 62.3 64.8 63.0 60.6 56.6 51.0

Un-served (%) 22.2 11.9 6.0 4 2 1 1

(Source: - Central Statistical Authority, 2007)

Using Table2.4 above, we can calculate unserved and served population and also the percentage
distribution by mode of service by Extrapolation for 2035.

12
Table2.5:- unserved and served population with mode service

Year 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Unserved (%) 4.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Forecasted Population 11,633 14,290 17,386 20,950 25,000

Unserved Population 465 286 174 210 250

Served Population 11,168 14,001 17,212 20,740 24,750

HC (%) 2.6 2.9 3.3 3.7 3.7

Pop. Of HC 290 406 568 767 916

YCO (%) 16.9 19.1 21.7 24.6 24.6

Pop. Of YCO 1,888 2,674 3,735 5,102 6,089

YCS (%) 13.6 15.4 17.4 19.7 19.7

Pop. Of YCS 1,519 2,156 2,995 4,086 4,876

PT (%) 63.0 60.6 56.6 51 51

Pop. Of PT 7,036 8,485 9,742 10,577 12,623

 To calculate population of HC, YCO, YCS, and PT, percentage of HC, YCO, YCS, and
PT is multiplied with served population.

Per Capita Demand by mode of Service (L/cap/day)

The amount of water used per person per day for daily life and activity is known as per capita
water demand and it uses as a base for estimating the domestic water demand of the community.
The demand for different connections depends on the status of the community or the level of the
town. Per Capita Demand is calculated according to category of 2007 Central Statistical
Authority of Ethiopia.

13
For Majete town Per capita demand for each mode of services is determined according to
category 5 of 2007 CSA Ethiopia.

Table2.6:- Per Capita Demand (L/cap/day) for Category 5

Connection Type 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

House 82 87 92 98 104 110 110

Yard 21 22 23 25 26 28 28

Yard Shared 15 16 17 18 19 21 21

Public Tap 10 11 12 12 13 14 14

(Source: - Central Statistical Authority, 2007)

Using the Table2.6 above, the per capita demand of Majete town for all mode of services:-

Table2.7:- Estimated per capita demand for Majete town

Year 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

HC (L/cap/day) 98 104 110 110 110

Pop. Of HC 290 406 568 767 916

Demand of HC (m3/d) 28.4 42.2 62.5 84.4 100.8

YCO (L/cap/day) 25 26 28 28 28

Pop. Of YCO 1,888 2,674 3,735 5,102 6,089

Demand of YCO (m3/d) 47.2 69.5 104.6 142.9 170.5

YCS (L/cap/day) 18 19 21 21 21

Pop. Of YCS 1,519 2,156 2,995 4,086 4,876

Demand of YCS (m3/d) 27.3 40.9 62.9 85.8 102.4

14
 PT (L/cap/day) 12 13 14 14 14

Pop. Of PT 7,036 8,485 9,742 10,577 12,623

Demand of PT (m3/d) 84.4 110.3 136.4 148.1 176.7

Total DWD(m3/d) 187.3 262.9 366.4 461.2 550.4

Adjustment due to Climate and Socio-Economic factor

Climate condition and Socio-Economy are the main factors which affect the water demand of the
population under consideration. The Mean annual rainfall of Majete town is 1050mm mm and
the mean annual air temperature of the area is 24oC. According to Water Works Design and
Supervision Enterprise (WWDSE), Climate factor is given depending on Precipitation of the
town in the following table and for Majete town the Climate adjustment factor 1.0 is used.

The Socio-Economic adjustment factor is determined based on the degree of the development of
the particular town under study as the socio economic conditions play great role on the amount
of water consumption Majete town is then classified as a town under normal Ethiopian condition
at present and an adjustment factor of 1.00 is adopted.

Taking the above two factors Climate and Socio-Economic (1.0∗1.0=1.0 ), Domestic Water
Demand is not Changed after adjusted.

Table2.8:- Adjusted water demand according to climatic and socio-economic condition

Year 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Total DWD (m3/d) 187.3 262.9 366.4 461.2 550.4

Adjusted Total DWD(m3/d) 187.3 262.9 366.4 461.2 550.4

2.2.2. Non Domestic Water Demand

Non-domestic consumption includes light industrial, commercial and public requirements. Light
industrial is small manufacturing and processing plants, that regular relatively, small amounts of
water. Commercial includes all the hotels, business and trade establishments.

15
Public includes government offices, hospital, schools and public services such as street flushing,
parks maintenance etc. Non-domestic consumptions expressed as a percentage of the domestic
water demand. The quantity of water required for industrial purpose is around 5 to 10 % and
Commercial and Public demand is assumed to be 10% of the total domestic water demand in
Ethiopia. Since Non Domestic Water Demand percentage is given according to WWDSE, we
should calculate for Majete town by category 5.

Table2.9:- Non Domestic Water Demand

Year 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Adjusted Total DWD(m3/d) 187.3 262.9 366.4 461.2 550.4

Non Domestic (%) 35 30 30 30 30

Non DWD (m3/d) 65.6 78.9 109.9 138.4 165.1

2.2.3. Fire and Livestock’s Water Demand

The quantity of water needed to extinguish fire depends upon population, contents of buildings,
density of buildings and their resistance to fire. The quantity of water to extinguish fire per
annual is small compared to the annual overall consumption of water. The criteria set by
Ministry of Water Resource for Firefighting demand estimation is to increase the capacity of
service reservoirs dedicated for the area by 10% and this volume of water will be dead storage
where there is no fire and become active only during fire breakout.

Livestock found in the area includes Dalga Kebt (cattle), Beg ena Fiyel (sheep and goats), Doro
(hen), Nib (bees) and Gimel (camel). Hence using nearby river for animals is assumed in this
study. The quantity of water required for livestock is assumed to be 10% of the average daily
water demand.

16
Table2.10:- Water demand for Fire and Livestock’s

Year 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Adjusted Total DWD(m3/d)

187.3 262.9 366.4 461.2 550.4

FD = 10% Adj. TDWD(m3/d) 18.7 26.3 36.6 46.1 55

LD = 10% Adj. TDWD(m3/d) 18.7 26.3 36.6 46.1 55

2.2.4. Un-accounted for Water (UFW)

The water system includes the water lost in the water supply system because of illegal
connection, overflow from reservoir, improper connecting, and water used in treatment plants. Its
percentage usually varies depending on the age of the pipes and complexity of the system. Un-
accounted for water demand of Majete town is also calculated from Category 5 of WWDSE.

Table2.11:- Un-accounted for water demand

Year 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Total Demand (TDWD+TNDWD) 252.9 341.8 476.3 599.6 715.5

Un accounted for (%) 30.2 29.4 28.1 27.4 27.4

UFW Demand(m3/d) 76.4 100.5 133.8 164.3 196

2.2.5. Average Day Demand (ADD)

Total average day demand is the summation total water demand. Total water demand is sum of
Domestic, Non-domestic, Fire, Livestock’s and Un-accounted for water Demand. The average
water demand represents the daily demand of the town averaged over the implementation period
(20 years).

17
Table2.12:- Total average day demand of Majete town

Year 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Adjusted Total DWD(m3/d)

187.3 262.9 366.4 461.2 550.4

Non DWD (m3/d)

65.6 78.9 109.9 138.4 165.1

FD (m3/d) 18.7 26.3 36.6 46.1 55

LD(m3/d) 18.7 26.3 36.6 46.1 55

UFW Demand (m3/d) 76.4 100.5 133.8 164.3 196

Average Day Demand

(m3/d) 366.7 494.9 683.3 856.1 1021.5

2.2.6. Maximum Day Demand (MDD) and Peak Hour Demand (PHD)
The ratio of the maximum day consumption to the mean annual day consumption is the
maximum day factor. The peak hour demand is greatly influenced by the size of the town, mode
of service and social activity in the town. The Maximum day factor and Peak hour factor is taken
from the design guideline of former Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (WSSA). In most
cases the smaller town is the higher the maximum day factor.

Table2.13:- Maximum day and peak hour demand factor

Population MDF PHF

0-20,000 1.3 2.0

20,001-50,000 1.25 1.9

50,000 and above 1.2 1.7

(Source: - WSSA)

18
Since Majete town is medium, maximum day factor will 1.25 and Peak hour factor will be 1.9.

Table2.14:- Maximum Day Demand and Peak Hour Demand

Year 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

ADD (m3/d) 366.7 494.9 683.3 856.1 1021.5

MDD (m3/d) 458.4 618.6 854.12 1070.12 1276.9

PHD (m3/hr.) 696.73 940.31 1298.3 1626.6 1940.9

Uses of the Demand Variations

Average Day Demand: - Annual estimates and projections on production, revenues, non-
revenue water, power costs, and other O&M costs are based on the average day demand.
Maximum Day Demand: - The total capacity of all existing and future water sources should
be capable of supplying at least the projected maximum day demand at any year during the
design period. The design of treatment plants, pump capacity and pipelines considers the
maximum day demand supply rate as an option in the optimization analysis.
Peak hour demand: - The pipeline network should be designed to operate with no point in
the system having pressure below 3 meters during peak hour conditions. If there is no
reservoir, the power ratings of pumping stations should be sufficient for the operation of the
facilities during peak hour demands.

Table2.15:- Summary of Water Demand

Year 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
m3/d 366.7 494.9 683.3 856.1 1021.5
ADD
l/s 4.2 5.7 7.9 9.9 11.8
m3/d 458.4 618.6 854.12 1070.12 1276.9
MDD
l/s 5.3 7.2 9.9 12.4 14.8
m3/hr. 696.7 940.3 1298.3 1626.6 1940.9
PHD
l/s 193 260.5 359.6 450.6 537.6

19
CHAPTER THREE

3. POTENTIAL WATER SOURCE SELECTION

The adequacy of water source to meet the water requirement of the population till the end of the
design period is an important factor to be considered in rendering sustainable water supply
service. This Chapter presents an overview of the possible water supply sources that can be
utilized for the town water supply systems. The capacity/Potential of the selected source should
be such as to meet all the demands. Availability of water from a source which may be surface or
ground ultimately depends upon rainfall.

3.1. Sources of Water Supply

In the selection of sources of water supply, adequacy and reliability of the available supply could
be considered the overriding criteria. Water sources are generally classified according to their
relative location on the surface of the Earth. These are characterized as Rainwater, Surface water
and Ground water.

1. Rainwater, or atmospheric water, is a product of water vapor that has risen due to
evaporation and accumulated in the atmosphere, which condenses and falls on the Earth's
surface.
2. Surface water is exposed to the atmosphere and subject to surface runoff. It comes from
rains, surface runoff and groundwater, and includes rivers, lakes, streams, ponds,
impounding reservoirs, seas, and oceans. Surface water is the one which is available as
runoff from a catchment area, during rainfall or precipitation.
3. Ground Water is that portion of rainwater which has percolated beneath the ground surface
to form underground deposits called aquifers. The upper surface of groundwater is the water
table. Groundwater is often clear, free from organic matter and bacteria due to the filtering
effect of soil on water percolating through it. However, groundwater almost always contains
minerals dissolved from the soil and it is often better in quality than surface waters, less
expensive to develop for use, and usually provides more adequate supply in many areas in
the country.

The only source water supply for majete town was Ground Water (i.e. spring) for the
community and additionally river was used for livestock.

20
 3.1.1. Ground Water Supply
Groundwater is a principal source of supply for many villages, towns and cities serving
domestic, commercial, institutional, industrial and agricultural users. The irrigation of crops
worldwide uses more groundwater (70% or greater) than all other applications combined.

Groundwater occurs in unconsolidated and consolidated bedrock geologic formations. In

unconsolidated formations which are made up of porous media (gravels, sands, silts and clays),
the groundwater is stored and travels in the pore spaces between the particles. In bedrock
formations, the water is stored and travels in joints, fissures and fractures in the rock, referred to
as secondary porosity. As a rule, groundwater travels very slowly through its geologic matrix,
often on the order of a few inches or feet per day. (Vincent W. Uhl, 2007)

Ground water sources include Springs Wells, Artesian wells, Infiltration galleries, Porous pipe
galleries, Infiltration wells.

Springs: - springs represent an outcrop of the groundwater table, where groundwater expresses
itself at the surface. Springs are generally more prevalent in hilly and mountainous terrains, and
where rainfall is relatively plentiful. In mountainous areas, springs often can be developed as
gravity systems, thus avoiding the need for pumping equipment. Springs also can appear when
an overlaying layer of consolidated material (rock) creates significant pressure that forces the
groundwater to the surface where it forms an artesian well. (Fry, 2004)

3.1.2. Advantages of Groundwater

Groundwater often has advantages of quality, accessibility, and reliability over surface water.
Groundwater is usually free of microbiological pollutants. As water percolates from the surface
into aquifers, soil and rocks filter out living organisms, which can be a major cause of disease.
Water can also be safely and indefinitely stored in aquifers while maintaining a high level of
quality. The quality of surface water can vary seasonally and require different disinfection
processes to adapt to changing water conditions. Surface water requires closer monitoring and
more extensive disinfection than groundwater. Because of its protected condition, groundwater is
less likely to be contaminated than surface water and has a lower potential for transmitting
disease. Even in areas that have ample yearly surface waters, developing groundwater sources
may be a better choice to ensure the provision of safe water. (Yonas, 2016)

21
 3.1.3. Uses of Groundwater
Groundwater is used for a wide range of applications, including provision of potable drinking
water for village, town, and urban supply; institutional supplies; agricultural supply for multiple
uses; small-scale industrial use; and emergency water supply provision for refugees. Globally,
many major cities, towns, villages, and remote communities rely on groundwater as their primary
source of water supply. In many places, groundwater is the only alternative when surface water
is not available and is often the best option even when surface water is available.

3.2. Water Supply Coverage

The Amhara region in its Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) targeted to achieve drinking
water coverage at about 87% for the entire region, in which urban coverage constitute 97.6% and
rural coverage at about 86% in the year 2015. Nevertheless, in 2012, the drinking water coverage
of the Amhara region had reached only 62%, with great variations between urban and rural, 61%
and 71%, respectively. This showed that drinking water supply coverage in the Amhara Region
were not able to meet its intended targets (Bisewer(MSc), 2018).

Water supply coverage for majete town was 80-85% that was based on Ground Water source.

3.2.1. Comparison of Estimated Yield and MDD

The yield estimated for Majete town, according to rough floating and discharge method, is 22l/s
from spring. The calculated Maximum Day Demand supply in 2035 is 14.8l/s (Table 2.15) which
is less than the estimated springs discharge. Yield from the spring is given that used to determine
whether existing water is enough to population or not. If the estimated yield is greater than the
Calculated MDD at the end of design period, the existing water is enough. However, if the
estimated yield is less than the Calculated MDD, additional number of Borehole is required.

Therefore, the yield from the spring (22l/s) is enough to the population at the end of design
period. The following formula is used to determine the number of borehole required or not:-

MDD∗Factor of saftey
Number of bore hole (n) =
Total spring yield

Where, MDD=Maximum Day Demand (14.8l /s) and Total spring yield=22 l/ s

14.8 l/s∗1
Taking factor of safety = 1; n= =0.67 ≅ 0
22l/ s

22
From this calculation we can assume that additional is not required.

CHAPTER FOUR

4. SPRING WATER DEVELOPMENT AND TREATMENT

4.1. Spring Water Development

Springs are outcrops of groundwater that often appear as small water holes or wet spots at the
foot of hills or along river banks. To obtain satisfactory water, it is necessary to find the source,
properly develop it, eliminate surface water intrusion, and prevent animals from gaining access
to the spring. There should be no immediate upstream settlements, as these would pose the risk
of biological contamination. In all cases, a spring should be protected from surface-water
pollution by the construction of a deep diverting ditch or equivalent above and around it.

The spring and the collecting basin should have a watertight top, preferably concrete, and water
obtained by gravity flow. Covers for inspection manholes, when provided, should be tightly
fitted and kept locked. If the water flows to the spring head through limestone or similar types of
fissured rock channels, it is unlikely to have undergone natural filtration and purification to any
appreciable extent. Hence, it likely carries pollutants from nearby or distant places.

Under these circumstances, it is advisable to have periodic bacteriological examinations and to

chlorinate the water. Ideally, spring flows should be measured monthly for a year to determine
the spring’s design yield. (S.acquino, 2012)

23
Figure 4.1:- Spring Water Supply lines

24
 4.1.1. Types of Spring Sources
Springs are classified according to the conditions under which water flows to them. Some
surface under pressure, while others do so as a result of discontinuities in the strata that held the
water underground. For instance, in a seepage or filtration spring the water per-collates from
many small openings in porous ground, while in fracture springs the water comes from joints or
fractures in otherwise solid rock, and for tubular springs the outflow opening is more or less
round. There are two types of springs depending on its occurrence: - gravity springs and artesian
springs.

Figure 4.2:- Occurrence and type of spring

4.1.2. Step in Developing Springs
A spring must be properly developed for several reasons: to obtain the full benefits of its flow,
keep it from intrusion of animals and pollution, and protect it from damage and possible
diversion. Among the first steps to develop a spring are the following:

1. Enlarge the eye of the spring to increase the quantity of water yield. This is accomplished
by digging out the area around the hole down to the impervious layer to remove silt,
mineral matter and rock fragments. During excavation, avoid disturbing the underground
rock formation to prevent the deflection of the spring to another direction or rock
formation.
2. Against the eye of the spring, pile stones that will serve as the foundation of the spring
box.

25
 3. Construct a spring box around the enlarged eye of the spring. This is to protect the spring
water from contamination.
4. If there are several small springs located in the same area, construct a silt trap to serve as
the reservoir collecting water from the springs.

4.1.3. Basic Design Features of a Spring Box

Although there are many different designs for spring boxes, they all share common features.
Primarily, a spring box is a watertight collecting box constructed of concrete, clay, or brick with
one permeable side. The idea behind the spring box is to isolate spring water from surface
contaminants such as rainwater or surface runoff. All spring boxes should be designed with a
heavy, removable cover in order to prevent contamination from rainwater while providing access
for disinfection and maintenance.

Spring box design should include an overflow pipe that is screened for mosquito and small
animal control. It is also important to provide some measure of erosion prevention at the
overflow pipe. Approximately 8 meters upslope from the spring box, a diversion ditch should be
constructed capable of diverting surface runoff away from the spring box. An animal fence
should be constructed with a radius of at least 8 meters around the spring box. This protects the
water source from livestock and wildlife contamination, as well as from soil compaction that
could lead to reduced yields. Deep-rooted trees and plants should be avoided as their root
systems could damage protective structures and reduce spring flow.

There are two basic spring box designs that could be modified to meet local conditions and
requirements.

1. A spring box with a single permeable side for hillside collection and
2. A pervious bottom for collecting water flowing from a single opening on level ground.

For instance, if the spring is located at a higher elevation than the distribution area and the
distance is not too great, it may be preferable to design a spring box that is large enough to also
act as a storage structure with sufficient capacity to supply the entire community. This would
eliminate the need to construct additional water storage tanks. If the source has high sediment
loads, it is also possible to design a spring box with a built-in sedimentation tank.

26
One thing to remember in designing a spring box is that the overflow pipe should not be higher
than the natural elevation of the spring. If subjected to back pressure from the stored spring water
in the box, it is possible for a spring to divert its flow elsewhere.

4.2. Spring Water Treatment

Water treatment, also known as water purification, is the process of removing undesirable
chemicals, materials, and biological contaminants from raw water.

The quality of ground water is influenced mainly by the quality of its source. Changes or the
gradation in the quality of source water can have seriously affected the quality of ground water
supply. Municipal and industrial waste seepage in to an aquifer is a major source of both organic
and inorganic pollution.

Ground water is usually clear and therefore depends entirely up on disinfection. Since our source
is ground water we concern only with disinfection.

4.2.1. Disinfection
The process of killing the pathogenic organisms from water and making it to the user is called
disinfection; and the chemicals which are used for killing of the bacteria are known as
disinfectant.

Requirements of disinfectant:-

 Destroy bacteria/pathogens within a practicable period of time, over an expected range of

water temperature.
 Effective at variable compositions, concentration and conditions of water treated.
 Neither toxic to humans and domestic animals nor unpalatable or otherwise objectionable
in required concentration.
 Not change water properties
 Have residual in a sufficient concentration to provide protection against recontamination
 Can be determined easily, quickly, and preferably automatically.
 Dispensable at reasonable cost
 Safe and easy to store, transport, handle and supply

27
 Not form toxic by-products due to their reactions with any naturally occurring materials in
water
 Readily available and Cheap

28
 4.2.2. Methods of Disinfection
The disinfection of water can be done by the following common methods:-

a. By boiling the water: - The water can be disinfected by boiling for 15 to 20 minutes. All
the pathogenic bacteria’s can be killed by this method.
b. By using ozone: - Ozone is very efficient disinfectant. It is used in gaseous form.
c. By using excess lime:-Lime is usually used for reducing hardness of water. The addition of
excess lime increases the PH value of the water which may be harmful to human health.
d. By using ultra-violet rays: - Ultra-violet rays are invisible light rays having wave lengths
1000 to 4000mμ. These rays are very effective disinfectant and kill all the disease
producing.
e. By potassium Permanganate: -KMnO4 is the most common disinfectant and used in the
villages for disinfection of dug-well water, pond water or private source of water.
f. By using chlorine: - when chlorine is added to water it produces nascent oxygen which kills
the bacteria. This method is cheap and most reliable.

Disinfection by Chlorine

When chlorine is added to water, it produces nascent oxygen which kills the bacteria .The
method is cheap and most reliable. The chlorine demand for a sample of water depends on:

 Nature and concentration of chlorine consuming substances present in water

 Time of contact
 PH value of water
 Temperature of water and
 Variable conditions in process of chlorination

29
CHAPTER FIVE

5. SERVICE RESERVOIR

Distribution reservoir is also called service reservoir, which are mainly provided for storing the
treated water, for supplying water to the town or city. These reservoirs are provided for meeting
the water demand during breakout of fires, breakdown of pumps, repair etc. The reservoirs avoid
the hourly fluctuations in the water demand.

Water storage requirement should take in to consideration the peak daily water uses and
maximum hourly demand, the capacity of the normal and stand by pumping equipment, the
availability and capacity of auxiliary power, the probable duration of power failure and
promptness with which repairs can be made, and to furnish water for such emergencies as
firefighting or accidental breakdowns. Additional considerations are land use, topography,
pressure needs, distribution system capacity and demand.

5.1. Function of Service Reservoir

 To balance the hourly variation in water demand and to allow the treatment unit and pumps
to work at average constant rate. This will reduce the running, maintenance and operation
costs of the treatment units as well as improve their efficiency
 To maintain constant pressure in the distribution mains, because when the pressure in the
pipeline decreases due to increase in demand at peak hours, the extra demand of water is fed
by these reservoirs and the pumps continue their work at constant speed
 It reduces the necessary capacity of high rate pumping equipment
 It reduces the size of the transmission mains.
 It makes uniform pumping rate possible
 It reduces friction head losses.
 It provides uniform water pressure.

30
 5.2. Accessories of Service Reservoir

The service reservoir has to be provided with the following accessories:

Storage tank: -is the most important component. The site and shape of which depend on
the design requirements.
Inlet pipe: - pumped water under pressure is lifted through inlet pipe and this is kept above
the highest water level stored in the tank. This is also known as rising main.
Man holes: -for providing entry to the inside of reservoir for inspection and cleaning.
Manholes are constructed on the roof slabs of the reservoir.
Out let Pipe: -out let pipe is fitted at the lowest water level of the reservoir and used for
supplying water to the community. This is operated with help of out- let control valve.
Wash out pipe (Drain off pipe):- for removing water after cleaning of the reservoir. This
is fitted at the lowest possible water level in the reservoir.
Float Gauge: -This is a float arrangement fitted with a graduated scale, which indicates the
water level in the tank at any time.
Over flow pipe; - For some reason or other if the water raises above the full designed level
of the tank it goes out of the tank through the over flow pipe.
Ladders;-normally steel ladders are provided in the overhead reservoirs. They give
facilities of climbing the top of the reservoir from ground level and also to get down inside
the reservoir from reservoir roof.
Ventilators: - This will allow fresh air to enter the reservoir which helps keeping the stored
water under better condition.

5.3. Depth of Reservoir

There is an economical depth of service reservoir for any given site. For a given quantity of
water either a shallow reservoir having long walls and a large floor area may be constructed or,
alternatively. A deep reservoir may be constructed with high retaining walls and a smaller floor
area. Factors influencing depth for a given storage are:

Depth at which suitable foundation conditions are encountered

Depth at which the out let main must be laid
Slope of ground, nature and type of back fill

31
 The shape and size of land available

5.4. Determination of Storage Capacity

Storage capacity of reservoir should be adequate for the demand for the period of two hours in
small communities and 10 to 12 hours in the case of large communities. Demand of water always
keeps on varying hour, but treated water continuous to come out of treatment plant of a constant
rate. Balancing reserve is that quantity of water required storing for balancing the variable
demand in the distribution system.

Reservoir capacity is determined on the following basis:

Computation of storage capacity of a reservoir can be obtained from one of the following
methods.

a. Analytical method
b. Mass curve technique

The analysis of storage capacity can be calculated as follows.

a. Analytical Method
i. Phase I (2015-2025)

Maximum Water Demand at the end of design period is used to determine the capacity of
reservoir.

Total Demand of town=854.12m 3 /day

L l
Total Demand of town∈ =854120
day day
3 3
854.12 m /day m
Hourly Demand of the town= =35.6
24 hour hour

Pumping Hours=20 hour

Hourly Demand of thetown

Hourly Supply=
Pumping Hours

m3
854.12
hour 3
Hourly Supply = =42.706 m /hour
20 hour

32
 Tim PH(hr./ MDD PR Demand
e PHF d) MDD(m3/d) (l/hr.) (l/hr.) (l/hr.) Surplus(l) Deficit(l) Cumulative(l)
1 0.3 20 854.12 35640 0 10692 -10692 -10692
2 0.3 20 854.12 35640 0 10692 -10692 -21384
3 0.3 20 854.12 35640 42706 10692 32014 10630
4 0.3 20 854.12 35640 42706 10692 32014 42644
5 0.7 20 854.12 35640 42706 24948 17758 60402
6 1.1 20 854.12 35640 42706 39204 3502 63904
7 1.9 20 854.12 35640 42706 67716 -25010 38894
8 1.7 20 854.12 35640 42706 60588 -17882 21012
9 1.5 20 854.12 35640 42706 53460 -10754 10258
10 1.5 20 854.12 35640 42706 53460 -10754 -496
11 1.4 20 854.12 35640 42706 49896 -7190 -7686
12 1.4 20 854.12 35640 42706 49896 -7190 -14876
13 1.4 20 854.12 35640 0 49896 -49896 -64772
14 1.3 20 854.12 35640 0 46332 -46332 -111104
15 1.2 20 854.12 35640 42706 42768 -62 -111166
16 1.5 20 854.12 35640 42706 53460 -10754 -121920
17 1.6 20 854.12 35640 42706 57024 -14318 -136238
18 1.5 20 854.12 35640 42706 53460 -10754 -146992
19 1.3 20 854.12 35640 42706 46332 -3626 -150618
20 1 20 854.12 35640 42706 35640 7066 -143552
21 0.7 20 854.12 35640 42706 24948 17758 -125794
22 0.5 20 854.12 35640 42706 17820 24886 -100908
23 0.4 20 854.12 35640 42706 14256 28450 -72458
24 0.3 20 854.12 35640 42706 10692 32014 -40444
Table 5.1: - Reservoir capacity computation using analytical method for phase I
The reservoir capacity for phase I from the above table will be: -

Maximum Valueof Surplus=32014

Maximum Valueof Deficit =−49896

Capacity of Reservoir=32014−(−49896 )=81910 l=81.91m3

For firefighting we assumed 10% of reservoir capacity and 5% for miscellaneous losses.
3 3
Firefighting=0.1∗81.91 m =8.19 m

33
 3 3
Miscellaneous Losse=0.05∗81.91 m =4.05 m
3 3 3 3
Total Storage Capacity=81.91m +8.191 m + 4.05 m =94.151 m

For safety provide a reservoir with a capacity of = 100m3

34
ii. Phase II (2025-2035)
3
Total Demand of town=1276.9 m /day

L l
Total Demand of town∈ =1276900
day day

1276.9 m3 / day m3
Hourly Demand of the town= =53.2
24 hour hour

Pumping Hours=20 hour

Hourly Demand of the town

Hourly Supply (Pumping Rate)=
Pumping Hours
3
m
1276.9
day 3
Hourly Supply( PR)= =63.85 m /hour
20 hour

Sample Calculation

 Demand; Demand (l /hr )=Peak Hour Factor ( PHF )∗MDD ( l/hr )

@t=1 , PHF=0.3 , MDD=53204 l/hr
Demand=0.3∗53204 l/hr =15961.2l/hr
@t=7 , PHF=1.9 , MDD=53204 l/hr
Demand=1.9∗53204 l/hr=101087.6 l/hr
 Surplus and Deficit; by subtracting the demand from the pumping rate, surplus (if +) and
deficit (if -) result will be calculated.
Pumping Rate−Demand =±Value
@t=2 , PR ( 0 )−Demand ( 15961.2 )
¿−15961.2l/hr which is Deficit
l l
@t=3 ,63850 −15961.2
hr hr
l
¿ 47888.8 , which is Surplus
hr

35
 Table 5.2:- Reservoir capacity computation using analytical method for phase II
Tim PH MDD Pumping Demand
e PHF (hr./d) (m3/d) MDD (l/hr.) Rate (l/hr.) (l/hr.) Surplus(l) Deficit(l) Cumulative(l)
1 0.3 20 1276.9 53204 0 15961.2 -15961.2 -15961.2
2 0.3 20 1276.9 53204 0 15961.2 -15961.2 -31922.4
3 0.3 20 1276.9 53204 63850 15961.2 47888.8 15966.4
4 0.3 20 1276.9 53204 63850 15961.2 47888.8 63855.2
5 0.7 20 1276.9 53204 63850 37242.8 26607.2 90462.4
6 1.1 20 1276.9 53204 63850 58524.4 5325.6 95788
7 1.9 20 1276.9 53204 63850 101087.6 -37237.6 58550.4
8 1.7 20 1276.9 53204 63850 90446.8 -26596.8 31953.6
9 1.5 20 1276.9 53204 63850 79806 -15956 15997.6
10 1.5 20 1276.9 53204 63850 79806 -15956 41.6
11 1.4 20 1276.9 53204 63850 74485.6 -10635.6 -10594
12 1.4 20 1276.9 53204 63850 74485.6 -10635.6 -21229.6
13 1.4 20 1276.9 53204 0 74485.6 -74485.6 -95715.2
14 1.3 20 1276.9 53204 0 69165.2 -69165.2 -164880
15 1.2 20 1276.9 53204 63850 63844.8 5.2 -164880
16 1.5 20 1276.9 53204 63850 79806 -15956 -180836
17 1.6 20 1276.9 53204 63850 85126.4 -21276.4 -202113
18 1.5 20 1276.9 53204 63850 79806 -15956 -218069
19 1.3 20 1276.9 53204 63850 69165.2 -5315.2 -223384
20 1 20 1276.9 53204 63850 53204 10646 -212738
21 0.7 20 1276.9 53204 63850 37242.8 26607.2 -186131
22 0.5 20 1276.9 53204 63850 26602 37248 148883
23 0.4 20 1276.9 53204 63850 21281.6 42568.4 -106314
24 0.3 20 1276.9 53204 63850 15961.2 47888.8 -58425.6
Maximum Valueof Surplus=47888.8

Maximum Valueof Deficit =−74485.6

3
Capacity of Reservoir=47888.8−(−74485.6 )=122374.4 l=122.37 m

For firefighting we assumed 10% of reservoir capacity and 5% for miscellaneous losses.
3 3
Firefighting=0.1∗122.37 m =12.237 m

Miscellaneous Losse=0.05∗122.37 m3=6.1185 m3

3 3 3 3
Total Storage Capacity=122.37 m +12.237 m + 6.1185 m =140.725 m

For safety provide a reservoir with a capacity of =250m3

36
Total Storage Requirements

According to Urban Water Supply Design Criteria, it is recommended that the minimum total
reservoir storage capacity be in the range of 30% to 50%of the average daily demand in order to
provide for security of supplies above the need for balancing purposes. Taking 40% of ADD:

∴ Min. Total Reservoir Storage Capacity=0.4∗ADD=0.4∗1021.5 m3 /d

3
¿ 408.6 m /d

When determining the level of storage, within the above range, the following criteria will be
considered:

 Reliability of pumping arrangements at the source works,

 Reliability of electricity supplies if 100% standby generation capacity is not provided,
 Socio-economic status of the town (or an indicator of the level of qualified staff available
for system operation),
 Accessibility of the woreda & zonal water office for maintenance work outside the
scope/capacity of the town water office.

5.5. Structural Design of Reservoir

The structural design of reservoirs must meet the standards set by the National Structural Code
of the Ethiopia. The followings Criteria should fulfill for reservoir designing:
 The reservoirs must be strong enough to withstand all loads,
 The reservoir should be covered to avoid pollution and growth of algae.
 Reservoirs should be provided with inlet, outlet, drainpipe, overflow pipe, water level
indicator, manhole Ladder, ventilation pipe, lightening conductor.
For structural design of service reservoir, the following points are basic requirement based on the
elastic design method.
 Concrete grade, c-30Mpa, ( f ck=30Mpa)
 Factor of safety for concrete, y c =1.15

 f cd = ( ) ( )
2 f ck
3 yc
=
2 30
3 1.15
=17.48 N /mm2

 Deformed steel bar, S-300 Mpa

 Factor of safety for steel y s , = 1.5

37
  f yd = ( )
f yk
ys
=
300
1.5
=260.87 N /m m2

 Allowable stresses used for design are f s allow =100 N /mm2 f c allow =11 N /mm 2
f ct allow =( 1.44 N /m m 2−for direct tension ) =( 2.02 N /mm2−for bending )
 Minimum cement content = 300Kg/m3 and W/C= 0.55
 Unit weight of concrete =24KN/m3 and Unit weight of water =9.81KN/m3
 The maximum crack width is limited to 0.2mm
 The minimum concrete cover should not less than 40mm
 Assume service live load=1KN/m2 in addition to its own weight
 The minimum steel area in each of the two directions at the right angles are 0.3% of the
concrete area (0.15% near each faces) for deformed bars

5.5.1. Design of 250m3 of Circular Reservoir

Let us assume the height (depth) of water (h) in the reservoir is 4.166m, and then the diameter
V 250 m3 2
(D) of the reservoir is: A= = =60 m
h 4.166 m

D=
√ √
4A
π
=
4∗60
3.14
=8.74 m ≈ Take 8 m

The height of water for the diameter of 6m reservoir having a capacity of 250m3 is:

4V 4∗250
h= = =4.97 m
π D 3.14∗82
2

Therefore, a water height of 4.97m and a diameter of 8m is used for a reservoir capacity of
250m3. Assume 0.4m free board, which is used to damper the oscillation movement of water
during supply of water to the reservoir. Total Height of reservoir = 4.97m+0.40m=5.37m

Assume Top thickness of wall 240mm and bottom thickness of wall 200mm:

240+200
The average thickness of the wall; t avg= =220 mm
2

38
 A. Design of Reservoir Wall
For determining internal forces of the tank wall of fixed base and free top tank coefficients are
2
H
available in standard tables for a given =5.52
D∗t
Table5. 1: - Coefficients of Vertical Moment and hoop tension
Coefficient at
Depth point
0h 0.1h 0.2h 0.3h 0.4h 0.5h 0.6h 0.7h 0.8h 0.9h 1.0h
Coefficient
For MV (*10-3) - 0.42 1.86 3.56 5.66 7.56 8.5 7.22 1.86 -9.56 -29.4
Coefficient
For -TH (*10-1) 0.9 1.79 2.6 3.43 3.84 4.02 3.77 3.05 1.88 0.646
Considering alternative exposure of wetting and drying the allowable stress based on BS: 5337
(Elastic Design Method)
i.Detail Reinforcement
Horizontal Reinforcement For the top half of the wall (0.0h-0.5h)
From the above table the maximum coefficient for hoop is equal to 0.402
Hence, hoop tension, Th can be calculated as,
T hmax=Max Coeff ∗ϒ w∗h∗r
Where, r = D/2, by consider water pressure at h=4.97m and D =8m
T hmax=0.402∗9.81∗4.97∗4=78.4 KN per meter depth of wall
Therefore, area of hoop tension steel required assuming concrete section is cracked
Th 78.4∗1000 2
A s= = =784 mm
f s , allow 100
2
A s=784 mm > A s min=0.3 % of theconcrete area .
0.3∗1000∗220 2
A s min= =660 mm … ok ! Therefore Take As = 784mm2
100
Spacing of Φ16 ring bars required:
b∗as 1000∗200.96
S= = =113.24< Smin=twall =220mm
As 1774
Provided: Φ16 ring bars at 110mm c/c in one layer placed on water face of for lower half Wall.
Check trial thickness of wall for no crack in concrete;
For hoop reinforcement applied on upper half of the wall, hoop tension developed at depth of
(0.5h=2.25m) from top may be used as given below.

39
T H =Maximum Coeff ∗rw∗h∗r=0.384∗9.81∗4.97∗8=149.8 KN /m
Therefore, Area of reinforcement required the hoop for unit strip of wall
TH 149.8∗10 3 2
As= = =1498mm > Asmin=825 … ok !
fsallow 100
Spacing of ring bars using φ 16
b∗as
S= < 240 mm∧t=220
AS
1000∗200.96
s= =118.56 ≤ S max=¿ 220mm... Ok!
305
Therefore, provide Φ16 ring bars @ 120mm c/c in one layer placed on water face for upper half
of wall.
B) Vertical reinforcement
The maximum positive and the maximum negative moment is calculated as follows
3
Mmax=max . Coeff∗H ∗rw
(+ve) max.coeff=0.0085 @0.6h and (-ve) max coeff= -0.0294 @1H
Therefore, (+ve) moment = 0.0085*2.53*9.81=1.31KN-m per meter width
(-ve) moment = -0.0294*2.53*9.81 = -4.51KN-m per meter width
Take absolute value of the result, the maximum moment is therefore M max =|−4.51| =4.51KN-
m per meter width
Check thickness of wall for flexure, fs allow=130N/mm2 and fc allow=11N/mm2
n 15
Design constant of balanced section
Kb=
n+r
=
15+
130
11
=0.559
ji= 1−
3(
kb
)
=0.8135

allow
Rb=fc , ∗kb∗jb=¿2.50/mm2
2
Then the effective depth of section (dreq) is given by

√ √
3
dreq= Mmax = 26.28∗10 =102.52
Rb∗b 2.5∗1000
Thickness of wall taking Φ16 bars and 40mm cover
∅ 16
t req =d req + cover+ =102.52+ 40+ =150.52<t avg=220 mm … ok!
2 2
16
Therefore, the thickness of wall is adequate for flexure. t req =t avg−40− =227 mm
2

40
Use tavg = 220mm and treq = 227mm
Vertical reinforcement to be placed on water face is obtained for maximum negative moment.
6
26.28∗3 2
The area of reinforcement (−ve ) As= =898.7 mm
130∗0.8135∗227

(-ve) AS =898.7mm2 >AS min = 825mm2 …ok

b∗as 1000∗200.96
Spacing: Φ16 vertical bars required on water face. S= = =183.57mm≤S
As 1094.7
min =tavg=275mm
Provide: Φ16 vertical bars @180mm c/c placed on inner face of wall.
Check the thickness for no crack,
Taking a unit width of tank and 240mm bottom thickness the centroid of the section is

x=
∑ Ai∗ y = ∑ 1000∗240∗100+15∗825∗227 =101 mm
i

∑ Ai ∑ 1000∗240+15∗825
b∗x b∗( D−x )
3
2
Moments of area of equivalent concrete sections A I ce = + +n∗A s∗(d−x )
3 3
3
1000∗105 1000∗(275−105) 2
¿ + +15∗825∗( 227−101 ) =5689.2∗10 6 mm 4
3 3

Then, check tensile stress in concrete

M max∗( D−x ) 26.28∗106∗(275−105) 0.7836 N 2

f ct = = = ≤ f ct , allow =2.02 N /mm
I ce 5701.2∗10
6
mm
2

Therefore, the thickness is adequate for no crack Spacing of Φ16 bars

b∗as 1000∗200.96
S= = =220.58mm < S max= 240mm = tavg = 220mm…ok!
As 1094.7
Provide: Φ14 bars at 240mm c/c in the outer face

B. Design of Roof Slab

Cover slab of service tank (reservoir) is treated as roof slab, which is simply supported by the
circular wall. Consider cover slab as freely supported at edges and load uniformly Using strength
0.67∗f cu 0.67∗30
limit design state. For C-30MPa, f cd = = =13.4 MPa
❑ 1.5
Where =1.5& fcu=30MPa, fy=300MPa

41
 f y 300
For S-300MPa, f yd = = =260.87 MPa Where γm – partial safety factor for materials
❑m 1.15
Fcu – characteristic concrete cube strength
fy - characteristic strength of reinforcement or yield strength of steel
For S =300Mpa, maximum design constant for single reinforcement according to ACI code
recommendation,
w max =0.437 , µmax =0.34 ,ῤmax 0.75ῤb, The top thickness of slab as 250mm and assume load
on slab per m2. Dead load (own weight) =t∗ϒ c =0.25*25=6.25KN/m2
Live load (LL) =0.5 KN/m2 (based on EBCS; 1995). Therefore, the design load on the slab
Wd = 1.3DL+1.6LL=1.3*6.25+1.6*0.5= 8.925KN/m2
Design load on the base slab
2
3∗Wd∗x
1. Design moment at the center of slab: M r= M Ѳ ,
16
3∗8.925∗8.252
Where, x=r +t=8+0.25=8.25 m= 110.47 KNm
16
¿ Wd∗x 2
2. At the edge of the slab: M r=0 ,=M Ѳ =75.9 KNm
8
0.0028 0.0028
w b= = =0.0209
Check thickness for flexure fyd 260.87 , Es=2000
0.0035 0.0035+
Es 2000
Balanced mechanical reinforcement ratio: ω max=0.75∗ωb=0.0157
Then effective depth of section (dreq) is given by:

√ M max
√
6
110.47∗10
d req = = =155.7 mm, Using Φ16 bars and cover of 40 mm
fcd∗μmax∗b 13.4∗0.34∗1000
∅
T req =d req + cover + =203.7 mm≤ tassu=275mm and d=tassu-40-8=227mm
2
Reinforcement
a) At the center of slab
Mθ 110.47∗10
6
μ= 2
= 2
=0.16 , Thenω=1− √1−2 μ=0.18
f cd∗b∗d 13.4∗1000∗227
ω∗f cd 0.18∗13.4∗1000∗227 2 2
A s= ∗b∗d = =2098.84 mm ≥ A s=378.33 mm …ok!
f yd 260.87

b∗a s 1000∗200.96
Spacing using Φ16 bars, s= = =95.75<S max =300 mm…ok!
As 2098.84

42
Therefore, provide Φ16 bars at 100 mm c/c in the form of mesh at the center of slab b)

Mθ
At the edge of the slab, μ= =0.11, then, ω=1−√ 1−2 μ=0.12
13.4∗1000∗2272

μ∗f cd 0.12∗13.4∗1000∗227 2 2
A sθ= ∗b∗d= =1399.23 mm ≥ A smin 378.33mm …ok!
f yd 260.87

a s∗b 200.96∗1000
Therefore, Spacing of bars using Φ16 bars, S= = =143.62mm< S max =300 mm .
A Sθ 1399.23
therefore, provide Φ16 bars at 140mm c/c in the form of ring at the edge of slab just above mesh
reinforcement.

Check thickness for shear: V max =0.5∗Wd∗x 2=0.5∗8.925∗8.252=303.73 KN

Shear capacity of the slab:- Vc=0.4∗f ctd∗( 1+ 50 ρ )∗b∗d ……….. EBCS-2

0.35∗√ f ctk 0.35∗√ 30
Where, f ctd= = =1.278 N/mm2
1.5 1.5
A sθ 1399.23 ρ
ρ= = =0.0062 , Then =0.0031
b∗d 1000∗227 2
Vc=0.4∗1.278∗( 1+ 50∗0.0031 )∗1000∗227=134.029 KN
Minimum tension reinforcement As = x t x b where = 0.0013 for high yield steel fctd
AS = 0.0013 x 150 x 1000 = 195mm2 (wall to support each on one face, water on the other)
ρmin∗t∗b 0.35∗150∗1000 2
minimum horizontal steel= = =262.51 mm externan force
2 2∗100
Provide ∅ 10mm bars and R=0.5,  =0.000012/oC
T1+T2 = 35oC and max = 0.2mm, max = Smax x R x T x 
f ct∗∅ f ct∗∅∗R∗α∗T 1∗100
Smin = , ρ %= =0.56 %
f b∗2∗ω f b∗2∗ω
ρ %∗t∗b 0.56∗150∗1000 2
As= = =415 mm
2 2∗100
as∗b 78.5∗1000
spacing(S )= = =194 mm
As 415
Provide ∅ 10mm bar @190mm c/c placed at the top of the slab

43
44
CHAPTER SIX

6. COLLECTION CHAMBER AND PUMPS

6.1. Collection Chamber (CC)

If the intake could not be constructed at the safe place, collection chamber is provided at the safe
place with provision of minimum of 5 meter static head. The purpose of collection chamber (CC)
are also to collect from more than one water sources settle course materials and remove floating
material like leaves as well. Water from spring should be pumped and stored in temporary
reservoir. Assuming for submersible pumping is working 20hour per day, hence the reservoir is
needed to compensate the ideas hours of pump from spring having design yield of 22l/s.

The collection works mainly consists of pumping works which are essential to convey water.
The collection works are done to collect the raw water from the sources. The collection system
mainly depends on:

 The topographical and hydrological features of the area.

 The location.
 The area to be served.

6.1.1. Determination of Collection Chamber Capacity

The total yield of spring for both phase is 22l/s. According to Urban water supply design criteria
of 2006, water is assumed to be detained for some time in the collection chamber and the
detention time in the collection chamber affects directly the size of reservoir i.e. the larger the
detention time the larger the reservoir has. Thus, it is considered that the water will be detained
for 10-30 minute.

Taking discharge of 22l/s and detention time of 20minute,

Capacity of Collection Chamber =Spring yeield∗Detention time

22 l/s∗(20 min∗60 s /1 min)

V Cc= =26.4 m3
1000 l

Provide 30m3 collection chamber to ensure good detention time and capacity during pump failure
or any other fall.

45
 6.2. Pumps

The primary function of a pump is to add hydraulic energy to certain values of fluid. This is
accomplished which the mechanical energy imparted to the pump from a power source is
transferred to the fluid, there by becoming hydraulic energy. Thus, a pump serves to transfer
energy from a power source to a fluid, thereby creating flow or simply creating greater pressures
on the fluid.

It is important to understand the different types of pumps, their applications, design differences
and the procedures used to operate and maintain them. Pumps are installed in water wells to lift
the water to the ground surface and deliver it to the point of use.

6.2.1. Purpose of Pump

Pumps are used in water works for the following reasons

 To lift raw water from a surface source of supply

 To lift raw water from wells (underground source of supply)
 To deliver treated water to consumer’s taper at desired pressure
 To fill elevated storage tanks (distribution reservoirs)
 To supply fire – pressure for fire hydrants
 To back wash filters
 To pump chemical solutions

6.2.2. Selection of a Pump

For proper selection of pump, it is necessary, to have certain essential data on the pump
installation. The information should include:-

 Number of pump units required

 Nature of liquid to be pumped
 Capacity of pump
 Suction conditions
 Discharge conditions
 Total head and Position of pump (i.e. horizontal or vertical)

46
 6.2.3. Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal pumps are the most important types of variable displacement pump because of their
wide use. It is capable of delivering large quantities of water, against high as well as low head
condition, with good efficiency, combining those features with its other attributes such as
simplicity, completeness, and adaptability to different methods of driving initiated us to select
this type of pump. The two most commonly used types of centrifugal pumps are: - Vertical
spindle pump and Submersible pump.

A. Vertical spindle pump: It is frequently used for pumping water form a well. The driving
motor is at the surface and the pump is immersed in water and it must, therefore, driven by a
vertical spindle. This spindle rotates with in tube or sleeve which is held centrally in the
raising main by spindle bearing the pumped water is delivered to surface via the annular
space between the sleeve and the raising main.
B. Submersible pump: It is the modification on the deep well pump as the name indicates in
this electric motor and pump both are submersed in the water. By submersing electric motor
large economy can be made by avoiding long shaft, large number of bearing and large size
rising main etc.

6.2.4. Determination of Pipe Size

Size of the pipe is determined by considering the discharge through the pipe and permissible
velocity of the flow in the pipe.

Diameter of suction pipe

Velocity in suction pipe, permissible velocity of 0.6–1.5 m/s assume v = 1.5 m/s. Q design =
14.8l/sec for single tube well.
2
πD
Q= AV , A=
4

√ √
−3
4Q 4∗14.8∗10
→ D= = =0.11 m=112 mm
πV 1.5 π

take pipe ¿ D=120 mm

Check velocity

47
 2
0.048 m3 π D ∗V
Q= AV → =
sec 4

14.8∗10−3
V= 2
=1.3 m/s
(0.12 )π
4

Economical Rising Mains Diameter

For pumping a particular fixed discharge of water, it can be pumped through bigger diameter
pipe at low velocity or through lesser diameter pipe at very high velocity. But, if the diameter of
the pipe is increased, it will lead to the higher cost of the pie line. On the other hand if the
diameter of the pipe is reduced, the increased velocity will lead to higher frictional head loss and
will require more horse power for the required pumping, thereby increasing the cost of pumping.

For obtaining the optimum conditions , it is at most necessary to design the diameter of the
pumping main, which will be overall most economical in initial cost as well as maintenance cost
for pumping the required quantity of water . The following formula given by Lea is commonly
used in determining the diameter of the pumping mains.

D=0.97 ¿1.22 √ Q

Where D = Economical diameter of pipe in meters

Q = safe discharges of water to be pumped in m3/s

This formula gives optimum velocity of water flow between 0.8 t0 1.35m/s.

Calculation of Economical Diameter

Based on the above economical size of pipe, from spring to collection chamber is calculated as
follows:-

Taking larger coefficient 1.22 for safety

D=1.22 √ Q=1.22 √ 14.8∗10 =0.148 m→ Take D=150 mm

−3

−3
14.8∗10
→V= 2
=0.837 m/s
Check for velocity: - V=Q/A (0.15 )π
4

Therefore, the velocity is OK since it is within the allowable limit i.e. 0.8 to 1.35m/s.

48
 6.2.5. Determination of Total Dynamic Head (TDH)
From Spring to Collection Chamber

The total head against which the pump must operate including the total static head and total head
losses. Total Dynamic Head (TDH) = Hst + Hls + Hld

Where Hst = total static head (i.e. elevation difference between the pumping source & reservoir)
Hls = head loss in suction pipe

Hld = head loss in raising main (i.e. friction, bend, valve & velocity head).

Head loss from spring to collection chamber

Total Head loss due to friction according to Darcy- Weisbach head loss equation

flv 2
Hf = where H f =head loss due ¿ friction
2 gd

f =coeffiecient of friction

l=length of the pipe

v=average velocity of flow∈m/s

d=internaldiameter of pipe ∈m

Assuming f =0.02 ,l=500 m(Distance between spring∧Collection Chamber)

flv 2 0.02∗500∗1.262
Hf = = =10.11m
2 gd 2∗9.81∗0.08
2 2
V 1.26
Head loss due ¿ velocity∈pipe=Hv= = =0.0809 m
2 g 2∗9.81
2 2
k v 0.5∗1.26
Head loss due ¿ valve∧bends of pipes= = =0.0404 m , where , k=0.5 for circular pipe
2g 2∗9.81

1
Head loss due ¿ entry ( he ) = ( Hv )=0.0404 m
2

Total Head loss ( THL ) =10.11m+0.0809 m+0.0404 m+0.0404 m

THL=10.272m

Hst =Static Head=5 m

49
Assume Head loss in suction pipe = the depth of pump submerged + the depth from water level
to the top of spring = 5m + 10m = 15m

Total head for source ¿ juction=5 m+15 m+10.272 m=30.272m

From Collection Chamber to Service Reservoir

2
πD
Q= AV , A=
4

√ √
−3
4Q 4∗14.8∗10 ∗2
→ D= = =0.148m=148 mm
πV 1.5 π

But pipe ¿ ¿ market 170 mm . So take , D=170 mm

−3
2∗14.8∗10
→V= 2
=1.3 m/s
Check for velocity: - V=Q/A (0.17 ) π
4

Therefore, the velocity is OK since it is within the allowable limit i.e. 0.8 to 1.35m/s.

Assuming f =0.02 ,l=2000 m(Distance between Reservoir∧Collection Chamber )

flv 2 0.02∗2000∗1.32
Hf = = =6.89 m
2 gd 2∗9.81∗0.50
2 2
V 1.3
Head loss due ¿ velocity ∈pipe=Hv= = =0.086 m
2 g 2∗9.81

k v 2 0.5∗1.32
Head loss due ¿ valve∧bends of pipes= = =0.043 m , where , k =0.5 for circular pipe
2g 2∗9.81

1
Head loss due ¿ entry ( he ) = ( Hv )=0.043 m
2

Total Head loss ( THL ) =6.89 m+ 0.086 m+0.043 m+0.043 m

THL=7.06 m

Hst =Elevation difference between junction∧reservior

¿ 1839.7−1728.9=110.8

Total Dyanamic Head ( TDH )=THL+ Hst =7.06 m+110.8 m

50
 TDH =117.862m

Pump Power Requirement

This will depend on the head against which the pumping is to be done, the energy losses due to
friction, flow through valves, and fittings, rate of pumping etc. If the total head against pumping
is to be done is H (including all losses) the rate of flow is Q and unit weight of water is w, and
the efficiency of pumps and driving motors can be taken as 80 % and 90% respectively. Then
water horse power required:

From spring to Collection Chamber

QwH 0.0148∗1000∗30.272m
WHP 1= = =5.97 HP
75 75

Brake Horse Power will be:-

WHP 5.97
BHP= = =8.29 HP
η 0.9∗0.8

Power Required=8.29∗0.735 KW /HP=6.098 KW

From Collection Chamber to Service Reservoir

QwH 0.0148∗1000∗117.86
WHP 2= = =23.26 HP
75 75

Brake Horse Power will be:-

WHP 23.26
BHP= = =32.3 HP
η 0.9∗0.8

Power Required=22.7∗0.735 KW / HP=23.74 KW

51
CHAPTER SEVEN

7. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

The water distribution system is the part of the water work which receives the water from the
pumping station or the conduit in several different ways, as local conditions or other
considerations may dictate. After the water is treated completely, it becomes necessary to
distribute it to a number of houses, estates, industries, and public places by means of a network
of distribution system.

The distribution system consists of pipes of various sizes, valves, meters, pumps, distribution
reservoirs, hydrants; stand posts etc. The pipelines carry the water to every street and road.
Valves control the flow of water through the pipes. Pumps are provided to pump the water to the
elevated service reservoirs or directly in the water mains to obtain the required pressure in the
pipelines. Meters are provided to measure the quantity of water consumed by individual as well
as by the town.

7.1. Methods of Distribution

For efficient distribution it is required that water should reach to every consumer with required
rate of flow. Depending on the method of distribution there are three types of distribution
system:-

1. Gravity system: - This is the most reliable method of distributing water when there is some
ground level sufficiently above the city. The adequate pressure of distribution is maintained
by gravity force only.
2. Pumping system: - In this system the distribution pressure is maintained by direct pumping
to the mains. This system has an increased maintenance cost for the pumps have to work at
varying rates, their life is also reduced.
3. Dual system: - In this system the pump is connected to the mains as well as to an elevated
reservoir. The water to be supplied is pumped and stored in an elevated distribution reservoir
from which it is supplied to the consumer under gravity. The surplus water is stored in the
storage reservoir and may be supplied during maximum demand and emergency period.
Therefore, this system is efficient and economical because the pumps are operated at constant
speed which increases the efficiency and reduces wear and tear of the pumps.

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Requirement of Good Distribution System

Some of the requirements are: -

 It should convey the treated water up to consumers with the same degree of purity
 The system should be economical and easy to maintain and operate
 The diameter of pipes should be designed to meet demands
 It should safe against any future pollution
 Water should be supplied without interruption even when repairs are undertaken

7.2. Layout of Distribution System

Depending upon their layout direction of supply, they are classified as follows: -

Dead end or three systems: - it is suitable for irregular developed towns or cities. Sub mains are
connected to the main in both the direction along other roads, which meet the roads carrying sub
mains, branches and minor distributors are laid and are connected to sub mains. From these
branches service connections are made to individual houses.

Grid-iron system: - this system is most convenient for towns having rectangular layout of roads.
Actually, this system is an improvement over dead end system. All the dead ends an
interconnected with each other and water circulated freely throughout the system. In this system
mainline is laid along the main road.

Circular or ring system: - this system is adopted only in well planned locality of cities. In this
system each locality is divided into square and the water main are laid around all the four sides
of the square. All the sub-mains and branches age taken off from the boundary mains and are
inter connected. This system is the best of the other system but it requires many valves and more
pipe length. The ring system is most suitable for towns and cities having well planned road.

Radial system: - Actually this is the reverse of ring system and water flows towards outer
periphery from one point. The entire district is divided in to various zones and one reservoir is
placed for each zone which is placed at the center of the zone. The water lines are laid radically
from it.

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 7.3. Analysis of Water Distribution Network

We use the following basic elements for the analysis of the distribution system. These are,

 Elevation of the junctions using contour maps

 Length of pipes from one junction to another junction and from reservoir to the first node
 Reservoir elevation
 Peak hourly demand of the town

Then, having the above elements as input we analyses

 Pressure of the distribution system

 Velocity of the flow
 Flow fluctuation within 24hours, etc.

This analysis was done using the computer analysis method – Water GEMS was used to analysis
the distribution of water in easy way.

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CHAPTER EIGHT

8. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND ASSESSMENT (EIA)

EIA is a process to improve decision –making and to ensure that the project or program option
under consideration is environmentally sound. The EIA is concerned with identifying, predicting
and evaluating the fore seeable environmental effects, alternatives and mitigating measures
aiming at minimizing the adverse effects and maximizing the benefits obtained because of the
project. An EIA, in our case is concerned with impacts of water recourses development projects
on the environment and with the sustainability of the projects themselves.

Clearly, an EIA will not resolve all problems. There will be trade–offs between economic
development and environmental protection as in all development activities. However, without
consideration of basic concepts of EIA, the project will not be effective and economical as well
as informed decision-making would be impossible.

8.1. Positive impact of the project

The significance of the Majete town water supply project is mainly of socio-economic. Some,
which are;

 Assuring an adequate supply of water in quality as well as quantity for the population.
 Time and energy saving in fetching of drinking water
 Improvements of life standard and water supply situation
 Control of fire damage
 The construction of the proposed water supply project will provide employment for a
significant number of local skilled and unskilled workers.

Generally, it supports the town development like establishment of different institutions,

industries, health centers etc.

8.2. Negative Impacts of the project

These impacts are generally categorized in to two terms and these are: -

 Impacts during construction period or short term and

 Long term impact

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 A. Short Term Impacts

It is an impact that occurs during construction period of the project. Some of the short-term
impacts are;

 Interruption of the existing water supply system

 Soil erosion from trench excavation (for pipe line)
 Air pollution during the construction activity
 Traffic movement is affected Spillage of chemical
 The pipes used for transmission and distribution can bring health hazards if they are
supposed to corrode
 Access road change during construction especially in bore whole site.  Sound pollution
during well drilling
B. Long Term Impacts

The impacts that has long lasting effects and may even bring irreversible environmental changes
may include:

 Displacement of individual living near reservoir

 Pollution due to disposal of used oil during operation to natural water source.
 Deforestation for the construction of structures

8.3. Mitigation Measures

For the negative impacts mentioned above, mitigation measures have to be applied before or
during the commencement of the project as much as possible.

 During the excavation of trench for the new pipelines, the existing water supply will be
interrupted. This can be avoided by excavation of the trench part by part
 During digging of trenches the disordered to should be prevented and restored and
adequate precaution should be taken to prevent soil erosion.
 Because dust air that occur during construction, air pollution may be happen and this
impact avoids by spraying water along the construction area.
 This happens when pipe trenches are excavated and minimized this by providing
alternative routes until construction is completed.

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CHAPTER NINE

9. COST ESTIMATION
Unit Price Total Price
Item Description Unit Qty. (Br.) (Br.)
Land acquisition - 100,000
Sub-Total 100,000
A. Source Development
1 Spring Drilling M 1 20000 20000
Installation and development of
33000
Spring m 3 11000
2
Testing and completion 2 22228 44456
3
Supply and installation of 1 213344
213344
pumps with electric motor 22l/s
4
Develop drainage around the 1 410749 410749
Spring Fence
5
Sub-Total 721549
II. Collection and transmission main
Type I trench excavation
6500 22 143000
supplying and spreading
bedding materials, backfilling M
1
Type I trench excavation
6500 22 143000
supplying and spreading
bedding materials, backfilling M
2
Supply DN75 DCI pipe m 6000 130 780000
3
Supply, install and other
26000
accessories
4
Site handling and pipe
16250
laying(excluding excavation)
5
Type I trench excavation
1735 42 72870
supplying and spreading M
bedding materials, backfilling
6

57
 Extra over depth not exceeding
614 69 42366
2.5m m
7
8 Extra over item in soft rock m3
608 85 51680
formation
9 Extra over item in hard rock m3
243 130 31590
formation
10 Supply of DN 75 DCI pipes m 2700 330 891000
Sub-Total 2197756
III. Pumping Station
1 Spring to collection chamber 1 99662.92 99662.92
2 Collection Chamber to 1 826391.2 826391.2
reservoir
3 Supply and installation of 165000
electromechanical and piping
accessories
4 Installation of pump with 1 1027494 1027494
electric motor; Q = 22l/s and
H = 500m
Sub-Total 2448548.12
IV. Storage: construction of reservoir cost including site clearing, excavation for
foundation, concrete works and installation of pipe work.
1 250 m3 1 587711 587711
Sub-Total 587711
V. Distribution system
1 Supplying and Distribution 2294478 2294478
mains and Distribution lines
Sub-Total 2294478
VI. Power Supply
1 High and low tension power m 14000 65.1 911400
line to all pumping station
Sub-Total 911400
VII. Access Road
1 Construction road to all sites km 12 59000 708000
Sub-Total 708000
TOTAL 9,058,042.12

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CHAPTER TEN

10. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

10.1. Conclusion

The projected water demand is fully satisfied by given spring yield. The existing water supply
system for Majete town is more or less functional even if it is executed on a quite low technical
standard and it also contains all the components that exist in a water supply project such as a
good source of water, transmission, service reservoir, distribution network and soon.

The demand of the population is calculated for 20 years from 2015 to 2035. Geometric method
was used for population forecasting and the Population is estimated to be 2,500 using given
growth rates from feasibility study. The selected water source to satisfy this demand is
Groundwater Spring and a service reservoir is designed with the capacity of 250m 3. Thus, water
demand for the design period is assessed considering various water purpose and estimated to be
1276.9m3/d in daily maximum demand.

To avoid duplication of resource and reduce cost of the project, the existing system was analysed
and some components in better condition were considered in the new design. Also discussion
was made on Ground water source is selected. The potential and quality of ground water for
different spring are evaluated and spring is selected and Disinfection is suggested based on water
quality.

The determination of storage capacity is done by one third of maximum daily demand which is
adopted most of time in water supply projects.

The quality of water source is within WHO Gide line treatment. Thus, chlorination is provided to
avoid contamination of water. A number of environmental and social impacts are identified and
the corresponding mitigation measures are suggested.

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 10.2. Recommendation

However, spring are intended to be implemented to satisfy the projected water demand and
additional spring design is not required, because the water supplied from exist the spring is
sufficient completely.

As the town the population is constantly growing, it is advisable that the project should be
designed to satisfy the demand of the population living with in the town at the end of its design
period at 2035.

Ground water source (spring) is preferred as the surface sources are too costly to develop for the
reason that they are far from the demand area. In addition, water from spring needs no treatment
and fences to protect cattle that may enter into spring. Thus, it is convenient for the project.

Service reservoirs are recommended to implement in one phases to satisfy the demand projected
depend on the number of population end years (2035). The total capacity of this reservoir is
250m3 including for firefighting.

Treatment of water is not generally needed except disinfection. It is injected at frequent intervals
inside the reservoir, is recommended; because, the quality of the raw water fulfils the
requirements of potable water by WHO.

Submersible pumps with electric operated engine are recommended to draw the raw water from
the boreholes to service reservoir.

60
REFERENCES

AWRDB. (Nov. 2012). Water Supply Design Guideline. Bahirdar.

Bisewer(MSc), A. B. (2018). Ethiopian Journal of Social Sciences. Retrieved December 28,

2020, from https://journals.bdu.edu.et/index.php/ejss/article/view/60/110

Fry, L. (2004). SPRING IMPROVEMENT. Michigan.

MoWRE. (2015). Urban Water Supply Universal Access Plan (UWSUAP). Addis Ababa: UAP
Ethiopia.

S.acquino, B. (2012). Development of Water Sources. In Rular Water Supply Design Manual
Vol.I (pp. 6.1-6.8). Manila, Philippines: Water Partnership Program.

Vincent W. Uhl, J. A. (2007). Groundwater Development. Catholic Relief Service.

Water Supply Core Process (1994).

WHO. (1997). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Geneva.

Yonas, T. M. (2016). Water Supply Distribution System Design. Arba Minch.

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