Wireless Communication and Networks Upena Dalal

Chapter 2

Problem 2.1 Explain the relative merits and demerits of large and small cluster sizes in cellular
systems. Prove that

D/R = (3N)0.5

Solution:

Large Cluster sizes Small Cluster sizes

1. Co channel Interference reduced 1. Co channel Interference is relatively large
2. For the fixed number of channels, the 2. For the fixed number of channels, the
allocated channels per cell a will be less, so channels per cell will be more, so less blocking
more blocking probabilities. GOS reduces. probabilities.

Now in general total distance may be in terms of more no of hops, so for one hop

 i1= √3 Ri and j1=√3 Rj

 θ is always 120 between I and j component.

D2=i12+j12-2i1j1cos θ

=3R2i2 + 3R2j2-2*3R2ijcos(120)

= 3R2 (i2+ij+j2)

But (i2+ij+j2)=N

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Wireless Communication and Networks Upena Dalal

 D2=3R2N

D2/R2=3N

D/R=(3N)0.5 : Hence the relationship is proved

Problem 2.2 Find the appropriate cluster size N for a cellular system if SIR requirement is 15 dB.
Here I corresponds to co-channel interference. Assume path loss factor n=3. Find your answer for
omnidirectional antenna and 120 sectored antennas.

Solution:

Since from given parameter:

(S/I) dB= 15dB = 10 log(S/I)

 S/I = 31.62
Now for omnidirectional case For 120 sectorization case
31.62=(√3N) 3/6 31.62=(√3N) 3/2
189.72 =(√3N) 3 63.24=(√3N) 3
5.746=√3N 3.984=(√3N)
33=3 N  N=11 15.873=3N
Next option is N=12 N=5.29
Next possible value is N=7 to maintain S/I at
required level.

In Section 2.8, Example 2.6, path loss exponent is 4 but here the results differ due to n = 3 . Actually
in real environment n may have different values at different surrounding conditions.

The two signals will differ more if path loss exponent is large .Handover performance is also sensitive
to path loss exponent.

Problem 2.3: For the different cluster sizes N =1, 3, 4, 7, 12, and so on, find the SIR in dB for all the
cases. Assume that all cells have equal radii, base stations have equal power and are located at the
center of each cell. Comment your result in the form of some conclusions. What will be the effect of
the first tier, second tier, and so on?

Solution:

Assuming path loss exponent n=4 and 6 interfering cells in the first tier, assume equal radii and equal
power, interfering tier.

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Wireless Communication and Networks Upena Dalal

Table:

N S/I (dB) [for first tier]= S/I (dB) For second tier
10log (√ (3N) 4 /6) dB. =10log(144N2 /102)
1 1.76 dB 1.49 dB
3 11.3 dB 11.04 dB
4 13.8 dB 13.53 dB
7 18.66 dB 18.39 dB
12 23.34 dB 23.08 dB

As the size of the cluster increases the amount of co channel interference reduces with a nonlinear
relationship

Above calculations are assuming first tier cells

Interference from the first and second tier = 12 Interferers and reuse distance doubles.

Calculation for second tier:

𝑆 𝑆 𝑅 −𝑛
= 6 = 6 −𝑛 −𝑛
𝐼 ∑𝑖=1(𝐼1𝑖 + 𝐼2𝑖 ) ∑𝑖=1(𝐷1𝑖 + 𝐷2𝑖 )

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Wireless Communication and Networks Upena Dalal

1
=
𝐷1 −4 2𝐷
6 {(𝑅 ) + ( 𝑅 1 )−4 }
1 1

𝑆 1 1
= =
𝐼 6{(√3𝑁 )−4 + (2√3𝑁 )−4 } 24 1
6{ + }
(√3𝑁 )4 (2√3𝑁)4

1 (2√3𝑁)4 16 (√3𝑁)4 16 ∗ (3𝑁)2 108𝑁 2

= = = = = = 1.059𝑁 2
17 102 102 102 102
6∗
(2√3𝑁)4

Problem 2.4 Show that the frequency reuse factor for a cellular system is given by k/S, where k is the
average number of channels per cell and S is the total number of channels available to the service
provider.

Solution:

Total effective number of channels in a region is represented as S = M x k x N. Now frequency reuse

factor is the rate at which the same frequency can be used in the network which is defined as 1/N,
where, N is the number of the cells in a cluster which cannot use same frequency. In that case M=1

=> 1/N = k/S

Problem 2.5 If 24 MHz of total spectrum is allocated to a duplex wireless cellular system and each
simplex channel has 25 kHz RF bandwidth, find the number of duplex channels and the total number
of channels per cell site, if N = 4 cell reuse is used.

Solution:

Total spectrum is 24 MHz

Simplex channel BW = 25 kHz => duplex channel BW is 50 kHz

 Total No. of available channels is 24 x 106/ 50 x 103 = 480

Now N=4 is the cell reuse (considering one cluster only)

 480/4 = 120 channels per cell site are used.

[If more number of cells per cluster is used in that area, the calculation differs]

Problem 2.6 For a cell, number of available channels is 30. Assume average call length of 2 minutes.
Also, the average number of calls per hour per user is 1. Find the capacity loss when going from

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Wireless Communication and Networks Upena Dalal

omnidirectional to 60 sectored antenna. The blocking probability desired is 1%. A section of the
blocking table is given as follows (the entries show the offered load):

Number of Channels A
5 1.361
10 4.462
20 12.03
30 20.34
40 27.38
51 44.2

Solution:

The traffic per user = 1 x 2/60 = 0.0333 Erlangs

When the no. of available channels is 30 (omnidirectional case), the offered traffic is 20.34 E from the
table.

So, the number of users supported is 20.34/0.0333 = 616.36 ≈ 616.

The capacity is measured in terms of available channels and Erlang B system (Trunking efficiency)

Due to sectorization the total available channels are divided into 6 parts => 5 channels per sector.

 Offered traffic 1.361 Erlang (from the same table).

No. of users supported is 1.361/0.0333 = 40.87 ≈ 40 users are supported now

 ≈ 39% trunking efficiency loss

Note: The same way is the capacity loss with reuse factor

Say total available channels are 960, cell area 6 km2, total coverage area 2000 km2 and N= 4 => area
of a cluster is 4 x 6 = 24 km2, so the number of clusters will be 2000/24 ≈ 83 and overall system
capacity = 83 x 960 = 79,680 channels. If N=7, so the area of a cluster = 42 km2, the system capacity
= 48 x 960 = 46,080 channels. Comment:: Sectoring increases SIR, so that the cluster size may be
reduced and to increase the capacity keeping cell radius unchanged (to decrease D/R ratio). Capacity
improvement is achieved by reducing the number of cells in a cluster, thus increasing the frequency
reuse.

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Wireless Communication and Networks Upena Dalal

Problem 2.7 On average, during a busy hour, a business firm makes 100 outgoing calls with an
average duration of 3 minutes. It receives 120 calls, which are incoming at an average duration of 2.5
minutes. Find the outgoing traffic, incoming traffic and total traffic in Erlangs.

Solution: Outgoing traffic = 100 x 3/60 = 5 Erlangs

Incoming traffic = 120 x 2.5/60 = 5 Erlangs

Total traffic = 5 + 5 = 10 Erlangs

Problem 2.8 Show that the probability of delaying a call is

Where A is the offered traffic expressed in Erlang ( /)

Solution:

For Delay networks, the Erlang-C formula allows network operators to determine the probability of
delay depending on peak traffic and the number of circuits

The Erlang C traffic model is based on the following assumptions:

• An infinite number of sources
• Random traffic arrival pattern
• Blocked calls are delayed
• Hold times exponentially distributed
The Erlang C model is designed around queuing theory. This model assumes a random call arrival
pattern; the caller makes one call and is held in a queue until the call is answered. In the Erlang C
model, you need to know the number of calls or packets in the busy hour, the average call length or
packet size, and the expected amount of delay in seconds.
The grade of service = Traffic delayed/Traffic offered

Also the Poisson's distribution gives

If,
N= number of trunks
A = offered traffic
k= variable for Trunk occupied
then

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Wireless Communication and Networks Upena Dalal

Problem 2.9 A total of 25 MHz of bandwidth is allocated to a particular FDD cellular telephone
system that uses two 30 KHz simplex channels to provide full duplex voice and control channels.
Assume each cell phone user generates 0.2 Erlangs of traffic. Find the number of channels in each cell
for a four cell frequency reuse system. If each cell is to offer capacity that is 90% of perfect
scheduling Find the maximum number of users those can be supported per cell for omnidirectional
antenna case. What is the blocking probability of the system using Erlang B formula, when the
maximum users are available in the user pool?

[Hint : Assume, each channel can carry 1 Erlang of traffic]

Solution:

25 MHz band is divided into 30 kHz channels =>No of channels =833 (including control channel)

Four cell frequency reuse pattern => N=4

per cell channels = 833/4=208 excluding one control channel it is 207

90% channels are made available due to perfect scheduling => capacity of 186 channels => 186
Erlangs traffic carrying capacity

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Wireless Communication and Networks Upena Dalal

186/0.2 = 930 users can be supported at max

Now if 186 channels are to be made available for traffic of 186 Erlang

Approx. GOS for this case may be between 0.05 and 0.07 as per Erlang B table.

Problem 2.11 Assume that there are six co-channel cells in the first tier and all of them are at the
same distance from the mobile. If an SIR of 12 dB is needed for satisfactory forward channel
performance in a cellular system. What should be the optimum frequency reuse factor and cluster size
if the path loss exponent is n=3 and n=4.

Solution: (S/I)dB =12 dB = 10 log (S/I) = 15.85

Now for omnidirectional case (S/I) = (√3N) n/6

for n=3 => 15.85 = (√3N) 3/6

i.e. 95.1 = (√3N) 3

4.565 = √3N

3N = 20.839

N= 6.946 ≈ 7

for n=4 => 15.85 = (√3N) 4/6

i.e. 95.1 = (√3N) 4

3.123= √3N

3N = 9.753

N= 3.25 ≈ 4

Problem 2.12 A 20 MHz total spectrum is allocated for a duplex wireless cellular system and each
simplex channel has 25 kHz RF bandwidth. Find (a) the number of duplex channels and (b) the total
number of channels per cell site if N = 4 cell reuse is used.

Solution:
(a) Total spectrum is divided into simplex channels => 20000 kHz/25 kHz = 800 simplex channels
i.e. 400 duplex channels
(b) 800/4 =200 total channels per cell site.

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