OUTLINE

I) Revision Double and Triple Integrals : page 2

II) Introduction to Line Integrals (16.1) : page 3 - 9
- Problems : page 10
III) Vector Fields and Line Integrals (16.2) : page 11 - 12
1) Work : page 12 - 16
- Problems : page 24
2) Circulation : page 16 – 20
- Problems : page 25
3) Flux : page 20 - 23
- Problems : page 26
IV) Path Independence, Conservative Field (16.3) : page 27 - 32
- Problems : page 33
V) Exact Differential Form & Green’s Theorem (16.4) : page 34 – 38
- Problems : page 38
VI) Surface Area (16.5) : page 39 - 42
- Problems : page 43
VII) Surface Integrals (16.6) : page 44
- Problems : page 45
VIII) Stoke’s Theorem (16.7) : page 46 - 51
- Problems : page 52
IX) Divergence Theorem (16.8) : page 53
- Problems : page 54
X) Review and Important tips : page 55 – 57
XI) Important Problems and Sample Exam : page 58 - 65

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 Tarek hajj shehadi
Chapter 16 : Vector Integral Calculus

I) Recall Double and Triple Integrals :

At the end of Math 201 , new concepts were introduced such as double
and triple integrals. A quick recap on what double and triple integrals are
𝒂) Double Integrals :
- Calculates Area of a region on the 𝑥𝑦 – plane.
- Calculates Volume under a surface and above the domain.
- Calculates Mass of a think plate.
- We integrate over a region on the 𝑥𝑦 – plane denoted by 𝑅 :
.

∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴
𝑅

- 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 or 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥.

𝒃) Triple Integrals :
- Calculate Volume under a 4th dimensional surface.
- Calculate Mass of a box.
- We integrate over a surface on the 𝑥𝑦𝑧 – plane denoted by 𝑆 :
.

∭ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉
𝑆

- 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑧 one out of six cases.

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II) Introduction to Line Integrals : (16.1)
In this chapter , we will introduce integrals that will involve vectors (i.e.
involving directions).
- A certain graph in 2D is said to be a function if vertical lines would
cross that graph with one and only one point.
- Some curves unfortunately do not pass the vertical line test and thus
can’t be expressed as a function like 𝑓(𝑥 ) = ⋯ and thus they are
expressed in more than one variable and each variable must be
parametrized in order to obtain a proper representation :
. .

∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑆 𝑜𝑟 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑆

𝐶 𝐶

- Where 𝐶 is the curve in space.

- The integral represents mass of a very thin curved wire.
- Now the curve 𝐶 is represented by a parametric equation and this is in
order to convert the graph into a function from 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) to 𝑓(𝑡) or from
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) to 𝑓(𝑟, 𝑠).
- Another thing to note is that when we want to integrate a curve we
must specify a starting and ending point on 𝐶.

What we will do is
change this curve into a
straight line so that we
would be able to
integrate.

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Once we parametrize, the curved line will look like :

- The red straight line represents the parametric equations that would
linearize the function into a straight line :
𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑡)𝑖 + ℎ(𝑡)𝑗 + 𝑠(𝑡)𝑘
- The above parametrization is only true when 𝑡 is between two points :
𝑎≤𝑡≤𝑏
- when we parametrize from one coordinate system to another , we must
balance this change or in other words we must find a constant number
that would represent how much change is occurring from converting xy
coordinates into a single coordinate system 𝑡 , and we call this constant
number the Jacobian.
. 𝑏

∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑆 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑡), ℎ(𝑡), 𝑠(𝑡)) |𝑉|𝑑𝑡

𝐶 𝑎

- where 𝑑𝑆 = |𝑉|𝑑𝑡. To visualize this, imagine the distance between two

points on a curved line is so small that we can say 𝑑𝑆 = ∆𝑠 = 𝑠2 − 𝑠1
where 𝑠 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) a point located on the curve. When we parametrize ,
the distance 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 will change by a factor such that :
|𝑠2 − 𝑠1 | = |𝑉| |𝑡2 − 𝑡1 |
𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
- you can think of this as : 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑚𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟

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To be more specific the relation becomes :
|𝑠2 − 𝑠1 | = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2
|𝑠2 − 𝑠1 | = √∆𝑥 2 + ∆𝑦 2 + ∆𝑧 2
And the jacobian is thus :
|𝑠2 − 𝑠1 |
|𝑉| =
|𝑡2 − 𝑡1 |

√∆𝑥 2 + ∆𝑦 2 + ∆𝑧 2 ∆𝑥 2 + ∆𝑦 2 + ∆𝑧 2 ∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑦 2 ∆𝑧 2
|𝑉| = =√ = √ + +
√∆𝑡 2 ∆𝑡 2 ∆𝑡 2 ∆𝑡 2 ∆𝑡 2

𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ∆𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑧 = 𝑑𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡

Hence :

𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 2
|𝑉| = √( ) + ( ) + ( )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

But when we want to evaluate a line integral after parametrization , our

𝑑𝑠
coordinate system must be expressed in 𝑑𝑡 so we replace = |𝑉| by :
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑠 = |𝑉|𝑑𝑡 = √( ) + ( ) + ( ) 𝒅𝒕
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
So, the integral that we are going to evaluate is :
𝒃 𝒃
𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟐
∫ 𝒇(𝒓(𝒕))|𝑽|𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒓(𝒕)) [√( ) + ( ) + ( ) 𝒅𝒕]
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒂 𝒂

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 - In general , to find the line integral of a continuous function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
follow these three steps :

𝒊) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒂 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓(𝒕) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 :

𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑡)𝑖 + ℎ(𝑡)𝑗 + 𝑠(𝑡)𝑘 ; 𝑏≤𝑡≤𝑎
𝒊𝒊) 𝑹𝒆𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) 𝒃𝒚 𝒇(𝒓(𝒕)) 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑱𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒃𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍

- Ex I :
Integrate 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 + 𝑧 over the line segment C that will join
the points (0,0,0) and (1,1,1).
- If you want to visualize what my region actually is its nothing but a
segment that connects the origin to a point in 3D space :
- So, when parametrized , we will be finding the
value of the integral of this segment which is
projected in 4D space into the surface 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
- Once parametrized , 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) will be expressed in
terms of 𝑡 only thus we will have to integrate it in
2D (𝑡, 𝑓(𝑟(𝑡)))

𝒊) 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑏𝑒:

I will choose : 𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑡𝑗 + 𝑡𝑘 which is the simplest parametric
equation there is. (You can choose whatever parametric equation you
want and it will always work and the reason is because the jacobian
depends on the parametric equation you choose so if you choose a
different parametric equation , your jacobian might be higher or lower
than mine because the jacobian will work on balancing our integrals and
making them equal)
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𝒊𝒊) 𝐴 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑟(𝑡)) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡 :
𝑥 = 𝑡 ;𝑦 = 𝑡 ;𝑧 = 𝑡
𝑓(𝑟(𝑡)) = 𝑡𝑖 − 3𝑡 2 𝑗 + 𝑡𝑘
- Since the segment is between the origin and the point (1,1,1) , then
imagining this in the 𝑡 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 we would have a segment starting from
𝑡 = 0 and ending at 𝑡 = 1 :
0≤𝑡≤1
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑤𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐽𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑛 and PLEASE NOTE that the
Jacobian depends on 𝑟(𝑡) and NOT 𝑓(𝑟(𝑡)) so do not mix up :

𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 2
|𝑉| = √( ) + ( ) + ( )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
- since 𝑥 = 𝑡 , then =1
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
- since 𝑦 = 𝑡 , then =1
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧
- since 𝑧 = 𝑡 , then =1
𝑑𝑡

|𝑉| = √(1)2 + (1)2 + (1)2 = √3

- Our integral becomes :

. 1

∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑠 = ∫(𝑡 − 3𝑡 2 + 𝑡) √3 𝑑𝑡 = 0

𝐶 0

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- We can geometrically interpret the results, the value 0 is because the
graph of 𝑓 (𝑡) = 2𝑡 − 3𝑡 2 shows a parabola and from 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1 , there
will be 2 sub regions (blue) and (red) that will cancel out each other :
- The 4th dimensional function simply
looks like a parabola when parametrized in
2D.
- Theorem : if you choose different paths
for evaluating a line integral , then you
will obtain a different value, and this will
be explained in 16.3 but we will revisit the
previous exercise.
- Ex II :
Looking at the given graph below , take two paths to evaluate the line
integral of the segment which connects the origin to the point (1,1,1) in :
- The first path will be the segment starting
from (0,0,0) and will end at (1,1,0). :
- As a first step we want to parametrize the
curve with easiest parametrization ever so we
will choose our parametric equation to be :

(𝐶1 ) ∶ 𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑡𝑘 + 𝑘

- Second step is to find 𝑓(𝑟(𝑡)) which gives us : 𝑓(𝑟(𝑡)) = 𝑡 − 3𝑡 2 and

the segment is between 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
- Last step is finding the Jacobian which gives us :

|𝑉| = √12 + 12 + 02 = √2

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-Our first integral will evaluate :
𝟏
−√𝟐
∫(𝒕 − 𝟑𝒕𝟐 )(√𝟐)𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐
𝟎

- Now we will work on the second path that is the segment that starts at
(1,1,0) and ends at the desired point (1,1,1)
- We always start by finding a parametric equation since the second path
only depends on the z pathway then the parametric equation I will
choose will look like this :
(𝐶2 ) ∶ 𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑡𝑘
- 𝑓(𝑟(𝑡)) = 1 − 3 + 𝑡 = 𝑡 − 2 and the jacobian is |𝑉| = √02 + 02 + 12
Then our second integral becomes :
𝟏
𝟑
∫(𝒕 − 𝟐)𝟏𝒅𝒕 = −
𝟐
𝟎

- Therefore, summing the first and second integral gives us :

. . .

∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑠 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

(𝐶1 )∪(𝐶2 ) (𝐶1 ) (𝐶2 )

.
−√𝟐 𝟑
∫ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)𝒅𝒔 = −
𝟐 𝟐
(𝑪𝟏 )∪(𝑪𝟐 )

−√ 2 3
- In the previous example our answer was 0 now we have −
2 2

- Hence , if we choose different paths that will lead us to the same

point , then we will NOT get the same value.
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- Problems :
I) Find the line integral of the function 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 where C is the
straight-line segment having the parametric equation :
𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑖 + (1 − 𝑡)𝑗 + 𝑡𝑘 from (0,1,0) to (1,0,0)
II) Find the line integral of the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 where C is
the curve having the parametric equation :
𝑟(𝑡) = (4 cos(𝑡))𝑖 + (4 sin(𝑡))𝑗 + (3𝑡) ; −2𝜋 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
3
III) Find the line integral of the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = over the
𝑥 2 +𝑦2 +𝑧 2
curve C having the parametric equation :
𝑥=𝑦=𝑧=𝑡 ; 1≤𝑡≤∞
𝑦
IV) Find the line integral of the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = √ over the curve C
𝑥
having the parametric equation :
𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 𝑖 + 𝑡 4 𝑗
V) Consider the following Figure , Integrate function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + √𝑦
Over C given by Fig. A
VI) Return back to the first example we gave about the line integral
joining the segment from origin to point (1,1,1). If we consider the curve
C to be the one given in Fig. B , show that taking these two paths will
give a different result from that in the first example which gave us 0.

Fig. A
Fig. B

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III) Vector Fields and Line Integrals : (16.2)
In this section , we will introduce three new ideas and they are :
- Work.
- Circulation.
- Flux.
These ideas are part of a more general idea and that is Force. Gravitational
Force whether its gravitational or electrical is composed of two Field is a
things : direction and magnitude. So , force is a Vector Field
vector quantity and we are going to study work ,
circulation and flux on curved lines and surfaces.
For every point on a curved line we want to define a
vector having a specific direction and magnitude
and this vector represents something.

- The idea of defining a vector on every point on the

curved line is what we call a Vector Field.

- To simplify things , consider a particle having a very small mass

moving along a curved portion with a certain velocity 𝑣. We want to
study the motion of this particle as it moves along the curved path from
point 𝑎 to point 𝑏.

For each position the point passes through we define a vector and we
can generalize this by defining the vector field which is a function that
takes a point across the curve and gives you back its vector :
𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)𝒊 + 𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)𝒋 + 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)𝒌
The field is both continuous and differentiable.

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- Theorem : The Gradient of every point on a surface S will form a
Vector Field we call it Gradient field and it assigns for every point on
the surface/curve a vector which represents its greatest increase.(Fig A)
- We define the Gradient Vector Field with the
following continuous and differentiable function:
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
∇𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
At each point on the surface given in Fig. A we
obtain the vector which represents the greatest
increase represented by red arrows. Fig. A

- Ex I :
Suppose the temperature around Beirut is given by :
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 100 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2
Establish a function which gives the highest temperature around a
certain area in Beirut
- The question is clearly asking for the gradient field we will denote it by
∇𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∶
∇𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ∇𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = −2𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦𝑗 − 2𝑧𝑘

1) Line Integrals of Vector Fields : Work

We define work done by a moving particle to be the product of the force
and the distance it covers. Assume that the vector field has a force given
by :

𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑖 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑗

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 - Now the particle is moving along a curved
path from position 𝑎 to 𝑏 having a velocity 𝑣 for
every point on the curve we get a vector
representing the direction of the force of this
particle.
- Moreover, the distance and direction of this
particle can be found by finding the tangent line
to that curve at the moving particle
- We do that by dividing our curve C into sub-
arcs which represents a very small distance
between two points. (so that 𝑑𝑠 = ∆𝑠). So, we
Fig. B will say that ∆𝑠 is the super small distance
covered by the particle
- We still have to find the direction. Infact, direction as said is the
tangent to the curve at the location of the particle, but we must be careful
and convert the tangent vector T to unit vector so that it will not affect
the magnitude of the force
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = (𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒)(𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) Fig. C

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑇∆𝑠
-Note : 𝐹 is the force along the point
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) whereas dot product between the
force and the tangent unit vector gives us the
force of the particle however, along the
direction its heading to (represented in
Fig. B)
- But we have founded the work only across a very small sub-arc so to
find the total work we need to add the work on all sub-arcs and so we
have :

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 𝑛 𝑛

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = ∑ 𝑊𝑘 = ∑ 𝐹(𝑥𝑘 , 𝑦𝑘 , 𝑧𝑘 )𝑇(𝑥𝑘 , 𝑦𝑘 , 𝑧𝑘 )∆𝑠𝑘

𝑘=1 𝑘=1

lim 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑠𝑘 → 0 would mean :

𝑛→∞
𝒒

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = ∫ 𝑭. 𝑻. 𝒅𝒔
𝑪

- In order to find the total work, we need to define what T and ds are :
- In 16.1 we said that in order to integrate a function over a curve we
must parametrize this curve by developing a parametric equation and so
we rewrite the parametric equation as :
𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑡)𝑖 + ℎ(𝑡)𝑗 + 𝑠(𝑡)𝑘 𝑏≤𝑡≤𝑎
- 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) becomes 𝐹(𝑟(𝑡)) as for 𝑇 we stated that it’s the derivative of
𝑟 ′ (𝑡)
the curve then when parametrized , T is now because the tangent
||𝑟 ′ (𝑡)||
vector must be unit vector.
- in 16.1 we proved that during parametrization :
𝑑𝑠 = |𝑉|𝑑𝑡 = ||𝑟 ′ (𝑡)||𝑑𝑡
So, combining what we have :
𝑏
𝑟 ′ (𝑡)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑟(𝑡)) ∙ ( ′ ) (||𝑟 ′ (𝑡)||)𝑑𝑡
||𝑟 (𝑡)||
𝑎
𝒃

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = ∫ 𝑭(𝒓(𝒕)) ∙ 𝒓′ (𝒕) 𝒅𝒕

𝒂

- Because 𝐹(𝑟(𝑡)) and 𝑟 ′ (𝑡) are vectors , then we have an integral of a

dot product.

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 - In general , to find the work of a continuous and differentiable function
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) follow these three steps :

𝒊) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒂 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓(𝒕) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 :

𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑡)𝑖 + ℎ(𝑡)𝑗 + 𝑠(𝑡)𝑘 ; 𝑏≤𝑡≤𝑎
𝒊𝒊) 𝑹𝒆𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) 𝒃𝒚 𝒇(𝒓(𝒕)) 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒓′ (𝒕)
𝒊𝒗) 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒐𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝑭(𝒓(𝒕)) ∙ 𝒓′ (𝒕) 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆

- Ex I :
Find the work done to move a particle of mass 𝑚 having a force :
𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑦 − 𝑥 2 )𝑖 + (𝑧 − 𝑦 2 )𝑗 + (𝑥 − 𝑧 2 )𝑘
from origin to the point (1,1,1) along the Fig. D
curve C shown in Fig. D with the curve being
parametrized by :
𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑡 2 𝑗 + 𝑡 3 𝑘
with 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1.
- Since the parametric equation is already
given we will first 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑭(𝒓(𝒕)) :
𝐹(𝑟(𝑡)) = (𝑡 2 − 𝑡 2 )𝑖 + (𝑡 3 − 𝑡 4 )𝑗 + (𝑡 2 − 𝑡 6 )𝑘
𝑭(𝑟(𝑡)) = (𝑡 3 − 𝑡 4 )𝑗 + (𝑡 2 − 𝑡 6 )𝑘

- Next we will 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒓′ (𝒕) :

𝑑
𝑟 ′ (𝑡) = [𝑡𝑖 + 𝑡 2 𝑗 + 𝑡 3 𝑘] = 𝑖 + 2𝑡𝑗 + 3𝑡 2 𝑘
𝑑𝑡

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- Now that we have parametrized the curve , we now have to find the dot
product between 𝐹(𝑟(𝑡)) and 𝑟 ′ (𝑡) :
𝐹(𝑟(𝑡)) ∙ 𝑟 ′ (𝑡) = 0(1) + (𝑡 3 − 𝑡 4 )(2𝑡) + (𝑡 2 − 𝑡 6 )(3𝑡 2 )
𝐹(𝑟(𝑡)) ∙ 𝑟 ′ (𝑡) = 2𝑡 4 − 2𝑡 5 + 3𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 8
- Finally, we compute the line integral :
𝑏 1

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑟(𝑡)) ∙ 𝑟 ′ (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫(2𝑡 4 − 2𝑡 5 + 3𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 8 ) 𝑑𝑡

𝑎 0
𝟐𝟗
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝑱𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒔
𝟔𝟎

2) Flow Integrals and Velocity Fields : Circulation

Consider a closed circular path , we define Circulation to be the Force
that pushes an object along a circular path consider Fig. A and B which
shows the magnetic field ( a vector field ) circulating around the copper
wire :

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- Theorem : The Circulation is defined by the total force or total
velocity needed to move a particle from one point in one complete
rotation returning it back to its initial point.
- But this DOESN’T MEAN that since we start and end at same point
then we must get zero as an answer
- Like the idea of Work , the circulation depends on the Force defined
and the tangent of the curve to determine the direction its heading
towards.
-𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝟐𝝅

𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = ∮ 𝑭(𝒓(𝒕)) ∙ 𝒓′ (𝒕)𝒅𝒕

𝟎

- Theorem : The Flow is defined by the total force or the total velocity
of a particle moving from one point and ending at another point. So,
unlike the circulation , the flow doesn’t start and end at its initial point
- Like the idea of Work , the flow depends on the Force defined and the
tangent of the curve to determine the direction its heading towards.
𝒃

𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘 = ∫ 𝑭(𝒓(𝒕)) ∙ 𝒓(𝒕)𝒅𝒕

𝒂

- Ex I :
Find the Circulation of the Magnetic Field 𝐹 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑖 + 𝑥𝑗 (shown in
the previous figure when we introduced the idea of circulation) around
the circle parametrized by the following equation :
𝑟(𝑡) = cos(𝑡) 𝑖 + sin(𝑡) 𝑗 ; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
- Fig A resembles the circle that we defined by the above parametric
equation so as a first step we must 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑭(𝒓(𝒕)) :
𝐹(𝑟(𝑡)) = (cos(𝑡) − sin(𝑡))𝑖 + cos(𝑡) 𝑗
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- We now find 𝑟 ′ (𝑡) :
𝑟 ′ (𝑡) = − sin(𝑡) 𝑖 + cos(𝑡) 𝑗
- We can quickly compute the integral of the dot product :
2𝜋

𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∮ 𝐹(𝑟(𝑡)) ∙ 𝑟 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡

0
2𝜋

𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∮ [− sin(𝑡) [cos(𝑡) − sin(𝑡)] + cos2 (𝑡)]𝑑𝑡

0
2𝜋

𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∮ [sin2 (𝑡) + cos 2 (𝑡) − sin(𝑡) cos (𝑡)]𝑑𝑡

0
𝟐𝝅

𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = ∮ (𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒕) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒕)) 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐𝝅

𝟎

- Theorem : If the value of the circulation is positive , then the direction

of motion is Counter-Clockwise.

- Ex II :
Find the total velocity of the flow of water across the
helix (Fig. F) given by its parametric equation :
𝜋
𝑟(𝑡) = cos(𝑡) 𝑖 + sin(𝑡) 𝑗 + 𝑡𝑘 ; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤
2
Knowing that its velocity field at any position in the
helix is given by :
𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑧𝑗 + 𝑦𝑘 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 Fig. F

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- Using the same steps in finding the circulation and work , we first
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐹(𝑟(𝑡)) :
𝐹(𝑟(𝑡)) = cos(𝑡) 𝑖 + 𝑡𝑗 + sin(𝑡) 𝑘
- The substitution may seem to be confusing because the 𝑦 component of
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is 𝑧.
- Now we find 𝑟 ′ (𝑡) :
𝑟 ′ (𝑡) = − sin(𝑡) 𝑖 + cos(𝑡) 𝑗 + 𝑘
- we compute the integral of the dot product :
𝜋
2

𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 = ∫(cos(𝑡) 𝑖 + 𝑡𝑗 + sin(𝑡) 𝑘) ∙ (− sin(𝑡) 𝑖 + cos(𝑡) 𝑗 + 𝑘) 𝑑𝑡

0
𝜋
2

𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 = ∫[− sin(𝑡) cos(𝑡) + 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑡) + sin (𝑡)]𝑑𝑡

0
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 2 2

𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 = ∫ − sin(𝑡) cos(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + ∫ sin (𝑡)𝑑𝑡

0 0 0
𝜋 1
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 = − 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
2 2

- Note : if they were to ask you to calculate the flow or circulation in

clockwise direction instead of counterclockwise , you replace 𝑻 by −𝑻.

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3) Line Integral across a Simple Closed Curve : Flux
Our last topic for 16.2 is about the notion of Flux. Before we define
what flux is we must define what a simple-closed curve is :
- A curve is said to be simple if it doesn’t cross itself Fig. G

- A curve is said to be closed if it starts and

ends at the same point
- So, combining these two ideas we define a
simple closed curve as the curve that
doesn’t cross itself and is completely
closed. (Fig. G)
- Flux is the amount of “something”
(electric field, bananas, whatever you want)
passing through a surface. It is the total
number of bananas you see crossing your
surface like hundreds of monkeys spitting out bananas and they are
passing right through your surface.
- The total flux depends on strength of the field, the size of the surface it
passes through, and their orientation. Fig. H

- The magnetic flux (Fig. H) depends on the type

of force we have , the size of the surface we
have and the direction of the force.
- For now, we will focus on the flux on
the 𝑥𝑦 −plane (Fig. I)

Fig. I

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- Now we need to differentiate between what circulation is and what
flux is . As simple as we can be, the circulation is the velocity, or the
force needed to move a particle along a circular path whereas the flux is
the number of particles crossing the surface such as bananas crossing the
surface lol.
- So, we can say that the circulation depends on the
tangent part of the curve ( since the tangent part of
the closed curve gives us the direction of the moving
particle)
- and we can say that the flux depends on the
normal component of the curve ( since the normal
part gives us the direction of which the particles are Fig. H
crossing). So, when say crossing , we need to find
cross product of the tangential part of the curve and
the unit vector of the z-axis ( because we are dealing
with flux on xy-plane) :
𝒏 = 𝑻 × 𝒌 (𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆)
- By doing right hand rule , you will see that the counterclockwise
motion will give the normal vector to be outwards. And even if we had
a clockwise motion , the normal vector would still point outwards
because the unit vector of z-axis (𝑘) is pointing upwards in both
cases.(Fig.H)
- Thus , the flux is given by the following integral :
𝟐𝝅

𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙 = ∮ 𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 𝒅𝒔
𝟎

Since 𝑛 = 𝑇 × 𝑘 , then
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 = ( 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 ) = 𝑖 − 𝑗
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
0 0 1
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 If 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑀𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 , then the flux across the closed circular path on
xy – plane is :
2𝜋
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 = ∮ (𝑀𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗) ∙ ( 𝑖 − ) 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑗
0

The 𝑑𝑠 will cancel each other so we get from the dot product :
𝟐𝝅

𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙 = ∮ (𝑴𝒅𝒚 − 𝑵𝒅𝒙)

𝟎

- In general , to find the flux of a continuous and differentiable function

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) follow these three steps :

𝒊) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒂 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓(𝒕) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 :

𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑡)𝑖 + ℎ(𝑡)𝑗 ; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
𝒊𝒊) 𝑹𝒆𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒃𝒚 𝒇(𝒓(𝒕)) 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒚𝒐𝒖 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝒉(𝒕), 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒉′ (𝒕)
𝒊𝒗) 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒚𝒐𝒖 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒙 = 𝒈(𝒕), 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒈′(𝒕)
𝒗) 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝑴𝒅𝒚 − 𝑵𝒅𝒙 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟎 𝒕𝒐 𝟐𝝅

- Ex I :
Referring to Fig. A and B , calculate
the flux of the current or density of
current entering across a section of the
copper wire section having shape of a
circle of equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1.

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Given : 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑖 + 𝑥𝑗
- We are not given a parametric for the circle so we will create one.
- using polar coordinates , we know 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡) and 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡).
- we have 𝑟 = 1 so our parametric equation becomes :
𝑟(𝑡) = cos(𝑡) 𝑖 + sin(𝑡) 𝑗
- After finding the parametric equations , we now find 𝐹(𝑟(𝑡)) :
𝐹(𝑟(𝑡)) = (cos(𝑡) − sin(𝑡))𝑖 + cos(𝑡) 𝑗
- Next , we find 𝑑𝑦 and 𝑑𝑥 :
𝑥 = cos(𝑡) , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = −sin (𝑡)
𝑦 = sin(𝑡) , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑦 = cos (𝑡)
- Now we calculate integral of 𝑀𝑑𝑦 − 𝑁𝑑𝑥 where 𝑀 = (cos(𝑡)) −
sin (𝑡) and 𝑁 = cos (𝑡) :
2𝜋 2𝜋

𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 = ∮ 𝑀𝑑𝑦 − 𝑁𝑑𝑥 = ∮ cos 2 (𝑡) − sin(𝑡) cos(𝑡) − (− sin(𝑡) cos(𝑡))

0 0

2𝜋 2𝜋
2(
1 + cos(2𝑡) 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
)
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 = ∮ cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∮ ( ) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝝅
2 𝑐𝑚2
0 0

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- Problems :

A) Work :
I) Find the work done by the force 𝐹 = 6𝑧𝑖 + 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 12𝑥𝑘 using
𝑡
parametric equation 𝑟(𝑡) = sin(𝑡) 𝑖 + cos(𝑡) 𝑗 + ( ) 𝑘 ; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
6

II) Find the work done by the force 𝐹 = 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑥𝑗 in the counterclockwise

circulation along the unit circle of center the origin and starting from the
point (1,0) and ending at (0,1).
III) Find the work done by the force 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 𝑖 − 𝑦𝑗 along the curve given
by 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 starting from the point (4,2) and ending at (1,-1)
IV) Find the work done by the gradient of the force 𝐹 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
moving in a counterclockwise path around the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 and
ending at the same point it started which is (2,0)
V) Suppose 𝑓(𝑡) is a positive, differentiable, and continuous function. If
we know that for 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏 the path the particle takes has a parametric
equation 𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑓(𝑡)𝑗 and that the force acting on it is 𝐹 = 𝑦𝑖
establish a relation between work and area between 𝑓(𝑡) and 𝑡 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
and 𝑡 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 𝑏.

VI The Gravitational Force Field is given by for (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ≠ (0,0,0) :

−1
𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 3
(𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘)
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )2
Calculate the work done by the gravitational force for a
particle moving from (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) to (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ).

24 | P a g e
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B) Flow and Circulation :
I) Find the Circulation of the following velocity fields 𝐹 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 and
𝐺 = −𝑦𝑖 + 𝑥𝑗 around the following curves :
- The circle 𝑟(𝑡) = cos(𝑡) 𝑖 + sin(𝑡) 𝑗 ; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
- The ellipse 𝑟(𝑡) = cos(𝑡) 𝑖 + 4 sin(𝑡) 𝑗 ; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
II) Find the flow of the particle moving along the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 starting
from the origin and ending at (4,2) having a velocity : 𝐹 = 𝑦 2 𝑖 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑗
III) Find the flow of the velocity field 𝐹 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑖 − (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 𝑗 along
the path C starting from (1,0) to (-1,0) if C is a :
- upper half of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
- line segment from (1,0) to (-1,0)
IV) Find the circulation across the square path C where
the force field is given by 𝐹 = 𝑦𝑖 + (𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑗
V) Find the flow of the particle whose velocity field is
given by 𝐹 = 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑧𝑗 + 2𝑦𝑘 along the closed path shown in the
figure :
𝜋
- 𝐶1 : 𝑟(𝑡) = cos(𝑡) 𝑖 + sin(𝑡) 𝑗 ; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤
2
𝜋
-𝐶2 : 𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑗 + (1 − 𝑡)𝑘
2

- 𝐶3 : 𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑖 + (1 − 𝑡)𝑗

VI A curvature is a scalar quantity used to represent rate of bending of a

|𝑣×𝑎|
curve it is given by 𝐾 = |𝑣|3
where 𝑎 = 𝑣 ′ = 𝑟 ′′ (𝑡) where 𝑟(𝑡) is given
by 𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 cos(𝑡) 𝑖 + (𝑒 𝑡 sin(𝑡))𝑗 + 𝑡𝑘.
- Find the curvature of the spiral (𝑒 −𝑡 cos(𝑡) , 𝑒 −𝑡 sin(𝑡) , 0)
then find the curvature as 𝑡 → ∞

25 | P a g e
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C) Flux :
I) Find the Flux across the circle :
𝑟(𝑡) = acos(𝑡) 𝑖 + asin(𝑡) 𝑗
Having a vector field 𝐹 = 2𝑥𝑖 − 3𝑦𝑗. Determine the value of 𝑎 so that
the flux across the circle is 70𝜋
II) Calculate the flux across the circle of center origin and radius 𝑎
𝑥𝑖+𝑦𝑗
having a field vector : 𝐹 =
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

III) Let C be a unit circle , calculate the outward flux of the field :
𝐹 = 𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑦)𝑗
IV) Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = ln (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
- Let 𝐶𝑎 be a circle of center of the origin and radius 𝑎. Show that the
flux of ∇𝑓 can never be equal to zero.

26 | P a g e
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IV) Path Independence, Conservative Field , and Potential Function
: (16.3)
In this section we will introduce three important concepts and how they
are related to each other.
- Consider two points A and B lying on an open region (D). The line
integral from point A to B will usually depends on a certain
path. However, there exists special types of field where no
matter what path you take , you will get same value of the
integral. And so, it does not depend on the path take hence
the term Path Independence
- For example , total work depends on the initial value and
final value only. But sometimes if we involve friction force in the
process , then it no longer depends on the initial and final value only.
- The word conservative comes from principle of conservation of energy
in physics and so conservative vector fields are fields that are path
independent.
- Theorem : A vector field F is conservative if and only if that vector
field is Gradient field
𝐹 = ∇𝑓
- Whenever 𝐹 = ∇𝑓 , then we say that 𝑓 (𝑓 and NOT F) is a Potential
Function of F.
. 𝑩 𝑩

∫ 𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 = ∫ 𝛁𝒇 ∙ 𝒅𝒓 = ∫ 𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒓 = 𝒇(𝑩) − 𝒇(𝑨)

𝑪 𝑨 𝑨

- This conclusion is extremely important because if we have a simple

closed curve , and we know that F is a conservative vector field then
without solving the integral we can say that :
𝐵

∮ 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝐴

27 | P a g e
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Proof :
. 𝐵 𝐵

∫ 𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = ∫ ∇𝑓 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = ∫ 𝐹 ′ (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑟 = 𝑓(𝐵) − 𝑓(𝐴)

𝐶 𝐴 𝐴

But 𝑓(𝐵) = 𝑓(𝐴) because we start and end at same point so

𝑓(𝐵) − 𝑓 (𝐴) = 0
𝐵

∮ 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = 0 (𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝐹 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)

𝐴

Ex I :
Consider 𝐹 = ∇𝑓 to be the total mechanical energy of a moving particle
along a path from A to itself. Neglecting friction, what is change in
1
Mechanical Energy? Given : 𝐹 = 2 2
𝑥 +𝑦 +4

- Since 𝐹 = ∇𝑓 , Then F is a conservative vector field and since the

particle is circulating around itself , then :
𝐵

∮ 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝐴

Mechanical Energy is Conserved.

Ex II :
Find the work done by a moving particle with force 𝐹 = ∇𝑓 along the two
points (1,0,0) to (0,0,2).
1
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) =
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
𝐵
𝟑
∫ ∇𝑓 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = 𝐹 (𝐵) − 𝐹 (𝐴) = 𝐹 (1,0,0) − 𝐹 (0,0,2) =
𝟒
𝐴

28 | P a g e
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- Equivalent Theorems : Based on previous results , we can deduce the
following two results and these two results imply each other
𝐵

𝑖) ∮ 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝐴

𝑖𝑖) 𝐹 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑

- Two question arises :

1) How do we know if F is a Conservative Vector Field or not ?
2) If F is a Conservative , how do we find the Potential Function 𝑓 ?

1) To know if we have a conservative vector field or not , we apply a test

we call the Component Test. If we have 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) of the form :
𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑖 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑗 + 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑘
𝒂) If F is located on a simple connected curve.
𝒃) If F is a continuous and differentiable function.
𝒄) if the following relations are satisfied :

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑁
= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

- Then 𝐹 is a Conservative Vector Field

- To answer the second question , we should be sure that we have proved

that F is a conservative and once we do that we work on finding P.F.

29 | P a g e
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 2) To find the Potential Function , follow these steps :

𝐢) 𝐂𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 :

𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
= 𝑴 𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝑵 𝒂𝒏𝒅 =𝑷
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝐢𝐢) 𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 (𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐭 𝐱)

𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐟 = ∫ 𝐌𝐝𝐱 + 𝐡(𝐲, 𝐳)

𝐢𝐯) 𝐭𝐨 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐡(𝐲, 𝐳) 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐲 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 ∶

𝝏𝒇 𝝏 ∫ 𝑴𝒅𝒙 𝝏𝒉
= +
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚
𝛛𝐟 𝛛𝐟
v) Since = 𝐍 then replace by N
𝛛𝐲 𝛛𝐲
𝛛𝐡
vi) once you find integrate wrt to y you will get
𝛛𝐲
𝛛𝐡
h(y,z)= ∫ 𝐝𝐲 + 𝐤(𝐳)
𝛛𝐲

𝒅𝒌(𝒛)
𝒗𝒊𝒊) 𝒚𝒐𝒖 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒚𝒐𝒖 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒚𝒐𝒖 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒈𝒆𝒕 𝒌(𝒛)
𝒅𝒛

- Ex I :
Show that :
𝐹 = (𝑒 𝑥 cos(𝑦) + 𝑦𝑧)𝑖 + (𝑥𝑧 − 𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑦))𝑗 + (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑘
Is Conservative Vector Field , and then find the potential function 𝑓.

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- We first state the following : The natural domain of F contains no
restriction, so domain is open and simply connected (Fig. J)
- 𝐹 is continuous and differentiable anywhere over its domain
- Applying the component test :
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= = 𝑧 − 𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑀
= =𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑁
= =𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Since the three relations are satisfied , then we can assure that 𝐹 is a
conservative vector field.
- Next , we choose either 𝑀, N , or P and establish a relation with its
corresponding gradient :
𝜕𝑓
𝑀=
𝜕𝑥
Then by integrating , 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = ∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 = 𝒆𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒚) + 𝒙𝒚𝒛 + 𝒉(𝒚, 𝒛)
- We now want to find ℎ(𝑦, 𝑧) and then we would be done :
𝜕ℎ 𝜕
- so, we first find by finding of the entire equation :
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝑥 𝜕ℎ
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = [𝑒 cos(𝑦) + 𝑥𝑦𝑧] +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕
- But 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑁 :
𝜕𝑦

𝜕ℎ
𝑥𝑧 − 𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑦) = −𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑦) + 𝑥𝑧 +
𝜕𝑦
𝜕ℎ
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 =0
𝜕𝑦

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 𝜕ℎ
Since = 0 , then ℎ(𝑦, 𝑧) simply becomes ℎ(𝑧)
𝜕𝑦
𝑑
- To find ℎ(𝑧) , find of the entire equation :
𝑑𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝑥 𝑑(ℎ(𝑧))
( )
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = [ ( ) ]
𝑒 cos 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 +
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝜕
- But 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑃
𝜕𝑧

𝑑(ℎ(𝑧))
(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 +
𝑑𝑧
𝑑(ℎ(𝑧))
=𝑧
𝑑𝑧
- Integrate both sides you will get :
1 2
ℎ(𝑧) =
𝑧 +𝐶
2
Now replace in the original equation :
𝟏
𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝒆𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒚) + 𝒙𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟐

- Note : Sometimes the component test shows the relations are satisfied
but F may still not be a Conservative Vector Field if F is NOT
continuous over its domain.
- Ex II :
−𝑦 𝑥
𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑖 + 𝑗
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
Is not Conservative even though if you try the component test it will
work but the problem is the function is not continuous and domain is not
simple connected because 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0 doesn’t belong to F.

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- Problems :
I) Determine whether the given vector field is Conservative or not :
𝐹 = (𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑖 + (𝑥 + 𝑧)𝑗 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑘
II) Determine whether the given vector fields are Conservative or not if
Conservative , then find Potential Function :
2𝑥 1−𝑥 2
-𝐹= 𝑖+( )𝑗
𝑦 𝑦2

𝑥 2𝑦4
- 𝐺 = (6𝑥 4 − 8𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑖 + (8𝑥 + )𝑗
𝑦2

- 𝐻 = (𝑦 4 + 18𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 6)𝑖 − (𝑥 2 + 24𝑦 − 12𝑥 3 𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦 3 )𝑗

III) Determine the Potential Function of the following Conservativefield
𝑦 𝑦
𝐹 = (4 + − 2𝑥𝑧 3 ) 𝑖 + ln(𝑥𝑧) 𝑗 − (3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 − ) 𝑘
𝑥 𝑧
Where C is 𝑟(𝑡) = 2𝑖 − (2 − 3𝑡)𝑗 + (𝑡 2 + 1)𝑘 ; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2
IV) Consider the following vector field :
𝑦 𝑥
𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 2 2
𝑖 + ( 2 2
+ 𝑒 𝑧 cos(𝑦)) 𝑗 + (𝑒 𝑧 sin(𝑦) 𝑘
1+𝑥 𝑦 1+𝑥 𝑦
1
Let S be a curve located at the first octant starting at 𝐴( , 𝜋, 1) and
𝜋
2 𝜋
ending at 𝐵 ( , , ln(3)). Show that F is conservative and
𝜋 2
evaluate integral

𝑥𝑧 𝑦𝑧 1
V) Show that the Field 𝐹 = (𝑥 2 2 )2 𝑖 + (𝑥 2 2 )2 𝑗 − 𝑘
+𝑦 +𝑦 2(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )
is not conservative even though it passes the component test.

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V) Exact Differential Form & Green’s Theorem : 16.4
In this section we will finish the last idea about Conservative Vector
Fields and introduce a simpler and easier method of calculating the flow,
circulation and flux across a region in 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒.
- Based on last section , whenever there exists a conservative vector field
𝐹 = ∇𝑓 = 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑖 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑗 + 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑘
Then :
. .

∫ ∇𝑓 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = ∫ Mdx + Ndy + Pdz = 𝑓(𝐵) − 𝑓(𝐴)

𝐶 𝐶

- Whenever we have the above form , we say that 𝑓 is exact so that :

.

∫ Mdx + Ndy + Pdz = 𝑑𝑓

𝐶

- We find the potential function just like we did in Ex I of previous

section.

- Now that we are done with Conservative Vector Fields , let us recall
something from 16.2. Whenever we wanted to find circulation across a
region on 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 , that region must be simple and closed. From
16.3 , if we had a simple closed curve and F is Conservative , then the
circulation would be zero.
- So, if we wanted to find the circulation , then F must NOT be
Conservative else we would get zero.
- If F is NOT Conservative then the following relation from the
component test on the xy-plane would be true :
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
≠ ↔ − ≠0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

34 | P a g e
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Consider the following (Fig. K) :
- We have a simple closed rectangular region
defined by four lines two coupled lines are
parallel.
- Consider a point (𝑥, 𝑦) located at the bottom
left of the rectangle then the other three
vertices would have the following coordinates :
- Note : The proof of Green’s Theorem is a bit
of a headache so if you don’t wish to look at it
you can skip directly to the formulas.(love you☺)
- We will divide our proof into three parts each part represents a case :
1st Case : Assume 𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ 𝟎 while 𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟎
𝑏 𝑏
The Circulation : ∫𝑎 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 becomes ∫𝑎 𝑀𝑑𝑥 :
And so, we divide our path into 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 , 𝐶4 :
. . . . .

∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑥

𝐶 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶4

- We can parametrize 𝐶1 and 𝐶3 :

(𝐶1 ) ∶ 𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑔1 (𝑡)𝑗 ; 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏
(𝐶3 ): −𝑟(𝑡) = −[𝑡𝑖 + 𝑔2 (𝑡)𝑗] ; 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏
Since 𝑄 = 0 , Then we can ignore 𝐶1 , 𝐶2
. 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏

∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑀(𝑡, 𝑔1 (𝑡))𝑑𝑡 − ∫ 𝑀(𝑡, 𝑔2 (𝑡))𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑀(𝑡, 𝑔1 (𝑡)) − 𝑀(𝑡, 𝑔2 (𝑡))𝑑𝑡

𝐶 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

𝑏 𝑏 𝑔2(𝑥) 𝐴
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑀
∫ 𝑀(𝑡, 𝑔1 (𝑡)) − 𝑀(𝑡, 𝑔2 (𝑡))𝑑𝑡 = ∬ − 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∬ − 𝑑𝐴
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝑎 𝑎 𝑔1 (𝑥) 𝑅

35 | P a g e
Tarek Hajj Shehadi
2nd Case : 𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟎 while 𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ 𝟎
- Repeating same procedure, we will end up with :
. 𝐴
𝜕𝑁
∫ 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = ∬ 𝑑𝐴
𝜕𝑥
𝐶 𝑅

3rd Case : 𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ 𝟎 and 𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ 𝟎

𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∮(𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦) = ∬ − 𝑑𝐴 + ∬ 𝑑𝐴
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝐶 𝑅 𝑅

𝑨
𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴
𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = ∯ ( − ) 𝒅𝑨
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝑹
𝑨
𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴
𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘 = ∬ ( − ) 𝒅𝑨
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝑹

- Instead of working on parametrizing the line integral then finding 𝑟′(𝑡)

then evaluating the dot product then computing the integral you can
quickly convert the circulation or flow into a double integral over a
region on the 𝑥𝑦 plane

- Ex I :
Find the circulation of a particle having a velocity field :
𝐹 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑖 + 𝑥𝑗
Through the unit circle of center being the origin

36 | P a g e
Tarek Hajj Shehadi
 - To solve using Green’s theorem apply the following steps :

𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴
𝒊) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒅 :
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

𝒊𝒊) 𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝑨 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚𝒐𝒖 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒉𝒐𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒎𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒊𝒕 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙 𝒃𝒚
𝒇𝒖𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒊′ 𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎.
𝒊𝒗) 𝒊𝒇 𝒚𝒐𝒖 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔 ∶
𝒚
𝒙 = 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽) ; 𝒚 = 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽) ; 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 ; = 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝜽)
𝒙

Returning back to our previous exercise ,

- We first find partial derivatives :
𝜕𝑁
=1
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀
= −1
𝜕𝑦
- our region is a unit circle, so we use
polar coordinates :
0≤𝑟≤1
0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
- we compute the integral :

𝐴 2𝜋 1
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∯ ( − ) 𝑑𝐴 = ∯ (1 − (−1) 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 = 𝝅 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅 00

37 | P a g e
Tarek Hajj Shehadi
- Let 𝐶 be continuous smooth simple closed surface on the 𝑥𝑦 plane , the
outward flux can be founded using Green’s Theorem without proving it :
𝑨 𝑨
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙 = ∮(𝑴𝒅𝒚 − 𝑵𝒅𝒙) = ∯ ( + ) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝑪 𝑹

- Problems :
I) Using Green’s theorem , evaluate the following integrals :
.

∮(4𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 − (8𝑦 − 3)𝑑𝑥 ; 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 2 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛

𝐶
.

∮ 4𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 + (𝑥 2 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 ; 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 ∶ (0,0), (2,4), (2, −2)

𝐶
.

∮ 16𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 ; 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 4 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (−1,5) 𝑡𝑜 (2,8)

𝐶

and the three segments from (2,1) 𝑡𝑜 (2,8) and (−1,1) to (2,1) and
from (−1,1) 𝑡𝑜 (−1,5) (sketch so region becomes clear).
.

∮(6𝑦 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 + 2𝑥)𝑑𝑦 ; 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 2 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 (2,3)

𝐶

II) Show that if 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) satisfies the following P.D.E. :

𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
Then :
𝐴
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
∮( 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦) = 0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝐶

38 | P a g e
Tarek Hajj Shehadi
VI) Surface Area : 16.5
In this section we will discuss methods of finding areas of
surfaces in 3D in addition to introducing new methods of
parametrizing surfaces just like we parametrized line
curves. This section and the next section are most
important sections of this chapter.
- Recall that :
𝐴

∬ 𝑑𝐴
𝑅

Gives the area across the flat region on the 𝑥𝑦 plane. Now what if R is not flat?
- If R is not flat we can define 𝑆 to be this non flat
surface and we can project it to 𝑥𝑦 or 𝑦𝑧 or 𝑥𝑧 plane
and once we do that , we would be able to obtain a
flat region as present in these figures :

- Another method to obtain a

flat surface would be using a
new method not explained in
math 201 which is param. of
surfaces .

-Parametrization works because 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) has

three independent variables when parametrized
we would have two independent variables just
like line integral we had a curve in 3D space and once we parametrized
it in terms of 𝑡 , it changed into a parabola in 𝑡 − 𝑓(𝑡) coordinate
system.
- So, how do we parametrize in 3D? and when do we use this method?

39 | P a g e
Tarek Hajj Shehadi
- Define a Parametrized Surface Equation having the following form :
𝒓(𝒖, 𝒗) = 𝒇(𝒖, 𝒗)𝒊 + 𝒈(𝒖, 𝒗)𝒋 + 𝒉(𝒖, 𝒗)𝒌
𝒂≤𝒖≤𝒃
𝒄≤𝒗≤𝒅
- Note : You are sometimes asked to show that the Surface is Smooth
- Theorem : A surface S is said to be smooth if
𝒊) 𝑟𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠
𝒊𝒊) | 𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣 | ≠ 0 ( 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒)
The reason for 𝒊𝒊 comes from a topic in Math 218/219 which is linear
independence. If we were to have two linearly independent vectors of
dimension 2 , then these two vectors can form a basis and span the
entire 2D plane (i.e. these two vectors alone can represent an entire
plane) and that’s what we need here two vector 𝑢 and 𝑣 to represent a
flat plane which in turn represents a surface S.

- To begin process of Fig. T

parametrization of non-flat
surfaces , we consider a
small portion of this non flat
surface and put it into a new
coordinate system 𝑢𝑣. In
this coordinates system , we
make this small portion a
small rectangle.
- We Define the small area of this small rectangle as ∆𝐴𝑢𝑣 the sides of
this rectangle are given as :
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 1 ∶ 𝑢 = 𝑢𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 1 ∶ 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 2 ∶ 𝑢 = 𝑢𝑜 + ∆𝑢 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 2 ∶ 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜 + ∆𝑣
40 | P a g e
Tarek Hajj Shehadi
 - Looking at (Fig. T) , the point (𝑢𝑜 , 𝑣𝑜 ) on 𝑢𝑣 − system which gives
the point (𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜 , 𝑧𝑜 ) in the 𝑥𝑦𝑧 −system (look at the red dot in Fig. T)
- At this point we will create two tangent lines, these two-tangent vectors
which are 𝒓𝒖 and 𝒓𝒗 and we also have third dimensional vector
orthogonal to the non-flat surface at point 𝑃𝑜 (red dot) (Fig. S and U)
- Now 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 2 has a magnitude
Fig. S equal to ∆𝑢 and 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 2 has a
magnitude of ∆𝑣.
So, we multiply the magnitude with
𝑟𝑢 and 𝑟𝑣 so we get :

∆𝒖𝒓𝒖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝒗 𝒓𝒗 (𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑔. 𝑆)
- So, the area of the parametrized surface which is a rectangle is :
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = | ∆𝑢𝑟𝑢 × ∆𝑣𝑟𝑣 |
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = | ∆𝑢𝑟𝑢 × ∆𝑣𝑟𝑣 | = |𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣 |∆𝑢∆𝑣
- Because this portion is very small , we
can consider the area of this small
rectangle to be :
Fig. U
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = |𝒓𝒖 × 𝒓𝒗 |𝒅𝒖𝒅𝒗
- Summing this process for an entire
surface the total area would be :

𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = ∬ |𝒓𝒖 × 𝒓𝒗 |𝒅𝒖𝒅𝒗

𝑹

41 | P a g e
Tarek Hajj Shehadi
- We can say that |𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣 | is also the Jacobian because it relates the
change of area from 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 to 𝑢, 𝑣 coordinates of the Surface.
- Unfortunately , our surface is not always defined explicitly (𝑧 = ⋯ )
sometimes our surface is defined implicitly (you cannot separate z to
one side).So , to parametrize the surface of an implicit surface we denote
it by :
𝑟(𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝑢𝑖 + 𝑣𝑗 + ℎ(𝑢, 𝑣)𝑘
- We compute |𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣 | :
𝜕ℎ(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕ℎ(𝑢, 𝑣)
𝑟𝑢 = 𝑖 + 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑣 = 𝑗 +
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

1 ∇𝐹 𝛁𝑭
|𝒓𝒖 × 𝒓𝒗 | = [𝐹𝑥 𝑖 + 𝐹𝑦 𝑗 + 𝐹𝑧 𝑘] = =| |
𝐹𝑧 𝐹𝑧 𝛁𝑭 ∙ 𝒌
- Hence :
∇𝐹
|𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣 |𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 = | | 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∇𝐹 ∙ 𝑘

𝑨
𝛁𝑭
𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = ∬ | | 𝒅𝑨
𝛁𝑭 ∙ 𝒌
𝑹

- Special Case : For an Explicit Surface (i.e. 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ) without any

parametrization , we can find the surface area using previous method :

𝑨
𝟐
𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = ∬ √(𝒇𝒙 )𝟐 + (𝒇𝒚 ) + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝑹

42 | P a g e
Tarek Hajj Shehadi
- Problems :
I) Find the area of the surface cut from the paraboloid 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - z = 0 by
the plane z = 2.
II) Find the area of the band cut from the paraboloid 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - z = 0 by
the planes z = 2 and z = 6.
III) Find the area of the region cut from the plane x + 2y + 2z = 5 by the
cylinder whose walls are x = 𝑦 2 and x = 2 - 𝑦 2 .
IV) Find the area of the surface 𝑥 2 - 2y - 2z = 0 that lies above the
triangle bounded by the lines x = 2, y = 0, and y = 3x in the xy-plane.
V) Find the area of the surface cut from the paraboloid 𝑥 2 + y + 𝑧 2 = 2
by the plane y = 0
VI) Let S be the surface obtained from intersecting the plane
x + 2y + 3z = 1, with the solid (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1. Find Area of S
1
VII) Determine the surface area of the portion z = 3 + 2y + 𝑥 4
4

that is above the region in the xy plane bounded by y = 𝑥 5 , x = 1 and

the x−axis.
VIII) Let S be the portion of the surface given by the following
parametric equation r(u,v) = (2u,uv,1−2v) with 𝑢2 +𝑣 2 ≤4.
- Show that S is a smooth surface and then Calculate the area of S.
IX) Find the area of the surface of revolution
obtained by rotating
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 about the x-axis where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
[Hint : use parametrization]

43 | P a g e
Tarek Hajj Shehadi
VII) Surface Integrals : 16.6
In this section , we finish what we started in previous section by
evaluating surface integrals.
- To be able to integrate over surfaces having non-flat region , we
developed several formulas in previous sections. In this section we
present formulas
- The difference between previous section and this section is that in last
section we were integrating the surface 𝐹 = 1 so that we find the area.
Now we will integrate functions.
1) Whenever we have a smooth surface , and is defined parametrically
𝑟(𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣)𝑖 + 𝑔(𝑢, 𝑣)𝑗 + ℎ(𝑢, 𝑣)𝑘
Then the surface integral, similar to the parametrized line integral is :
𝑨 𝑨

𝑺 = ∬ 𝑮(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)𝒅𝝈 = ∬ 𝑮(𝒓(𝒖, 𝒗)) |𝒓𝒖 × 𝒓𝒗 | 𝒅𝒖𝒅𝒗

𝑺 𝑹

2) Whenever we have a surface defined implicitly, then Surface Integral

𝑨 𝑨
±𝛁𝑭
𝑺 = ∬ 𝑮(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)𝒅𝝈 = ∬ 𝑮(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) 𝒅𝑨
|𝛁𝑭 ∙ 𝒑|
𝑺 𝑺

(𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒑 𝒊𝒔 𝒊 𝒐𝒓 𝒋 𝒐𝒓 𝒌 Depending on where you project).

3) Whenever we have a surface defined explicitly, then Surface Integral

𝑨 𝑨
𝟐
𝑺 = ∬ 𝑮(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)𝒅𝝈 = ∬ 𝑮(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚))√(𝒇𝒙 )𝟐 + (𝒇𝒚 ) + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝑺 𝑹
44 | P a g e
Tarek Hajj Shehadi
- Problems :
I) G(x, y, z) = x, over the cylinder y = 𝑥 2 ,0≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2,0 ≤ z ≤ 3
II) Sphere G(x, y, z) = 𝑥 2 , over the unit sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1
III) Portion of plane F(x, y, z) = z, over portion of the plane x + y + z =
4 that lies above the square 0 ≤x ≤1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, in the xy-plane
IV) H(x, y, z) = yz, over the part of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 4 that lies
above the cone z = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
V) Paraboloid F = 4xi + 4yj + 2k outward (normal away from the z-axis)
through the surface cut from the bottom of the paraboloid z = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 by
the plane z = 1
VI) F(x, y, z) = y𝑥 2 i - 2j + xzk S: rectangular surface y = 0, -1 ≤ x ≤ 2,
2 ≤z ≤7, direction -j

VII) Let S be the portion of the cylinder y = 𝑒 𝑥 in the first octant that
projects parallel to the x-axis to the rectangle 𝑅𝑦𝑧 : 1≤y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1
in the yz-plane (see the accompanying figure). Let n be the unit vector
normal to S that points away from the yz-plane. Find the flux of the field
F(x, y, z) =2i + 2yj + zk across S in the direction of n.

45 | P a g e
Tarek Hajj Shehadi
VIII) Stoke’s Theorem :16.7
In this section , we will discuss how we can find the circulation, flow ,
and the flux on a Surface.
- in 16.2 and 16.4 , we discussed various methods of finding the
circulation, flow, flux on 𝑥𝑦 − plane only.
- Stoke’s Theorem comes as a generalization of Green’s Theorem.
- We will begin by Flux across a surface S :
- For the case of a parametrized surface , then the unit normal vector is
given by :
𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣
𝑛=
|𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣 |
- The Flux along xy plane is given by :
. . 𝐴
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 = ∫ 𝐹 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑦 − 𝑁𝑑𝑥 = ∬ ( + ) 𝑑𝐴
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐶 𝐶 𝑅

- The Flux along a Parametrized Surface is given by :

𝐴 𝐴
𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 = ∬ 𝐹 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝜎 = ∬ 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝜎
|𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣 |
𝑅 𝑅

𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝜎 = |𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣 |𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦)

𝐴
𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 = ∬ 𝐹 ∙ |𝑟 × 𝑟𝑣 |𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣
|𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣 | 𝑢
𝑅
𝑨

𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙 = ∬ 𝑭 ∙ (𝒓𝒖 × 𝒓𝒗 )𝒅𝒖𝒅𝒗 (𝑫𝒐𝒕 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕!)

𝑹

46 | P a g e
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- If our Surface is defined implicitly , we define unit normal vector to be
±∇𝑔
𝑛=
|∇𝑔|
- All depending on the direction of the flux , the flux is given by :
𝐴 𝐴
±∇𝑔
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 = ∬ 𝐹 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑 𝜎 = ∬(𝐹 ∙ )𝑑𝜎
|∇𝑔|
𝑆 𝑅
|∇𝑔|
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝜎 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦)
|∇𝑔 ∙ 𝑝|
𝐴
±∇𝑔 |∇𝑔|
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 = ∬ (𝐹 ∙ )( ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
|∇𝑔| |∇𝑔 ∙ 𝑝|
𝑅
𝑨
±𝛁𝒈
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙 = ∬ (𝑭 ∙ ) 𝒅𝑨
|𝛁𝒈 ∙ 𝒑|
𝑹

- Stoke’s Theorem :
When asked to find the circulation around a simple closed curve in the
xy-plane , and assuming 𝐹 was not a conservative vector field , we
would apply Green’s Theorem
- We will be asked the same problem again but this time , the circulation
is around a simple closed curve located on a Surface at a certain
elevation.(See Fig. W)
- The proof of Stoke’s Theorem is a disaster you can check it on
Wikipedia.

47 | P a g e
Tarek Hajj Shehadi
- We must first define something called 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 :
Suppose you have a bunch of particles circulating on a surface
counterclockwise circulation.
- The 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 F is the axis of rotation around the circulation.
Now based on the direction of circulation we draw the curl
that is we apply the right-hand rule. (Fig. X)

𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

- For a velocity field vector :

𝐹 = 𝑀𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 + 𝑃𝑘
The 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 is founded by cross product of an operator we call 𝑑𝑒𝑙 (∇)
and components of the field vector :
𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍 𝑭 = 𝛁 × 𝑭

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 = ( )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑀 𝑁 𝑃

𝝏𝑷 𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑷 𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴
𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒍 𝑭 = ( − )𝒊 + ( − )𝒋 + ( − )𝒌
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

48 | P a g e
Tarek Hajj Shehadi
Ex I : Find Curl of 𝐹 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑧)𝑖 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 = = 𝑥(1 − 𝑒 𝑧 )𝑖 − (𝑦 + 1)𝑗 + 𝑒 𝑧 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2
((𝑥 − 𝑧) 𝑥𝑒^𝑧 𝑥𝑦)
- The Del Operator ∇ is just a notation to refer to partial derivatives for
example :
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
∇𝑓 = ∇ ∙ 𝐹 = ( 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘) ∙ (𝑀𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 + 𝑃𝑘) = 𝑖+ 𝑖+
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
- Theorem : The Counterclockwise Circulation of a particle around a
surface in 3D is given by Stoke’s theorem :
𝑨 𝑺

∮ 𝑭 ∙ 𝒅𝒓 = ∯ 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒍 𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 𝒅𝝈
𝑪 𝑺

- Note : if whether you orient your circulation counterclockwise or

clockwise , the value of the integral will be the same and that is because
by the right-hand rule , 𝑛 will also be affected and so the dot product
under the integral is balanced.

- Ex II :
Using Parametrization, and using Stoke’s Theorem , show that the
circulation of a particle around C : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 is same as circulation
around the hemisphere 𝑆 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9 ; 𝑧 ≥ 0. 𝐹 = 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑥𝑗
- We first find it using parametrization (16.2) :
- Since C is a circle , then our parametric equation is :
𝑟(𝑡) = 2 cos(𝑡) 𝑖 + 2 sin(𝑡) 𝑗 ; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋

49 | P a g e
Tarek Hajj Shehadi
 𝐹(𝑟(𝑡)) = 2 sin(𝑡)𝑖 − 2 cos(𝑡) 𝑗
𝑟 ′ (𝑡) = −2 sin(𝑡) 𝑖 + 2 cos(𝑡) 𝑗
- Evaluating the dot product and integrating from 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋
2𝜋

𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∮ (2 sin(𝑡) 𝑖 − 2 cos(𝑡) 𝑗) ∙ (−2 sin(𝑡) 𝑖 + 2 cos(𝑡) 𝑗)

0

𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = −𝟏𝟖𝝅

- To apply Stoke’s Theorem , follow these steps :

𝒊) 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒚 𝒘𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝒊𝒊) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒍 𝑭 = 𝛁 × 𝑭

𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 ∶
− 𝑰𝒇 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒍𝒚 𝒍𝒊𝒌𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 , 𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔
𝑨
𝛁𝑭
𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = ∯(𝛁 × 𝑭) ∙ 𝒅𝑨 (𝒅𝒐𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕)
|𝛁𝑭 ∙ 𝒑|
𝑺

− 𝑰𝒇 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 , 𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔:

𝑨

𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = ∯(𝛁 × 𝑭) ∙ (𝒓𝒖 × 𝒓𝒗 ) 𝒅𝒖𝒅𝒗 (𝒅𝒐𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕)

𝑺

− 𝑰𝒇 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒍𝒚 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎

𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒔 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒏𝒆.

- we first calculate ∇ × 𝐹 ∶
50 | P a g e
Tarek Hajj Shehadi
 ∇ × 𝐹 = (0 − 0)𝑖 + (0 − 0)𝑗 + (−1 − 1)𝑘 = −2𝑘
- now we find the gradient of the sphere :
∇𝐹 = 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘
- a hemisphere has its normal vector in the direction of z-axis, so we
choose 𝑝 = 𝑘 and so we calculate :
∇𝐹 ∙ 𝑘 = (2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘) ∙ 𝑘 = 2𝑧
- We write the circulation as :
𝐴
∇𝐹
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∯(∇ × 𝐹) ∙ 𝑑𝐴
|∇𝐹 ∙ 𝑝|
𝑆
𝐴
2xi + 2yj + 2zk
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∯(−2𝑘) ∙ 𝑑𝐴
2𝑧
𝑆
𝐴 𝐴
−4z
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∯ 𝑑𝐴 = ∯ −2𝑑𝐴 = −2(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛)
2𝑧
𝑆 𝑆

𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = −2(𝜋𝑟 2 ) = −𝟏𝟖𝝅

- Notice that our answer is negative which means that infact , the
circulation is happening in the clockwise direction.
- Theorem : if ∇ × 𝐹 = 0 , then circulation is 0 this means that 𝐹 is
conservative vector field. ∮ 𝐹 = 0
- Theorem : Green’s Theorem can be derived from Stoke’s Theorem by
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
letting 𝑛 = 𝑘 (𝑥𝑦 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒) and so (∇ × 𝐹) ∙ 𝑘 = −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

51 | P a g e
Tarek Hajj Shehadi
- Problems :
I) F = 2zi + 3xj + 5yk S: r(r, u) = (r cos u)i + (r sin u)j + (4 - 𝑟 2 )k,
0 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤u ≤ 2π. Find Circulation
II) F = (y - z)i + (z - x)j + (x + z)k S: r(r, u) = (r cos u)i + (r sin u)j + (9 -
r2)k, 0 ≤ r ≤ 3, 0 ≤ u ≤ 2π. Find Circulation
III) F = (x - y)i + (y - z)j + (z - x)k S: r(r, u) = (r cos u)i + (r sin u)j + (5
- r)k, 0 ≤ r ≤ 5, 0 ≤ u ≤ 2π. Find Circulation
IV) Let n be the outer unit normal (normal away from the origin) of the
parabolic shell S: 4𝑥 2 + y + 𝑧 2 = 4, y ≥ 0, and let :
1 1
𝐹 = (−𝑧 + ) 𝑖 + arctan(𝑦) 𝑗 + (𝑥 + )𝑘
2+𝑥 4+𝑧
𝑆
Find the value of : ∯𝑆 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝜎
V) Let C be the curve parametrized by 𝑟(𝑡) = cos(𝑡) 𝑖 + sin(𝑡) 𝑗 + [8 −
cos2 (𝑡) − sin(𝑡)]𝑘 ; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋 , Define 𝐹 = (𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑖 − (2𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑗 +
(𝑒 √𝑧 cos(𝑧))𝑘 use stokes theorem to calculate circulation.
VI)I Let E(x,y,z,t) and H(x,y,z,t) be time dependent electric and
magnetic field. Let S be a smooth surface with smooth closed simple
boundary C. We Define :
. .
∫ 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∬ 𝐻 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝜎 = 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑆
𝐶 𝑆
𝜕𝐻
Maxwell equation suggests that ∇×E = −
𝜕𝑡

, where the curl is taken with respect to only the spatial

components (x,y,z). Faraday law states the voltage
around C is equal the negative rate of change of
magnetic flux through S. Show that Faraday’s law
follows from the Maxwell equation mentions above.

52 | P a g e
Tarek Hajj Shehadi
IX) Divergence Theorem : 16.8
This is the last section of this chapter; we will discuss how we can
calculate the outward flux across a surface in 3D space.
- The Divergence theorem states that to find the net outward flux across
a closed bounded surface we apply this formula :

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 = ∮ 𝑀𝑑𝑦 − 𝑁𝑑𝑥 = ∯ ( + ) 𝑑𝐴 = ∰(∇ ∙ 𝐹 )𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

- we call ∇ ∙ 𝐹 as 𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹 which represents how much

things are exiting the surface per given area. The
Divergence Theorem is about finding sum of all
particles exiting through a given enclosed curve located
at a surface.
𝑨
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑷
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙 = ∰ ( + + ) 𝒅𝑽
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝑫

The Grand Fundamental Theorem of Vector Integral Calculus :

The Integral of a differential operator acting on a field over a region

equals the sum of the field components appropriate to the operator over
the boundary of the Region.

The End

53 | P a g e
Tarek Hajj Shehadi
- Problems :
I) Using divergence theorem find the flux of 𝐹 = 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑖 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧 3 𝑘
out of the unit sphere whose center is origin
II) Let S be the closed surface whose bottom face is the unit disc in the
xy−plane and whose upper surface is the paraboloid z = 1 −𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
z ≥ 0. Using the divergence theorem, find the flux of F = xi+ yj+zk
across S.
III) Using the divergence theorem, evaluate the surface integral of the
field F = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑧 2 𝑗 + 𝑦 2 𝑘 over the tetrahedron with the vertices being
(1,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,0,1), and the origin.
IV) F = (y - x)i + (z - y)j + (y - x)k D: The cube bounded by the planes
x = ±1, y = ±1, and z = ±1
V) F = yi + xyj - zk D: The region inside the solid cylinder x2 + y2 ≤ 4
between the plane z = 0 and the paraboloid z = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
V) Gauss’s Law of Electromagnetic :
- Define the electric field created by a charge 𝑞𝑜 located at the origin by
𝒒𝒐 𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
Ӂ(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = (( 𝟐 ) 𝒊 + (𝟐 ) 𝒋 + (𝟐 ) 𝒌)
𝟒𝝅𝜺 √(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )^𝟑 √(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )^𝟑 √(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )^𝟑

Calculate the Inward Flux across the sphere

whose center is the origin and having radius
equal to 𝑎.

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X) Summary and Important Tips :
1) Simple Line Integral :
𝒃 𝒃
𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟐
√
− 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍 ∶ ∫ 𝒇(𝒓(𝒕))|𝑽|𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒓(𝒕)) [ ( ) + ( ) + ( ) 𝒅𝒕]
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒂 𝒂

2) Work :
𝒃

− 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = ∫ 𝑭(𝒓(𝒕)) ∙ 𝒓′ (𝒕) 𝒅𝒕

𝒂

3) Circulation :
𝟐𝝅

− Line Integral Form ∶ 𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = ∮ 𝑭(𝒓(𝒕)) ∙ 𝒓′ (𝒕)𝒅𝒕

𝟎
𝑨
𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴
− Green′ s Theorem ∶ 𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = ∯ ( − ) 𝒅𝑨
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝑹
𝑨
±𝛁𝑭
− Stoke′ s Theorem ∶ 𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = ∯(𝛁 × 𝑭) ∙ 𝒅𝑨 (𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆)
|𝛁𝑭 ∙ 𝒑|
𝑺
𝑨

− Stoke′ s Theorem ∶ 𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = ∯(𝛁 × 𝑭) ∙ (𝒓𝒖 × 𝒓𝒗 ) 𝒅𝒖𝒅𝒗 (𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒆𝒅 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆)

𝑺

4) Flow :
𝒃

− 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘 = ∫ 𝑭(𝒓(𝒕)) ∙ 𝒓(𝒕)𝒅𝒕

𝒂

5) Flux :
𝟐𝝅

− Line Integral Form ∶ 𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙 = ∮ (𝑴𝒅𝒚 − 𝑵𝒅𝒙)

𝟎
𝑨
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
− Green′ s Theorem ∶ 𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙 = ∯ ( + ) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝑹

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 𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑷
− Divergence Theorem ∶ 𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙 = ∰ ( + + ) 𝒅𝑽
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

6) Conservative Vector Fields :

- If we have a simple closed curve C located on the 𝑥𝑦 plane, then :
𝟐𝝅 𝑨
𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴
𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = ∮ 𝑭(𝒓(𝒕)) ∙ 𝒓′ (𝒕)𝒅𝒕 = ∯ ( − ) 𝒅𝑨 = 𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝟎 𝑹

- If we have a simple closed curve C located on a smooth surface S :

∇ × 𝐹 = 0 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 = 𝟎
- If the component test works , this doesn’t 100% mean that the vector field 𝐹 is Conservative ,
we have to make sure the vector field is continuous especially over its partial derivatives.
. 𝐵 𝐵

− 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝑭 = 𝛁𝒇 ; ∫ 𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = ∫ ∇𝑓 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑟 = 𝑓(𝐵) − 𝑓(𝐴)

𝐶 𝐴 𝐴

7) Surface Area : .

− 𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = ∬|𝒓𝒖 × 𝒓𝒗 |𝒅𝒖𝒅𝒗 (𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒆𝒅 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆)

𝑹
𝑨
𝛁𝑭
− 𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = ∬ | | 𝒅𝑨 (𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆)
𝛁𝑭 ∙ 𝒌
𝑹
𝑨
𝟐
− 𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = ∬ √(𝒇𝒙 )𝟐 + (𝒇𝒚 ) + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 (𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆)
𝑹

8) Surface Integrals :
𝑨

− 𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍 = ∬ 𝑮(𝒓(𝒖, 𝒗)) |𝒓𝒖 × 𝒓𝒗 | 𝒅𝒖𝒅𝒗 (𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒆𝒅 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆)

𝑹
𝑨
±𝛁𝑭
− 𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍 = ∬ 𝑮(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) 𝒅𝑨 (𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆)
|𝛁𝑭 ∙ 𝒑|
𝑺
𝑨
𝟐
− 𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍 ∬ 𝑮(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚))√(𝒇𝒙 )𝟐 + (𝒇𝒚 ) + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 (𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆)
𝑹

Note : the + or – sign is chosen based on direction of circulation or direction of normal vector.

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57 | P a g e
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 Important Problems for Chapter 16

Problem I
Given 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑦𝒊 − 𝑧 3 𝒋 + 𝑥 2 𝒌 , use Stoke’s theorem to evaluate the clockwise circulation
around C which is defined by the part of the plane 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 that lies in the first octant.
Problem II
𝑧−1 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Given 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 𝒊 − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 𝒋 + 𝑥 2 +2𝑦 2+1 𝒌 , let S be the paraboloid 𝑧 = for 𝑧 ≤ 4
4
oriented with upward normal vector. Use Stoke’s theorem to calculate counter clock. circulation.
Problem III
Let 𝐶1 be the circle of radius 1 in the plane 𝑧 = 1 and 𝐶2 be the circle of radius 1 in plane 𝑧 = 2
By parametrizing each circle , show that the line integrals of 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 are equal.
Given : ∇ × 𝐹 = (1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )(𝑥𝒊 + 𝑦𝒋) + (𝑦𝒊 − 𝑥𝒋) + 𝑥𝑒 3𝑧 𝒌
Problem IV
𝐴
Let 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑎 cos(𝑡 2 ) 𝒊 + 𝑏 sin(𝑡 2 ) 𝒋 with 𝑎, 𝑏 > 0 for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ √2𝜋 . Calculate ∫𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑦 then
4
deduce the value of 𝑎 + 𝑏 such that the line integral evaluates to 20𝜋 and that 𝑎 = 5 𝑏.

Problem V
Let S be the surface 𝑧 = 4 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑧 ≥ −3. Calculate the counterclockwise circulation
around S such that 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 3𝑧) 𝒊 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝒋 + cos(𝑥𝑦𝑧) 𝑒 𝑥 𝒌
Problem VI

Evaluate the line integral where 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑒 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝒊 + (𝑦 + 𝑧 2 )𝒋 + (sin(𝑧 2 ) + 𝑥 2 )𝒌 where

C is the triangle with vertices (1,0,0) , (0,1,0) , (0,0,1). C is oriented counterclockwise.
Problem VII
2 2
Let 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = cos(𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) 𝒊 + sin(𝑧 2 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝒋 + 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑦 𝒌 be a vector field on ℝ3 . Calculate
𝜋
the surface integral where the surface is defined by 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑒 𝑧 cos (𝑧) ; 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2

Problem VIII
𝑥
Define |𝑥| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 . Consider 𝐹(𝑥) = |𝑥|𝜆 , find the value of λ such that net flux is zero

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Problem IX
Let S be the closed surface formed of the intersection of the paraboloid 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and the
plane 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are any two real numbers. Let C be the bounding curve of S
traversed counterclockwise when viewed from positive 𝑧 − axis. Use Stoke’s theorem to
𝐴
calculate ∫𝐶 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 and deduce the value of 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 if the integral evaluates to 6𝜋 with 3𝑎 = 𝑏.

Problem X
Let 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧)𝒊 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )𝒋 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝒌 a force field acting on a particle traversing the
intersection of the two cones 𝑧 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and 𝑧 = 2 − √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 with 𝑦 ≥ 0. Find the work
done through the point (−1,0,1) and (1,0,1).
Problem XI
Let 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑧 4 + 𝑥)𝒊 + (2𝑦 − 𝑧 2 )𝒋 + (4𝑥𝑧 3 − 2𝑧𝑦 + 𝑧 2020 )𝒌 find the circulation
around C in the counterclockwise direction where C is defined by the intersection of the cylinder
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 and the plane 𝑧 = 4.
Problem XII
For any 𝛼 > 0 , define the surface S to be 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + (𝑧 − 1)2 = 𝑎2 and 𝑧 ≥ 1 oriented with
normal vector 𝑛 = 𝑘. Let 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑥𝑧 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑧))𝒊 + (−𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑧))𝒋 + (4 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝒌

be a vector field on ℝ3 . Find the value of 𝛼 so that the flux of 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) through S is maximum.
Problem XIII
Let 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2𝑥 + 3𝑦)𝒊 + (3𝑥 + 4𝑦)𝒋 and let C he the upper part of the circle of diameter
equal to 5 about the point (2,0) that runs from the point (1,2) to (3,2). Determine the line integral
of 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) about C.
Problem XIV
𝑧
4𝑧 2 𝑥 𝜋 𝜋 𝑥2𝑧
Let 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (4𝑥 + ) 𝒊 + 3 cos ( 3 𝑦) 𝒋 + ( − 𝑒 3 ) 𝒌 and let C be the curve parametrize
8 2
by 𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡(𝑡−3) 𝒊 + 𝑡𝒋 + 2𝑡𝒌. Calculate the line integral of 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) about C.
Problem XV
Let C be a simple closed piecewise smooth space curve that lies in the plane with unit normal
vector 𝑛 = 𝑎𝒊 + 𝑏𝒋 + 𝑐𝒌 and the positive circulation with respect to 𝑛. Show that the plane area
𝐴
enclosed by C is : ∫𝐶 (𝑏𝑧 − 𝑐𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑐𝑥 − 𝑎𝑧)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑎𝑦 − 𝑏𝑥)𝑑𝑧

Problem XVI
10𝑥 9 𝑦
Let 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (9𝑥 8 ln(5𝑦 2 + 3) + 5𝑧 3 )𝒊 + (5𝑦 2+3 + 4𝑧) 𝒋 + (15𝑥𝑧 2 + 4𝑦 − 6𝜋 sin(𝜋𝑧))𝒌

and C : 𝑟(𝑡) = (𝑡 3 + 1)𝒊 + (𝑡 2 + 2)𝒋 + 𝑡 3 𝒌 ; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1. Evaluate line integral 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) on C.

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 Tarek hajj shehadi
Sample Exam I

Problem I
Evaluate the following line integral :
𝐴
∫ 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
𝐶

Where C is the curve given in Fig. A starting

from the point A(4,3) to B(0,3) , and ending
at the point C(0,-3).
Fig. A

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Problem II
Consider the following differential form :
(𝑎𝑦 2 + 2𝑐𝑧𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑧)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑐𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑧

𝒂) State the Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals.

𝒃) How are the constants 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 related so that the differential form
is exact?
𝒄) Let 𝑎 = 1. Find a Potential Function 𝑓 of the above differential form.

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Problem III
Define C to be a counterclockwise oriented simple closed curve that
bounds a region on the 𝑥𝑦 – plane. The area of C is given by :
1 𝐴
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 𝐶

𝒂) If C is parametrized in Polar Coordinates 𝑟(𝜃) , show that by

applying Green’s Theorem that the area of C in polar coordinates is :
𝜃2
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 = ∫ 𝑟 2 (𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2
𝜃1

𝒃) Find the area of the Cardioid given by

𝑟(𝜃 ) = 1 − sin(𝜃 ) ; 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋

𝒄) Find the counterclockwise circulation for the function :

𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑦 2 + 𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝒊 + (𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝒋

with the region being the triangle formed by the three points (1,0) , (0,0)
, (0,1).

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Problem IV
Verify Stoke’s Theorem if S is a portion of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1
for which 𝑧 ≥ 0 and F defined as :
𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝒊 − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝒋 − 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝒌

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Problem V
Use the Divergence Theorem to calculate the net outward flux across the
surface of the paraboloid 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 with F being :
𝐹 = 𝑥𝒊 + 𝑦𝒋 + 𝒌

Note : The paraboloid is open so add a cap 𝑧 = 1.

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Problem VI
Define a function 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) in a region D in space satisfying the
following Partial Differential Equation :
2 2 2
𝜕 𝑓 𝜕 𝑓 𝜕 𝑓
∇2 ∙ 𝑓 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Show that :
𝐴 𝐴
∬ 𝑓 ∇𝑓 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝜎 = ∭ |∇𝑓|2 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝐷

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