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1.1. OVERVIEW OF AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS, SLEF-CONSCIOUS

EMOTION AND SELF-COMPASSION:

Positive psychology is the current developing field of psychology promoting

positivity in one’s life and improving psychological well-being.

Thoughts are building blocks of whatever we are and in the way we act. We the

human beings have the capacity of thinking, appraising and re-appraising. Thinking

determines the way we react and act and is the basic thing, which everybody needs to

exert maximal control over it. Humans think in both positive and negative terms. It is

noted that well-being is generally associated with positive thinking. Though negative

evaluations reduce the risks involved in outcome to some extent. Constant ruminations

and negative thinking is seen as the core component in physical and mental issues,

distress, and problems. Example: Cardio-vascular problems, accidents, anger, and

aggressions. On this view point Automatic thoughts are thinking that or the thoughts in

subconscious mind. They are not consciously reported by a person. It is the individual

tendency to automatically think which comes into action as a result of the environmental

stimulus. These thoughts play a major role in determining the attitudes and beliefs of a

person which has a significant impact on the person’s self-esteem, expectations, self-

concepts and their desires which predominantly determines one’s own attribution. When

one tends to attribute their actions positively even in difficult situation and balance their

life circumstances which reflects their self-compassion. Being compassionate with what

they do may involve some sort of awareness about oneself and tendency to relate oneself

with others perception about them, which signifies their self-conscious emotions. Al

together, the way one think automatically, tends to have an awareness about one’s own
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conscious emotions which determines their attribution of being compassionate.

Automatic thoughts and awareness of their emotions as well the attribution of others has

impact on compassion.

1.2. AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS:

Automatic thoughts are process of thinking that is automatically elicited through

environmental factors around them. They actually stems from the belief of every

individual about them. These beliefs naturally tend to pop up in our conscious at anytime,

anywhere about anything but are merely related to sub-conscious mind voice. These

beliefs can be expressed in the form descriptions, inferences, or situation-specific

evaluations. These sorts of beliefs about oneself can be either rational or irrational, on

this note it is actually termed rational as positive automatic thoughts and irrational beliefs

as negative automatic thoughts. Therefore, automatic thoughts more likely viewed as a

part of cognition, which are triggered by common belief patterns as schemas.

TYPES OF AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS:

 Positive Automatic thoughts

 Negative Automatic thoughts

POSITIVE AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS:

Positive automatic thoughts are associated with good health and well-being which

are used in cognitive restructuring of core negative beliefs. Positive thoughts give

positive feelings of hope, gratitude, contemplation, awe, optimism.

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NEGATIVE AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS:

Negative automatic thoughts are related with psychological dysfunctions with

negative feelings. Negative automatic thoughts lead to many psychological dysfunctions

such as depression, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and also health issues in

some individuals. These negative automatic thoughts are considered as cognitive

distortions.

COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS:

Some common cognitive distortions involves in people thinking process are:

1. All-or-nothing thinking (black-and-white/polarized/dichotomous thinking)

2. Catastrophizing (fortune telling)

3. Disqualifying or discounting the positive

4. Emotional reasoning

5. Labeling

6. Magnification (of negative)/minimization (of positive)

7. Mental filter (selective abstraction)

8. Mind reading

9. Overgeneralization

10. Personalization (egocentrism)

11. "Should" and "must" statements (imperatives)

12. Tunnel vision (only negative)

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Some Main and important cognitive distortions are:

 Arbitrary inference – this distortion of thinking involves drawing conclusions

which has no evidence or insufficient or irrelevant details of their life. This sort

distortion includes some Catastrophizing thoughts.

 Selective abstraction – this includes drawing conclusions on the basis of particular

or isolated details of an event. This distortion includes some of the information is

ignored and the important context is missed. This deals with some aspect of

failure thoughts and deprivation.

 Overgeneralization – this distortion include holding on extreme beliefs and

making the conclusions based on a single event.

 Magnification – this distortion includes greater assumptions about negative

thoughts and even minor mistakes. This exaggeration leads to an undesirable

event.

 Minimization – this distortions limiting or reducing the positive thoughts or even

positive events as simple thing.

 Personalization – the way of attributing negative feelings of others as oneself.

This involves making connections of others as ourselves.

 Labeling and mislabeling – this involves the way of portraying one’s own identity

as imperfect or mistakes which were happened in the past and hence, portraying

them as a true identity of one selves.

 Dichotomous thinking – this includes the way of assuming something or

experiencing extremes. Which are termed as polarized thinking either positive or

negative thoughts as more.

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FEATURES OF AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS :

Automatic thoughts tend to be unknowingly, unexpectedly fast as they popup in

our mind. There are few characteristics of Automatic thoughts:

1. Appears briefly – it includes some negative thoughts thought popup frequently

and briefly as “I can’t do it”, “am stupid”, “am failure”.

2. Almost always believed – some thoughts are merely seem like it’s illogical but

still we tend to believe it almost anytime.

3. Experienced with spontaneity – as the automatic thoughts appears very quickly

irrespective of any work but still unnoticed by us.

4. Control us with Should, Ought or must – automatic thoughts often occur hand

in hand frequently they were control us with powerful words as should, ought or must

which perhaps turned as schemas.

5. Tendency to Imagine something bad going to happen – the automatic thoughts

lead oneself to think about future as dangerous and bad going to happen in turn.

6. Depends on the individual – based on the individual’s situation and personality

the automatic thoughts tend to differ persistently.

7. It differs from what we are saying in reality – the automatic thoughts are

actually contrast to the way we actually represent our self to others.

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COGNITIVE TRIARCHIC THEORY:

Cognitive triarchic theory was explained by Aaron Beck, also known as the

Negative Triad. This is a cognitive-therapeutic view which includes three main key

factors to be considered by Beck which signifies the person’s belief system. Beck focused

this theory as a treatment to reduce negative automatic thoughts especially in depressive

patients initially; it is termed as “Treatment of Negative Automatic Thoughts” (TNAT)

approach.

Negative Automatic Thoughts triad involves factors of automatic, spontaneous,

and seemingly uncontrollable negative thoughts.

Negative views about the world

Negative views about oneself Negative views about the future

The negative thoughts about:

 The self – am worthless

 The world or environment – no one understands me

 The future – things can get worse

Beck when focused on depressive patient with symptoms which involves triarchic model

as they perceive themselves as helpless, unlovable, worthless along with physical, mental

or moral deficits. They actually tend to feel guilt and rejected by other people and also
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they tend to view their future without any hope which lead them to feel with drawled

from others and low mood.

AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS AND WELL – BEING:

Many research findings related to positive and negative automatic thoughts are

more likely related with their physical and mental well-being. With positive automatic

thoughts, the people tend to be happy which had an impact on the mental health and self-

esteem of an individual. With negative automatic thoughts people tend to have more

mental health symptoms and decreased self-esteem level. Along with mental health, it

also includes some physical health symptoms. Al together negative thoughts may tend to

cause stress and burnout for the people. In that way cognitive restructuring should be

undertaken to inculcate positive thoughts within them.

MAINTAINING POSITIVE THINKING:

 One should prevent oneself from negative thoughts which may in turn trigger

success with positive attitude, thoughts, and behaviour.

 Cognitive modification of actively changing these belief patterns by introducing

oneself with positive thoughts.

ENABLING THOUGHT PATTERNS INCLUDES:

 One should understand one’s own belief system, potentials, talents, and unique

skills.

 Everyone can enable positive thought pattern by providing cognitive retraining

through auto-suggestion.
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 One should possess the nature of feeling empowered and incharge of whatever we

are doing.

 For betterment in one’s life one should start accepting and should expect change

in their life as change changes.

 To be enabled with positive thought pattern one should undergo persistent.

 A best way of overcoming interpersonal problems is through creating a mutual

beneficial relationship.

 Positive though can be enabled if, one have the self-confidence within them and

should have or higher self-esteem.

 Every individual should have opportunities for progression.

IMPROVING AND REDUCING NEGATIVE THOUGHTS:

 Unconscious belief of not being good enough – it deals with personal

maladjustments.

 Reducing the dependency and co-dependency – it deals with personal

maladjustment.

 Fear should be reduced and should also have the resistance to change – deals with

desire for change.

 Blaming others for missed opportunities – deals with negative self-concept.

 If negative experiences turns into belief, we tend to not only excuse for not

progressive but also obstacles – deals with negative self-expectation.

 Low self-esteem

 Helplessness of no control over the facing circumstances.

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THOUGHTS AND EMOTIONS: Thoughts provide a source for expressing emotions

through feelings. The thoughts are analyzed, evaluated and through self-awareness of our

belief and schemas self-conscious emotions are developed.

1.3. SELF-CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS:

Self-conscious emotions are the sort emotions that are affected by the way we

perceive ourselves and how other perceives us. Self-conscious emotions are merely

shows the healthy signs of emotional maturity. Both positive and negative self-conscious

emotions are powerful motivators in our life. But, excessive self-conscious emotions can

be extremely unhealthy for an individual with mental health problems like anxiety,

depression, borderline personality disorder and also social anxiety and isolation.

SYMPTOMS OF SELF –CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS:

Anything to a limit is healthy. In that way some of the healthy self-conscious emotions

are:

 One tend to have pride in accomplishments

 Enjoying the feeling of being engaged in social environments

 Accepting and feeling happy to take responsibility and tend to willfully apologize

for mistakes we have done

When we possess excessive self-conscious emotions causes unhealthy self-conscious

emotions. It may be-

 Feeling anger and hostility when responding to embarrassment

 We may tend to avoid social experiences

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 We tend to defend oneself by placing blame on other for one’s own mistakes

 We may feel responsible for the wrong committed against ourselves

 One may tend to have feelings low self-esteem

 We tend to express the feelings of agitation, anxiety, depression or nervousness

CAUSES OF SELF-CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS:

Self-conscious emotions are predominantly developed in relation to an

understanding of the rules, standards, and goals of our super ego. It involves forming a

sense or awareness about oneself which can be developed from the age of 18 months in

children and the full range of self-conscious emotions are acquired by the age of 3.

Adolescence is more prone to high amount of self-conscious emotions as they are more

likely forced by the environmental or social pressures. Therefore, self-conscious

emotions are not merely learned it is genetically or predominantly acquired during the

birth of the child itself.

Charles Darwin discussed and made observations, where he believes that it is the

self-conscious emotions that help on the capacity to think about the self through some

cognitive capacities only at the end of the second year of the child’s life. Though it

primarily the child can able to emerge with primary emotions as fear, anger, joy in the

first year of its life. Lewis called consciousness as awareness, with emotions that

mentally represents about the self. It is the self-conscious emotions.

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE TYPE OF SELF-CONSCIOS EMOTIONS:

According to Darwin and Lewis, Self-conscious can be considered as two sets.

First set – Embarrassment, Empathy, Jealousy.

Second set – again embarrassment as well as Shame, Guilt, Hubris, and pride.

They actually called the first set of self-conscious emotions as Exposed self-

conscious emotions. As they involves the cognitive ability in order to reflect on the self

but they do not require elaborative cognitive capacities which is done with the second set

of self-conscious emotions. These first set of self-conscious emotions tend to appear in

the second half of the child’s second year of life. At first, embarrassment shows the

awareness about the idea of “me”, in this point the child comes to understand that they

are the object of attention to others which elicit naturally embarrassment. Secondly

empathy, emerges when the child can place them in role of the others. Thirdly, jealously

tend to appear when child is capable of understanding that another person has what they

want. Hence these self-conscious emotions are not the consequences of the child’s

knowledge.

The next set of self-conscious emotions of embarrassment, guilt, shame, hubris

and pride deals with the Standards, Rules, and Goals which are incorporated through their

family and peers. Hence, the set of these self-conscious emotions are evaluative self-

conscious emotions. As from the cognitive-attribution model, these conscious emotions

deal with socialization, which the child incorporates as it develops. The global attribution

give rise to shame and hubris and specific attribution give rise to guilt and pride. In this
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second stage of self-conscious emotion embarrassment occur when the child experience

the company of others when it violates the Standards, Rules and Goals.

IMPROVING SELF-CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS:

 To promote more positive self image and improve self-esteem.

 Engaging in activities that makes them feel better.

 Writing a list of self-accomplishments about their traits.

 Be punctual and committed towards their work.

 Taking responsibility

 Mindfulness therapy.

EMOTIONS AND COMPASSION: It’s the human nature to perceive oneself and

perceive how others perceive us and expressing the feeling of pride, embarrassment,

shame, and guilt. In this way some people tend to feel inferior and inadequate from

others. If they feel that they feel negatively about them, they typically behave

inadequately which affects the Self-compassion of oneself.

1.4. SELF-COMPASSION:

The first person who measured the term Self-compassion was Psychologist

Kristin Neff; define the term “self-compassion.” She describes self-compassion as

kindness toward the self, which entails being gentle, supportive, and understanding:

“Rather than harshly judging oneself for personal shortcomings, the self is offered

warmth and unconditional acceptance.” In other words, being kind to ourselves in good

times and bad, in sickness and in health and even when we make mistakes is the better

way to seek self-fulfillment in life.

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The word compassion means “to suffer with”. That is, accepting our situation

even at difficult times is the best way to strive for compassion. It focuses on how one

perceives care and support from themselves when being in bad situations.

Most people tend to criticize and harm one for being inadequate in various

circumstances of life. But, instead of negatively judging oneself compassion promotes

positively confronting oneself.

ELEMENTS OF SELF-COMPASSION:

1. Self-kindness vs. Self-judgment.

Self-kindness: self-compassion pertains oneself being warm towards oneself

when encountering difficulty situation of pain, personal short-comings. But who score

low in this state may ignore oneself and hurt them with self-criticism.

Self-judgment: Self-compassionate people recognize that being imperfect,

failing, and experiencing life difficulties is because of themselves and get angry when life

falls short of set ideals.

Instead of perceiving that people cannot always be or get exactly what they want

they tend to deny or fought against their suffering which increases in the form of stress,

frustration, and self-criticism. When this reality is accepted with sympathy and kindness,

greater emotional stability is experienced.

2. Common humanity vs. Isolation.

Common humanity: people tend to believe that sufferings in their life are not

only accompanied by them, it is shared by every people.

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Isolation: Frustration at not having things exactly as we want is often

accompanied by an irrational but pervasive sense of isolation – as if “I” was the only

person suffering or making mistakes.

The self-compassion focus on being “human” means that one is mortal,

vulnerable, and imperfect. Therefore, self-compassion involves recognizing that

suffering and personal inadequacy is part of the shared human experience – something

that we all go through rather than being something that happens to “me” alone.

3. Mindfulness vs. Over-identification.

Mindfulness: according to Neff, mindfulness is a non-judgmental, receptive mind

state in which one observes theirs thoughts and feelings, without denying them. We

cannot ignore our pain and feel compassion for it at the same time. At the same time,

mindfulness requires that we not be “over-identified” with thoughts and feelings, so that

we are caught up and swept away by negative reactivity.

Over-identification: In this state, people may tend to exaggerate themselves

overtly for even simple problems in their life.

Self-compassion also requires taking a balanced approach to our negative

emotions so that feelings are neither suppressed nor exaggerated. This equilibrated

stance stems from the process of relating personal experiences to those of others who are

also suffering, thus putting our own situation into a larger perspective. It also stems from

the willingness to observe our negative thoughts and emotions with openness and clarity,

so that they are held in mind full awareness.

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THINKING AND SELF-COMPASSION:

Thinking is the way of process that determines how one act accordingly to the

situation. The compassion of an individual is the way one cares for them even in the

difficult situation rather than critizing or blaming even for the simple mistakes. If one has

positive thinking, their approach to them and others will also be in a positive way. They

play an optimistic role when facing the difficult situations. Therefore, positive thinking

helps oneself to be compassionate.

SELF-COMPASSION IS NOT RELATED WITH SELF-PITY:

Self-pity is a state of mind or emotional response of a person believing to be a

victim and lacking the confidence and competence to cope with an adverse situation. But,

self-compassion is about taking care about oneself and supporting oneself in difficult

situation.

HIGH SELF-COMPASSION:

 The people with High self-compassion experience greater psychological health.

 People tend to have Life satisfaction, Wisdom, Happiness, optimism, curiosity

and have emotional resilience.

 It helps the individual to have holistic approach.

 It promotes oneself in a better way to willingly solve the problems even if it is

difficult.

 It helps to attribute oneself internally and stable to the cause of our behavior.

 It brings the individual with increased self-motivation when they compassionate

themselves.
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LOW SELF-COMPASSION:

 Self-criticism

 Anxiety

 Rumination

 Thought suppression

 Over Perfectionism.

 Depression

 Inadequate feeling.

IMPROVING SELF-COMPASSION:

1. Treat yourself as you would a small child.

2. Practice mindfulness.

3. Self-acceptance and adapting to the change will reduce inadequacy.

1.5. PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF THE TEACHERS:

Teachers are meant to play many roles in spite of their teaching. Their teaching

behaviour has an impact on their students and work place. They are naturally people

oriented and deal with the students. They tend to have more stress and burnout in the way

they work. Their psychological well-being also has an impact of their work-life balance.

They are exhaustive and their satisfaction determines their automatic thoughts, which in

turn bring them self-conscious emotions of how they perceive themselves and aware of

their situations has impact on their compassion.

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1.6. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT OF IT WORKERS:

IT workers are the people in working as an employee in an organization. They are

working for the development of the organization and have flexibility in doing their job

but are machine oriented. They were highly stressful in coping their work-life is the

biggest thing to consider. They generally work in the basis of ergonomics. They were

highly tends to have dissatisfaction in their work. There their automatic thoughts are

negatively oriented which makes them to perceive themselves in negatively as negative

conscious emotions which impact their compassion about life.

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1.7. NEED FOR THE STUDY:

To analyze the interplay of Automatic thoughts, Self-conscious emotions, and

Self-compassion with respect to Teachers and IT workers. This study focus on the role of

Automatic thoughts has any effect on self-conscious emotions and self-compassion of the

teachers and IT workers. It also focuses on how teachers and IT workers differ in their

Automatic thoughts, conscious emotions and self-compassion in their personal and work

life balance. In this case, the teachers are generally people oriented. On the other hand, IT

workers were machine oriented in their work place situations. The way, they tend to

perceive themselves and others was seems to be different in the way of their approach.

On this note, as from many study it was found that negative Automatic thoughts and

negative self conscious emotions were related to psychological affect whereas when self-

compassion is low it lead to negative attribution and poor balance in life. On perceiving

this with the common population the study can be focused on teachers and IT workers

who posses more emotional exhaustion and burnout with low compassion. Therefore, this

study needed for the people with broad understanding of positive thinking and positive

conscious emotions helps them to attribute their life situation positively in both their

personal life and work life balance even at difficult times especially it helps for the

professionals.
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2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1. STUDY ON AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS:

1. An interventional study on the relationship between Automatic thoughts and

Depression in a Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)) was conducted by Kristin, et.al

(2017) for 240 patients with HIV/AIDS, who were randomly selected. They were found

to be treated with CBT & Information/Supportive Psychotherapy (ISP) or one session of

counseling alone especially for their Adherence and depression, CBT specifically

Automatic thoughts acts as a component of the treatment. During these interventions,

they were assessed with self-report questionnaire of Automatic thoughts (ATQ),

Montgomery- As berg Depression Rating Scale (MDARS) at baseline. The analysis was

done using Autoregressive crossed-lagged panel models. From the study, they found that

when automatic thoughts decrease, depression decrease. If CBT-Adherence decreases in

automatic thoughts were followed by decrease in depression but in ISP group that is

information/supportive psychotherapy both automatic thoughts and depression had

significant influence on each other. Hence, this interventional study showed the evidence

base for Cognitive Interventions for depression in individual with chronic medical

conditions of HIV/AIDS.

2. A descriptive study on the mediating role of Automatic thoughts and affective

states during sexual activity by Maria, et.al (2017), the objective dealt with the

incomplete schemas, Automatic thoughts, and affective states that have been described as

maintenance factor for female with different sexual orientation. The study was conducted

among 775 women among them 593 were heterosexuals and 182 were lesbians. They
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were assessed using cognitive schemas activation in sexual context, positive affect –

negative affect scale, female sexual functioning index, the sexual modes questionnaire –

Automatic thoughts subscale through online survey. This study was analyzed using

structural equation modeling and the result suggests that for heterosexuals’ samples, their

failure thoughts, lack of erotic thoughts were found to be mediated by positive and

negative affective state. Meanwhile, for lesbians additionally sexual abuse thoughts were

also influenced with mediators of positive and negative affective state. Hence, the study

revealed the role of automatic thoughts was significantly mediating the relationship

between incomplete schemas and female sexual functioning.

3. A relationship study was conducted by Wang, et.al (2016) on the

Psychological and mental health status of pregnant women through the effect of negative

life events and antenatal depression among 495 rural pregnant women through interview

method with the help of Edinburgh postnatal depression scale, pregnancy pressure scale,

automatic thoughts questionnaire and life event scale for pregnant women. The data was

analyzed with logistic regression and path analysis to mediating effect. The result

suggests that the prevalence of antenatal depression was 13.7% and the analysis was

found that only socio-demographic and health behaviour factor significantly related to

antenatal depression was sleep quality but, negative life events were not associated with

depression. Path analysis showed that the eventual direct and general effects of positive

automatic thoughts were 0.39 and 0.51which revealed that they were larger than the

effect of negative life events. Hence, the study concluded that there was a potentially

significant mediating effect of negative automatic thoughts among pregnant women. The

Pregnant women who had lower scores of negative automatic thoughts were likely to
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suffer less from negative life events but which was eventually leaded to antenatal

depression.

4. A preliminary study was conducted by Palosand, et.al (2014) on identifying

existing relationship between the level of anxiety, the frequency of automatic negative

thoughts and unconditional self-acceptance with patients of Rheumatoid Arthritis and

also with no such medical history of about 50. They have filled the assessment of

Hamilton anxiety scale, automatic thoughts questionnaire and unconditional self-

acceptance questionnaire which were analyzed using correlation and comparative

analysis. From the analysis it was found that the psychological anxiety was positively

correlated with Automatic negative thoughts and unconditional self-acceptance was

negatively correlated with both psychological anxiety and somatic as well as with

Automatic negative thoughts. From all these variables there were significant difference

found in Rheumatoid Arthritis as compared to the controlled population. From the result,

the study concluded that there is a presence of greater extent of anxiety and automatic

negative thoughts along with reduced unconditional self-acceptance among people with

Rheumatoid Arthritis. Hence, the intervention on these variables through support and

counseling can lead to reducing anxiety and depression by altering the coping styles and

implicitly improving patient’s quality of life.

5. A relationship study was conducted by Eugen, et.al (2014) between Resilience,

Automatic thoughts, distress, neuroticism in people with pain and role limitations due to

Physical Health problems. The study tends to display that these people have higher risk

of Automatic thoughts and distress, therefore neurotic factors significantly increases

emotional system. This study showed the predictive factors among Resilience, Automatic
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thoughts, distress, and Neuroticism using questionnaire based investigation of these

contexts. Hence, the study revealed that Automatic thoughts and pain is predictor for both

emotional distresses as a whole and sub factors of fear, sadness and also resilience is a

functional and dysfunctional predictors and neuroticism is a predictors for functions of

fear. The study concluded that resilience has a favorable impact on health, reducing

emotional stress, pain; automatic thoughts, neuroticism, and distress represent factors of

psychological vulnerability.

6. A relationship study by Donnelly, et.al (2011) between parent’s and children’s

Automatic thoughts in a college student sample of about 252 and their patients. The main

idea of this study was to found the intergenerational transmission of certain domains of

psychological functioning and the result of the study revealed that positive Automatic

thoughts differ for male and female college students and also their anxiety, self-esteem

and positive and negative Automatic thoughts were significantly predicted by this

mother’s anxiety and self-esteem. Hence, the study finding suggested that Automatic

thoughts play a role in the intergenerational transmission of certain domains of the

psychological functioning as predicted.

7. A relationship study between Automatic Thoughts and Negative Emotions was

examined by Carolyn, et.al (2004) among samples of children and adolescence of age 7-

16 years among them 200 were community youth and 160 youth of clinical samples with

Anxiety, Depression, / Disruptive behaviour disorders. The samples were assessed using

several self-report measures of negative belief and symptoms of externalizing and

internalizing problems. The analysis was done using multivariate analysis which focuses

on the inter-relationship between beliefs and non-cognitive symptoms. From the analysis
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it was revealed that thoughts of loss / personal failure were the strongest predictors of

depressive symptoms, thoughts of social threat were shown strongest predictors of

aggression. From the study, it was found that the data revealed a clear evidence of

cognitive-affective specificity across both internalizing and externalizing problems in

youth, through automatic thoughts as beliefs and negative emotions of the patients.

8. An analytical study on the relationship between stress coping styles, negative

Automatic thoughts, Quality of life and happiness which was investigated by Babamiri,

et.al (2004) among patients of 3 Hospitals who were randomly selected with 100 cardio-

vascular patients analyzed using Coping inventory for stressful situations, health survey

index automatic thoughts questionnaire and oxford happiness inventory. The analysis was

done using correlation and regression analysis. The data showed that there was

significant relationship between Task-oriented coping style, Emotional-oriented coping

style, negative Automatic thoughts, life quality, and happiness among cardio-vascular

patients. The regression analysis shown that the predictive variables like negative

automatic thoughts, life quality and task-oriented coping style, which predicts happiness

with 67% and were consider as the best predictors of happiness. Hence, the study was

concluded that improving coping styles will improve life Quality and interventional style

and to reduce automatic thought which was accompanied with Happiness in

Cardiovascular patients and also improve their health.

9. An experimental study was studied by Stiles, et.al (1989) on the role of

Automatic negative thoughts in the development of dysphoric mood through Beck’s

Cognitive Theory of Depression, Depressogenic schemas which tend to produce negative

thoughts and Automatic thoughts questionnaire was used among depressed and non-
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depressed subjects. Hence, the experimental study revealed and supported the view that a

high frequency of automatic thoughts toward the self and future in non-depressed

subjects may indicate a vulnerable to depression at the moment of testing.

2.2. STUDY ON AUTMATIC THOUGHTS AND SELF-COMPASSION:

10. A study on the association of Procrastination, Ruminative brooding,

mindfulness, and self-compassion by Flett, et.al (2016) was done using Academic

Procrastination, Procrastination related Automatic thoughts, Rumination, Mindfulness

and self-compassion & depression scales. This was studied among 214 under-graduate

students. They were analyzed using Correlation which showed that both measures of

procrastination were associated with rumination brooding and reduced mindfulness and

self-compassion. Overall, findings resulted as that coping with the cognitive risk factors

of rumination brooding and procrastination related automatic thoughts were related with

resilience of mindfulness and low level of self-compassion were related to high level of

procrastination and depression. Hence, the study concluded that procrastinators might be

vulnerable to depression due to the presence of these cognitive risks and resilience

factors.

11. A predictive study was conducted by Manstziose, et.al (2015) examined

weight gain in a stressful environment. The study was predicted that high level of

mindfulness and self-compassion would relate negatively to weight gain. Negative

automatic thoughts and intolerance of uncertainty would negatively relate to weight gain.

The study was conducted among 97 military recruits at baseline level, they were provided

with scales and after 5 weeks, the participants resulted as 43 gained weight, 54 lose
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weight. Those who lost weight significantly scored high in Automatic thoughts and

intolerance of uncertainty. Hence, the study concluded that negative thoughts may play a

role in weight gain. When mindfulness and self-compassion were taken into account

these negative cognitions were stopped significantly which are the predictors of weight

gain.

12. A relationship study was examined by Akin, et.al (2012) between self-

compassion and automatic thoughts among 299 students using Self-compassion scale and

Automatic thoughts questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using correlation and

hypothesis model of structural equation modeling. In correlation analysis dimensions of

Self-kindness, Common Humanity and Mindfulness of self-compassion were negatively

related to Automatic thoughts. On the other hand, self-judgment, isolation, over-

identification factors of self-compassion were found positively related to Automatic

thoughts. According to path analysis, Automatic thoughts were predicted negatively by

self-kindness, common humanity and mindfulness and positively with self-judgment,

over-identification predicted Automatic thoughts in a positive way. Hence, the path from

isolation thoughts was not significant.

2.3. STUDY ON SELF-COMPASSION:

13. A cross-sectional study was examined by Lopez, et.al (2016) about benefits

of Mindfulness and self-compassion their unique and combined effect in predicting

affect. It was studied among community adults of 1736 using five facets of mindfulness

questionnaire as a measure of mindfulness and self-compassion scale for self-

compassion, when examining, the result it was explored 3 of the five facets and negative
 26

self-compassion scale significantly predicted both depression symptoms and negative

affects. Self-compassion scale negatively act with awareness being was the strongest

predictors. The findings revealed that the harsh attitude towards oneself and lack of

attention when acting have greatest predictive value in the presence of psychological

symptoms. With respect to negative affect four of the five facets were significant

predictors. Hence, the study concluded that mindfulness is more important predictors of

positive affect than self-compassion.

14. A interventional study was conducted by Hamrick, et.al (2015) between self-

blame, self-compassion, disengagement coping and post-traumatic stress and depressive

symptoms among females who has experimented sexual assault of about 207 female

adults who were measured using those related scales and were which was analyzed

through meditational analysis which shows high self-compassion was associated with

lower blame, characterological self-blame and disengagement in coping and with less

post-traumatic stress disorder and also less depression. Hence, interventions designed for

clinical sexual assault survivors can increase in self-compassion.

15. A longitudinal cross-sectional was conducted by Erickson, et.al (2008)

examined the effect of mindfulness self-compassion based program on stress and burnout

symptoms in a group of practicing psychologist and also their relationship between

changes in self-compassion and self-coldness and changes in stress and burnout are

measured for 101 practicing psychologists in which 51 were training group and 49 were

control group after 15 minutes exercise per day for 6 weeks the participants filled

questionnaire of self-compassion scale; five facets of mindfulness questionnaire,

perceived stress scale, shirom melemed burnout questionnaire for pre and post test. The
 27

result showed distress was more strongly related to self-coldness than self-compassion.

Hence, the study concluded with longitudinal cross-sectional analysis, that treatment

program will be effective as self-compassion reduces in self-coldness which in turn

alleviate stress and symptoms of burnout and also provide supportive distinction between

self-compassion and self-coldness.

2.4. STUDY ON SELF-CONSCIOUS EMOTION:

16. A relationship study was conducted by Muns, et.al (2018) explored the self-

conscious emotions, personality traits and anxiety disorder symptoms among noon-

clinical youth of about 118 adolescents aged 12 to 15 years through Brief shame and guilt

questionnaire for children and youth self-report, Big-five personality questionnaire, youth

anxiety measure for DSM-5. From this, the study it was analyzed that shame positively

associated with broad range of anxiety disorders and neuroticism and negatively with

extroversion. Guilt did not show significant association with anxiety disorder once

controlling for the influence of shame. Finally, when controlling for neuroticism and

extroversion, shame consistently remain a significantly correlate with anxiety disorder

symptoms. Hence, study concluded that high levels of shame are clearly associated with

anxiety pathology.

17. An evaluative study was conducted by Hennion, et.al (2018) studied the

experiences of self conscious emotions in temporal lope epilepsy. This study evaluate

that both positive valence and negative valence of self conscious emotion are moral

emotions that emerge from self-reflection and self-evaluation in social contexts. This

study focus on neurological and psychological experiences of self conscious emotions

 28

among temporal lobe of 71 epilepsy patients and non epilepsy patients as control group.

They filled Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and Quality of life. The

study revealed that the temporal lobe epilepsy subjects were more likely to experience

negative valence of self conscious emotions which results them to acquire higher

frequency of seizures, more severe anxiety and depressive symptoms and prevalence of

anxiety and depressive disorder and lower quality of life. Hence, the study concluded that

control in self conscious emotions might be a target of interest in the management of

epilepsy.

18. A relationship study was conducted by Meesters, et.al (2017) examined

between Perceived parental Rearing behaviour and self-conscious emotions of guilt and

shame. The study was conducted among both 104 clinical and 477 non clinical

adolescents aged 11 to 18 years. They were provided with the questionnaire of perceived

parental rearing behaviour and scenario based instrument to measure proneness to guilt

and shame using correlational analysis. The result showed that the parental rearing

dimensions were positively related to self conscious emotions. Regarding the non clinical

sample, both favorable (emotional warmth) and unfavorable (rejection) parental and

maternal rearing dimensions significantly correlated with guilt and shame proneness and

clinical sample were less conclusive that only maternal emotional warmth and rejection

were found to be significantly associated with guilt and shame. Altogether, this study

concluded that parental rearing factors were involved in the development of both adaptive

and maladaptive self conscious emotions in adolescents.

19. A correlative study was conducted by Pivetti, et.al (2016) explored the

cognitive, physiological, and behavioral aspects which were correlated on emotions of

 29

shame, and guilt and anger among 124 Italian undergraduates’ students who were asked

to report an episode from their auto biographical memory about self conscious emotions

in the past. After that they were asked to rate a larger number of possible reactions about

thoughts, bodily sensations and action tendencies which they experienced during that

episode the idea that shame, guilt and anger elicit different cognitive, physical and

behavioral patterns. These reactions systems may influence emotional and social

adjustments in adults. But, shame did not associated with aggressive tendencies; it was

characterized by the sensation of being a failure gaze aversion and low awareness of

hurting and transgressing. Both guilt and anger were characterized by norm violation,

whereas guilt alone was related to a tendency to repair.

20. A two cross-sectional study was conducted by Muris, et.al (2014) explored

the relationship between attachments and self conscious emotions among children and

adolescents. The study 1 was performed in 688 non-clinical children of age of about 9-13

years through the measure of attachment style and vignette based instrument for assessing

guilt and shame. The result of this study showed that children who insecurely attached

displayed higher levels of shame and maladaptive type of guilt compared to securely

attached children whereas, the study 2 was conducted in adolescents aged 12-18 years of

about 135, majority of them were referred to a clinical setting because of externalizing

problem. These samples were measured using the attachments of Quality to parents and

peers and vignette based instrument of guilt and shame. The result showed that the

samples exhibited lower levels of self conscious emotions than non clinical adolescents.

Al together, the study result fits with the theory of attachment in security was involved in

people self conscious emotions.

 30

21. An investigation study was investigated by Stoeber, et.al (2007) on

perfectionism and the experience of ride, shame and guilt among the healthy

perfectionists, unhealthy perfectionists and non-perfectionists using Perfectionism scale,

shame, guilt and pride proneness scale and state shame, guilt and pride scale for 121

undergraduates and compared with healthy perfectionist. The result revealed that healthy

perfectionists reported more state pride and less state shame and guilt than unhealthy and

non perfectionist. However, both healthy and unhealthy perfectionist showed greater

proneness to guilt and pride than non perfectionist. Hence, the study concluded from this

investigation was that individuals who strive for perfection but are unconcerned about

imperfection may well experience pride and be prone to feel guilt but not shame.

22. A relationship study was investigated by Joireman, et.al (2002) examined the

study on relationship between empathy and self-absorption for college students of about

184 who was surveyed through Trapnell & Campbell’s Rumination – Reflection

Questionnaire which assess the distinction between self-rumination and self-reflection,

Interpersonal reactivity index assess empathy concern perspective taking and personal

distress and Rosenberg’s Self-esteem which was collected and analyzed using

correlation. The study reveals self-rumination was negatively correlated with perspective

taking and positively correlated with personal distress, Whereas, self-reflection was

positively correlated with perspective taking and empathy concern. Further, the

relationship between self-reflection and empathic concern may be mediated by

perspective taking. Self-esteem was positively correlated with empathic concern and

perspective taking and negatively with personal distress. Hence, the study concluded that
 31

the relationship between self-rumination, self-reflection and empathy were independent

of self-esteem.

23. A study on individual difference was examined by Tangney, et.al (1990)

found individual difference in proneness to guilt and shame which play an important role

in the development of both adaptive and maladaptive interpersonal processes among

young adult population through self conscious affect and attribution inventory (SCAAI)

which was developed to assess characteristic affective cognitive and behavioral

responses. The SCAAI appears to provide related but functionally distinct indices of

proneness related to shame and guilt with the characteristics of affective, cognitive and

behaviour respectively.

2.5. STUDY ON SELF CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS AND SELF-COMPASSION:

24. A relationship study was done by Hawkins, et.al (2018) examined between

the role of Guilt, Shame and Self-compassion & Parents psychological adjustment to

their child’s burn injury among 91 parents of 71 children. They were measured using

adjustment as well as guilt, shame and self-compassion scales. The data were analyzed

using multilevel analysis which resulted as feelings of guilt and shame were associated

with poorer adjustment in parents and those scored high in self-compassion showed lower

symptoms of depression and Post Traumatic Stress Symptoms. Hence, this study

concluded that Health care professionals should pay close attention to families which also

involves subjective injury experience and Screening for psychological distress should be

offered regardless of size and severity of the burn injury.

 32

25. An interventional study was described by Mirela; et.al (2018) compared the

efficacy of self-compassion intervention of Cognitive reappraisal intervention in reducing

Shame-proneness & Social anxiety among 136 undergraduates in a socially anxious

people. They were asked to describe any negative event happened in past 2 days and also

measured using self-rating scale of social anxiety symptoms, shame-proneness trait, self-

compassion and irrational beliefs before and after intervention. The study revealed that

self-compassion was an alternative strategy for cognitive reappraisal in the management

of shame-proneness & social anxiety. As self-compassion and cognitive reappraisal

significantly reduces shame proneness and irrational beliefs but self-compassion had no

significant reduction in social anxiety. Hence, self-compassion is an alternative strategy.

26. A relationship study was investigated between self-compassion and Academic

procrastination mediated by shame and anxiety by Hajiazizi, et.al (2015) among 200

respondents using questionnaire consisting of state-trait anxiety inventory to measure

anxiety, procrastination scale for students and self-compassion scale and test of self

conscious affect-3 to measure level of shame analyzed using path analysis which resulted

as self-compassion was negatively associated with level of academic procrastination and

also self-compassion has negative influence on the level of anxiety but self-compassion

has no significant influence on level of shame and also both shame and anxiety had no

significant influence on academic procrastination. Hence, self-compassion has significant

effect in Academic procrastination mediated by anxiety but not by the level of shame.
 33

2.6. STUDIES ON TEACHERS:

27. A relationship study was examined by Jennings, et.al (2015) on early

childhood Teacher’s psychological characteristics and ion relation to classroom Quality

and their attitudes towards challenging students. The study examined the preschool

teachers of about 35 and collected self-reports of well-being, mindfulness, self-

compassion and also a semi-structured interview with children chosen by the respected

teacher as challenging. The result of the study suggests that teacher’s psychological

characteristics may impact their ability to create and maintain optimal classroom

environments and supportive relationship with classroom students. Hence, the study

concludes professional development designed to promote mindfulness, reduce distress

and support teacher’s social and emotion competence and well-being.

28. An appraisal study was examined by Chang, et.al (2009) on emotional work

of teachers through Appraisal perspective of teacher’s burnout. The study was actually

examined after reviewed the literature related to this study through that they also argued

the same habitual pattern in teachers judgment about student behaviour and their tasks

may significantly related to their unpleasant emotions that may eventually lead to

burnout. From the study which was examined to anticipate that teacher’s appraisal are

necessary to help teachers to better understand their emotions and also to regulate their

emotions.
 34

2.7. STUDY ON IT WORKER’S:

29. A relationship study was evaluated by Hurr, et.al (2018) examined on

employees perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) affect their creativity at

work and its mediation through compassion at work and their intrinsic motivation among

samples of 200 hotel employees in South Korea. They used structural equation modeling

to analyse the hypothesis, which states that employee’s perception of CSR are positively

related to employee creativity. There was a positive relationship between employee’s

perceptions of CSR and Creativity mediated by compassion at work. Their intrinsic

motivation also shows positive mediated relationship between employee perception of

CSR and their creativity. Hence, the study concludes that the relationship between

employee creativity is sequentially and fully mediated by compassion at work and their

intrinsic motivation.

30. A relationship study on coworker incivility and Job performance was

examined by Rhee, et.al (2017) of employees through their emotional exhaustion and the

moderating of self-efficacy and comparison at work based on Job Demand Resource

(JDR) approach. They have hypothesized indirect relationship between coworker

incivility and job performance through emotional exhaustion and also predicted that there

was positive relationship between coworker’s incivility and emotional exhaustion would

be weaker for employees with increased self-efficacy and compassion at work. For this

study, the survey was at two time points of 3 minutes apart among 217 five star hotel in

South Korea. The study resulted that coworkers incivility was negatively related to job

performance and was fully mediated by Emotional Exhaustion and self-efficacy of the

employees also negatively related to outcomes of coworker incivility but, experienced

 35

compassion do not relate between coworker incivility and emotional exhaustion as a key

psychological mechanism and revealed that the self-efficacy beliefs as a boundary to

relate to coworkers incivility. Finally, the study extended the literature theorizing upon

the conditions of coworker incivility using Job Demand Resource approach.

2.8. SUMMARY:

From the study, reviewed it was found that many research on automatic thoughts

were focused negatively on the emotional stress, mood, negative life events, affective

states and neuroticism meanwhile, it was also positively focused on Resilience, stress

coping styles, Quality of life. All these tend to reveal that the people with negative

automatic thoughts have been resulted in negative life consequences. On the other hand,

with positive automatic thoughts possess well-being and good quality of life. The study

on self conscious emotions were reviewed as focused on perfectionism, depression,

anxiety, attachment, brain neurons which eventually resulted as negative self conscious

emotions was bringing negative affects in life circumstances. For the study on self-

compassion they have highly focused on the concept of mindfulness, procrastination,

depression, anxiety, distress, and burnout, which resulted as when self compassion

increases then positivity increases. The study on Automatic thoughts and self compassion

found that Automatic thoughts and self kindness, common humanity and mindfulness

negatively correlated and Automatic thoughts and self judgment, over identification and

isolation were positively correlated. From the study on self compassion and self

conscious emotions which revealed that shame and guilt had negative effect on self-

compassion. The study on teachers and IT workers focused on the burnout, stress, job

performance along with self-compassion. If they were high in self-compassion, they

 36

could have posses less stress, good performance and perceive good work life balance

even at the time of difficult times. All the whole automatic thoughts were more likely

related with emotional aspects which self conscious emotions also focus on depressed

and other psychologically affective people and Hence, from the study instead of

repeatedly finding relation with psychologically affected people, I like to do this study

focus on whether the Automatic thoughts, self conscious emotions have any effect on the

self-compassion of teachers and IT workers on the whole.

 37

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1. AIM:

To analyze the Automatic thoughts, Self-conscious emotions and Self-compassion

among Teachers and IT professionals.

3.2. OBJECTIVES:

1. To find the difference in Automatic thoughts, Self conscious emotions and

Self-compassion among Teachers and IT workers.

2. To determine the relationship among Automatic thoughts, Self conscious

emotions and Self-compassion.

3.3. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION:

AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS: According to Soflau & David (2017) Automatic

thoughts refers to the automatic thoughts that stem from the beliefs people hold about

themselves. They automatically come into action as a response to stimuli in our environment;

Automatic thoughts determine your thought patterns, attitudes, and behaviors.

PERSONAL MALADJUSTMENT AND DESIRE FOR CHANGE: Personal

maladjustment is a condition or process involving the inability or unwillingness to

conform to prevailing standards of one’s own.

NEGATIVE SELF-CONCEPT AND NEGATIVE EXPECTATIONS: The sort of

negative attitude, opinions, and cognitions or perceptions that people has of oneself with

a negative confrontation of life situations.

 38

LOW SELF ESTEEM: Low self-esteem is characterized by a lack of confidence and

feeling badly about oneself.

HELPLESSNESS: The inability to defend oneself or to act effectively and to rely on

someone.

SELF CONSCIOUS EMOTION: self-conscious emotions are those affected by

how we see ourselves and how we think others perceive us. They include emotions like

Pride, jealousy and embarrassment, shame, guilt.

SHAME: According to Shein, L defined shame as a discrete, basic emotion, described as

amoral or social an emotion that drives people to hide or deny their wrongdoings. It is

also described as an unpleasant self-conscious emotion that involves negative evaluation

of the self.

GUILT: Guilt is a cognitive or an emotional experience that occurs when a person

believes or realizes- accurately or not- that they have compromised their own standards

of conduct or have violated a universal moral standard and bear significant responsibility

for that violation.

PRIDE: According to Steivorth, Pride is referred to a humble and content sense of

attachment towards one’s own or another’s choices and action or toward a whole group

of people, and is a product of praise, independent self-reflection and fulfilled feeling of

belonging.

SELF-COMPASSION: According to Kristin Neff self-compassion is

operationally defined as kindness toward the self, which entails being gentle, supportive,
 39

and understanding: “Rather than harshly judging oneself for personal shortcomings, the

self is offered warmth and unconditional acceptance.”

SELF KINDNESS: It refers to being calm to oneself when encountering pain and

personal shortcomings, rather than ignoring them or hurting oneself with self-criticism.

SELF JUDGMENT: It reflects to perceived failure and personal shortcomings.

COMMON HUMANITY: It involves recognizing that suffering and failure is part of the

shared human experience.

ISOLATION: It refers to a sense of loneliness in one’s own failure and suffering.

MINDFULLNESS: It involves taking a balanced approach to one’s negative emotions so

that feelings are neither suppressed nor exaggerated.

OVER-IDENTIFICATION: It entails becoming absorbed or exaggerated with painful

thoughts and feelings.

3.4. HYPOTHESIS:

1. There will be no significant difference on Automatic thoughts and its

dimensions among Teachers and IT workers.

2. There will be no significant difference on Self conscious emotions and its

dimension among Teachers and IT workers.

3. There will be no significant difference on Self-compassion and its dimensions

among Teachers and IT workers.

 40

4. There will be no significant relationship between the dimensions of Automatic

thoughts and Self conscious emotions.

5. There will be no significant relationship between the dimensions of Self

conscious emotions and Self-compassion.

6. There will be no significant relationship between the dimensions of Self-

compassion and Automatic thoughts.

3.5. VARIABLE:

Independent Variable: Automatic Thoughts.

Dependent Variable: Self Conscious Emotions and Self-Compassion.

3.6. RESEARCH DESIGN:

The research design for this study is Ex-post facto Research Design.

3.7. STATISTICAL DESIGN:

The data was analyzed using Descriptive Statistics namely Mean, Standard

Deviation and Correlation was used to find the Relationship between the variables of

Automatic thoughts, Self conscious Emotions. The inferential study namely t-test was

used to find the difference between two samples of Teachers and IT workers.

3.8. SAMPLING DESIGN:

The sample was collected based on Non-probability convenient sampling using

questionnaire.
 41

SAMPLE AND SAMPLE SIZE:

The sample consisted of 100 professionals in which 50 were Teachers and 50

were IT professionals among the age group range from 25 to 40 years who were residing

in the state of Tamil Nadu.

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLE:

From the demographic variables, Work experience and Age of the two

professional’s, mean score is indicated in the table below.

Teachers Mean IT Workers Mean

Experience 10.5 Years 5years

Age 37years 28years

3.8. INCLUSION CRITERIA:

Teachers and IT workers with more than 3years of experience and English

proficiency were included in the study.

3.9. EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

People working in tutorials, BPO, part-time workers, Handicap people were not

included in this study.

 42

ADMINISTRATION:

The study was observed through Survey method, questionnaires were given to the

sample of teachers and IT professionals of 50 each. They were given with following

instructions.

3.10. TOOLS FOR THE STUDY:

1. Hollon and Kendall’s (1980) AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS

QUESTIONNAIRE (ATQ), it was the frequently used tool for measuring Automatic

thoughts.

DISCRIPTION: It consists of 30 items with 5 point scale of both “Frequency” and

“Beliefs” in which 1 for not at all, 2 for somewhat, 3 for moderately often, 4 for often, 5

for all the time of automatic negative thoughts. It consists of dimension like Personal

maladjustment and desire for change (PMDC), negative self-concepts and negative

expectations (NSNE), low self-esteem (LSE) and helplessness (H). The scoring and

interpretation were provided along with Manual of the inventory.

SCORING: The questionnaire consists of dimensions and items on each factor are

PMDC: 7, 10, 14, 20, and 26. NSNE: 2, 3, 9, 21, 23, 24, and 28. LSE: 17, 18.

Helplessness: 29, 30. The items scored as directly as it is as 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 for both

frequency and degree of belief.

 43

INTERPRETATION:

ITEMS RANGES INTERPRETATIONS

TOTAL 30 – 90 Low level of negative automatic thoughts

SCORE 91 - 150 High level of negative automatic thoughts

5 – 15 Low in PMDC
PMDC
16 – 25 High in PMDC

7 – 21 Low in NSNE
NSNE
22 – 35 High in NSNE

2–6 Low in LSE

LSE
6 - 10 High in LSE

2–6 Low in Helplessness

HELPLESSNESS
6 – 10 High in Helplessness

RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY: The Reliability and Validity was about 0.97 with

concurrent validity.

2. Marschall, Sanftner, Tangney’s (1994) STATE GUILT AND SHAME

SCALE (SGSS), which actually measures self conscious emotions and it, was the only

questionnaire has current feelings of the person along with self conscious emotions.

DISCRIPTION: It consists of 15 items with 5 point scale in which 1 for do not feel this

way, 2 for rarely, 3 for I feel in this way sometimes, 4 for I feel this way often, 5 for

feeling this way very strongly. It consists of dimensions as shame, guilt, and pride. The

scoring and interpretation were provided along with the Manual of the inventory.
 44

SCORING: The questionnaire consists of dimensions and its items are shame – 2, 5, 8,

11, and 14, Guilt – 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15, Pride – 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13. The scores each

questions are added and the total score range from 5-75, the scores for dimensions are

based on the dimensions based items and the dimensions score range from 5-25.

INTERPRETATION:

ITEMS RANGE INTERRETATION

5 - 40 High in self conscious emotions

TOTAL SCORE
41 – 75 Low in self conscious emotions

GUILT Comparing the scores of

SHAME 5 – 15 Each dimensions

Highest score of 3 is

PRIDE 16 – 25 The state of self-conscious emotions

Of the individual.

RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY: The reliability and validity ranges from 0.82 to 0.89

and for each subscale of shame about 0.89, guilt about 0.82, and pride about 0.87.

3. Kristin Neff’s (2011) SELF-COMPASSION SCALE – SHORT FORM (SCS-

SF), it was the questionnaire popularly used for self-compassion.

DESCRIPTION: It consists of 12 items with 5 point scale in which 1 for almost never, 2

for rarely, 3 for sometime, 4 for often, 5 for almost always. The scoring and interpretation

were provided along with the manual of the inventory.

 45

SCORING: The questionnaire consists of dimensions and its items are self-kindness – 2,

6, common humanity – 5, 10, mindfulness – 3, 7, self-judgment – 11, 12, isolation – 4, 8,

and over-identification – 1, 9. The scoring is based on the dimensions, for the dimensions

of self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, it is directly scored as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and

for the dimensions of self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification, it is reversely

scored as 5, 4, 3, 2, 1. The scores of each dimension are added and then the averages of

each dimension were calculated as mean score. The mean scores of the reversely scored

items are then subtracted by 6. Eventually, by adding all 6 dimensions mean score and its

average give the grand total score of self-compassion.

INTERPRETATION:

MEAN

SCORE INTERPRETATION

RANGE

1 – 2.5 LOW COMPASSION

MODERATE
2.5 – 3.5
COMPASSION

3.5 – 5 HIGH COMPASSION

RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY: The reliability score for total score was about 0.92

and for subscale ranges about 0.75-0.81 and with convergent validity of (r = 0.62, 0.58,

0.78) and discriminant validity of r = 0.31.

 46

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

1. DISCUSSION ON DIFFERENCES AMONG TEACHERS AND IT WORKERS:

Table: 4.1 shows the differences in Automatic thoughts and its dimensions among

Teachers and IT workers

(50)
(50)
Raw IT ‘t’
Variables Teachers Results
Scores workers scores
Mean
Mean
Frequency of Automatic
Total 71 67
thoughts 0.904 NS
scores
Degree of beliefs 67 71 0.833 NS
Personal Maladjustment
13.4 12.4 1.228 NS
& Desire for change

Negative Self-concepts & 16.8 15.3 1.271 NS

Dimensions Negative Expectations
3.78 4.12 0.844 NS
Low self-esteem
4.68 4.14 1.297 NS
Helplessness
Note: NS- The value is not significant at .01 and .05 level

The table 1.1 shows the scores, variables, mean score, t-value, and the

significance of Teachers and IT workers in their automatic thoughts.

The mean score of Teachers in frequency of automatic thoughts is 71 and IT

worker is 67. The t- score is 0.904 which shows no significant difference between both

the groups with regard to frequency of automatic thoughts. The mean score of Total

belief is 67 for teachers and 71 for IT workers. The t-score is 0.833 which states no

significant difference between teachers and IT workers in their total belief.

 47

In the dimension of personal maladjustment and desire for change, the mean for

teachers is 13.4 and 12.4 for IT workers. The t-score is 1.228 which shows no significant

difference. In the dimensions of Negative self-concept and Negative Expectation, the

mean score for teachers is 16.8 for teachers and 15.3 for IT workers. The t-score is 1.271

which shows there is no significant difference. The mean for the dimension, Low self-

esteem is 3.78 for teachers and 4.12 for IT workers with t-score of 0.844 which shows no

significant difference. The mean for the dimension of helplessness is 4.68 for teachers

and 4.14 for IT workers with t-score of 1.297 which shows no significant difference.

From the table, it can be seen that there is no significant difference between

Teachers and IT workers. Therefore, the null hypothesis stating that there will be no

significant difference among Teachers and IT workers in total score and the dimensions

of Automatic thoughts is accepted.

 48

Table: 4.2 shows the differences in Self-conscious emotions and its dimensions among

Teachers and IT workers

Raw Scores Teachers IT workers

Variables ‘t’ scores Results
Mean Mean

Total scores Self-conscious emotions 40.76 42.88 1.523 NS

Shame 11.4 12.02 0.709 NS

Dimensions
Guilt 13.16 13.38 0.408 NS

Pride 16.16 17.54 1.749 NS

Note: NS-The value is not significant at .01 and .005 level

Table 1.2 shows the mean, t-scores, and the significance in self-conscious

emotions between teachers and IT workers.

The total score of Self-conscious emotions in teachers is 40.76 and 42.88 for IT

workers. The t-score is 1. 523 which shows, there is no significant difference in self-

conscious emotions among Teachers and IT workers.

In the dimensions of Shame the mean score for teachers is 13.16 and 12.02 for IT

workers. The t-score is 0.709 which shows no significant difference between both the

groups. In the dimension of Guilt, Mean for Teachers is 13.16 and 13.38 for IT workers.

The t-score is 0.408 which shows no significant difference between them. In the

dimension of Pride the mean score for teachers in 16.16 and for IT workers is 17.5 with t-

score of 1.749 which shows no significant difference.

Thus, the hypothesis stating that there will be no significant difference among

teachers and IT workers in the self-conscious emotions and its dimensions is accepted.
 49

Table: 4.3 shows the differences in Self-compassion and its dimensions among

Teachers and IT workers

Teachers IT workers
Raw scores Variables ‘t’ scores Results
Mean Mean
Total scores Self-compassion 3.13 3.11 0.2496 NS
Self-kindness 3.07 2.94 0.5903 NS
Common Humanity 3.07 2.93 0.8253 NS
Mindfulness 3.11 3.03 0.3831 NS
Dimensions
Self-judgment 3.11 3.4 1.6953 NS
Isolation 2.85 3.1 1.4571 NS
Over-identification 3.43 3.25 0.9891 NS
Note: NS-The value is not significant at .01 and .05 level

Table 1.3 shows the mean score, t-scores, and significance of self-compassion and

its dimensions among teachers and IT workers.

The mean for total score of Self-compassion in teachers is 3.13 and 3.11 for IT

workers. The t-score is 0.2496 which shows no significant difference in self-compassion

among Teachers and IT workers.

In the dimension, self-kindness the mean of teachers is 3.07 and 2.94 for IT

workers. The t-score is 0.5903 which shows no significant difference between the two

groups. In dimension of common humanity the Mean for Teachers 3.07 and 2.93 for IT

workers. The t-score is 0.8253 which shows no significant difference. In the dimension of

mindfulness, the mean score for teachers is 3.11 and 3.4 for IT workers. The t-score is

0.3831 which shows no significant difference. In self-judgment dimension the teachers

mean score is 3.11 and 3.4 for IT workers with t-score of 1.6953 which indicates no

significant difference. In Isolation dimension, the teachers mean score is 2.85 and for IT

workers it is 3.1 with t-score of about 1.4571 indicating no significant difference. In the
 50

dimension of over-identification the teachers mean score is 3.43 and IT workers is 3.25

with t-score of 0.9891 which indicates no significant difference.

Thus, the null hypothesis stating that there will be no significant difference among

teachers and IT workers in self-compassion and its dimensions of self-compassion is

accepted.
 51

2. DISCUSSIONS OF RELATIONSHIP OF AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS, SELF-

CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS, SELF-COMPASSION.

Table: 4.4 show the relationship of Automatic thoughts and Self-conscious emotions in

teachers and IT workers.

Self-conscious Pearson co-efficient

Automatic thoughts N Results
emotions of correlation
Frequency score Total score 100 0.4687** P<.0001
Belief score Total score 100 0.3515** P=.000336
Dimensions: Dimensions:
Shame 0.5974** P<.0001
Personal maladjustment &
Guilt 100 0.459** P<.00001
desire for change
Pride 0.337** P=.000607
Shame 0.688** P<.00001
Negative self-concept &
Guilt 100 0.433** P<.00001
negative expectations
Pride 0.422** P=.000012
Shame 0.578** P<.00001
Low self-esteem Guilt 100 0.332** P=.000728
Pride 0.302** P=.002261
Shame 0.714** P<.00001
Helplessness Guilt 100 0.426** P<.00001
Pride 0.418** P=.000015
Note: **- The vale is Significant at .01 levels

Table 2.1 shows the size of the sample (N) and correlation co-efficient of

automatic thoughts and self-conscious emotions.

The size of sample is 100 and the correlation co-efficient of the frequency of

automatic thoughts and self-conscious emotions r = .4687, indicating that there is positive

significant relationship at .01 levels in the frequency of automatic thoughts and self-

conscious emotions among the professionals. The correlation co-efficient of the degree of

belief in automatic thoughts and self-conscious emotions r = .3515, which indicates a

 52

positive significant relationship at .01 level in the degree of belief in automatic thoughts

and self-conscious emotions among the professionals. This shows that if, automatic

thoughts of increases or decreases, and the self-conscious emotions also increases or

decreases.

The size of the sample is 100 and the correlation co-efficient of personal

maladjustment & desire for change and shame r = .597, indicating that there is a positive

significant relationship at .01 levels in personal maladjustment & desire for change and

shame among the professionals. The correlation co-efficient of personal maladjustment &

desire for change and guilt r = .4594, indicating that there is a positive significant

relationship at .01 level in personal maladjustment & desire for change and guilt among

the professionals. The correlation co-efficient of personal maladjustment & desire for

change and pride r = .337, which indicates that there is a positive significant relationship

at .01 level in personal maladjustment &desire for change and pride. That is if, personal

maladjustment & desire for change increases or decreases, shame, guilt and pride also

increases or decreases.

The size of the sample is 100 and the correlation co-efficient of Negative self-

concept and self-expectations, and shame r = .88, which indicates that there is a positive

significant relationship at .01 levels in negative self-concept & self-expectation and

shame among the professionals. The correlation co-efficient of negative self-concept &

negative self-expectation and guilt r = .433, indicating there is positive significant

relationship at .01 level in negative self-concept & self-expectation and guilt among the

professionals. The correlation co-efficient of negative self-concept & self-expectation and

pride r = .422, which indicates that there is a positive significant relationship at .01 level
 53

in negative self-concept & self-expectation and pride. This shows that if, negative self-

concept & self-expectation increases or decreases, shame, guilt and pride also increases

or decreases.

The size of the sample is 100 and the correlation co-efficient of low self-esteem,

and shame r = .578, which indicates that there is a positive significant relationship at .01

levels in low self-esteem and shame among the professionals. The correlation co-efficient

of low self-esteem and guilt r = .332, indicating there is a positive significant relationship

at .01 level in low self-esteem and guilt among the professionals. The correlation co-

efficient of low self-esteem and pride r = .302, which indicates that there is a positive

significant relationship at .01 level in low self-esteem and pride. This shows that if, low

self-esteem increases or decreases, shame, guilt and pride also increases or decreases.

The size of the sample is 100 and the correlation co-efficient of helplessness, and

shame r = .714, which indicates that there is a positive significant relationship at .01

levels in helplessness and shame among the professionals. The correlation co-efficient of

helplessness and guilt r = .426, indicating there is a positive significant relationship at .01

level in helplessness and guilt among the professionals. The correlation co-efficient of

helplessness and pride r = .418, which indicates that there is a positive significant

relationship at .01 level in helplessness and pride. This shows that if, helplessness

increases or decreases, shame, guilt and pride also increases or decreases.

Thus, the null hypothesis stating that there will be no significant relationship in

automatic thoughts and self-conscious emotions is not accepted.

 54

Table: 4.5 show relationship of Self-conscious emotions & Self-compassion.

Self-conscious Pearson Co-efficient of

Self-compassion N Results
emotions Correlation
Total Score Total score 100 -0.0139 NS
Dimensions: Dimensions:
Self-kindness -0.028 NS
Common Humanity -0.1797 NS
Mindfulness -0.5215** P<.00001
Shame 100
Self-judgment -0.0197 NS
Isolation -0.0292 NS
Over-identification -0.0626 NS
Self-kindness -0.0141 NS
Common Humanity -0.1816 NS
Mindfulness -0.357** P=.000333
Guilt 100
Self-judgment 0.088* P=.383958
Isolation -0.083 NS
Over-identification 0.0384 NS

Self-kindness 0.29** P=.003426

Common Humanity 0.049 NS
Mindfulness 0.477** P<.00001
Pride 100
Self-judgment 0.167 NS
Isolation 0.124 NS
Over-identification -0.00044 NS

Note: **- The value is Significant at .01 levels, *- The value is Significant at .05level &

NS is Not Significant at .05 and .01 level

The table 2.2 shows the size of the sample (N) and the correlation co-efficient of

Self-conscious emotions and self-compassion.

The size of the sample is 100 and the correlation co-efficient of self-conscious

emotions and self-compassion r = -.0139, which indicates that there is no significant

 55

relation but with negative correlation. That is if, self-conscious emotions increases, the

self-compassion decreases.

The size of the sample is 100 and the correlation co-efficient of shame and self-

kindness r = -.028, indicating that there is no significant relationship in shame and self-

kindness but, there is negative correlation. This shows that when shame increases self-

kindness decreases. The co-efficient correlation of shame and common humanity r = -

.1797, which indicates no significant relationship in shame and common humanity but, it

is a negative correlation, that is when shame increases, the common humanity of the

individual tend to be decreased. The co-efficient correlation of shame and mindfulness r

= -.5215, which indicates a negative significant relationship at .01 level in shame and

mindfulness. The co-efficient correlation of shame and self-judgment r = -.0197, which

indicates no significant relationship in shame and self-judgment but, it is a negative

correlation that is when shame increases, the self-judgment may decreases. The co-

efficient correlation of shame and isolation r = -.0292, which indicates no significant

relationship in shame and isolation but, it is a negative correlation that is when shame

increases, isolation decreases. The co-efficient correlation of shame and over-

identification r = -.0626, which indicates no significant relationship in shame and over-

identification but, it is a negative correlation that is when shame increases, over-

identification decreases.

The size of the sample is 100 and the correlation co-efficient of guilt and self-

kindness r = -.014, indicating that there is no significant relationship in guilt and self-

kindness but, there is negative correlation. This shows that when guilt increases self-

kindness decreases. The co-efficient correlation of guilt and common humanity r = -

 56

.1816, which indicates no significant relationship in guilt and common humanity but, it is

a negative correlation, that is when guilt increases, the common humanity of the

individual tend to be decreased. The co-efficient correlation of guilt and mindfulness r = -

.357, which indicates a negative significant relationship at .01 level in guilt and

mindfulness. The co-efficient correlation of guilt and self-judgment r = .088, which

indicates a positive significant relationship at .01 levels in guilt and self-judgment but, it

is a negative correlation that is when guilt increases, the self-judgment may increases.

The co-efficient correlation of guilt and isolation r = -.083, which indicates no significant

relationship in guilt and isolation but, it is a negative correlation that is when guilt

increases, isolation decreases. The co-efficient correlation of guilt and over-identification

r = .0384, which indicates no significant relationship in guilt and over-identification but,

it is a positive correlation that is when guilt increases, over-identification increases.

The size of the sample is 100 and the correlation co-efficient of pride and

self-kindness r = .29, indicating that there is a positive significant relationship at .01

levels in pride and self-kindness. This shows that when pride increases self-kindness

decreases. The co-efficient correlation of pride and common humanity r = .049, which

indicates no significant relationship in pride and common humanity but, it is a positive

correlation, that is when pride increases, the common humanity of the individual tend to

be increased. The co-efficient correlation of pride and mindfulness r = .477, which

indicates a negative significant relationship at .01 levels in pride and mindfulness. The

co-efficient correlation of pride and self-judgment r = .167, which indicates no

significant relationship in pride and self-judgment but, it is a positive correlation that is

when pride increases, the self-judgment may increases. The co-efficient correlation of
 57

pride and isolation r = .124, which indicates no significant relationship among the

professionals in pride and isolation but, it is a positive correlation that is when pride

increases, isolation increases. The co-efficient correlation of pride and over-identification

r = -.00044, which indicates no significant relationship in pride and over-identification

but, it is a negative correlation that is when pride increases, over-identification decreases.

Thus, the null hypothesis stating that there will be no significant relationship

between self-conscious emotions and self-compassion is partially accepted.

 58

Table: 4.6 show relationship of Self-compassion & Automatic thoughts.

Self- Pearson co-efficient

Automatic thoughts N Results
compassion of Correlation

Total frequency score -0.423** P=.00012

Total score 100
Total belief score -0.306** P=.00196
Dimensions Dimensions
Personal maladjustment -0.0844 NS
&desire for change
Negative self-concept & -0.1623 NS
Self-kindness 100
Negative expectations
Low Self-esteem -0.2103* P=.035719
Helplessness -0.1793 NS
Personal maladjustment -0.1212 NS
&desire for change
Common Negative self-concept & -0.2165* P=.030502
100
Humanity Negative expectations
Low Self-esteem -0.3972** P=.000043
Helplessness -0.1513 NS
Personal maladjustment -0.4453** P<.00001
&desire for change
Negative self-concept & -0.5926** P<.00001
Mindfulness 100
Negative expectations
Low Self-esteem 0.4885** P<.00001
Helplessness -0.5737** P<.00001
Personal maladjustment -0.8582** P<.00001
&desire for change
Negative self-concept & -0.1493 NS
Self-judgment 100
Negative expectations
Low Self-esteem -0.0103 NS
Helplessness -0.1706 NS
Personal maladjustment -0.0867 NS
&desire for change
Negative self-concept & -0.088 NS
Isolation 100
Negative expectations
Low Self-esteem -0.039 NS
Helplessness -0.115 NS
Personal maladjustment 0.0415 NS
&desire for change
Over- Negative self-concept & 0.175 NS
100
identification Negative expectations
Low Self-esteem 0.148 NS
Helplessness 0.022 NS
 59

Table 3.3 shows the size of the sample (N) and the co-efficient correlation of self-

compassion and automatic thoughts.

The size of the sample is 100 and the co-efficient of correlation on frequency of

automatic thoughts and self-compassion r = -.423, indicating that there is negative

significant relationship at .01 levels in the frequency of automatic thoughts and self-

compassion. This shows that when frequency of automatic thought increases self-

compassion decreases. The co-efficient correlation of degree of belief and self-

compassion r = -.306, which indicates a negative significant relationship among the

professionals at .01 levels in degree of belief in automatic thoughts and self-compassion.

This shows that when self-compassion increases, the degree of belief in automatic

thoughts is decreased increases.

The size of the sample is 100 and co-efficient of correlation of self-kindness and

personal maladjustment & desire for change r = -.0844, which indicates no significant

relationship in self-kindness and personal maladjustment & desire. But, there in negative

correlation which indicates if, self-kindness increases, the personal maladjustment &

desire for change decreases. The co-efficient correlation of self-kindness and negative

self-concept & negative self-expectation r = -.1623, which indicates no significant

relationship in self-kindness and negative self-concept and self-expectation but, it is a

negative correlation that is when self-kindness increases, the negative self-concept and

self-expectations may decreases. The co-efficient correlation of self-kindness and low

self-esteem r = -.2103, which indicates a negative significant relationship at .05 level in

self-kindness and negative self-concept & self-expectation. The co-efficient correlation of

self-kindness and helplessness r = -.1713, which indicates no significant relationship in

 60

self-kindness and helplessness but, it is a negative correlation that is when self-kindness

increases, helplessness decreases.

The size of the sample is 100 and co-efficient of correlation of common

humanity and personal maladjustment & desire for change r = -.1212, which indicates no

significant relationship in common humanity and personal maladjustment & desire. But,

there in negative correlation which indicates if, self-kindness increases, the personal

maladjustment & desire for change decreases. The co-efficient correlation of common

humanity and negative self-concept & negative self-expectation r = -.2165, which

indicates a negative significant relationship at .05 level in common humanity and

negative self-concept & self-expectation. The co-efficient correlation of common

humanity and low self-esteem r = -.3972, which indicates a negative significant

relationship at .01 level in common humanity and low self-esteem. The co-efficient

correlation of common humanity and helplessness r = -.1513,which indicates no

significant relationship in common humanity and helplessness but, it is a negative

correlation that is when common humanity increases, helplessness decreases.

The size of the sample is 100 and co-efficient of correlation of

mindfulness and personal maladjustment & desire for change r = -.4453, which indicates

a negative significant relationship at .01 level in mindfulness and personal maladjustment

& desire The co-efficient correlation of mindfulness and negative self-concept &

negative self-expectation r = -.5926, which indicates a negative significant relationship at

.01 level in mindfulness and negative self-concept and self-expectation. The co-efficient

correlation of mindfulness and low self-esteem r = .4885, which indicates a positive

significant relationship at .01 level in mindfulness and negative self-concept & self-
 61

expectation. The co-efficient correlation of mindfulness and helplessness r = -.5737,

which indicates a negative significant relationship at .01 level in mindfulness and

helplessness.

The size of the sample is 100 and co-efficient of correlation of self-judgment and

personal maladjustment & desire for change r = -.8582, which indicates a positive

significant relationship at .01 level in self-judgment and personal maladjustment &

desire. The co-efficient correlation of self-judgment and negative self-concept & negative

self-expectation r = -.1493, which indicates no significant relationship in self-judgment

and negative self-concept & self-expectation but, it is a negative correlation that is when

self-judgment increases, the negative self-concept and self-expectations may decreases.

The co-efficient correlation of self-judgment and low self-esteem r = -.0103, which

indicates no significant relationship in self-judgment and low self-esteem but it is

negative correlation which states if self-judgment increases the low self-esteem

decreases. The co-efficient correlation of self-judgment and helplessness r = -.1706,

which indicates no significant relationship in self-judgment and helplessness but, it is a

negative correlation that is when self-judgment increases, helplessness decreases.

The size of the sample is 100 and co-efficient of correlation of isolation and

personal maladjustment & desire for change r = -.0867, which indicates no significant

relationship in isolation and personal maladjustment & desire but, it is a negative

correlation that is if isolation increases personal maladjustment & desire for change

decreases. The co-efficient correlation of isolation and negative self-concept & negative

self-expectation r = -.088, which indicates no significant relationship in isolation and

negative self-concept & self-expectation but, it is a negative correlation that is when

 62

isolation increases, the negative self-concept and self-expectations may decreases. The

co-efficient correlation of isolation and low self-esteem r = -.039, which indicates no

significant relationship in isolation and low self-esteem but it is negative correlation

which states if isolation increases the low self-esteem decreases. The co-efficient

correlation of isolation and helplessness r = -.115, which indicates no significant

relationship in isolation and helplessness but, it is a negative correlation that is when

isolation increases, helplessness decreases.

The size of the sample is 100 and co-efficient of correlation of over-identification

and personal maladjustment & desire for change r = .0415, which indicates no significant

relationship in over-identification and personal maladjustment & desire for change but is

a positive correlation states when over-identification increases, the personal

maladjustment increases. The co-efficient correlation of over-identification and negative

self-concept & negative self-expectation r = .175, which indicates no significant

relationship in over-identification and negative self-concept & self-expectation but, it is a

positive correlation that is when over-identification increases, the negative self-concept

and self-expectations may increases. The co-efficient correlation of over-identification

and low self-esteem r = .148, which indicates no significant relationship in over-

identification and low self-esteem but it is positive correlation which states if over-

identification increases the low self-esteem increases. The co-efficient correlation of

over-identification and helplessness r = .022, which indicates no significant relationship

in over-identification and helplessness but, it is a positive correlation that is when over-

identification increases, helplessness increases.

Thus, the null hypothesis is partially accepted.

 63

5.1. SUMMARY:

The aim of the study is to analyze Automatic thoughts, Self-conscious Emotions

and Self-compassion among teachers and IT workers. The study was conducted based on

Ex-post facto research design. The sample for the study consisted of 100 professionals in

which 50 were Teachers and 50 were IT professionals with 3 and more than 3 years of

experience. The data was collected for these samples by using Non-probability

convenient sampling technique through questionnaire method. The questionnaires used

for this study was Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ) developed by Hollon and

Kendall (1980) which measures the frequency and degree of belief in automatic thoughts.

It is 30 items, 5 point likert scales ranging from not at all the time. It also measures the

dimensions of Personal maladjustment & desire for change (PMDC), Negative self-

concept & Negative self-Expectation (NSNE), Low self- esteem (LSE) and Helplessness.

State Guilt and Shame Scale (SGSS) was developed by Marshall, Sanftner, Tangney

(1994) which measures the state self-conscious emotions and also the dimensions of

Shame, Guilt, and Pride. It is a 15 items, 5 point likert scales ranging from do not feel this

way to very strongly feel this way. Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF) was

developed by Kristin Neff (2011) which measures the level of self-compassion. It is 12

items, 5 point likert scales ranging from almost never to almost always. It also measures

the dimensions of Self-Kindness, Common Humanity, Mindfulness, Self-Judgment,

Isolation, and Over-identification. The scores were analyzed using Pearson Product

Correlation Co-efficient for finding the relationship of Automatic thoughts, Self-

conscious Emotions, and Self-Compassion. The t-test was used to find the difference

among two professionals of Teachers and IT workers. The result shows that there is a
 64

relationship between the Automatic thoughts, Self-conscious emotions, and Self-

compassion. There is a significant difference in the dimensions, mindfulness and

dimensions of automatic thoughts. There is a significant relationship in the dimensions,

mindfulness and dimensions of self-conscious emotions. There is a significant

relationship in the dimension, common humanity and dimension, negative self-concept &

self- expectation of Automatic thoughts. There is no significant difference in Automatic

thoughts, self-conscious emotion, and self-compassion between Teachers and IT workers.

5.2. CONCLUSION:

1. There is no significant difference in Automatic thoughts among Teachers and IT

workers.

2. There is no significant difference in Self-conscious emotions among Teachers and

IT workers.

3. There is no significant difference in Self-compassion among Teachers and IT

workers.

4. There is a significant relationship between Automatic thoughts, its dimensions,

and Self-conscious emotions, its dimensions.

5. There is no significant relationship between self-conscious emotions and self-

compassion.

6. There is a significant relationship between the dimensions of mindfulness and

Shame, Guilt, and Pride.

7. There is a significant relationship in the dimension, self-judgment of Self-

compassion and dimension, guilt of self-conscious emotions.

 65

8. There is a significant relationship in the total score of automatic thoughts and self-

compassion.

9. There is a significant relationship in the dimension, mindfulness of self-

compassion and the dimensions of Automatic thoughts.

10. There is a significant relationship in the dimension, self-kindness of Self-

compassion and dimension of low self-esteem.

11. There is a significant relationship in the dimension, common humanity and

dimension, negative self-concept & self- expectation of Automatic thoughts.

5.3. IMPLICATION:

The research study shows the significant relationship in automatic thoughts, self-

conscious emotions, and self-compassion among the professionals. It also indicates that

higher the negative automatic thoughts of an individual higher the shame, guilt and pride

and low compassion towards their life. Due to this people may undergo physical and

psychological distress, which in turn affects their emotional stability which in turn leads

them to engage in criticism and blame during the periods of inadequacies.

They can be provided with Mindfulness Therapy to bring about self-awareness.

Cognitive restructuring can be given to modify their cognitive distortions. Exercise to

improve positive self-image and self-esteem.

5.4. LIMITATION:

 The study was done only with 100 samples of professionals.

 The study comprised of only two professionals.

 There is no adequate time to randomly select samples from a larger population.

 66

5.5. RECOMMENDATION:

 The study can be done based on clinical and non-clinical samples.

 The study can be done on successful, well-adjusted, healthy and happy adults and

children in order to find out the manifestation of Automatic thoughts, self-

conscious emotions and self-compassion.

 67

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