LABORATORY MANUAL

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB (ES152EE)

for

(I& II-SEM) B.E Common to All Branches

Prepared by
Prepared by: Mr Md Arshad & Mr.Mohammed Jaffar
Revised by: K. Mahammad Rafi

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

MUFFAKHAM JAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Banjara Hills Road No 3, Hyderabad 34
www.mjcollege.ac.in
WITH EFFECT FROM THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2018 - 2019
Course code: ES152EE

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS & MACHINES LAB

Instruction 2 Periods per week

Duration of University Examination 3 Hours
University Examination 50 Marks
Sessional 25 Marks

List of Experiments:

Cycle I
Exp1. Verification of KVL, KCL and superposition theorem (with DC excitation)

Exp 2 Verification of Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems (with DC excitation)

Exp 3. Sinusoidal steady state response of R-L, and R-C circuits – impedance calculation and
verification. Observation of phase differences between current and voltage. Power factor
calculation

Exp 4. Measurement of phase voltage/current, line voltage/current and power in a balanced three-
phase circuit connected in star and delta

Exp 5. Loading of a transformer: measurement of primary and secondary voltages and currents,
and power.

Cycle II
Exp 6. Three-phase transformers: Star and Delta connections. Voltage and Current relationships
(line- line voltage, phase-to-neutral voltage, line and phase currents).

Exp 7. Power factor improvement of Induction Motor using static capacitors

Exp 8. Synchronous speed of two and four-pole, three-phase induction motors. Direction

reversal by change of phase-sequence of connections.

Exp 9. OCC characteristics of DC Generator

Exp 10. Load Test of DC Motor

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INDEX

Name of the Experiments Page No.

1. VERIFICATION OF KVL AND KCL, SUPERPOSITION THEOREM 01

(WITH DC EXCITATION)
2. VERFICATION OF THEVINENS AND NORTONS THEOREMS 06
(WITH DC EXCITATION)
3. SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE RESPONSE OF R-L, AND R-C CIRCUITS – 09
( IMPEDANCE CALCULATION AND VERIFICATION. OBSERVATION OF PHASE
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CURRENT AND VOLTAGE. POWER FACTOR CALCULATION)
4. MEASUREMENT OF PHASE VOLTAGE/CURRENT, LINE VOLTAGE/CURRENT 13
AND POWER IN A BALANCED THREE-PHASE CIRCUIT CONNECTED IN
STAR AND DELTA
5. LOADING OF A TRANSFORMER: MEASUREMENT OF PRIMARY AND 16
SECONDARY VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS, AND POWER.

6. 3-Φ TRANSFORMERS: STAR AND DELTA CONNECTIONS. VOLTAGE AND 18

CURRENT RELATIONSHIPS (LINE- LINE VOLTAGE, PHASE-TO-NEUTRAL
VOLTAGE, LINE AND PHASE CURRENTS).
7. POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT OF INDUCTION MOTOR USING STATIC 21
CAPACITORS
8. SYNCHRONOUS SPEED OF TWO AND FOUR-POLE, THREE-PHASE INDUCTION
MOTORS. DIRECTIONREVERSAL BY CHANGE OF PHASE-SEQUENCE OF 24
CONNECTIONS.

9. MAGNETISATION CURVE OF A SEPARATELY EXCITED D.C GENERATOR. 27

10. LOAD TEST OF A SHUNT MOTOR. 31

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EXPERIMENT NO.1

VERIFICATION OF KVL, KCL AND SUPER POSITION THEOREM

Aim: To verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage law , Kirchhoff’s Current law & Super position theorem for
the given circuit.

Apparatus Required:

Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Trainer Kit ---------- 1
2. Multimeter 0-2A, 0-20V D.C 3
3. Connecting wires ---------- Required

Theory:-
a) Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:
According to this law, in any closed circuit or mesh, the algebraic sum of EMFs acting in
that circuit or mesh is equal to the voltage drops of each element of the circuit.

In mesh, V=V1+V2+V3=I(R1+R2+R3)
b) Kirchhoff’s Current Law:
According-to this law, the algebraic sum of all the currents meeting at a node is zero or the
sum of all the incoming currents is equal to the sum of outgoing currents from that node.
Let I1, I2, I3, I4, I5 I6 be the currents at node O. I1, I2, & I6 are the currents entering the node
O and I3, I4, &I5 are the currents leaving the node O. Then according to Kirchhoff’s law,
I1+ I2- I3- I4- I5+ I6 =0
i.e I1+I2+I6=I3+I4+I5

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C) Superposition Theorem:
states that: In a linear circuit with several sources the voltage and current responses in any branch
is the algebraic sum of the voltage and current responses due to each source acting independently
with all other sources replaced by their internal impedance, considering only one source at a time.
V1=i1*R, V2=i2*R ; on applying (v1+v2) we get
V1+V2 = (i1+i2)*R
1. Circuit diagram : Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):

Procedure for KVL:

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set a particular input voltage (V) in the trainer kit
3. Tabulate all the voltage Readings.. like V1,V2 and V3
4. Repeat the same for different applied input voltages

Tabular Column for Verification of KVL:

Calculated Total
Applied voltage Measured Voltage across each Resistor
S.No Voltage (V)
V in volts V1 in volts V2 in volts V3 in volts = VI+V2+V3
1
2
3

2. Circuit Diagram: Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):

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Procedure for KCL:

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set a particular input voltage (V) in the trainer kit
3. Note down the corresponding ammeter readings like.. I, I1 &I2
4. Repeat the same for different applied input voltages
Tabular Column for Verification of KCL:
Calculated Total
Applied input voltage Measured Currents through Resistors
S. No Current (I)
V in volts I in Amps I1 in Amps I2 in Amps =I1+I2
1.
2.
3.

3. Circuit Diagram: Superposition Theorem:

Step 1:

Step 2: Step 3:

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PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Step 1, above
2. Adjust the voltage of the source (1) to 10 V and that of source (2) to 5V.Note the current (I)
read by the ammeter.
3. Disconnect source (2) and short the terminals as in Step 2 with source Voltage (1) at 10V
read the ammeter current (I1).
4. Disconnect source(1) and short the terminals as in Step3 .With source voltage (2) at 5V
read the ammeter current (I2).
5. Verify the equation I = I1 + I2.
6. Repeat steps 2 to 5 for different voltages.

OBSERVATIONS:

S.No V1 V2 I I1 I2 I=I1+I2

10 5 --------- ---------
10 --------- --------- ---------
1
--------- 5 --------- ---------

Precautions:
1. Before giving connections keep Voltage control knobs at minimum position.

Result:

Discussion of Results:

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EXPERIMENT 2

VERIFICATION OF (A) THEVENIN’S THEOREM (B) NORTON’S THEOREM.

AIM: To verify Thevenin’s Theorem and Norton’s Theorem.

APPARATUS:
Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Trainer Kit 1
2 Multimeter 0-2A,0-20V DC 2
3 Connecting wires -- Required
THEORY:
THEVENIN’S THEOREM:

Fig:1
Any linear bilateral network with respect to two terminals (A and B) can be replaced by a single
voltage source Vth in series with a single resistance Rth. Where, Vth is the open circuit voltage across the load
terminals and Rth is the internal resistance of the network as viewed back into the open circuited network from
the terminals A and B with voltage sources and current sources replaced by their internal resistances. Then the
current in the load resistance is given by,
I L= Vth/ (Rth + R L)

NORTON’S THEOREM:

Fig:2
Any linear bilateral network with respect to a pair of terminals (A and B) replaced by a single
current source IN in parallel with a single resistance RN . Where, IN is the short circuit current in between the
load terminals and RN(=R th) is the internal resistance of the network as viewed back into the open circuited
network from the terminals A and B with voltage sources and current sources replaced by their internal
resistances. Then the current in the load resistance is given by,
I L= IN RN / (RN+R L)

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
(A)THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
To find Thevenin’s Voltage: To find Thevenin’s resistance:

Fig. 3
Fig:4

To find load current:

Fig-5
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.3 and apply suitable voltage. Note down the open circuit voltage (Vth).
2. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.4 and note the Thevenin’s resistance R th by means of a multimeter.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.5.For a particular value of load resistance R L, keeping the voltage at
the same value as in step1, note the value of the current. Verify the current value obtained by applying the
Thevenin’s theorem i.e I L should be equal to Vth / (Rth+RL).
4. Repeat step3 for various values of load resistances and compare with the calculated values, as obtained by
applying Thevenin’s theorem.
5. Vary the input voltage and take three sets of readings (step 2 need not be repeated as long as the network
is not changed).

OBSERVATIONS:
Rth=
S.No. Vs Vth RL I L(Measured Value) I L(By applying theorem)
I L=Vth/(R th+R L)
1
2

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(B)NORTON’S THEOREM:
To find Norton’s current: To find Norton’s resistance:

Fig-6 Fig - 7
To find load current:

Fig – 8

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.6 and by applying suitable voltage , determine the short
circuit current (IN / Isc.).
2. Note down the load currents for various values of load resistance (R L) and compare with
the theoretical values obtained using Norton’s equivalent circuit.
3. Repeat steps 1 & 2 for various values of source voltages.
(Note RN is same as Rth obtained in Thevenin’s equivalent circuit).

OBSERVATIONS:
RN =
S.No. Vs IN (or)Isc RL I L(Measured Value) I L(By applying theorem)
I L=IN RN/( RN + R L)

RESULT:

DISCUSSION OF RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS

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EXPERIMENT 3

SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE RESPONSE OF SERIES R-L

AND R-C CIRCUITS.

Aim: To verify voltage, current, power factor and impedance variations of R-L and R-C circuits to
a sinusoidal input at steady state condition.
Apparatus Required:
S.No Name of Apparatus Range/Rating Required
1 Trainer Kit 1
2 Multimeter 0-20mA, 0-30V AC 2
3 Connecting Wires As per requirement
THEORY:-
Any circuit behavior depends on the parameters of the elements available in it. Such
elements, which drastically changes the parameters of the circuit, are resistance, inductance and
capacitance.
In series RL network when a voltage Vs is applied then the current Is flows into the circuit
which creates a voltage drops across resistance V R and inductance VL and these voltages lag by an
angle θ as well the current Is lags the applied voltage Vs and this angle is 90 for pure inductor.
In series RC network when a voltage Vs is applied then the current Is flows into the circuit
which creates a voltage drops across resistance V R and capacitance Vc and these voltages lead by an
angle θ as well the current Is lead the applied voltage Vs and this angle is 90 for pure capacitor.
Procedure:
For RL circuit
1. Connect circuit as shown in the circuit diagram
2. Apply the voltage using Function Generator and set the frequency to 50Hz
3. Note all the readings and tabulate them in the given tabular form.
4. Repeat the procedure with different R&L values

θ
VS

Is
Expected
Graph

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For series RC circuit

1. Connect circuit as shown in the circuit diagram
2. Apply the voltage using Function Generator and set the frequency to 50Hz
3. Note all the readings and tabulate them in the given tabular form.
4. Repeat the procedure with different R&C values

Is

VS
Expected
Graph

OBSERVATIONS:
Tabular form for series RL circuit R= L1= L2=
Power Factor
𝑉𝑠 −1
𝑉𝐿
S.No. Vs Is VR VL |𝑍 | = 𝜃 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) cosθ
𝐼𝑠 𝑉𝑅
1. 10
2. 10

Tabular form for series RC circuit R= C1= C2=

𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝐶 Power Factor
S.No. Vs Is VR Vc |𝑍 | = 𝜃 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( ) cosθ
𝐼𝑠 𝑉𝑅
1.
2
3

RESULT:

DISCUSSION OF RESULT:

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EXPERIMENT 4
MEASUREMENT OF PHASE VOLTAGE/CURRENT LINE VOLTAGE/CURRENT AND POWER IN
BALANCED THREE-PHASE CIRCUIT CONNECTED IN STAR AND DELTA.
Aim : To study the balanced three phase system for star & delta connected load.

Apparatus Required:
S.No Name of Apparatus Range/Rating Required
1 Three phase Auto transformer 440/0-440V 1
2 Ammeter (AC) 10A 1
3 Voltmeter (AC) 600V 1
4 3-Ph Rheostat Load 10KW 1
5 3-Ph Multi Function Meter 0-50A/0-600V 2
6 Connecting wires As per requirement

THEORY:-
Any three phase system, either supply system or load can be connected in two ways either star or
delta.
1. Star Connection→ In this connection, the starting or termination ends of all winding are
connected together & along with their phase ends this common point is also brought out called as
neutral point.
2. Delta Connection- If the terminating end of one winding is connected to starting end of
other & If connection are continued for all their windings in this fashion we get closed loop. The
three supply lines are taken out from three junctions. This is called as three phase delta connected
system.
The load can be connected in similar manner. In this experiment we are concerned with balanced load.
The load is said to be balanced when
Voltages across three phases are equal & phases are displaced by 120° electrical.
The impedance of each phase of load is same.
The resulting current in all the three phases are equal & displaced by 120° electrical from each other
Active power & reactive volt amperes of each is equal.

Some term related to 3 phase system

i. Line Voltage - The voltage between any two line of 3 ph load is called as line voltage
e.g. VRY,VYB & VBR.. For balance system all are equal in magnitude.
ii. Line Current – The current in each line is called as line current e.g. I R, I Y, & I B. They are
equal in magnitude for balance system.
iii. Phase Voltage – The voltage across any branch of three phase load is called as phase voltage.
VRN, VYN, & VBN are phase voltage
5. Phase Current – current passing through any phase of load is called as
phase current.

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For star connection of load-

Line voltage (VL) = √3 phase voltage (Vph)
Line current (I L) = Phase current (I ph)
For delta connection of load-
Line voltage (VL)= phase voltage (Vph)
Line current (I L)= √3 phase current(Iph)
Three phase power is given by,
P= power consumed by the load = √3V L I L cos( θ )
Where θ is phase angle & it depends on type of load i.e. inductive, capacitive or resistive.

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Procedure:
1. Connect circuit as shown in the circuit diagram of Star
2. Set 3-ph Auto Transformer to minimum position.
3. Switch on the main supply
4. Apply a voltage by using 3-ph Auto Transformer
5. Note the readings of ammeter, voltmeter & wattmeter meter.
6. Repeat the above procedure by changing connections to Delta Load

OBSERVATION TABLE:

For Star Connection

S.No Line Voltage(VL) Phase Voltage(VPh) Phase Current(IPh) Power W=√3 VLI L CosØ
1
2
3

For Delta Connection

S.No Line Voltage(VL) Line Current(I L) Phase Current(IPh) Power
W=√3 VLI L CosØ
1
2
3

RESULT:

DISCUSSION OF RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS:

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EXPERIMENT 5

LOADING OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM: To measure the primary and secondary current, voltage and power of the given transformer.

APPARATUS:
Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
Single phase Transformer 110/230V 1
1
Single phase Auto transformer V 1
2
Ammeter(MI) (0-10/20A) 2
3
Voltmeter(MI) (0-150/300V) 2
4
5 Resistive Load Box 0-10KW 1

6 Wattmeter (0-300V/20A) UPF 2

7 Connecting wires -- Required

THEORY:
Transformer works on the principal of mutual induction, which implies- when the AC voltage
applied to the primary coil, then the ac current flows in the primary coil gives rise to flux change.
The change of flux induces emf in the secondary coil due to mutual induction
We will measure the voltage, current and power by using voltmeter and ammeter

Circuit diagram

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PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure above

2.Apply the rated voltage by using auto transformer
3. Take the readings of I1,V1 and W1 from primary side
4. Take the readings of I2 ,V2 and W2 from secondary side
5. Apply the load in steps by using resistive load box
6. Tabulate the readings for every change in load

OBSERVATIONS:

S.No. V1 I1 W1 V2 I2 W2
Primary Voltage Primary Current Primary power Secondary voltage Secondary current Secondary power

RESULT:

DISCUSSION OF RESULT

PRECAUTIONS

Below is the alternative diagram if Mufti Function Meter is used.[Confirm from Faculty before
drawing the below circuit )

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