Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Amrita School of Engineering, Amritapuri Campus

MEC 222 Fluid Mechanics and machinery

Assignment 5 : Continuity Equation, Bernoulli and Energy Equation

1. A tank has an orifice of diameter 2 cm at the side. The head of water above the orifice is 37.2 cm. The jet
issuing from the orifice falls down by 3 cm in a distance of 20.5 cm. (i) Find the coefficient of velocity.
(ii) If CC is 0.62, find the coefficient of discharge.
Answer:
Let V be the actual velocity and Vth be the theoretical velocity.
m 1
Vth =√2gh=√2×9.81×0.372=2.70 ;Vt=0.205 (1); gt 2 =0.03 (2)√
s 2
m 2.621
Solving equations (1)and (2)simultaneously, V=2.621 ;CV = =0.970: √
s 2.70
CD =CC ×CV =0.62×0.97=0.6014 √
2. For the steady viscous flow through a circular tube, the axial velocity profile is given approximately by 𝑢 =
𝑟 𝑚
𝑈0 (1 − ) so that u varies from 0 at the wall to a maximum U0 at the center line r = 0. For highly
𝑅
viscous (laminar) flow m=1/2, while for less viscous (turbulent) flow, m=1/7. Compute the average
velocity if the density is constant.
Answer:
R r m R r m r
Volumetric flow rate Q= ∫0 U0 (1- ) 2πr dr= 2π U0 ∫0 (1- ) r dr; Put (1- ) =y; -
R R R
dr
=dy ; r=(1-y)R;
R
0 1 1 1
When r=0, y=1;r=R, y=0;Q=-2πU0 R ∫1 y m (1-y)Rdy=2πU0 R2 ∫0 (y m -y m+1 )dy;= 2πU0 R2 [ - ] ;√
m+1 m+2
Q 2 Q 8
Uav = =U0 [ ] ; For highly viscous laminar flow, Uav = =U0 [ ]√
πR2 (m+1)(m+2) πR2 15
49
For turbulent flow, Uav =U0 [ ]√
60
3. A tank is being filled with two one dimensional inlets. For inlets 1 and 2, the diameters and velocities are
D1, D2, V1, V2. The diameter of the tank is Dt. The water height in the tank is h. (a) Find an expression for
the change in water height dh/dt. (b) Compute dh/dt if D1= 3cm, D2=5cm, V1= 1m/s, V2= 0.6 m/s and At=
0.2 m2, assuming water at 20°C.
Answer:
d( ∫CV ρdV) dV
From continuity equation, 0= +ΣρVAout -ΣρVAin ; =ΣVAin =V1 A1 +V2 A2 ;
dt dt
πD2t dh πD21 V1 πD22 V2 dh D21 V1 D22 V2
= + ; = + ;√
4 dt 4 4 dt D2t D2t
dh 0.032 ×1 0.052 ×0.6 m
For the given values, for At =0.2m2 , Dt =0.504 m = + =0.009448 √
dt 0.5042 0.5042 s
4. A tank 1m×1m has a 1.2 cm diameter mouthpiece at one side. The head of water over the mouthpiece is
0.8m and it is discharging freely into the atmosphere. Find the pressure at the vena contracta formed inside
the mouthpiece.
Answer:
Let the point vena contracta be marked by 1 and the point of discharge be marked by point 2. Apply
Bernouilli equation between points 1 and 2.
P1 V12 P2 V22 (V1 -V2 )2
+ +z1 = + +z2 +hL ;Here z1 =z2 .P2 =0;hL = ;
ρg 2g ρg 2g 2g
 P1 V12 V22 (V1 -V2 )2 2P1 V2
=- ( - ) + ; =-(V12 -V22 )+(V1 -V2 )2 ; V1 = ;
ρg 2g 2g 2g ρ 0.62
2
2P1 1 1
=V22 [- ( -1) + ( -1) ] =-1.2258 V22 (1);
ρ 0.622 0.62
Let the top of the water tank be point 0.
There is no loss between point 0 and 1. Apply Bernouilli equation between points 0 and 1.
P0 V02 P1 V12 P1 V12
Also, V0 can be taken to be 0. + +z0 = + +z1 ;h= + ;
ρg 2g ρg 2g ρg 2g
P1 V22 P1
0.8g= + = +1.3V22 (2) Solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously,
ρ 0.622 ×2 ρ
V22 =11.42; P1 =-6999 Pa (gauge)=101330-6999=94331 (absolute)

5. Two tanks of area A1 and A2 are connected by an orifice of area a. What time will be required for the
differential head to fall from H1 to H2?
Answer:The velocity of flow through the orifice V=√2gH; In time dt, volume flowed=Vadt;H=h1 -
Vadt Vadt 1 1 1 1
h2 ;dH=dh1 -dh2 =- - =-Va ( + ) dt=-√2gHa ( + ) dt;
A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2
1 1
H2 dH 1 1 𝑔 1 1
∫H 1 = -√2ga ( + ) t; (H12 -H22 ) =a√ ( + ) t√
1 A1 A2 2 A1 A2
H2
The time is obtained from the above equation.

6. A venturimeter is introduced in a pipe of 10 cm diameter inclined 60° to the horizontal for measuring the
flow of oil. The throat diameter is 5 cm. The mercury differential manometer gives a reading of 10 cm.
Find the discharge in the pipe if the specific gravity of the oil in the pipe is 0.85 and Cd=0.97.
Answer:
C ρ -ρ 13.6-0.85
V= V √2gH where H is given by H=h× M . Here in this problem, H=0.1× =1.5 m.
ρ 0.85
√(β4 -1)
0.95 m πD2 π0.12 m3
β=2; V= √2×9.81×1.5=1.33 s ; Q= V= 1.33= 0.0104 √
4 4 s
√(24 -1)

7. A pitot tube is used to measure the velocity of an air plane. A U tube manometer connected to the pitot
tube registers a head of 90 mm of mercury. Find the speed of the plane. Assume 0°C and 1 atm pressure to
calculate the density of air.
Answer:
28.9 𝑘𝑔
One kmole of air has a volume of 22.4 m3. 𝜌 = = 1.290 3 ; 𝑉 = √2𝑔𝐻;
22.4 𝑚
ρM -ρ 13600-1.29 m km
H=h× =0.09× =948.74; V=√2×9.81×948.74= 136.4 =491.1 √
ρ 1.29 s h
8. The open tank shown in the figure below contains water at 20°C and there are flows at section 1,2 and 3.
(a) Derive an analytical expression for the water level change dh/dt in terms of arbitrary volume flows Q 1,
Q2 and Q3 and tank diameter d. (b) If water level h is constant, determine the exit velocity V 2 for the given
data V1=3 m/s and Q1=0.01 m3/s.
9. A tank 2m×2m and another 1m×1m are connected at the bottom by a circular orifice of diameter 2 cm. If
initially the larger tank has water 0.5 m above the smaller tank, calculate the time required to reduce the
level difference to 0.2 Assume Cd=0.62
Answer:
The required relationship has been derived in question number 5 as
1 1 1 1
g 1 1 9.81 1 1
(H12 -H22 ) = Cda√ ( + ) t; (0.52 -0.22 ) = 0.62×0.000314√ ( + ) t; t=482.2 s√
2 A1 A2 2 4 1

10. Air enters the nozzle steadily at 2.21 kg/m3 and 45 m/s and leaves at 0.762 kg/m3 and 150 m/s. If the inlet
area of the nozzle is 80 cm2, determine (a) the mass flow rate through the nozzle and (b) the exit area of the
nozzle.
Answer:
 kg
ṁ=ρ1 A1 V1 = ρ2 A2 V2 =2.21×0.008×45=0.7956 =0.762×A2 ×150; A2 =69.61 cm2 √
s
11. Water is pumped from a lake to a storage tank 18 m above at a rate of 70 L/s while consuming 20.4 kW of
electric power. Disregarding any frictional losses in the pipe, and any changes in kinetic energy, determine
(a) the overall efficiency of the pump motor unit and (b) the pressure difference between the inlet and exit
of the pump.
Answer:
𝑃1 1 𝑃 1
𝜌𝑔
+ 2𝑔 𝑉1 2 + 𝑧1 + ℎ𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔2 + 2𝑔 𝑉2 2 + 𝑧2 ; Both pressures can be taken as zero. Kinetic energy terms
cancel out. So, ℎ𝑃 = 18. Theoretical power = hP ×g×ρ×Q=18×9.81×1000×0.07=12360 W;
12.36
(a)overall efficiency of the pump motor unit= ×100=60.58%; √
20.4
(b) Pressure difference between inlet and outlet of the pump =hP ×ρg=18×1000 × 9.81 =176580Pa
=176.58 kPa√
12. In a hydro-electric power plant, water enters the turbine nozzles at 800 kPa absolute with a low velocity. If
the nozzle outlets are exposed to atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa, determine the maximum velocity to
which water can be accelerated by the nozzles before striking the turbine blades.
Answer:
P1 1 P2 1 800×103 100×103 1 m
+ V1 2 = + V2 2 ; +0= + V 2 ;V=37.4 √
ρg 2g ρg 2g 103 ×9.81 103 ×9.81 2×9.81 s
13. An oil pump is drawing 25 kW of electric power while pumping oil with ρ=860 kg/m 3 at a rate of 0.1 m3/s.
The inlet and outlet diameters of the pipe are 8 cm and 12 cm respectively. If the pressure rise of oil in the
pump is measured to be 250 kPa and the motor efficiency is 90%, determine the mechanical efficiency of
the pump. Take the kinetic energy correction factor to be 1.05.
Answer:
P1 1 P 1 Q 0.1 m m
+ V1 2 +hP = 2 + V2 2 ;V1 = = 2 ×4=19.89 ; V2 =8.84 ; √
ρg 2g ρg 2g A1 π×0.08 s s
P2 -P1 1 2 2 250×103 1 2 2
hP g= + (V2 -V1 )= √
+ (8.84 -19.89 )=135.38;
ρ 2 850 2
11.507
Power=hP g×ρ×Q=135.38×850×0.1=11507 W; η= =0.46=ηm ×ηe =
25
0.9×ηm ; ηm =0.511√
14. A venturimeter is installed in a horizontal pipeline of diameter 30 cm carrying water. The throat diameter
to pipe diameter ratio is 1:3. The absolute pressure in the pipeline and the throat are measured to be 2.4 bar
and 0.513 bar respectively. If 4% of the differential pressure is lost due to friction between pressure traps,
compute the volumetric flow rate through the pipeline.
Answer:
1 ∆𝑃𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐶𝑉
∆𝑃𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (2.4 − 0.513) × 105 × = 196562 𝑃𝑎; 𝐻 = ;𝑉= √2𝑔𝐻; √
0.96 𝜌𝑔 √(𝛽 4 −1)
0.95 ∆Peff 0.95 196562 m πD2 π0.32 m3
V= √2 = √2 =2.105 ;Q= ×V= ×2.105=0.1487 √
ρ 1000 s 4 4 s
√(34 -1) √(34 -1)

15. Water enters a tank of diameter DT steadily at a mass flow rate of 𝑚̇𝑊 . An orifice at the bottom with
diameter Do allows water to escape. The orifice has a rounded entrance, so the frictional losses are
negligible. If the tank is initially empty, (a) determine the maximum height that the water will reach in the
tank and (b) obtain a relation for water height z as a function of time.
Answer:

16. Air at 110 kPa and 50°C flows upward through a 6 cm diameter inclined duct at a rate of 45 lit/s.
The duct diameter is then reduced to 4 cm through a reducer. The pressure change across the reducer is
measured by a water manometer. The elevation difference between the two points where the arms of the
manometer are connected is 0.20 m. Determine the differential height between the fluid levels in the two
arms of the manometer.