AC circuits

Physics 122

11/2/12 Lecture XIX 1

LC circuit
•  Two forms of energy:
–  Electric – in a capacitor
–  Magnetic - in solenoid
•  Oscillator!
•  When energy in the
capacitance is at its maximum,
energy in the inductance is at
its minimum
•  No energy is lost, it is just
changing its form
CV 2 LI 2
U total = + = const
11/2/12
2 2 Lecture XIX 2

LC circuit
•  Total drop of voltage over a
closed circuit must be 0:
Q dI 1 dI
0 = VL +VC = + L = ∫ I dt + L
C dt C dt
•  Take derivative over time:
1 d 2I d 2I 1 Q0
0= I+L 2 =− I
C dt dt 2
LC -Q0
•  Second derivative of function
is proportional to the negative
function I = I 0 sin(ω t)

11/2/12
ω = 1 / LC Lecture XIX 3

1
 LCR circuit
•  Resistors dissipate energy
–  Convert electrical energy
into thermal energy
•  Resistor acts like friction
for a weight on a spring
•  Damped oscillator!

11/2/12 Lecture XVIII 4

Inductance
•  Magnetic field in a solenoid
B∝I
•  It creates a magnetic flux through itself
dΦ dB dI
Φ = BA ∝ ∝
dt dt dt
•  Changing magnetic flux generates emf (voltage gained) =
-drop of Voltage (voltage lost)
dΦ dI
emf = −VL = − N = −L
dt dt

11/2/12 Lecture XIX 5

AC circuits
•  External source of alternating
voltage V(t)=V0sinωt – Forced
oscillator
•  Frequency f, cyclic frequency ω=2πf
•  Active elements
–  Inductors
–  Capacitors
•  Passive elements
–  Resistors

11/2/12 Lecture XIX 6

2
 Phasor diagram
•  Graphical way to present current
and voltage in AC circuit
•  Present current and voltage in a y
certain element (resistor, I (t ) = I 0 ⋅ sin(ω t ) I0
inductance, capacitance) as vectors
rotating in (x,y) plane ωt
•  Vector length is equal to maximum
possible value of I or V: I0 and V0 x
•  Vector projection on y-axis is equal
to the value of current or voltage at
the moment t

11/2/12 Lecture XIX 7

Current and voltage in AC circuit

y
I (t ) = I 0 ⋅ sin(ω t ) I0

VR (t ) = V0 sin(ω t ) Vo ωt
x
V0 = RI 0

Drop of voltage over

resistor (V) follows I

Current and voltage in phase

11/2/12 Lecture XIX 8

Current and voltage in AC circuit

dI
VL = L
dt
d sin(ω t )
VL = LI 0 = Lω I 0 cos(ω t )
dt
y
VL = Lω I 0 sin(ω t + 90 0 ) I0
I (t ) = I 0 ⋅ sin(ω t )
V0 = X L I 0
VR (t ) = V0 cos(ω t ) ωt
Vo
X L = Lω
x

Inductor: current lags voltage

11/2/12 Lecture XIX 9

3
 Current and voltage in AC circuit
Q 1
VC = = ∫ I dt
C C
1 1
VC = ∫ I 0 sin(ω t)dt = − I 0 cos(ω t)
C ωC y
1 I (t ) = I ⋅ sin(ω t) I0
V0 = I 0 = XC I 0 0

ωC V o ωt
1
XC = x
ωC
VR (t ) = −V0 cos(ω t )
Capacitor: voltage lags current
11/2/12 Lecture XIX 10

LCR circuit
y
I0
I (t ) = I 0 ⋅ sin(ω t )
VR
VL ωt
VC x
V0 R = I 0 R, V0 L = I 0 X L , V0C = I 0 X C
1
R = R, X L = ω L, XC =
ωC
   
Ohm’s law!! "V " = "VR "+"VL "+"VC " = ZI
Z − impedance
11/2/12 Lecture XIX 11

Impedance
y I0
V0
VR
VL
VC x

V0 =| Z | I 0 This equation relates maximum

voltage to maximum current.
| Z |= R 2 + (X L − XC )2 Mind, that they do not happen at the
same time. There is a phase shift
tan φ = (X L − XC ) / R between Imax and Vmax -φ

11/2/12 Lecture XIX 12

4
 Phase angle and power factor
X L − XC I0
tan ϕ = V0
R
VR
R φ

cos ϕ = VL
Z
VC x
Vrms = ZI rms
 
P ="V ⋅ I " = Vrms I rms cos φ
Cosφ – power factor
NB. V and I are not real vectors, only in phasor diagram representation.

11/2/12 Lecture XIX 13

Energy in AC circuit
Total average power in AC

P = Vrms I rms cos φ

Power dissipated only in resistors:

2
P = I rms R

11/2/12 Lecture XIX 14

Resonance in LCR circuit

V
I rms = rms
Z
Z = R 2 + ( X L − X C )2
• Largest current when impedance is the smallest
• XL, XC are functions of frequency
• At a certain frequency X = X
L C

1
ωL= 1
ωC f =
1 2π LC
ω=
LC

11/2/12 Lecture XIX 15