Important topic (Main concepts) in organic chemistry:

I) Empirical, molecular, structural, displayed and skeletal formulae

II) Functional groups and the naming of organic compounds
III) Shapes of organic molecules; σand πbonds
IV) Isomerism: structural and stereoisomerism
V) IUPAC name
VI) Optical and geometrical isomerism
‫نواتج‬ ‫هذة الموضوعات من واقع‬
‫التعلم الصف االول والثانى والثالث‬
A. Classification of hydrocarbons
aliphatic
‫المطلوب معرقتها فى الكيمياء‬
aromatic ‫العضوية‬
B. Alkanes (exemplified by methan and ethane)
(i) combustion
(ii) halogenation
(iii) Free-radical reactions
(vi) Crude oil and ‘cracking’

C. Alkenes (exemplified by ethene)

(i) Addition and oxidation reactions
(ii) Industrial importance

D. aromaticity

E
a- Over view on hydrocarbons - Nomenclature of hydrocarbons derivatives
b- Types of isomers (structure - geometrical (cis -trans-E,Z)
c- Preparation of methane (dry distillation of sodium acetate)-ethylene-acetylene
d- Reactions of hydrocarbons
I- Combustion in limited and excess amount of oxygen for hydrocarbons.
II- Halogenation of alkane by free radical mechanism,( Methane – propane)
III- Reaction of Alkene
1- Halogenation
2- Catalytic hydration
3- Oxidation – oxidation by cleavage- Ozonolysis.
4- Addition of HX
5- Polymerization
IV- Reaction of Alkyne
1- Halogenation
2- Catalytic hydration
3- Polymerization -trimerization- Aromaticity and benzene structure
1- Preparation of aromatic benzene (from acetylene –hexane)
2- Reactions of Benzene
a- Mono substituted benzene
 b- Di-substituted benzene.
3- Distinguish practically between Ethane, Ethene and Acetylene.

F- alcohols:
1- Nomenclature
2- Classification of alcohols according to the functional group, and according to carbinol
group.
3- Prepare experimentally by fermentation
4- Preparation theoretically from alkanes and alkyl halides
5- Oxidation reactions to determine the presence of ethanol
6- Industrial application of:
a- Methanol
b- Ethanol
c- Glycerol
d- Ethylene glycol
7- Differentiate between phenols, methanol, and NaOH

G
1. Nomenclature according to the origin
2. Preparation of aspirin
3. Reactions:
a- Acidic hydrolysis of ethyl acetate
b- Alkaline hydrolysis- preparation of saponification
4. Application of esters in perfumes and food industry.