A Handbook On CCTV Installation and Cellphone Servicing PDF

A HANDBOOK ON CCTV CAMERA
INSTALLATION AND CELLPHONE

SERVICING
Dr. D. MAHESH KUMAR

Associate Professor in Electronics
PSG COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE

An Autonomous College - Affiliated to Bharathiar University
“College with Potential for Excellence”
(Status Awarded by UGC)
Accredited with A Grade by NAAC (3rd cycle)
An ISO 9001:2015 Institution
Star College Status Awarded by DBT-MST
Coimbatore - 641014
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Dr. D. Mahesh Kumar obtained his B.Sc., Electronics and M.Sc., Applied
Electronics from PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore in 1996 and 1998
and also M.Phil., in Electronics from PSG College of Arts |& Science,
Coimbatore in 2006. He also completed his Ph. D. in Electronics in March 2018
from PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore. He has been working in the
teaching field for about 18 years. His area of interest includes VLSI Design,
Wireless Communication and Embedded System. He has published many articles
in the reputed national and international journals and also one book on the topic
“Textbook of Operational Amplifier and Linear Integrated Circuits” by
Macmillan India Ltd., New Delhi. He also got the BEST PAPER AWARD at
the National Symposium on “Signal Processing and Embedded Networking” in
the year 2012. He has got the BEST INNOVATOR and BEST ACHIEVER
award at the IEEE sponsored On-line International Conference on “Green
Engineering and Technologies (IC-GET 2015) in the year 2015. He has guided
two M. Phil students and also got the minor research project from the UGC.
PREFACE
New products, energy conservation and electronics have made the industry what it is
today and it will make it even better for the next generation. All that’s needed is the ability to
think clearly, use hand tools and use test meters. I can only expose you to the knowledge that’s
needed for preventative, diagnostic and service techniques in the CCTV Installation and
Cellphone Servicing industry. This hand book will serve as a good resource and refresher on
the latest techniques and technologies. This hand book will also be informative and useful for
the experienced servicer and repair technician. This book is composed of two parts: CCTV
installation and Cellphone servicing.
Chapter 1 identifies the various techniques involved in installing the CCTV, various
types of cameras, IP camera setup and identifies the problems of selecting and installing the
various cameras and also the DVR setup.
Chapter 2 deals with the basic information of the various parts of the cellphone and its
functions and the problems associated with it. It also covers the various types of problems occur
in the cellphone and also the methodology used to identify and rectify the problems associated
with it. We’ll discuss the safety precautions for installation, operation and repair of cellphone
as well as the right tools needed for the job and the basic approach before beginning to repair
these products.
This book also deals how to use test meters, read circuit diagrams, test electronic parts
and much more. We’ll go over step by step procedures for testing and replacing parts, chart
troubleshooting, preventative maintenance procedures, appliances and installation procedures.
The pictures and illustrations are for demonstration purposes only to clarify the description of
how to service them; they do not reflect a particular product’s reliability. Installation and
Servicing aims to provide you with a basic understanding of the operation and common
problems of CCTV and Cellphone as you become your own technician. Soon, you will have
the know-how to fix practically any appliance in the home that breaks down.
CONTENTS
Page No.
1. CCTV CAMERA INSTALLATION …………………………………………. 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………. 1
1.2 SOME DEFINITIONS OF CCTV…………………………………………. 1
1.3 LOCATION SURVEY …………………………………………. 2
1.4 SYSTEM DESIGN …………………………………………. 3
1.5 SYSTEM DESIGN PROPOSAL …………………………………………. 5
1.6 INSTALLATION PLANNING …………………………………………. 5
1.7 CCTV INSTALLATION …………………………………………. 6
1.8 TEST AND COMMISSION …………………………………………. 6
1.9 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CCTV CAMERA………………………………. 6
1.10 THREE FACTORS YOU NEED TO CONSIDER WHILE BUYING A
CAMERA………. 13
1.11 TYPES OF CCTV SYSTEMS …………………………………………. 14
1.12 APPLICATIONS …………………………………………. 16
1.13 HOW DO I INSTALL CCTV CAMERAS STEP BY STEP?………..…. 16
1.14 IP CAMERA INSTALLATION…………………………………………. 23
1.15 DVR SETUP …………………………………………. 25
1.16 IP CAMERA SETUP …………………………………………. 27
1.17 DOME SETUPS AND CABLE CONNECTION…..……………………. 35
1.18 CEILING MOUNT …………………………………………. 43
1.19 SYSTEM EXPANSION …………………………………………. 47
1.20 SIGNAL DISTRIBUTION UNIT..………………………………………. 48
1.21 COAXIAL TELEMETRY …………………………………………. 49
Page No.
2. CELLPHONE SERVICING …………………………………………. 50

2.1 BACKGROUND AND IDENTIFICATION …………………………. 50
2.2 MOBILE PHONE REPAIRING TUTORIAL …………………………. 50
2.3 PARTS OF A MOBILE CELL PHONE AND THEIR FUNCTION …………. 51
2.4 STEP BY STEP MOBILE PHONE REPAIRING TUTORIAL …………. 56
2.5 HOW TO USE A MULTIMETER IN MOBILE PHONE REPAIRS? ..…. 57
2.6 HOW TO CHECK SHORTING IN MOBILE PHONES? …………. 59
2.7 HOW TO REMOVE SHORTING IN MOBILE PHONES? …………. 61
2.8 HOW TO CHECK A SPEAKER IN CELL PHONES? …………………. 64
2.9 HOW TO CHECK A MIC IN CELL PHONES? …………………. 65
2.10 HOW TO CHECK A RINGER (LOUD SPEAKER) IN CELL PHONES?. 66
2.11 HOW TO MAKE JUMPERS IN MOBILE PHONES REPAIRS? …. 68
2.12 HOW TO TEST OR CHECK LCD OF A CELL PHONE? …………. 70
2.13 HOW TO USE A REWORK STATION IN MOBILE PHONE
REPAIRING? ………..… 71
2.14 HOW TO REPAIR WATER DAMAGED SMARTPHONE? .…………. 74
2.15 DEFAULT SECURITY CODES OF ALL CELL PHONES …. 76
2.16 HOW TO FORMAT A CELL PHONE TO REMOVE VIRUS? …. 77
2.17 HOW TO USE ULTRASONIC CLEANER MACHINE IN
CELL PHONE REPAIRS? …………. 79
2.18 LIST OF ALL FAULTS IN CELL PHONES …………………………. 81
2.19 HOW TO REPAIR DEAD MOBILE CELL PHONE? …………………. 82
2.20 HOW TO SOLVE KEYPAD FAULT IN ANY MOBILE CELL PHONE? …. 84
2.21 MOBILE PHONE FAULT FINDING FOR MOBILE CELL PHONE REPAIRING . 85
2.22 HOW TO CHECK PARTS OF A MOBILE PHONE FOR FAULT? …………….. 87
2.23 HOW TO CHECK MOBILE CELL PHONE SETTINGS? …………………….. 89
2.24 HOW TO OPEN AND DISASSEMBLE A MOBILE CELL PHONE? ……………. 91
2.25 HOW TO SOLVE DISPLAY FAULT IN ANY MOBILE CELL PHONE? ……. 93
2.26 HOW TO SOLVE VIBRATOR FAULT IN ANY MOBILE CELL PHONE? ……. 94
2.27 MOBILE PHONE REPAIRING TESTING METHODS …………………….... 95
2.28 HOW TO SOLVE NO NETWORK PROBLEM IN ANY
MOBILE CELL PHONE? ……………... 97
2.29 HOW TO SOLVE THE NETWORK PROBLEM IN
ANY MOBILE CELL PHONE? ……………. 97
2.30 HOW TO SOLVE SIM FAULT IN ANY MOBILE CELL PHONE? …………….. 98
2.31 HOW TO SOLVE BATTERY CHARGING PROBLEM IN ANY
MOBILE CELL PHONE? …….. 99
2.32 HOW TO FLASH A ROM TO YOUR ANDROID PHONE? ……………. 100
2.33 MOBILE PHONE REPAIRING TOOLS & EQUIPMENT ……………………… 105
******************
CELLPHONE SERVICING AND CCTV INSTALLATION
1. CCTV CAMERA INSTALLATION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The objective of this document is to provide a reference against which Installers of
CCTV systems, whether analogue, digital or a combination of these technologies, can be
inspected to ensure that the functions and performance of CCTV systems installed by them are
within levels agreed by the licensed contractor and the client or user of the CCTV system during
the System Design phase of the process.
Surveillance is the monitoring of the behavior, activities or other changing information,

usually of people for the purpose of influencing, managing, directing or protecting them. This
can include observation from a distance by means of electronic equipment (closed circuit
television (CCTV) camera) or interception of electronically transmitted information and it can
include simple, no or relatively low-technology methods such as human intelligence agents
and postal interception. Surveillance is used by governments for intelligence gathering, the
prevention of crime, the protection of a process, person, group or object or the investigation of
crime.
1.2 SOME DEFINITIONS OF CCTV

CCTV System: A system consisting of electronic or other devices designed constructed or
adapted to monitor or record images on or in the vicinity of premises.
CCTV surveillance installation (installation): An installation consisting of the hardware and
software components of a CCTV system, fully installed and operational for monitoring on or
in the vicinity of premises.
CCTV camera (camera): A unit containing an imaging device producing a video signal from
an optical image.
CCTV camera equipment: A unit containing a CCTV camera plus appropriate lens and
necessary ancillary equipment.
Camera housing: An enclosure to provide physical and/or environmental protection of the
camera, lens and ancillary equipment.
Client: The purchaser of the CCTV system or representative(s) of the purchaser appointed for
the purpose of purchasing the CCTV system.
Data: image, meta and other data of the CCTV system.
1
Documentation: paperwork (or other media) prepared during the design, installation and hand
over of the CCTV system, recording details of the CCTV system, including paperwork (or
other media) related to maintenance (where applicable).
Event: incident in the real world. Export: transfer of data from the original location to a
secondary storage location with a minimum of necessary changes.
Fault condition: condition of the system which prevents the CCTV system or parts thereof
functioning normally.
Frame rate: numbers of frames per second.
Illumination: level of illumination on the area to be kept under surveillance.
Image: visible representation of a frame as a rectangular grid of pixels.
Interconnections: means by which messages and/or signals are transmitted between CCTV
system components.
Lens: an optical device for projecting an image of a desired scene on to the photo-sensitive
surface of the imaging device.
Notification: passing an alarm or a message of the CCTV system to an external system.
Operator: authorized individual (a user) using a CCTV system for its intended purpose.
Response: every control command, change of system conditions or information to external
devices or persons driven by alarms, faults, messages or triggers.
Risk: potential negative impact to an asset or value that may arise from some future event
respecting the probability of loss.
Surveillance: observation or inspection of persons or premises for security purposes through
alarm systems, CCTV systems, or other monitoring methods.
System components: individual items of equipment which make up a CCTV system when
configured together.
Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS): A device that provides battery backup in the event that
the primary power source to an electrical system is interrupted, fails or falls below a level of
power which is required for the operation of the electrical system in question. The UPS system
may provide backup power for a period of minutes or several hours.
User: authorized individual using a CCTV system for its intended purpose.
1.3 LOCATION SURVEY

The criteria above will be determined by a location survey of the site where the CCTV
system is to be installed. This location survey shall also take account of the following:
2
a) Risk
b) Contents
c) Building
d) Supervision levels
1.4 SYSTEM DESIGN

The objectives of the system design stage are to determine the extent of the CCTV
system; select the appropriate equipment and to prepare a system design proposal. The system
design shall also be informed by the client’s and/or user’s requirements as to the purpose of the
camera images.
If the target is a person and the CCTV system has an installed limiting resolution of
better than 400 tv lines, the minimum sizes of the target1 shall be:
(i) for identification the target shall represent not less than 120% of screen height.
(ii) for recognition the target shall represent not less than 50% of screen height.
(iii) for detection the target shall represent not less than 10% of the picture height.
(iv) for monitoring (e.g. crowd control) the target shall represent not less than 5% of the
picture height.
Where digital CCTV technology is used and the intended target is a person or persons
the equivalent level of quality shall apply.
The function of the observation or surveillance can include:

 crowd control
 theft
 unauthorized entry
When designing a CCTV surveillance installation, the following criteria shall be taken
into account under the headings Operational Requirements and documented in an easily
understood and clear format:
Operational Requirements:
(a) Purpose(s) of the surveillance.
(b) Potential threat or activity to be monitored and/or recorded.
3
(c) Determination of the zones or objects requiring surveillance.

(d) Determination of the number of cameras, and their locations, required to monitor the agreed
zones and objects.
(e) Intended target(s) of the surveillance and the frame rate appropriate to the target’s speed
within the location under surveillance.
(f) Response required on detection of an event.
(g) Manner in which images will be viewed and recorded.
(h) How data will be exported from the system to permanent record.
(i) Individuals who will require access to the recorded data.
(j) Selection of cameras and equipment depending on the operating environmental conditions.
(k) Control centre configuration including secure location of control equipment.
(l) Power supplies; the use of a mini UPS System should be considered in situations where
there is no UPS in place.
(m) Functional and operating procedures.
(n) Maintenance and repair.
(o) Evaluation of existing lighting and consideration of new or additional illumination
including the use of Infra Red cameras or lamps.
(p) Image resolution required.
(q) Determination of the most appropriate transmission method to be utilized.
(r) Compression technique to be used in recording (where appropriate).
Where a CCTV system is installed and integrated with detectors the following
requirements shall be adhered to:
 Detectors shall be installed in accordance with the requirements of I.S. EN 50131-1, as
applicable. Manufacturer’s recommendations shall be complied with in the installation
of cameras using video detection.
 The range of any detector shall not be greater than the field of view of any associated
camera.
 The range of any detector should not cover any area outside of the site or location.
 The position of any detector shall be chosen so that it is not adversely affected by the
rising or setting of the sun.
 Multiple detectors shall not be connected to a single input unless individually identified
by the CCTV control equipment.
4
1.5 SYSTEM DESIGN PROPOSAL

A System Design Proposal shall be prepared for submission to the client. The System
Design Proposal may be subject to alteration at other stages in the implementation of the
system. Any such changes shall be agreed between the licensed contractor and the client and/or
user. In these cases the documentation shall be amended accordingly.
1.6 INSTALLATION PLANNING

Prior to commencing the installation of the components of the CCTV system, the
following issues shall be considered.
Location Survey Site Installation Planning

Plan
CCTV Installation
System Design
Test and Commission
System Design
Proposal Document Fitted Documents
Manufacturer’s recommendations
All system components shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations. If installation of a component in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations is not possible, advice should be sought from the manufacturer or supplier.
Environmental considerations
System components shall be suitable for the environmental conditions in which they
are to operate. Examples of environmental considerations include potential impact of changes
in foliage from season to season, potential impact of daily and seasonal variations in light and
climatic conditions.
5
1.7 CCTV INSTALLATION

Competence
The installation shall be carried out by installers with the necessary training and
experience. Installers shall have the appropriate tools and test equipment necessary to install
the CCTV system correctly. Where measuring equipment is used, the equipment must be of a
standard necessary to provide the required precision and accuracy to install and test the system.
Prior to commencing work all relevant health and safety requirements shall be
considered. These will vary with the nature of the premises and may involve special installation
equipment when working in hazardous areas.
Electrical installation methods shall comply with current national and site regulations
and the electrical installation shall be carried out by technicians who are qualified to the
appropriate level.
1.8 TEST AND COMMISSION

Inspection An inspection of the system shall be carried out and documented on
completion of the installation of the CCTV system to confirm that the CCTV system has been
installed in accordance with the System Design Proposal. Any deviations shall be recorded for
inclusion in the As Fitted Document.
Functional testing The CCTV system shall be tested and compared with the
requirements included in the System Design Proposal as amended by the As Fitted Document.
1.9 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CCTV CAMERA

CCTV plays a huge part in today’s society, and with cameras all around us, our day-to-
day lives are experiencing higher levels of security each day. What many people don’t know,
however, is that there are a variety of different types of CCTV camera which suit different
situations or premises, and that selecting the proper camera for the right application really is
vital. Here, we run through these types of camera and what makes them unique and more
suitable for some venues over others.
6
Here are the 8 different types of CCTV Cameras you should know about:
 Dome CCTV Camera.
 Bullet CCTV Camera.
 C-Mount CCTV Camera.
 Day/Night CCTV Camera.
 Infrared/Night Vision CCTV Camera.
 Network/IP CCTV Camera.
 Wireless CCTV Camera.
 High-Definition HD CCTV Camera.
When it comes to securing your business, there are many different types of CCTV to
choose from. Surveillance plays a huge part in today’s society, and with cameras all around us,
our day-to-day lives are experiencing higher levels of security each day.
What many people don’t know, however, is that there are a variety of different types
of CCTV camera which suit different situations or premises, and that selecting the proper
camera for the right application really is vital.
Dark Fighter Technology Cameras

These cameras can pick up coloured images in very low-light conditions. Dark fighter
technology can be used in the day and night and offer optimal performance thanks to its wide
range of capabilities. They are equipped with ½” CMOS progressive scan sensors which allows
the device to pick up high-quality images and doesn’t require an extra light source – which
makes the perfect night time security surveillance camera.
Other benefits of dark fighter technology cameras include:

 Smart features: line crossing, audio and face detection
 Can be used for a multitude of purposes
 High definition
ANPR/LPR Cameras
ANPR and LPR cameras are used to read and store data on registration plates. They
offer a simple and efficient solution to many organizations including tolling, hotel overstay
management and the obvious: car parking. ANRP stands for Automatic Number Plate
7
Recognition (LPR cameras stands for License plate cameras) and these devices help to obtain
copious information in a high traffic area to keep any premises secure.
Other benefits of ANPR/LPR cameras include:

 Smart features: information storage
 Can identify cars that have been banned from a premises
 Allows a business to run smoothly
Internal and External Dome Camera

The dome camera is one most commonly used for indoor and outdoor security and
surveillance. The shape of the camera makes it difficult for onlookers to tell which way the
camera is facing, which is a strong piece of design, deterring criminals by creating an air of
uncertainty. Other benefits of this type of camera include:
Other benefits of internal and external dome cameras include:

 Ease of installation
 Vandal-resistant features
 IR night vision
Bullet Camera
Bullet cameras are long and cylindrical in shape and are ideal for outdoor use. Their
strengths lie specifically in applications which require long distance viewing. Installed within
protective casings, the cameras are shielded against dust, dirt and other natural elements. The
cameras can easily be mounted with a mounting bracket, and come fitted with either fixed or
varifocal lenses depending on the requirements of its intended application.
8
Other benefits of bullet cameras include:

 IR night vision
 Compact size aids installation
 High-quality image resolution
C-mount Camera
Coming with detachable lenses, C-mount cameras allow for simple lens changes to fit
different applications. C-mount cameras can cover distances beyond 40 ft thanks to the
possibility to use special lenses with these cameras, whereas standard CCTV lenses can only
cover distances of 35-40 ft.
Other benefits of C-mount cameras include:

 Can support changes in technology
 Effective for indoor use
 Bulky size makes them noticeable (which acts as a deterrent)
Day/Night Camera
Capable of operating in both normal and poorly lit environments, these cameras benefit
from not requiring inbuilt infrared illuminators as they can capture clear video images in the
9
dark thanks to their extra sensitive imaging chips. For this reason, these cameras are ideal for
outdoor surveillance applications in which IR cameras are unable to function optimally.
Other benefits of day/night cameras include:

 Record in both colour and black & white.
 Wide variety of sizes available
 Infrared capability
PTZ Pan Tilt & Zoom Camera

PTZ – Pan/tilt/zoom – cameras allow the camera to be moved left or right (panning),
up and down (tilting) and even allow the lens to be zoomed closer or farther. These cameras
are used in situations where a live guard or surveillance specialist is there operating the security
systems.
Other benefits of PTZ cameras include:

 200m IR night vision
 X36 optical zoom
 High-quality image resolution
10
Discreet CCTV
These types of cameras allow for discreet placement which means you can capture good
footage of theft and criminal damage. Discreet CCTV cameras beneficial because criminals
will be less likely to spot them and therefore, they are less likely to be damaged in the process.
Other benefits of discreet CCTV cameras include:

 Can be propped up or mounted
 Can be disguised in various objects
 Effective for indoor use
Thermal Image Cameras/Infrared Cameras
One of the best 24 hour surveillance cameras around providing airports, seaports,
boards and many other critical infrastructures with quality images, no matter what time of day
it is. Infrared cameras have small LEDs surrounding the lens to help pick up moving figures in
pitch black. Thermal image cameras can see over long distances, up to 300 metres away!
Other benefits of infrared cameras include:

 Detect intruders up 250-300 metres away
 Good in low-light
 Thermal radiation passes through visual barriers
Varifocal Cameras
With the ability to zoom in and out without forfeiting its focus. Varifocal cameras allow
you to adjust the focal length, the angle and increase or decrease the zoom – ideal for obtaining
11
footage in a square room where you would normally experience a ‘dead zone’ with any
alternative, fixed lens camera.
Other benefits of varifocal cameras include:

 Can capture those ‘dead zones’ that other cameras can’t
 Offer exceptional focus
 Work well up close and at long distances
Network Cameras
These cameras share the images across the internet, so CCTV footage can be easily
accessed. Network cameras are ideal for both domestic and commercial purposes because you
can see what’s going on whilst away from the property.
Other benefits of network cameras include:

 Data can be easily accessed
 Ideal for homes and companies
 Less cabling and less maintenance
12
High Definition Cameras

High definition cameras have such a high resolution that they’re mainly used in high
risk establishments such as banks and casinos. This is to capture a good image of anyone who
enters and exits to maintain high security and maximum safety. These cameras are great for
spotting misconduct and allows the user to zoom in for extra clarity, should the footage need
to be used in court.
Other benefits of high definition cameras include:

 Clear, detailed pictures
 Offer maximum safety for high risk establishments
 Can zoom in without losing focus
1.10 THREE FACTORS YOU NEED TO CONSIDER WHILE BUYING A CAMERA:

1. The correct lens
This will ensure that you receive a quality image. Choosing the right lens will allow
your camera to focus and will bring enough light to the sensor on the camera, helping you to
read registration plates and recognize faces etc.
Having more detail will, of course, help in all situations, because it means that you will
be able to see exactly what’s happening and get a clear record on film. A zoom lens can provide
customers with more information because optical zoom can adjust the light as it reaches the
sensor, enabling flexibility and enhanced pictures.
2. The correct sensor

There are two things to take note of when finding the right sensor: the type and size.
These are:
 CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor)
 CCD (charged coupled device) cameras
CCD is more expensive than CMOS and they produce a clearer image, ideal for
identifying faces and registration plates.
13
3. The correct output resolution

The more pixels, the better the picture. The highest resolution you can get
is 700TVLbut many mainstream cameras range between 300-550TVL. It’s important to match
a resolution that your camera can produce, anything more is completely unnecessary.
1.11 TYPES OF CCTV SYSTEMS

1. Simple CCTV System:
The simplest form of CCTV camera is connected directly to a monitor by a coaxial
cable with the power for the camera provided from the monitor. This is known as line powered
camera.
The next development was to integrate the outputs from four cameras into the monitor.
The selection could be automatic or could be held selectively. Even microphone was even
included in camera and speaker in monitor.
2. Main Powered CCTV System:

Here the camera is also mains powered as monitor. The coaxial cable carries the video
signal from the camera to the monitor. Although it is simple to install, but before installation
must comply with the relevant regulations. If it is not done then problems with validity of
insurance can take place.
14
When more than one camera is required in this system, video switchers can be used.
Using this video switcher any camera can be selected to be held on the screen or a sequence
can be set in turn through all the cameras.
3. Systems with Video Recording:

The next development of the basic system was to add the video recorder. With the
arrangement shown in figure, the pictures that will be shown during play back will be according
to the way the switcher was set up when recording. This means, if the set of sequence was set
then the same views will be displayed on the monitor.
4. Movable Cameras:
So far all the cameras were fixed with fixed focal length lenses. In many applications
the area to be covered would need many fixed cameras. The solution to this is to use cameras
fixed to a movable platform. This platform can then be controlled from a remote location. The
platform may simply rotate in a horizontal plane and is generally known as a scanner.
15
Alternatively the platform may be controllable in both horizontal and vertical planes and is
generally known as a pan, tilt unit.
1.12 APPLICATIONS
Security: observation of car parks, hotel lobbies, building halls, buildings, public places, etc.
Industry: observation of stock, car parks, warehouse, receptions etc.
Data Center: observation of network equipment, access control for staff etc.
Private Property: observation of houses, yachts, garages etc.
Tourism: ski resorts, hotels, holiday resorts, monuments, city centers, zoos, theme parks, etc.
Events: concerts, sports events etc.
Public Information: live weather conditions, exhibitions, road traffic levels etc.
View Process: while working from home or at desk in the office, it can save both time and
money. A network camera or video server over viewing a particular process allows video
images to be transmitted and made available to several users over a local network.
Monitoring: of construction work, production line, industry process, nursery, child care,
queues at cashier in local super market.
1.13 HOW DO I INSTALL CCTV CAMERAS STEP BY STEP?

You’ve finally purchased a security camera system and now it’s time for installation.
If you’re a bit overwhelmed, we’ve got you covered. This simple how to install a security
camera guide is going to simplify the process. In the past, the complexity of home security
systems often required professional installation and setup.
I will instruct security cameras in the 7 Simple Steps below, it helps you do it yourself
to install and set up the security cameras perfectly.
16
Installing CCTV Cameras with 7 Simple Steps

What you’ll need
The first step in connecting your CCTV is the obtainment of all the
necessary equipment and the right CCTV system. High Mark Security can offer our clients a
large array of choices when selecting a CCTV security system, and if you need assistance one
of security technology product specialist can help identify the right system for your location’s
specific needs. The materials you will require for your CCTV installation will include:
 CCTV Cameras (however many you need) Bullet Cameras Indoor Dome Cameras Vandal
Dome Cameras Pan Tilt Cameras License Plate Cameras Hidden Cameras
 Appropriate CCTV Cables – To connect Cameras to DVR (the most common being the
Siamese Cable has RG59 type coaxial cable bonded with 2 strands of 18 gauge wire)
 DVR/CCTV Recorder
 Monitor(s)
 Monitor Cables (such as VGA)
 LAN Cable (if connecting directly to the internet)
 Appropriate Power Supply Cables and Source
 Mouse (if connecting directly to DVR. otherwise you will need a computer to control and
configure your system)
As you go through the installation process, you might decide to use other tools to make
things a bit easier depending on your specific situation, but the things listed above are the basics
that you’ll need.
The Installation Process by 7 steps

How Wired Camera Systems are Set Up?
 Before you dive deep into installing a wired security camera system, you first have
to understand how everything is connected.
 Pretty much every system consists of a set of cameras and a DVR box that serves as
the user interface for managing the entire system, as well as storing all of the video
footage that gets recorded.
 All of the cameras connect directly to the DVR box, either using BNC cable for
analog camera systems, or ethernet cable for digital systems. If you have an analog
system, I highly recommend skipping the BNC cable and getting special adapters
17
called baluns, which allow you to use Ethernet cables—they’re a lot easier to install
and more modern overall.
 Since the cameras directly plug into the DVR box, this means that if you install a
camera by your back patio and the DVR box is upstairs in your home office, you’ll
need to route the camera’s cable through your house in order to connect it to the
DVR box, which can get a bit complicated, depending on how your house is built
how exactly you plan to route the cable.
 From there, the DVR box gets plugged into a power outlet and then you connect an
external monitor to the DVR box to manage the entire system, see a live view of all
the cameras, and review past recordings. Most systems will also come with a mouse,
but a keyboard is also recommended.
Step One: Figure Out Where You Want to Place Security Cameras
The most optimal security camera placement depends on your property. However, there
are some universal tips that everyone should follow. After all, if installed in the wrong area, a
security camera can be relatively useless.
Whether you’re placing your security cameras inside or outdoors, the main tip is to
focus on specific areas of interest. Think back to your security assessment – the path leading
up to your front and back doors (home or business), the different ways people access the
building, and any blind spots. In some cases, you may need multiple cameras to capture specific
areas.
A general rule of thumb is to install the security camera at a downward angle to allow
for accurate motion detection. It’s important to note, this won’t always be necessary, especially
if you’re using a wide angle dome camera.
At a bare minimum, you will want at least one camera covering your front door, and
potentially one monitoring your backdoor, as these are often the primary points of entry.
Windows with ground floor access are also key points of vulnerability and could be monitored
with cameras, window sensors, or both.
18
Keep in mind that the gate or garage (if applicable) are also primary access points to a
house or business and should be monitored as well. Security coverage of all access points
should be maintained so that you can be alerted if someone attempts to enter your property.
Example security camera locations to monitor all access points and priority areas inside
your home.
When it comes to installing wired security cameras, it’s not enough to pick just any spot
and mount them. You have to think about what makes the most sense as far as ease of
installation (and if it’s even possible to install a camera where you want it).
For example, it would be great to have a camera mounted on the outside wall next to
your front door in the upper corner, but you have to think about how you’re going to route the
cable from the camera all the way to the DVR box. That is your limiting factor when it comes
to installing the cameras.
So instead of mounting it on an outside wall, perhaps mount it on your front porch’s

ceiling. From there you can run the cable through the porch’s own little attic and then up into
the main attic, taking it wherever you want from there. Obviously, you’ll have the best
judgement on this, but it’s something you’ll need to keep in mind.
Step Two: Prepare the Camera Installation

Depending on where exactly you install your cameras, you may need some different
tools than what I use. For instance, I’m just drilling through wood, drywall, and aluminum, so
19
a regular power drill and some basic drill bits will work fine. However, if you have to drill
through brick or other masonry, you’ll likely want a hammer drill with some masonry drill bits.
In any case, start by marking a hole where the camera’s cable will feed through, as well
as holes for where the camera’s mounting screws will go. Some kits will come with a template
sticker that makes the job a lot easier. If yours doesn’t come with these, hold the camera up to
the wall or ceiling where you want it and mark the holes with a pencil.
Prepare the Camera Installation

Get your power drill and a drill bit and drill pilot holes where the mounting screws will
go. Then drill the bigger hole in the center that the cable will feed through. Usually you have
to use a spade bit for the bigger hole, but you might be able to find a regular drill bit that’s big
enough.
Step Three: Run Cables to Each Camera Location

Once you have holes drilled for your cameras, it’s time to run cable to each of your
camera locations. This is also where the order of things might be different for you based on
your situation, but essentially you’ll be drilling holes either through walls or ceilings in order
to feed cables to where you need them to go.
For my installation, all of the cameras’ cables will converge in the attic above my
garage, and from there they’ll all feed up into the main attic above the second floor. So to start,
I’m going to take cable and feed various lengths out to the edges where my cameras will be.
This is a lot easier to do if you have steel fish tape—it’s very difficult to physically locate
yourself around the edge of your attic, since that’s where your roof slopes down and creates a
very cramped space to work in. So to solve that, fish tape will be your best friend.
20
Run Cables to Each Camera Location

Once the fish tape extends far enough into the attic for easier access, tape the end of the
cable to the fish tape and pull on the fish tape from the outside to thread the cable through the
hole you drilled. This job is a whole lot easier with a friend helping you.
Next unwrap and remove the fish tape, and your cable will be ready to hook up to your
camera when you’re ready to install it. If you’re using ethernet cable, you might have to crimp
your own connectors on if they’re not already installed.
Step Four: Run the Cables to the DVR Box

Once you have all of the cable runs located where each camera will be, it’s now time
to route all of those cables to the DVR box.
You’ll likely need your fish tape for this again, as well as your power drill to drill holes
through walls or ceilings. This is where things can become a bit complicated, so if you’re not
quite sure where to start, maybe phone that friend if you haven’t already.
Essentially, I’m routing the cables from my garage’s attic up to the main attic that’s a
floor higher. This requires a hole to be drilled in the garage’s attic wall, plus a second hole in
the main attic to feed the cables all the way through. However, I got pretty lucky with my cable
runs, since the path I wanted to take with all of the cables was already cleared by previous
cables runs, so I didn’t have to drill any new holes through studs or walls. You may not be so
lucky.
After all that, I’ll drill a hole in the ceiling in my closet to feed the cables down through
that hole where they’ll meet the DVR box.
21
How you mount the DVR box is completely up to you? Most will have mounting holes
on the back, similar to what power strips and surge protectors have. You can also just have it
sit on a desk or tabletop of some kind.
Fish tape will be required to pull cables through all walls and ceilings, and you may end
up taping cables to the fish tape, pulling them through, removing them, and repeating the
process several times through multiple walls before the cables finally arrive to their destination.
Step Five: Install the Cameras

 Things get a lot easier from here, since running the cables is definitely the most
difficult part. Installing the cameras should only take a few minutes each.
 Start by connecting the cable coming out from the hole to the camera itself. Then feed
the excess back up into the hole.
 If you want, you can wrap the connection with electrical tape to secure it so that it
doesn’t get unplugged by accident.
 Next, grab the mounting screws that came with your kit and use your power drill to
mount the camera to your house.
 After the camera is installed, you can then make some rough adjustments to the camera
by loosening the adjustment screws and then tightening them back up when all
adjustments have been made. Keep in mind that you’ll likely need to make finer
adjustments once you can actually see the live view of the camera, so you’re not
entirely done with this step just yet.
Step Six: Connect Everything Together

 Once the other end of the cables are completely routed through your house, you
can begin connecting them to the DVR.
The connections should be pretty easy, and as you can see, I’m using those special
adapters that I mentioned further above. Just connect each cable to its own port, and then
connect the external monitor to the DVR box, as well as the mouse and keyboard. You can also
keep a USB drive plugged in for when you need to export any footage in the future.
22
Connect Everything Together
Step Seven: Set Up the User Interface

 This is where things can be different for you depending on what camera system you
have, but the setup process is likely similar across the board.
With my system, the user interface setup consists of creating a password, setting the
date and time, and going through a quick tutorial on how it all works.
Set Up the CCTV Camera User Interface
From there, you’re good to go, but taking some time to navigate through the settings to
customize some things is recommended, like whether or not your cameras should record 24/7
or only during motion, for example. Your system may also have video settings that you can
tinker with to make the image quality a bit better.
1.14 IP CAMERA INSTALLATION

When installing IP cameras, you should have a proper layout of where the cameras are
going to be installed before you begin. Once the layout has been determined, finding the best
23
location for your PoE switches could save in time and money in cabling. Depending on the
number of cameras and switches you are installing, you can mount them in a “central” location
of the cameras you want on that switch.
When using Watcher Preferred Power Switches, the switches must be connected
together (or to the DVR) using the Gigabit uplink ports on the right-hand side of the switch.
Our 16-port switches have two uplink ports and they can be linked to another switch. The 8-
and 4-port switches only have one uplink, so these would be better suited for an endpoint that
is not connecting to any other switches. It would also be a great idea to get a full gigabit 16-
port switch (each port is gigabit speed) and utilize it as a central hub for connecting other
switches. If you are using full gigabit PoE switches (each port has gigabit speed), you can run
the camera network according it.
The DVR system will have 2 Network Interface Ports (RJ-45) on the back to allow for
the separation of Store Network and Camera Network. This is important because you will not
want the store's bandwidth to be bogged down by the video data sent on the Camera network.
Before mounting any cameras, it is best practice to set them up, one at a time, at the
DVR using one of your PoE switches and a short CAT5 cable run.
1. Connect a PoE switch to the DVR in the camera network port with a short CAT5 cable.
2. Connect a short CAT5 cable to the switch to connect to the camera.
3. Connect a camera to the CAT5 cable you just connected to the switch.
4. Follow the IP camera setup instructions.
5. Once setup is completed, disconnect the camera.
6. Repeat steps 1-5 for each camera that you have.
24
1.15 DVR SETUP

Close the DVR software and, in the bottom right-hand corner, find the Networking
icon( ) and right-click on it and go to Open Network and Sharing Center. In upper left-hand
corner, click Change adapter settings.
Then double-click the corresponding connection that corresponds to the camera

network. It will be the one that does not have an internet connection (it also may say
unidentified network).
This will open the Local Area Connection Status window. Click on the Properties
button on the bottom left.
25
This will bring up the Local Area Connection Properties. Double-click the Internet
Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4).
This will bring up the Internet Protocol Version 4 Properties. In here, click on the
bubble next to Use the following IP address and enter the IP address that you would like to use
for the DVR. Our recommended default is 192.168.4.100 and no Default Gateway is needed.
The DNS server addresses are not used with the camera network. Make sure that this address
does not conflict with any other addresses on the store network.
26
Once done, hit OK. Then click OK again and, finally, close. Close out of the Local Area
Connections window to get back to the Desktop. Now you are ready to begin setting up your
IP cameras.
1.16 IP CAMERA SETUP

Step 1:
Once you have your first camera ready to be setup (connected to the switch), open the
DVR software. Once open, from the bottom menu options, click on the “ADD/DEL IPC”.
Step 2:
This will bring up the IP Camera Device List which will be empty for your first camera.
From here you want to click on the IPC Search button in the lower right.
27
This will bring up a menu for which type of camera that you would like to search for.
You may need to try several of the options from this menu. The most common types are NV
Series, DT Series, or DH Series. For third party cameras, you will have to use the ONVIF_V2.3
selection.
Step 3:
Once you have chosen the series you want to search for, the IP Cameras List in Local
network window will open.
28
If the list is empty, you may need to go back and search for a different series. If your
camera does not show up in any of the searches, check the connection. Once the camera has
been found, you will see it in the list with it's default IP address. Single-click to select the
camera (the background will turn blue, for that camera, across the table row).
29
Step 4:
Now, it is time to change the IP address of the camera. This is done in the IP Address field in
the lower right.
Example: Camera 1 = 192.168.4.150
Camera 2 = 192.168.4.151
Camera 3 = 192.168.4.152
…
…
Camera 10 = 192.168.4.159
Select the first set of numbers in the IP Address field (192) by double-clicking it. The
background will turn blue and you can begin typing the IP address of the camera. Whenever
you hit period (.), the selection will automatically change to the next set of numbers in the
address. This makes it easier to type the IP sequentially using the number keys on the keypad.
Leave the port on it's default value. It may be 37777, 8000, etc. but the software correctly puts
the proper port number for each version of camera (NV Series, DH Series, DG Series, etc.).
You will also have to change the password (on the left) to admin123.
The Mask Address should be at 255.255.255.0
The NetGate Address should be 192.168.4.254 if using the recommended IP addressing

scheme.
30
Once all the correct parameters have been entered in each field, click the Modify IP button.
After a short delay, the camera should be listed in the IP Cameras List with the new IP
address. Click the Update IP List button to change the Server Name to the new IP address.
Next, add it to the DVR software by clicking the Add to NDVR button at the bottom
then click the Exit button. The IP Camera Device List should now have your connected camera.
31
Step 5:
If you know where your camera is going to be mounted (from your layout), you can
name the camera at this time as well. To name your camera, from the IP Camera Device List,
select the camera with a single-click (the background will turn blue) and hit the Mod Cam
button below the list and to the left. Change the Server Name to whatever you wish to call the
camera then hit OK, then hit Save
32
Now in the IP Camera Device List, the camera should have the camera name in the
Device Name column.
33
Step 6
Once the IP cameras have been added, they need to be added to the recording schedule
in Camera Setup. To get to Camera Setup, click on the Setup button, then the Camera Setup
button. Then, under Group Setup, turn the corresponding camera on in the schedule. It will turn
from gray to blue.
Step 7
Finally, motion may need to be turned on in the camera itself. This can be done by right-
clicking on the camera and going to IP Camera Setup. Then click on the Motion tab at the top.
You should see a screen similar to the one below.
34
1. Sensitivity - This will adjust the sensitivity of the motion detection. Usually the higher the
number the more sensitive the detection. You may have to adjust accordingly depending on the
camera type.
2. Handling Motion Alarm - This turns motion detection on for the camera. Check this tick
box to enable motion detection.
3. Motion Detection Area Buttons – These buttons will clear the motion area completely
(Clear) or select the entire screen for motion detection (All). You can also use customized areas
by dragging boxes around the areas that you would like to have motion detection. This is done
by holding the left mouse button and dragging. In the example below, the register is the only
area that would detect motion and record.
4. Upload to Center / Report to Center – This sends the motion detection signal to the DVR.
It should also be checked. Once you have configured the motion settings, click the Save button
in the bottom right and then Exit. Your camera should now be detecting and recording motion
in the DVR. This is apparent by the little “running man” icon in the upper-right hand corner of
the camera window. Repeat steps 1 – 7 for each IP camera that you would like to add to the
DVR.
1.17 DOME SETUPS AND CABLE CONNECTION

Preparations for Indoor Dome Camera Setups
Follow the steps below to remove the PE cushion inside the dome cover and take off
the lens cap to prepare for subsequent switch setting.
35
Step 1: Unpack the dome package and take out the dome body.
Step 2: Unscrew the three screws on the dome back, as marked in the figure, and remove the
dome housing with the dome cover.
Step 3: Remove the PE cloth sheet and take off the lens cap.
Step 4: Replace the dome housing with the cover back. Then screw it and the dome back
together.
Step 5: Set the switches located on the bottom of the dome body. Dome Setups for detailed
information about various switch setting.
Preparations for Outdoor Dome Setups

This installation procedure is for the outdoor dome equipped with sunshield housing.
Please follow the steps below to complete dome housing installation.
STEP 1 Unpack the dome package and take out the dome body.
STEP 2 Rotate the top holder and take it off from the dome body.
STEP 3 Remove the protective cover and PE sheet.
STEP 4 Attach the dome cover to the dome body. Before doing that, apply some lubricant on
the cover’s water-proof rubber to make the installation process smoother.
STEP 5 Gently pressure the dome cover downward with two hands on the side of it.
STEP 6 Screw the dome cover and body together.
STEP 7 Set the switches located on the bottom of the dome body. Refer for Dome Setups for
detailed information about various switch setting.
36
Dome Setups
Before connecting the dome camera to other devices of CCTV system, please complete
the dome ID and communication switch setting. These switches are located on the bottom of
the dome camera.
Switch Definition
Please refer to the following figures and table for switch location and definitions.
37
Communication Switch Setting

The table below shows the function of each pin within the Communication Switch.
RS-485 is the interface that communicates the dome camera and its control device; for
this reason, the RS-485 setup of the dome and the control device must be the same. The RS-
485 default setting is half-duplex (see the diagram follows). Please do not change the default
setting without qualified specialist or supplier’s notice. As for the SW 3 and SW 4, they are
used for termination and Line Lock adjustment respectively. The SW 5 is mainly used when
users want to restore the camera to the factory default status; moreover, once firmware upgrade
is carried out, users need to reset the SW 6 afterward.
Dome ID Setting
Please change the dome ID if there is more than one dome on the same installation site.
Before installing the dome camera, use the switch to change your speed dome ID by turning
the arrow to the desired number respectively. For instance, if the dome ID is 123, the ID switch
should be set as shown below.
38
Dome Control Protocol Setting

Define the protocol you are going to use basing on the devices of your surveillance
system. Generally, use one protocol even the devices are provided from different
manufacturers. Use the switch to set your dome control protocol and the baud rate. Refer to the
table below and turn the arrow to choose a protocol for your speed dome.
Select protocol: Pelco D, with switch no. 01 and baud rate 2400, for instance, the
protocol switch should be set as below.
39
Dome Cable Definition and Requirements

For operation, the integrated dome camera requires the video cable to carry the video
signals to the remote viewing site, power cable to power the dome and RS485 data cable to
carry commands from the control device.
Cable Requirements
For operation, the integrated high speed dome cameras require video and data cables as
described below:
• The video cable sends video signals toa remote viewing site. Using a coaxial cable to send
video signals is recommended.
• RS-485 cable carries commands from a control device to the dome cameras. A CAT 5, 24
gauge cable is recommended.
• The power cable provides either AC24V or DC 12V power supply to the dome.
22-Pin Data Cable
40
22-Pin Connector Definition
With the 22-pin connector, installers can simply connect the power, video and RS-485
cables to the dome at once. Particularly, the alarm pins are serviceable for connecting alarm
input and output devices, such as alarm sensors, sirens or flashing lights with the surveillance
system. For the definition of each pin, please refer to the list below.
RS-485 Connector
RS-485 is the interface that communicates the dome camera and its control device.
Please connect the control keyboard to the speed dome through the terminal block. The
recommended cables for RS-485 communication are CAT 5cables; maximum cable length for
41
over 24-gauge wire is 4000 feet (1219 meters). If the total cable length exceeds 4000 feet, using
a repeater to maintain the signals is recommended. Please refer to the figure and table below
for pin definition and wiring.
Cable Wiring and Connection

Users may need to do cable wiring when: (1) Connecting self-provided cords to the
connector housing (shown in the figure below) instead of using the equipped data cable or (2)
Connecting alarm input and output devices. The table follows will illustrate the way to wire
cords into the connector housing.
42
1.18 CEILING MOUNT

Generally, there are three kinds of dome camera ceiling mounting methods: hard-
ceiling, in-ceiling and mounting with straight tube. The following figures show how cables
connect to the dome camera in different ways.
Hard Ceiling Mounting (Indoor)

Hard Ceiling Mounting is a standard installation for an indoor dome, and general
Mounting accessories are equipped in the standard indoor dome camera package. Here lists the
items and tools needed to mount the dome camera onto the ceilings. The supplied items are all
in the dome camera package.
Items Needed:
• Dome Camera
• Hard Ceiling Mount and Decoration Ring (Supplied)
• Fixing Plate (Supplied)
Tools Needed:
• Tool for drilling
• (+,–) Screw Drive
Follow the steps to install the high speed dome camera for hard ceilings.
STEP 1 Screw the Fixing Plate to your dome body.
STEP 2 Remove the Hard Ceiling Mount from the Decoration Cover.
STEP 3 Attach the Mount to the ceiling. Mark the locations where all three ceiling holes should
go.
STEP 4 Drill these holes on the hard ceiling.
STEP 5 Fix the Mount with three screws.
43
STEP 6 Connect the data cable through the center hole of the Mount to the dome body.
STEP 7 Attach the dome body to the Mount and rotate the dome body clockwise. Tighten the
fixing screw on the fixing plate.
STEP 8 Assemble the Decoration Ring to the Mount.
In-Ceiling Mounting (Indoor)

Here lists the items and tools needed to mount the dome camera into the ceilings. The
supplied items are all in the dome camera package.
Items Needed:
• Dome Camera
• T-Bar (Optional Accessory)
• Supplied Screw (Equipped with T-Bar)
• Red Sticker (Equipped with T-Bar )
• Decoration Ring (Supplied)
44
Tools Needed:
• Tool for cutting a circle on the ceiling
• (+,–) Screw Driver
Follow the steps to install the integrated high speed dome camera with T-Bar Ceiling
mount accessory for in-ceiling mounting.
STEP 1 Screw the T-Bar Body Holder, which is equipped with the T-Bar, onto the dome back,
as shown in the figures.
STEP 2 Place the Red Sticker on the ceiling plate, and cut the circle part out of the ceiling.
STEP 3 Put up the T-Bar into the ceiling hole.
STEP 4 Rotate the T-Bar’s wings to fix the T-Bar at the edge of the ceiling opening.
STEP 5 Tighten the screws on the wings.
STEP 6 Connect the data cable to the dome body through the center hole of the bracket.
STEP 7 Mount the dome body onto the bracket and rotate it clockwise. Then ensure the dome
body fastened firmly and screw the T-Bar Body Holder.
STEP 8 Assemble the Decoration Ring to the T-Bar.
45
In-ceiling Mounting with Ceiling Panel

To mount the dome camera to a suspended ceiling with the T-Bar, the ceiling panel
could be employed, as shown in the figure below. Follow the steps below for installing the
ceiling panel.
Step 1: Cut the ceiling half.

Step 2: Put the ceiling panel upward to the ceiling opening.
Step 3: Attach and fasten the T-Bar mount onto the panel
46
1.19 SYSTEM EXPANSION

Connecting with Connector Box (Indoor)
Ideally being used in indoor installation circumstances, a Connector Box provides easy
wiring and well organized connection between alarms, cameras and other devices, for easy
installation.
To connect the connector box with other devices:

• Use a RS 485 cable (CAT 5 is recommended) to complete RS 485 communication wiring
with control devices such as DVRs and Control Keyboards.
• Use a 22-pin cable to connect the connector box to the dome.
Connecting with Power Box (Outdoor)

A power box contains a 24V AC adapter, two terminal blocks (for communication and
power) and one alarm board. With an IP66 case, the Power Box is ideal for outdoor installation
environment. Two models are available: 100~115V AC power input (P1030) and220~230V
AC (P2030). Additionally, users can either connect one dome camera to one power box and to
Internet or to other control devices (DVR, Control Keyboard and monitors), as shown in the
diagrams below.
47
Connecting the Dome to the Power Box and Internet
Connecting the Dome to the Power Box and Various Control Devices
1.20 SIGNAL DISTRIBUTION UNIT

The RS-485 Signal Distribution Unit (SDU) is designed to relay control codes to speed
dome cameras. It is capable of communicating with cameras up to 1.0 kilometers away.
Additionally, the SDU can be installed in either “star” or “daisy chain” configuration with up
to 160 cameras (see the diagrams below). Its versatile installation configuration makes an easy
integration into expanding surveillance systems.
48
Star Configuration Daisy Chain Configuration
1.21 COAXIAL TELEMETRY

The Coaxial Telemetry is a low-cost solution to long distance connection between dome
cameras and controlling devices (e.g. DVR and keyboard). It simplifies the work of wiring by
transmitting video and RS-485 control signals via one BNC line, so that to bring users
economical benefits. The following is the coaxial telemetry application diagram.
49
2. CELLPHONE SERVICING
2.1 BACKGROUND AND IDENTIFICATION

As technology advances, devices utilizing these technologies become smaller and
smaller. Today's cell phones have more computing power than past computers that took up an
entire room of space. Modern mobile devices allow users to hold the world -- or at least all of
its information, maps, and games -- in their hands.
Identifying your particular mobile device can be a task in itself. Many different
manufacturers make many different products. Usually the manufacturer's name will appear
somewhere on the front of the device, and the exact model number will appear on the back or
underneath the battery. There is no failsafe mechanism to identify every device, though, so
some research might be necessary on your part.
2.2 MOBILE PHONE REPAIRING TUTORIAL

When learning mobile phone repairing or smartphone repairing, it is extremely
important to start with basic and Simple Bar-Type mobile phone such as – Nokia 1100, Nokia
3310 and other most popular brands and models.
This will prepare the base for learning mobile phone repairing. Until and unless you
know how to repair basic models such as Nokia 1100 or Nokia 3310, you will NEVER be able
to learn mobile phone repairing or you will never be perfect.
50
2.3 PARTS OF A MOBILE CELL PHONE AND THEIR FUNCTION

There are all kinds of parts and electronic components in a mobile cell phone. These
parts and components can be divided into Big Parts and Small Parts.
When learning how to repair a mobile cell phone, it is important to identify its parts and
understand their function. Here we must also understand that any PCB of a mobile phone is
divided into 2 sections namely: Network Section; and Power Section. Have a look at the image
below to understand PCB of a mobile cell phone.
Big Parts of a Mobile Cell Phone and their Function:

1. Antenna Switch: It is found in the Network Section of a mobile phone and is made up of
metal and non-metal. In GSM sets it is found in white color and in CDMA sets it is found in
golden metal.
Work: It searches network and passes forward after tuning.
Faults: If the Antenna Switch is faulty then there will be no network in the mobile phone.
2. P.F.O: It is found near the Antenna Switch in the Network Section of the PCB of Mobile
Phone. It is also called P.A (Power Amplifier) and Band Pass Filter.
Work: It filters and amplifies network frequency and selects the home network.
Faults: If the PFO is faulty then there will be no network in the mobile phone. If it gets short
then the mobile phone will get dead.
51
3. RF IC / Hagar / Network IC: This electronic component found near the PFO in the Network
Section of a Mobile Phone. It is also called RF signal processor.
Work: It works as transmitter and receiver of audio and radio waves according to the
instruction from the CPU.
Faults: If the RF IC is faulty then there will be problem with network in the mobile phone.
Sometimes the mobile phone can even get dead.
4. 26 MHz Crystal Oscillator: It is found near the PFO in the Network Section of a Mobile
Phone. It is also called Network Crystal. It is made up of metal.
Work: It creates frequency during outgoing calls.
Faults: If this crystal is faulty then there will be no outgoing call and no network in the mobile
phone.
5. VCO: It is found near the Network IC in the Network Section of a Mobile Phone.
Work: It sends time, date and voltage to the RF IC / Hager and the CPU. It also creates
frequency after taking command from the CPU.
Faults: If it is faulty then there will be no network in the mobile phone and it will display “Call
End” or “Call Failed”.
52
6. RX Filter: It is found in the Network Section of a Mobile Phone.

Work: It filters frequency during incoming calls.
Faults: If it is faulty then there will network problem during incoming calls.
7. TX Filter: It is found in the Network Section of a Mobile Phone.

Work: It filters frequency during outgoing calls.
Faults: If it is faulty then there will network problem during outgoing calls.
8. ROM: It is found in the Power Section of a Mobile Phone.

Work: It loads current operating program in a Mobile Phone.
Faults: If ROM is faulty then there will software problem in the mobile phone and the set will
get dead.
9. RAM: It is found in the Power Section of a Mobile Phone.

Work: It sends and receives commands of the operating program in a mobile phone.
Faults: If RAM is faulty then there will be software problem in the mobile phone and it will
get frequently get hanged and the set can even get dead.
53
10. Flash IC: It is found in the Power Section of a Mobile Phone. It is also called EEPROM
IC, Memory IC, RAM IC and ROM IC.
Work: Software of the mobile phone is installed in the Flash IC.
Faults: If Flash IC is faulty then the mobile phone will not work properly and it can even get
dead.
11. Power IC: It is found in the Power Section of a Mobile Phone. There are many small
components mainly capacitor around this IC. RTC is near the Power IC.
Work: It takes power from the battery and supplies to all other parts of a mobile phone.
Faults: If Power IC is faulty then the set will get dead.
12. Charging IC: It is found in the Power Section near R22.

Work: It takes current from the charger and charges the battery.
Faults: If Charging IC is faulty then the set will not get charged. If the Charging IC is short
then the set will get dead.
54
13. RTC (Simple Silicon Crystal): It is Real Time Clock and is found in the Power Section
near Power IC. It is made up of either metal or non-metal. It is of long shape.
Work: It helps to run the date and time in a mobile phone.
Faults: If RTC is faulty then there will be no date or time in the mobile phone and the set can
even get dead.
14. CPU: It is found in the Power Section. It is also called MAD IC, RAP IC and UPP. It is the
largest IC on the PCB of a Mobile Phone and it looks different from all other ICs.
Work: It controls all sections of a mobile phone.
Faults: If CPU is faulty then the mobile phone will get dead.
15. Logic IC / UI IC: It is found in any section of a mobile phone. It has 20 pins or legs. It is
also called UI IC and Interface IC.
Work: It controls Ringer, Vibrator and LED of a mobile phone.
Faults: If Logic IC / UI IC is faulty then Ringer, Vibrator and LED of mobile phone will nor
work properly.
55
16. Audio IC: It is found in Power Section of a mobile phone. It is also called Cobba IC and
Melody IC.
Work: It controls Speaker and Microphone of a mobile phone.
Faults: If Audio IC is faulty then Speaker and Microphone of a mobile phone will not work
and the set can even get dead.
2.4 STEP BY STEP MOBILE PHONE REPAIRING TUTORIAL
Step-1: Take admission in a well-known and trusted mobile phone repairing training institute.
You can never learn mobile phone repairing on your own. It may look simple and easy and you
may also be able to do some easy repairing yourself by reading or watching online videos but
you will never be perfect.
Try to do some bargaining and get some discount on the admission fee. Most such
institutes provide offers for discount. Like most of them will ask you to bring few more students
to their institute and you will get some discount per student on your own fee.
Step-2:
1. – Start from the basic. Try to learn some of the Most Common Terms Used in
Telecommunication.
2. Next, learn about tools and equipment needed for mobile phone repairing.
3. Next, learn how to disassemble and open a mobile phone and again assemble it back.
56
4. The PCB of a mobile phone is divided into different sections and contains different parts.
Learn about different sections in a mobile phone and parts.
5. Next, Learn about Mobile Software Problem and Solution and then learn mobile phone
hardware problem and solution.
6. Once you are done with learning how to repair basic mobile phone, you can move onto
the second stage and learn how to repair modern smartphone, Apple iPhone and Android-
Based smartphones.
7. Read Other Useful Articles on Mobile Phone Repairing.
The topics covered are how to use various tools, how to check various parts and
components inside a mobile phone the components, the printed circuit board (motherboard)
description and all the stuff you need to learn. We are also providing here tips to start and
successfully run your own cell phone repair business.
2.5 HOW TO USE A MULTIMETER IN MOBILE PHONE REPAIRS?

A multimeter is used for testing and to check readings of various parts and components
in a mobile phone.
There are two types of multimeters available in the market. They are
1. Digital Multimeter
2. Analog Multimeter
57
You can use any type of the ones mentioned above as both of them will do the same
thing. The only difference is that a digital one will show you the readings in digital format
thereby saving you time and effort. While in an analog one, you will have to see the reading as
per the arrow on its screen. Most technicians prefer to use the digital models. The analog
models are used by old generation technicians, as they love and have a distinct affinity to them!
A multimeter whether digital or analog has two wires (also called probes), a red and a
black wire. The red probe is positive (+), while the black probe is negative (-). In electronics,
always red is positive and black is negative.
When you buy a new multimeter, insert one end of the red probe in VΩ slot (round
hole), and the black probe in the COM (means common) slot. The 3rd slot i.e 10A or 20A is not
used in cell phone repairs.
In mobile phone repairs, we use only any 1 of the below given settings in multimeter:
1. DC Volt Setting: We use this setting to check the voltages of the things to be checked.
In DC volt setting the output voltage of various things like battery, battery connector,
charger, charging connector, etc. can be checked. It is indicated by a capital V and
straight line with 3 dots below it.
2. Resistance Setting: By this meter, the resistance of various parts like resistors, etc can
be checked. We can also check resistance between 2 points if it is instructed to check
in a service manual to check it to get a particular reading while repairing a fault in the
motherboard. We can also check the microphone of cell phone with this setting.
3. Continuity: This is also called diode setting. When you touch the red and the black
probe ends while on this setting, you will be able to hear a beep sound. By keeping the
multimeter on this setting, we can check the continuity between the given 2 points. We
can check whether the tracks are open or not. If the multimeter shows continuity, it will
give a beep sound. That will mean that the track is ok. And if it does not beep, it will
mean that the track is broken. To repair a broken track, all technicians make jumpers.
Jumpering means soldering a thin insulated wire from one end of a broken track to the
other end.
With this setting, we also check whether the circuit board is short or not. We check the
shorting by keeping the wires on the positive and negative terminals of the battery connector
58
and also reverse the wires. If we get beep sound both ways then the circuit board is short, if we
get beep sound only once then it is not short.
In some models of cell phones, you will not hear the beep sound. Instead you will either
see some reading (like 255, 282, etc) on the screen of the multimeter or just 1. So if you see
reading 2 times i.e even after reversing the probes, then the circuit board is short. You should
get reading one time and just 1 on the other time. We can also check speaker and ringer by
continuity.
2.6 HOW TO CHECK SHORTING IN MOBILE PHONES?
The first thing you have to check in dead mobile phones after checking the battery is
shorting. And if it is short, you will first have to remove it to get it repaired. All technicians
should know how to remove a short circuit in cell phones.
Reasons for shorting in mobile phones:

1. Phone falling in water. This is the most common reason
2. Handset overheating.
3. Using an incompatible or faulty charger for charging
4. Sometimes, sparks or smoke coming out of the handset due to any reason.
We have to understand the below 2 terms of electronics to understand shorting better:

1. Open circuit: If a track is broken, then it is said that the track is open.
2. Short circuit: If 2 parallel separate tracks touch each other due to some fault, it is called
short circuit.
59
Note: In circuit boards of cell phones, tablets or any other electronic device, there are tracks
instead of wires through which current flows. Hence we use the term ‘tracks’ instead of wires
or cables.
Option 1:
How to check shorting in mobile phones with multimeter?
We can easily check whether there is shorting in the circuit board or not with the help
of a multimeter. Follow the steps below:
Keep the multimeter on continuity setting (Also called diode setting)
Identify the positive and negative terminals of the battery connector. The positive
terminal (+) is the pin of the battery connector where the positive terminal of the battery touches
on it. It is also called vBat (Battery Voltage) pin. While negative terminal (-) is the pin of the
battery connector where the negative terminal of the battery touches on it. It is also called GND
(Ground) pin. Now touch the red probe (+) of the multimeter to negative terminal of the battery
connector.
If you see any reading on the multimeter or hear a continuous beep sound, then the
motherboard is short i.e your mobile phone is short. And if there is no reading or no continuous
beep sound, the board is not short. If you are using an analogue multimeter, keep it on
Ohms(x10) setting. If the pointer (needle) moves even a little, than it is short, otherwise, it’s
okay.
60
Option 2:
How to check shorting in mobile phones with DC Power Supply?
A DC Supply is also called jhatka machine or battery eliminator. Its work is to convert
AC voltage coming from an AC volt source to DC voltage. To check shorting, follow the step
below:
1. Switch on the DC power supply. Now select the output voltage as much as its battery
voltage. You can read it on the battery. In most phones, it is 3.7v or 3.8v. Some Chinese
phones have output of 4.2 volt.
2. Connect red probe to the positive terminal of the battery connector (vBat pin) and the black
probe to the negative terminal (GND)as well as the 3rd pin called BSI. And do not touch
any other key or button.
Now, if you see any amount of current on the screen, then it means, the circuit board is
short. And if, there is the screen shows ‘0.00’ in the current reading, then it is okay.
Problems in handset if it is short:

 Dead
 Battery drains and discharges fast
 Overheating
 Hanging
 Switches off automatically or restarts.
If the circuit board is short, you will first have to remove shorting for fixing the problem,
especially, if the handset is in dead condition.
Note: The above procedure to check shorting is the same for all brands of cell phones and
tablets including Samsung, iPhone, Nokia, Sony, HTC, Motorola and Chinese handsets. It will
be the same for all smartphones be it based on iOS, android or Windows OS.
2.7 HOW TO REMOVE SHORTING IN MOBILE PHONES?

If your mobile phone is short, it can have various problems like it may not power on
(dead), it may overheat (although it is normal in some models!), its battery may drain and
discharge very fast, it may hang and freeze frequently, it may restart sometimes, etc. It is called
short-circuit.
61
Before removing shorting you should know whether your handset’s circuit board is
short or not. Learn how to check shorting in mobile phones.
Reasons for shorting in circuit boar of mobile phones:

1. The most common reason is phone drenched or fallen in water.
2. Handset overheating.
3. Trying to use an incompatible or faulty charger for charging
4. Sparks or smoke coming out of the handset due to any reason.
To repair a short cell phone, you will have to first remove its shorting to fix it. You
have to follow the procedure to remove it especially in dead handsets.
Procedure to Remove Shorting in Mobile Phones:

1. Dismantle your phone and get out the printed circuit board (PCB). Be careful, so that you
do not damage it! Now remove LCD, camera, etc because we just need the board.
2. Clean the entire PCB thoroughly with any circuit cleaner like spirit, alcohol, thinner, IPA,
etc. Now dry it completely. After each step, you have to check if shorting is gone or not. If
not, proceed to the next step.
3. Now try to deep clean the PCB. There is a liquid called Elma used by watch repair
technicians in the eastern countries named Elma. If you do not have access to Elma solution,
you can use a solution of any mild soap like Jif.
62
Elma procedure: Dip the PCB in Elma or a mild soap solution for 2 to 4 hours. Remove the
PCB and clean it thoroughly with a brush. Dry the PCB completely so that not even a droplet
of water or soap solution remains. For drying, you can use a hair dryer, over a flame or even
direct sunlight although a hair dryer is a preferable option.
Precautions: Make sure you remove the LCD, camera, etc from the PCB before dipping the
circuit in Elma. Also make sure, you have dried the PCB completely. It’s advisable to dry the
PCB twice as water droplets remain below the chips on the motherboard.
Alternate method: You can also use an ultrasonic cleaner to do the above procedure. The
advantage is that you do not have to wait for 2 to 4 hours. Instead you will finish the entire
procedure in less than 15 minutes. Learn how to use ultrasonic cleaner machine in mobile phone
repairs.
If shorting goes, you may think there was some dust particle, which lead to shorting.
Always consider dust to be one of the worst enemy for a smoothly working circuit board. The
other enemy is moisture. If the motherboard is still short, luck is not on your side. You will
have to follow advanced procedure. Follow the step below:
There are two things we should consider:

1. A component or IC on the PCB is short and making the entire PCB short.
2. The entire PCB is short
So, if the PCB is short, we cannot dig it out and fix it! We will consider that any of the
component or IC is short.
Manually inspect if any component like resistor, capacitor, diode, etc is short. There are
more chances of capacitors being short. They would look a little more dark or black in colour
because of getting burnt. Remove it and then check shorting with a multimeter. If it is gone,
you have to solder a same, working component in its place. If still the problem is not solved,
proceed further.
Connect the PCB to its battery, press the power button and keep it in this position for
10-20 seconds. Remove the battery and immediately check if any component or IC is heating.
The part which is heating is most likely short. Remove it and check again. If the problem goes,
replace the heating component / IC.
63
If still there is problem then it is very difficult to repair. You will have to remove all
the components one by one and check if shorting has gone or not. The part after removing
which, the problem goes, is short. But this procedure is too lengthy as there are hundreds of
such small components and may take days or weeks and so it is not feasible! This was only for
enthusiasts or stubborn technicians who want results anyhow! So do not go for it. There comes
a stage when the mother board is beyond repair i.e it cannot be repaired. If it is possible, you
will have to simply replace it
2.8 HOW TO CHECK A SPEAKER IN CELL PHONES?
In cell phones, you hear the voice of the calling person in your ears through the speaker.
The speaker converts electrical signal into voice. It is also called an earpiece. It will always be
on the top, inside a cell phone. If it becomes faulty, you will not be able to hear the voice of
the calling person during a call. In such cases you can turn on the loud speaker as a temporary
relief! The method to check it is the same for any brand or model be it an iPhone, a Samsung
Galaxy, a Sony Xperia or a Nokia. You can check it with either a digital or an analog
multimeter, but most technicains today use digital multimeters as analog ones are outdated.
Steps to check speaker of a cell phone

1. Switch off the cell phone and dismantle it carefully. If you do not know how to dismantle
your cell phone or tablet, you can watch videos of its dis-assembly procedure on Youtube!
2. Now remove the speaker which is located on the top. It will be below the top opening on
the panel from where the voice during a call comes out. Do not remove the loud speaker
(ringer)by mistake. The ringer is a different part and it looks almost the same like a speaker.
But it is the part through which you hear ringtone and music. In some low end models, the
speaker as a ringer also and hence in such models, there won’t be a separate ringer.
3. Now keep the multimeter on continuity setting and touch the tip of the 2 probes (one is red
and the other black) on any 2 terminals of the speaker.
64
4. If you hear a beep sound, the speaker is OK. In some multimeters and speakers, instead of
beep sound, you will see a reading between 25 to 45. The speaker is good and working even
if you get a reading between this range. And if you do not hear beep sound and there is no
reading then your speaker is faulty.
Second method to check speaker

The other option to test or check the speaker of a mobile phone or a tablet is to put it in
any other same working model (or a handset with the same size speaker) and check if it’s
working in it. If it’s not working, it’s faulty. It’s as simple as that!
Note: If your speaker is ok and still you are not able to hear the calling persons sound, check
if it connecting properly with the PCB. Clean its contact points on the PCB (Printed Circuit
Board) with an eraser. If the speaker is a soldered one, you will have to check if it’s soldered
properly. If it’s not, resolder it properly. Also try replacing with a new one. In some models,
the speakers come as an assembly unit. In such models, you will have to replace the entire unit.
Still if the fault doesn’t go, there may be a complicated hardware problem in the PCB. It will
either be due to a broken track supplying voltage to the speaker or due to a faulty IC. You will
have to repair it by following schematic diagrams.
2.9 HOW TO CHECK A MIC IN CELL PHONES?
In cell phones, during a call, when you speak, your voice goes into the mic. A mic
converts voice into electrical signal. It is also called microphone and mouthpiece. It will always
be at the bottom, inside a cell phone. If it becomes faulty, your voice will not be heard by the
person you are talking to. You can try using an earphone (headset) and try if your voice is being
transmitted! The method to check it will be the same for any brand or model of a mobile phone
or a tablet be it an iPhone, a Samsung Galaxy, a Sony Xperia or a Nokia. You can check it with
65
either a digital or an analog multimeter, but most technicians today prefer digital multimeters
as analog ones are outdated.
Steps to check mic of a cell phone

1. Turn off your cell phone and dismantle it carefully. If you do not know how to dismantle
your handset, you can watch videos of its disassembly procedure on Youtube!
2. Now remove the mic which is located at the bottom. There is a small hole at the bottom of
the casing (body panel) for the voice to enter the mic. The mic will always be exactly below
it inside the casing.
3. Now keep the multimeter on resistance setting. It may be indicated by the symbol ‘Ώ’. In
resistance too, there are many settings. Keep it on 20K or 20KΏ setting.
4. Now touch the tip of the 2 probes of the multimeter (the red and the black wires) to the 2
terminals (pins) of the mic. Now move your mouth very near to the mic and blow air into
its hole. If the reading on the screen increases rapidly, your mic is good and working. In
most mics, the reading rapidly increases to around 100. And if the reading is still 1 after
blowing air, your microphone is faulty.
Second method to check microphone

The other option to check or test mic of a mobile phone or a tablet is to put it in any
other same working model (or a handset with the same shape and size mic) and check if it’s
working properly in it. If it’s not working, its faulty. It’s as simple as that! For checking, it’s
not necessary to call someone. You can check it through voice recorder function easily.
Note: If your mic is ok and still your voice is not being transmitted during a call, check if it is
connecting properly with the PCB. Clean its contact points on the PCB (Printed Circuit Board)
with an eraser. If the mic is soldered, you will have to check if it’s soldered properly. If it’s
not, resolder it properly. Also try replacing with a new one. Still if the fault doesn’t go, there
may be a complicated hardware problem in the PCB. It will either be due to a broken track
which is supplying voltage to the mic or due to a faulty IC. You will have to repair it by
following schematic diagrams.
2.10 HOW TO CHECK A RINGER (LOUD SPEAKER) IN CELL PHONES?

A ringer, also called a loud speaker is a speaker through which you hear ringtone and
music. During a call, when you activate the loud speaker, the louder voice which you start
66
hearing also comes from the ringer. It is also called a buzzer in basic low-end mobile phones.
Its work is to convert electrical signal into sound.
If the ringer becomes faulty, you will not be able to below 3 sounds:
 Ringtone
 Music
 Loud speaker’s voice during a call
To avoid missing calls, you can switch on the vibration as a temporary solution! The
method to check it will be the same for any brand or model of a mobile phone or a tablet be it
an iPhone, a Samsung Galaxy, a Sony Xperia or a Nokia.
Steps to check ringer of a cell phone

1. Turn off your cell phone and dismantle it carefully. If you do not know how to dismantle
your handset, you can watch videos of its disassembly procedure on Youtube!
2. Now remove the ringer carefully. It can be located anywhere inside the casing. The best
way to locate it is – it will be below the opening (hole) in the casing from where you hear
music! Do not misunderstand and remove the speaker by mistake. The speaker is meant to
hear the calling person’s voice during a call and is a different spare part.
3. Now keep the multimeter on continuity setting. On this setting when you touch the tip of
the red and black probes to each other, you will be able to hear a beep sound.
4. Now touch the tip of the 2 probes of the multimeter (the red and the black wires) to the 2
terminals (pins) of the ringer. Now if you hear a beep sound, then your ringer is good and
working. And if you do not hear any beep sound, then your ringer is faulty.
67
Second method to check loud speaker

The other option to check or test a loud speaker of a mobile phone or a tablet is to put
it in any other same working model (or a handset with the same size speaker) and check if it’s
working properly in it. If it’s not working, it’s faulty. It’s as simple as that! In some models,
the ringer comes as an entire unit. In such cases, you will have to replace the entire unit.
Note: If your ringer is ok and still you are unable to hear ringtone during a call and music as
well, then check if it is connecting properly with the PCB. Clean its contact points on the PCB
(Printed Circuit Board) with an eraser. If the ringer is soldered, you will have to check if it’s
soldered properly. If it’s not, resolder it properly. Also try replacing with a new one. Still if the
fault doesn’t go, there may be a complicated hardware problem in the PCB. It will either be
due to a broken track supplying voltage to the ringer or a faulty IC. You will have to repair it
by following schematic diagrams. Always check the ringer settings whether it’s not kept on
mute before opening your handset.
2.11 HOW TO MAKE JUMPERS IN MOBILE PHONES REPAIRS?

Soldering a jumper wire becomes necessary for repairing any problem in mobile phone
while repairing it when a track is broken. Tracks are the connections through which current
flows in the PCB (Printed Circuit Board) of the cell phone. These tracks also supply voltage to
the various spare parts. They cannot be seen as they are inside the circuit board. The
motherboards of handsets have 7 to 10 layers depending upon the model. If a track or line is
broken, the part to which it supplies voltage will not work.
How to Check Whether the Track is Broken and We Need to Make Jumper?
In old models of cell phones, the tracks were visible on the PCB and hence you could
easily check them through continuity with a multimeter. But now as the tracks are marked so
as to not increase the size of the PCB, we will have to search the tracks through either jumper
68
diagrams or schematic diagrams. But first the method is to first check the part which is not
working. If the part is faulty, you will have to change it. The next step will be to do tracing on
the PCB through either jumper diagrams or schematic diagrams. It is easy to follow the jumper
diagrams, so technicians prefer to follow jumper diagrams and images.
There are 3 ways to search tracks on a PCB:

1. Through jumper diagrams in Google images
Now click on images and you will get to see many images showing the track you have
to check. Select the best ones which are clear and easy to follow!
Now use a multimeter and put it on continuity. Place the probes of the multimeter on
the 2 points shown in the image. If you hear a beep, then the track is fine. The track is ok. But
if you do not hear a beep sound, then you will have to solder a wire between the 2 points. You
will be surprised to see that the fault has been fixed! If you hear beep, then you will have to
check continuity of other good images also. In these diagrams, sometimes if you are asked to
check or change resistors and capacitors, you will have to do it. Sometimes, these images also
ask you to remove some parts. In such cases, you just have to remove parts and do not solder
any part in place of it. You may be surprised why they are asking you to remove parts, but this
is how it sometimes works and so you will have to do it!
2. Through schematic diagrams: A schematic diagram is a diagram which shows the entire
network of tracks that run on the PCB. It will cover tracks of all sections of the circuit i.e power
section, sound section, network section, charging section, etc. If you learn how to read and
understand these diagrams, you will be able to repair all hardware faults that are not the ‘beyond
69
repair’ stage. For this, first you will have to search for schematic diagrams. If it is not available
on the internet, you cannot do anything. If it is available you will have to trace each and every
track with multimeter and make jumpers where you are not able to hear beep sound. If still the
problem doesn’t get solved, you will have to either reheat or replace the corresponding IC of
that fault. For eg, if there is no charging, you will have to check/reheat/replace the charging or
power IC.
3. Through PCB of the same model: Although this is not practicable, some technicians try
to trace tracks through a working PCB of the same model. They check random tracks for
continuity on a working PCB and then check the same in the PCB that is to be repaired. This
procedure also sometimes clicks!
Note: Some of the diagrams/images may not be accurate, so you will have to take some risks.
It’s better to use images only from reputed websites and forums to lessen the risk of inaccuracy!
2.12 HOW TO TEST OR CHECK LCD OF A CELL PHONE?

It is not difficult to check LCD (Display) of a cell phone or a tablet. LCDs being delicate
tend to crack, leave blots or simply sop working. So if it’s is broken or cracked, you can see
it’s broken manually. Even if there is a blot on it, you can see it physically. But what if it’s
looking good and still there is no graphics on the display? The problem may be either the LCD
is faulty or there is some problem in the PCB. So how do we test it?
A faulty LCD can be of the following types:

 Cracked or broken
 A blot (round in shape which will spread rapidly!)
 Blank display with no graphics.
 An LCD with just graphics and no light (LED) glowing on it.
70
You can check LCD of a cell phone by any of the below methods
1. LCD Testers: There are testing machines available in the market for checking of LCDs. The
problem here is that as all models have different LCDs, you will need to buy an LCD tester
machine for all types and models and will run into hundreds! As all LCDs of
smartphones, be it an iPhone or a Samsung Galaxy or an Xperia have different size
connectors, with varying no of connecting pins, a universal LCD checking machine cannot
be made. This is a major constraint and hence not at all feasible unless you deal in repairs
or testing of thousands of units of a particular model.
2. Check it in same model cell phone: The second option is if you have a working handset of
the same model, you can easily put your LCD into that handset and check if its working or
not. For eg. If you want to check the LCD of your iPhone 5s, you can check it in a working
iPhone 5s. So what if you do not have a working handset of the same model. Read the last
option!
3. Check with a new LCD: Replace your LCD with a new one. If graphics appear on the
LCD, that will mean your old LCD is faulty. And if the new LCD also is not displaying
graphics, it will mean your old LCD may be ok. And the problem may be in the PCB. The
problem may be in the LCD connector, its connections, PCB or an IC controlling the
display function.
Note:
1. You cannot check LCD with a multimeter or an oscilloscope!
2. In Samsung phones, you can also check clarity of the screen with the code *#0*#. You can
check red, green and blue colours with this code.
3. As regards to being original or duplicate, it’s better to buy them from good and reputed
vendors. Again, if you have many LCDs, you can switch on the handset and compare the
clarity with various LCDs yourself.
4. If no light (LED) is glowing, please check LCD brightness settings first before opening your
mobile phone.
2.13 HOW TO USE A REWORK STATION IN MOBILE PHONE REPAIRING?

Rework station is a machine which blows out hot air with precision and is used to either
heat ICs (Chips) or to replace them. Many of the times, ICs get de-soldered or loose some of
71
the connections with the circuit board causing related faults. For e.g., if the IC (Integrated
Circuit) is for distributing power in the PCB (Printed Circuit Board) and if it gets dry soldered
(looses some of its connections with the PCB), it may lead to the cell phone not powering on.
If the IC is related to sound, there will be no sound. This is more common in BGA ICs, while
it was not as frequent in older SMD ICs. It is also used to solder any soldered electronic
component on the motherboard like charging ports, microphones, etc. Some of the parts can
get fixed with both soldering iron and rework station. In such cases, the technician uses the
machine he is more comfortable with!
The reasons for ICs getting dry soldered are:

 Vibrations
 Repeated heating and cooling
 Handset falling down with a high jerk
 Long period of time (wear and tear)
In such cases, technicians all over the world open the gadget be it a cell phone, a tablet,
a laptop or the motherboard of a computer and heat the particular IC on its circuit. Most of the
times, heating the IC solves the problem.
If the problem is not yet solved, there are 2 other options or steps to fix it:
1. To remove the IC, reball it and fix it again. This option is rarely used by technicians and
tried only if a new IC is not available. If the problem gets fixed, it means the balls below
the IC may have become short-circuited. And if the problem is not solved, you will have to
replace it
2. Replace the IC. If the fault goes away, it will mean that the older IC was faulty.
72
The above explanation was necessary to come to the topic that is how to use a rework
station.
The rework station is also called as SMD rework station and BGA rework station. It is
also called a blower or hot air gun in slang language by technicians even though they are 2
different tools. It now-a-days also comes working on infrared technology. The main advantage
of an infrared machine is it does not burn any plastic part, if it is nearby while using it!
You have to keep in mind to set the below 2 settings properly:

1. Heat: The temperature mostly used is between 300 degrees to 400 degrees according to the
IC’s size. If it is an analog one having no indicator or display having just knobs, the knob
of heat is kept on 3.5 setting.
2. Air: The air setting is kept on a little above the minimum. If more air is used, it may damage
or remove the neighboring parts and if no air is used, it may lead the coil inside the handle
to burn. So you have to keep it to a setting so that a little bit of air is coming out along with
the heat.
The above 2 settings may also vary according to the job and the situation. Also you
have to select the appropriate tip either broad or narrow according to the job. You have to use
soldering flux, which is a kind of liquid paste which is applied at the edges of the IC before
heating or removing an IC.
Now, when you are ready with all the settings and have applied the flux, you just have
to switch on the button of the rework station and move its handle such that the tip where the
heat comes out in a circular motion inside the edges of the IC. Keep on moving till 2 to 3 times
if you wanted to just heat the IC. And if you want to remove it, keep on moving till the IC
loosens from the board and then lift it with tweezers. Do not try to pluck it out forcefully if it
hasn’t loosened as it may damage the points below on the board.
73
Note: It’s better to practice on dead circuit boards and see more videos of professionals on
youtube, before doing this procedure on live working boards, if you are a DIY type of person
and do not know how to go about it. We also advice you to seek professional practical training,
after reading this guide so as to do the entire procedure properly.
2.14 HOW TO REPAIR WATER DAMAGED SMARTPHONE?

Due to forgetfulness or mere negligence you might have dropped your expensive
smartphone be it an iPhone, a Samsung Galaxy or an Xperia or a Blackberry or even a very
dear less expensive phone in a bath tub or left it in your pocket and sent it for washing in a
washing machine or in a hurry you might have dropped it in a toilet, the chances are that you
may lose your precious data, which you may not have backed up due to which you could be
stressed up.
So here are the steps to make your smartphone work all again:
1. Remove the battery immediately: If ever a phone has been wet we and our impatient
mind have a tendency to restart it to see whether it works again or restarts, just bear it in
mind that you never, never, never do this because it may severely damage the circuit and it
may set you back monetarily. Just let it stay off and the first and foremost step is to take
out or detach the battery from the phone. No power no harm to your equipment. It is
also better to remove the SIM card/s from your handset, so that the SIM stored contacts are
intact. A tip for some law abiding citizen is that remember even if your phone is insured,
there may be a clause or even in fine print that the insurance does not cover a wet handset.
So the next step is to dry your phone all by yourself.
2. Open and dry the entire stuff: So the next step is to dry your smartphone all by yourself.
Remove the front and back covers of the phone and blow warm air from your hairdryer and
74
in a sweeping motion all over your phone in such a manner that you work on the places
where you may think water droplets may have clogged for e.g. between clustered parts,
mic, charging point, etc. After you feel assured that water may have dried completely then
you can again assemble and carefully switch on the handset. Remember to use your dryer
on a warm setting. Do not use it on hot or else you may damage or melt any internal plastic
parts. You can also dry all the stuff over a heater or in direct sunlight.
3. Using an air compressor: Blow medium air into the phone to blow dry any water out of
your phone for this purpose it need not be necessary to use an air compressor you may use
the blower of your domestic vacuum cleaner also. After this you can carefully switch on
the handset.
4. Other Conventional method: You can also completely cover your handset with raw and
uncooked rice for sometime say about six to eight hours with patience so that water is
absorbed completely by this method. Instead of rice, silica granules are also another
effective solution for drying water from your phone. But this is not feasible if your handset
was completely soaked or drenched in water or water-logged.
Note:
 It is most important to remove the battery immediately. So people just swathe the phone-
off. That is just not enough. Removing of the battery within 20-30 seconds is necessary.
The earlier the better!
 It is always advised to take a back up of all your data as the loss may be irreparable.
 If you do not know how to open up your device, you can search for disassembly videos of
that model in you tube!
75
If you are not confident to fix the problem yourself, get it done at a service center. Also
if any other fault occurs after trying yourself and you are unable to fix it, you will have to let a
cell phone repair technician handle the job.
2.15 DEFAULT SECURITY CODES OF ALL CELL PHONES

All cellphones that are manufactured always come with a factory set security code, this
is for security purpose to protect the information and data stored in the phone by the user. These
codes are constant for all models of phone with their respective manufacturers. Whenever you
intend to make any changes in the security settings you are asked to input this very code as
specified by the brand unless you have changed this code to as per your convenience. Security
codes are used for different functions say for instance to unlock your keypad or while rebooting
i.e., switching on you phone or to restore the phone to its original factory settings etc. It is
sometimes also needed when you want to perform a soft-reset or reset your phone to its original
factory settings.
If perchance you input the code as per specified by the particular brand of the
manufacturer and a message displayed on the screen reads as ‘WRONG CODE’ or ‘CODE
ERROR’ it is deduced that the code has been changed or tampered with maybe by your friend
or could be by your child, otherwise the default code will never fail you.
We on our part would advise you to always change these factory set codes for your own
security to protect all your data and information, but also remind you to remember this code
and do not forget it. If it so happens and you type a wrong code then the phone gets locked and
you may need professional help to get it unlocked and restarted again.
76
The default codes of the various brands having any OS like iOS, Windows, Android,
Asha or Symbian have the same code as that of its manufacturer and are listed below and are
constant for all their models.
These are factory set codes which will always work. We have listed more than one code
for some so try any one of these and we assure you they will help you out.
Default Original Factory Security Codes:

NOKIA : 12345
SAMSUNG : 0000 (4 times zero) or
000000 (6 times zero) or
00000000 (8 times zero)
CHINA MOBILES / CHINESE BRANDS: 0000 or 1122 or 1234
ALL OTHER BRANDS OF CELLPHONES (SONY, LG, MOTOROLA,
ETC): 0000 or 1234
LAVA : 4321
2.16 HOW TO FORMAT A CELL PHONE TO REMOVE VIRUS?

Formatting a cell phone means erasing or deleting all the stored data and information
like contacts, images, multimedia files, etc from the phone memory, this DOES NOT include
the data you may have stored in the MMC (memory card) or memory chip you have inserted
in you phone, in other words data stored in your memory card is not deleted and will remain
safe.
77
In formatting your cell phone your operating system like iOS, symbian, Windows or
Android are not at all to be reinstalled unlike in computers. The OS is not affected and it
remains intact.
The procedure where you have to reinstall the OS is called flashing in cell phone repair
jargon, which is very much different from formatting. So let us go ahead with formatting a
phone and not get confused with flashing. DIY type of people especially get confused between
these two terms.
In general the process of formatting is usually done when there is any problem due to
infection by a virus.
The most common signs of virus infected phone are:
1. Opening of an application takes time or in other words the process is very slow.
2. The phone switches off and restarts on its own frequently.
3. The phone hangs up i.e., freezes often i.e., to say no buttons operate and the screen remains
as it is.
4. Sometimes some application and/or files get corrupt or they are inaccessible.
5. Any related problem that looks like the system is infected by virus.
The method to format a cell phone is given below:

Open the menu and select settings. You will find an option for reset settings in this
menu. Select this. In this you will get multiple options viz. 1. reset settings only and 2. Reset
all / master reset / erase all data. Select the second one. You will be asked for the security code,
if you have changed the default code then type the changed code if not then enter the default
security code. If you do not know the default code then click on default security codes for all
phones and get the code for your brand of mobile from there and type in. Your phone will be
formatted.
78
The above procedure has deleted data from phone memory only. It is necessary to know
that whenever the phone is infected, the virus infects the internal memory as well as the MMC
(memory card). Hence you will have to format the memory card or scan it with an antivirus.
You can also format mobile phones with the help of secret codes. Read secret codes of cell
phones to know how to format phones with secret codes.
2.17 HOW TO USE ULTRASONIC CLEANER MACHINE IN CELL PHONE

REPAIRS?
All circuit boards are required to be cleaned to solve faults. As dust and moisture are
hidden enemies of all electronics i.e., printed circuit boards (PCBs), it is the first step to remove
all dust, dirt and guest particles. For simple cleaning, all repair professionals first try with
isopropyl alcohol (IPA) or a circuit cleaner and a brush. If the problem is solved, we do not
need to proceed further. But if it is not solved, then we need to go through the procedure of
ultrasonic cleaning.
All technicians either clean them with mild solution directly or by using an ultrasonic
cleaner machine. The procedure for cleaning will be the same for circuit boards of all gadgets
and electronic items like cell phones, tablets, laptops, computers, etc. Ultrasonic cleaning
79
removes all sort of dust, dirt and foreign particles that create problems in the proper functioning
of the motherboard.
What does ultrasonic cleaner machine actually do?

It is a cleaning device that uses ultrasound which is between 20 to 400 KHz. The items
are cleaned with the help of any solvent like Elma or a mild soap solution which is poured into
the machine. The cleaning procedure takes usually between 3 to 6 minutes. Other than PCBs,
many items like jewellery, surgical instruments, optical parts, coins and watch parts are also
cleaned using this technology.
Ultrasonic Cleaning Procedure in Cell Phone Repairs:

1. Pour Elma solution or any mild soap solution into the ultrasonic machine. The quantity
should be such that the PCB can be submerged easily into it.
2. In cell phones and tablets repair, you need to just dip just the circuit board into its tub. So
remove the LCD, camera, flex and any other delicate part if it is attached to the PCB and
dip it into the solution in the machine.
3. Switch on the machine and let the machine do its work. It will deep clean the entire PCB.
Switch it off after 3 to 6 minutes, depending upon the situation.
The procedure is now over. Now you have to clean the entire PCB with IPA or circuit
cleaner and then dry the PCB entirely. Make it completely dry using a hair drier, blower or in
direct sunlight.
Alternate Method
If you do not have an ultrasonic cleaner, you can dip the entire PCB in Elma or soap
solution and keep it submerged for 1 to 2 hours. After 1 to 2 hours, remove the PCB and clean
80
it with a brush thoroughly than you have to clean the PCB with IPA or circuit cleaner and then
dry the PCB completely. But this procedure is not as effective as the one using ultrasonic
technology.
Note: If even a droplet of soap solution or water remains on the PCB, it will lead to short-
circuit, when you put the battery. Water remains hidden below the chips and components and
is not visible. Hence, make it 100% sure that you have completely dried the PCB after cleaning
and then connect battery or a power supply.
2.18 LIST OF ALL FAULTS IN CELL PHONES

A cell phone can get various faults and problems when using it. So cell phone repair
technicians should know what are all the faults they have to repair and fix when they open a
repair center. They should know how to diagnose and troubleshoot them easily.
Basically there are 3 types of faults in cell phones
1. Settings Faults
2. Software Faults
3. Hardware Faults
The lists of all faults in cell phone are:

1. Dead: If a phone doesn’t switch-on, it is called a dead phone.
2. Insert Sim Card: In this fault, the SIM card does not get detected.
3. Hanging Problem: In this fault, the handset freezes frequently.
4. Network Problem: No signal and network or low network
5. Microphone Problem: No out-going sound.
6. Ringer Problem: No ring tone, music and loud speaker will not work.
7. Speaker Problem: No incoming sound.
8. Vibrator Problem: No vibration.
9. Display Problem: No graphics on LCD or broken LCD.
10. Auto Switch Off: Phone switches off automatically even if not switched-off.
11. Restart Problem: Phone restarts automatically.
12. Call Cut Off: Call gets disconnected or cuts off.
13. Charging Problem: No charging or very slow charging.
14. Keypad Problem: Keypad doesn’t work or some keys do not function. Home button or
volume buttons do not work.
81
15: Touch Problem: Touch doesn’t work or slow touch.

16. Battery Discharge Problem: Battery gets drained very fast even when fully charged.
17. Bluetooth Problem: Bluetooth does not work.
18. Camera Problem: Camera does not work.
19. FM Radio: Radio does not work or no tuning.
20. LED Problem: Not light on LCD.
21. Memory Card Problem: MMC does not get detected.
22. No Internet
23 WiFi Problem: WiFi does not function
These are the most common faults that arise in cell phones as well as smartphones and
tablets. Sometimes unlocking is required if your device is locked. There are many more strange
problems other than the ones mentioned above. Some of these are easy to repair while others
are difficult and sometimes are beyond repair.
2.19 HOW TO REPAIR DEAD MOBILE CELL PHONE?

A Dead mobile phone is a hand set that does not get switched ON.
How does a mobile phone gets dead?

 If the mobile phone gets dropped down on the floor or on some hard surface.
 If the mobile phone gets wet or is dropped in rain or water.
 If there is any kind or short ( in + and – )
82
Mobile Cell Phone Dead Problem and Solution – How to Repair a Dead Mobile Cell
Phone
1. Remove the battery and see if it gets charged or not. Check voltage using a Multimeter.
Voltage must be above 3.7 Volt. Use a Battery Booster to Boost the Power of the Battery
and Charge it again.
2. Check Battery Point and Battery Connector. Clean Battery Point and Battery Connector to
remove any carbon deposits.
3. Resold or change the Battery Connector.
4. Insert charger and see if the “Battery Charging” appears on not. If there is icon of “Battery
Charging” but the mobile phone does not gets switched ON then check ON / OFF Switch.
Voltage of ON / OFF Switch must be 2.5 to 3.5 Volt (DC). Clean or change the ON / OFF
Switch. Check track of ON / OFF Switch and Jumper if required.
5. If the charging icon is not there then check voltage of ON / OFF Switch. If the voltage is
between 2.5 to 3.7 Volts DC, then RELOAD Software in the Phone (Software Flashing).
6. If the phone does not gets switched ON even after reloading software then Heat the C.P.U,
Power IC and Flash IC.
7. If there is no voltage on the ON / OFF Switch then check track of the ON / OFF
Switch. Jumper if required.
8. If the problem is not solved then heat, Reball or change the Power IC and CPU to fix the
problem.
83
9. Keep the Multimeter on Buzzer Mode and Check +_ and – of the Battery Connector. If
there is Buzzer Sound then the Set is short. If there is short at the Battery Connector then
clean the PCB with thinner. Heat the PCB.
10. If this does not fix the set dead problem then remove the PFO and check for short. If there
is short then replace the PFO.
11. Remove the charging connector and check for shorting. If there is short then change the
connector.
12. Remove the charging IC and check for shorting. Change if required.
13. Remove the Bluetooth IC and check for shorting. Replace if required.
14. Remove the Power IC and check for shorting. Replace with a new one if required.
15. Remove the CPU and check for shorting. Replace if required.
16. Remove all the Big Electrolytic Capacitors and check one by one. Replace capacitors if
required.
Note:
 Some mobile phones get dead if the RTC (Real Time Clock) is faulty. This happens mostly
in China Mobile Phones. Change the RTC to fix the problem.
 If the mobile phone gets hang after reloading software then change the RTC.
 If the set is still dead then check by replacing the 26 MHz Crystal Oscillator.
2.20 HOW TO SOLVE KEYPAD FAULT IN ANY MOBILE CELL PHONE?

Keypad in a mobile cell phone is an electronic component or part that helps to enter
data like phone numbers and alphabets and operate a mobile phone. Some mobile phones are
screen touch and are operated by PDA.
Types of Faults or Problems with Keypad in any Mobile Cell Phone

 No Key Working or only Some Key Working.
 Keys need more pressure to work. Or when pressed a key works continuously.
 One key is pressed and some other key works OR when one key is pressed, some other
key works simultaneously.
Mobile Cell Phone Keypad Not Working Problem and Solution – How to Solve Keypad
Fault in any Mobile Cell Phone
1. Check Facial of the Keypad.
84
2. Clean Key pad Tikli and Keypad Points.

3. Keep Multimeter in Buzzer Mode and Check Row and Column of the Keypad. If there is
Beep Sound then Pad is OK.
4. Heat or Change Keypad IC / Interface IC.
5. Heat, Reball or Change the CPU.
Note:
1. In a Mobile Phone, when we press a Key and it works very slow then Reload Software to
Solve the Problem.
2. In all Nokia Mobile Phones, if only some key works or none of the keys are working then
change the Keypad IC to solve the Problem.
3. If Keypad problem is not solved by Hardware, then reload Software in the Mobile Phone
to Solve the Problem.
2. 21 MOBILE PHONE FAULT FINDING FOR MOBILE CELL PHONE REPAIRING
1. Network Fault: Antenna Switch, PFO, FEM, RF IC, VCO, RX-Filter, TX-Filter, RF
Antenna, RF Crystal, External Antenna Socket, Network Signal and Supply Control and
Interface Section. If we know about the parts and components present in the Network
85
section and their function then we can easily repair the fault by looking at the code number
of the faulty component in the Circuit Diagram and the PCB Layout Diagram. In this way
we can easily make good use of circuit diagram for mobile cell phone repairing.
2. Power ON Fault: Battery (3.7V), Battery Connector Jack, Power IC, CPU, Flash IC, S-
RAM IC, RF Crystal, RF Clock Section Component, RF IC, Power ON / OFF Trigger
Components.
3. Charging Fault: Charger (5-6V), Battery (3.7V), Charger Connector, Charger Volt Fuse,
Coil, Charger Over Volt Protector, Charging IC, Power IC, Charging Regulator, Charging
Volt Output Components, Charger and Charger Volt Detector Components.
4. SIM Fault: SIM Card, SIM Socket, SIM Signal and Supply Interface Components,
Resistance, Coil, Power IC, CPU etc.
5. Ringer Fault: Ringer, Ringer Signal Input and Output Components, Audio Amplifier IC,
Power IC, CPU etc.
6. Ear Speaker Fault: Ear Speaker, Ear Speaker Signal Components, Audio Amplifier IC,
CPU, Power IC etc.
7. Micro SD Card Fault / MMC Fault: Micro SD Card, Micro Card Connector, Micro Card
Detector Switch, Micro Card Detector Signal Components, CPU etc.
8. USB and Bottom Connector fault: USB and Bottom Connector, USB and Signal
Interface Connector Components, USB Signal Interface IC, USB Driver IC, CPU etc.
9. Keypad Fault: Key Tip, Key Pad Dot Sheet, Key Signal Filters, Key Signal Varactors,
Key Board to Key Connector, CPU etc.
10. Display Fault: LCD, LCD Connector, LCD Supply Components, LCD Signal Interface
Filter IC, CPU, LCD Signal Interface Resistance etc.
11. MIC Sound Fault: MIC, MIC Interface Connection, MIC Signal and Supply
Components, Power IC, CPU etc.
12. Backlight (LED) Fault: LED, Backlight Driver IC, Backlight Driver Section
Components, Power IC, CPU etc.
13. Bluetooth Fault: Bluetooth Antenna, Bluetooth Driver IC, Bluetooth Section Crystal,
CPU etc.
14. FM Radio Fault: Fands Free Lead, Hands Free Connector, FM and Bluetooth IC, FM
Driver IC, CPU etc.
15. Vibrator Fault: Vibrator Motor, Vibration Supply Components, Power IC, Vibrator
Driver IC etc.
86
16. Touch Panel (PDA) Fault: Touch Panel / PDA Panel, Touch Panel Control IC, CPU,
Signal Interface Parts etc.
2.22 HOW TO CHECK PARTS OF A MOBILE PHONE FOR FAULT?

When doing mobile phone repairing, you will often need to check parts such as speaker,
ringer, vibrator, coil, boost coin, On / Off Switch, Antenna Switch, RX Filter, PFO, BSI,
Network IC, VCO, Audio IC, Power IC, RTC, Charging IC, CPU, R22, Microphone Interface,
Bluetooth IC, Flash IC, RAM, Logic IC, UEM etc.
In most cases, only card level parts of a mobile cell phone are checked for fault and
then repaired or replaced with a new one. Card level parts of a mobile cell phone include ringer,
speaker, microphone, vibrator, LED, charging connector, headphone connector, data cable
connector, battery, battery connector, SIM card, SIM card connector, memory card, memory
card connector, camera, camera connector, keypad button, keypad connector, ON / OFF
Switch, Display, Display connector, Internal antenna and PDA.
Chip level small parts of a mobile phone that include small electronics components like
capacitors, resistor, diode, coil, boost coil, coupler, regulator, transistors, are rarely or not tested
for fault. In case there is any fault in the track of the Mobile Phone PCB then it is solved or
fixed by jumper.
Mobile Phone Tools and Equipment Needed to Check Parts of a Mobile Phone for Fault
are:
 Multimeter
 DC power supply
1. Ringer: To check if the ringer of a mobile phone is faulty or damaged, keep the multimeter
in buzzer mode and check the ringer. Value must be between 8 to 10 Ohms. If the value is
between this range then the ringer is good and does not need replacement. If the value on
multimeter is 4-5 or 12-14 then change the ringer.
2. Vibrator or Motor: Keep the multimeter in Buzzer Mode and check the vibrator, Value
must be 8 to 16 Ohms. If the value is between 8-16 Ohms then the vibrator is good.
Otherwise change it.
87
3. Speaker or Earpiece: Check the speaker / earpiece with a multimeter on Buzzer mode.
Value must be in the range of 25 to 35 Ohms. If the value is in this range then the speaker
/ earpiece is OK and need not be changed. Otherwise, change the speaker / earpiece.
4. Microphone or Mic: Keep the multimeter in buzzer mode and check the microphone.
Value reading on the multimeter must be in the range of 600 to 1800 Ohms. There will
also be a Beep or Buzz sound from the multimeter. NOTE: Please note that only one side
of the microphone will show value. If we check by reversing the Red and Black Probes /
Test Leads of the multimeter and check the microphone then there will be no value.
5. Coil: Check it with a multimeter on Buzzer Mode. If it is good then it the multimeter will
give a Beep or Buzz sound. If there is no sound then the coil is faulty. Replace it with a
new one.
6. Resistor or Resistance: Check it with a multimeter on Buzzer Mode. If it is good then the
multimeter will give a Beep or Buzz sound. If there is no sound then the resistor is faulty.
Replace it with a new one.
7. Capacitor: Check it with a multimeter on Buzzer Mode. If it is good then the multimeter
will NOT give any Beep or Buzz sound. If there is sound then the capacitor is faulty.
Replace it with a new one.
8. Diode: Check it with a multimeter on Buzzer Mode. If it is good then the multimeter will
NOT give any Beep or Buzz sound. If there is sound then the diode is faulty. Replace it
with a new one.
9. LED: Keep the multimeter in Buzzer mode and check the LED. If the LED is good then
they will glow otherwise not.
10. Coil and Boosting Coil: Check for continuity. If there is continuity then the coil or the
Boost Coil is good otherwise it is faulty.
11. Keypad: Keep the multimeter on Buzzer mode and check Rows and Columns or the Key
Pad. If there is Beep or Buzz sound from the multimeter then Keypad is ok, otherwise it
is faulty.
12. Battery Connector: Keep multimeter on 20V DC and check. Value must be 1.5 to 3.5 V
DC.
13. Battery: Check voltage with a multimeter. Keep multimeter on 20V DC and check. Value
must be 3.7 V DC or above.
14. ON / OFF Switch: Check voltage with a multimeter. Keep multimeter on 20V DC and
check. Value must be between 2.5 to 3.7 V DC.
88
15. Network IC: Use a Analog DC Power Supply to check Network IC. Switch ON DC Power
Supply and call any number from your mobile phone. The Needle of the DC Ampere will
start moving. This shows that the Network IC is OK and not fault.
16. Power IC and CPU: Adjust voltage of the DC Power Supply to 4.2. Place the Red Probe
/ Test Lead of the DC Power Power Supply to the “+” of the Battery Connector of the
mobile phone and the Black Probe / Test Lead to “-“. If DC Ampere is over 6 then Power
IC or CPU is damaged. Check by replacing Power IC and the CPU one by one.
17. If there is no movement of the Ampere Needle of the Power Supply then the Battery
connector, ON / OFF Switch Track, RTC or Network Crystal is damaged. Give heat to
these components using hot air blower. If the problem is not solved then check by
replacing them one by one.
18. If the Ampere Needle fluctuates below 2 ten there could be problem with software or RTC
(Real Time Clock).
19. If the Ampere needle stands at some fixed point then there is problem with the Flash IC.
20. If there is beep sound from the DC Power Supply then there is problem with “+” and “-”
or the mobile handset is short.
PS: When checking a faulty mobile phone with DC Power supply, connect the Red Probe to
“+” and Black Probe to “-” of the Battery Connector of the Mobile Phone.
Notes:
 Most mobile phone repair people and technician check only above parts of any mobile
phone to solve hardware problems.
 All other parts including electronic components and ICs are generally not checked for
fault. There is no good sure test for these parts. The problem is either solved by jumper or
by trial and error (check by replacement).
2.23 HOW TO CHECK MOBILE CELL PHONE SETTINGS?

When repairing any mobile cell phone, you will often come across problems when you
will need to start with by checking the settings before proceeding to open and repair the mobile
phone. Such problems could include any of the following:
Ringer or Loudspeaker of the Mobile Phone Not Working: To solve this problem, before
you open the mobile cell phone to check if the ringer is faulty or not, you need to first check
the ringer or loudspeaker settings (If ringer settings is present in the set). Check ringer volume
89
settings and see if the phone is on silent mode or not. Set the required settings. If everything is
ok the open the mobile phone and check the ringer using a Multimeter. If the ringer is not faulty
then it will give a buzz or beep sound and the value must be in the range of 8 to 10 Ohm. If the
ringer is faulty then replace it with a new one.
Vibrator of Mobile Cell Phone Not Working: To solve the problem, start by checking the
vibrator settings. Check if it is ON or OFF.
Earpiece or Speaker Problem: There can be several problems with the speaker or the earpiece
of a mobile phone. These can be less or no sound or there can be problem with sound. The first
thing to do to solve the problem is to check settings. Go to settings and check speaker or
earpiece volume. It can also be checked during incoming phone calls. If the volume is less then
increase the volume to desired level.
Microphone Problems: If there is problem with the Mic or microphone then there will be
problems during phone call. The person you are talking to will not be able to listen to your
voice. To solve the problem, start by checking microphone setting if any such setting is present.
In most cases, changing or replacing the old faulty microphone with a new one solves the
problem.
Light Problem: If there is less light or some of the LED lights are not working or if there is
no light at all, then start by checking the light and display settings. Adjust the light settings
according to your requirement. If everything is OK and the problem is not solved then open
the mobile phone and check all the LEDs. Change LED if it is faulty.
Headphone Problem: If headphone is not working or there is less sound in the headphone then
you need to check headphone settings first.
Display or Screen Problem: To solve any problem related to screen or display, the first thing
to do is to check settings and adjusts according to requirement. If the problem is not solved the
move on to hardware solution. If the problem is still now solved then move on to software
solution.
SIM Problem: If you are not able to make or receive a phone call with a valid SIM card and
your mobile phone is OK, the check settings first. See if the phone is on Flight Mode or not. If
it is on Flight Mode then change the setting.
Network Problem: If your mobile cell phone has less, week or no network then check Network
Settings. Manually search for available networks and select the desired network provider. If
the problem is not solved then there is problem with the Network Section of the Phone.
Camera, Bluetooth, FM Radio: If there is any problem with any of these the check their
settings first.
90
NOTE: There are several other settings in a mobile cell phone. These include – Mode, Wi-Fi,
VPN, Tethering and Portable Hotspot, Mobile Networks, Data Usage, Call Settings, Sound and
Display Settings, Power Saving Settings, Storage Setting, Battery Setting, Settings for
Applications, Accounts and Sync or Syncing, Location or GPS Services, Security Settings,
Language and Input Setting, Back Up and Reset, Dock or Docking, Date and Time Settings,
Accessibility, Motion Settings etc.
Most people using a mobile cell phone know How to Check Mobile Cell Phone Settings.
Different Models and Phones like Nokia, Samsung, Motorola, LG, iPhone, Android Phone,
China Mobile Phones, they all have different phone setting options. Most phones have separate
settings menu. Just go to MENU and select SETTINGS. Once you have reached SETTINGS,
select the setting you are looking for and change or adjust whatever you need.
2.24 HOW TO OPEN AND DISASSEMBLE A MOBILE CELL PHONE?

How to open and disassemble any mobile cell phone including Nokia,
Samsung, Motorola, China Mobile Phones or any other brand of cell phone from any mobile
cell phone manufacturer is basically same with slight change in the process. Before proceeding
to open and disassemble a mobile cell phone, make sure you have all the required tools for
mobile repairing. The tools you will need are:
1. T5, T6 and Forehead Precision Screwdriver. A screwdriver set or kit can be very useful.
These screwdrivers must have magnetic tip.
2. Mobil Phone Opener
3. Tweezers
91
4. Antistatic Wrist Strap

5. Antistatic Hand Gloves
6. Antistatic or ESD-Safe Mat
7. ESD-Safe Apron
8. ESD-Safe Footwear
NOTE: It is very important to use only Antistatic or ESD-Safe tools to open and disassemble
a mobile cell phone because parts inside a mobile phone are very sensitive to static electricity
and can get damaged if precaution is not taken to prevent static electricity.
Step by Step Instructions

1. Take OFF and remove the battery cover and back facial of the mobile phone. You should
use a mobile opener tool to remove the back Facia.
2. Remove the battery, SIM card and memory card.
3. You will find several small screws at the back. Using suitable screwdriver, unscrew and
remove all the screws and keep them in a safe box. These screws must be kept very
carefully so that they do not get lost.
4. Once all the screws are open, remove the front cover or the front Facia of the mobile
phone.
5. Now you have the internal Facia or skeleton of the mobile phone. It is attached to
the mobile phone PCB with screws. Unscrew and open all the screws.
6. Remove connectors for display and camera and pull the display and the camera out.
92
2.25 HOW TO SOLVE DISPLAY FAULT IN ANY MOBILE CELL PHONE?

What is Display in a Mobile Cell Phone?
Display in a mobile cell phone is an electronic component or part that helps see all
programs in a mobile phone. Display is available in different sizes. Display is controlled by the
CPU. In some Mobile Phones there is an Interface IC called Display IC between Display and
CPU.
Types of Faults or Problems with Display in any Mobile Cell Phone

 Display is blank.
 Display not working properly.
 Only Half Display Works.
 White Display.
 Display Upside Down.
 Display is Broken.
93
 When the Mobile Phone is Switched ON, the Logo Appears and then the Display
Disappears.
1. Clean Display Tips and Display Connector.

2. Resold the Display Connector.
3. Change the Display.
4. Check Display Track.
5. Resold or Change the Display IC.
Note:
 In some slider mobile phone sets, if there is Display problem then it is mainly because of
faulty Display Track. Change the track to solve the problem.
 If the Display is upside down OR only half Display OR the Display is broken then change
the Display.
 If there is white Display and the display is changed but the problem is not solved then
RELOAD SOFTWARE.
 In some mobile phones like Nokia 6600, N72 etc, when the set is Switched ON, the Nokia
Logo appears and then the Display disappears. This is problem of BOOT IC. Change the
BOOT IC to solve the problem.
2.26 HOW TO SOLVE VIBRATOR FAULT IN ANY MOBILE CELL PHONE?

Vibrator is any type of electronic component or part that that vibrates. It is also called
Motor. Vibrator is controlled by Logic IC or Power IC.
Types of Faults or Problems in Mobile Phone Ringer

There can be several types of faults or problems in the ringer of a mobile cell phone:
 Vibrator not working.
 Vibration with interruption.
 Vibration Hangs.
1. Check Vibrator Settings in Mobile Phone. Check if Vibrator is ON or OFF.

2. If the problem is not solved then open the mobile cell phone and clean vibrator tips and
connector.
94
3. If the problem is not solved then check vibrator by keeping the multimeter in Buzzer
Mode. Value must be 8~16 Ohm. If the Value is not between 8~16 Ohm then change the
Vibrator / Motor.
4. If the problem is not solved then check track of vibrator section. Do jumper wherever
required.
5. If the problem is not solved then heat, reball or change the UEM / Logic IC / Power IC.
6. If the problem is still not solved then heat, reball or change the CPU.
2.27 MOBILE PHONE REPAIRING TESTING METHODS

Faults in each part, component or section of a mobile cell phone can be repaired fast by
using following 2 methods at the time of repairing mobile cell phone. These methods can also
be used to find out faulty or damaged parts or components inside a mobile cell phone.
1. Cold Testing Method: When we check the value of resistance using a multimeter at the
time of repairing a fault in any mobile phone, it is called cold testing. There is no need to
give any power supply to the faulty mobile phone from any equipment such as DC Power
Supply or battery during cold testing. Diode Range and Beep Sound from the multimeter
is used to find fault in a mobile cell phone using the cold testing method of mobile phone
repairing. In this testing method, the RED Probe of the multimeter is connected to the
ground of the mobile phone PCB and the BLACK Probe is touched at the testing points of
the mobile phone. During the fault finding and repairing process of each part, component
or section, following correct values will be received:
1. Ear Phone Connector Tip (+ , -): .500 to .700
2. Loud Speaker / Ringer Connector Tip (+,-): .300 to .600
3. Battery Connector Tip (+): .400 to .500
4. Battery Connector Tip (Sense): above .800
5. Display Connector Supply Pins: .250 to .400
6. Display Connector Signal Pins: .500 to .800
7. Camera Connector Supply Pins: .250 to .400
8. Camera Connector Signal Pins: .600 to .900
9. Key Tip (Row and Column): .400 to .800
10. Charger Connector Tip: .600 to .700
11. Vibrator Motor Connector: .40 to .500
12. Power ON / OFF Switch Point (+): .600 to .900
95
13. MIC Connector Tip (Analog MIC) (+,-): .700 to .900

14. Battery Charging Out Point (+,-): .300 to .400
15. SIM Card Connector Pin 1 (VSim): .500 to .700
16. SIM Card Connector Pin 2,3,6: .400 to .800
17. SIM Card Connector Pin 4 (GND): .00 (Beep)
18. Micro SD Card Connector Pin 4: .500 to .600
19. Micro Card Connector Pin 6 (GND): .00 (Beep)
20. Micro Card Connector Pin 1,2,3,5,7,8: .600 to .800
21. RTC: .400 to .500
22. Data RX and TX Pins: .600 to .700
1. Hot Testing: This is the second method of fault finding and repairing any mobile cell
phone. Hot testing method of mobile phone repairing is adopted when the fault cannot be
found or when the phone cannot be repaired using the Cold Testing Method. In this
method, VOLTAGE of damaged part, component or section of a mobile phone is checked.
The fault is found by giving Power Supply to the mobile phone with a Battery of DC
Power Supply Equipment such as DC Power Supply. In this method, DCV (DC Volt)
range of the Multimeter is selected. The BLACK Probe of the multimeter is connected
with the Ground of the Mobile Phone PCB and the RED Probe is touched at the Testing
Points. During Hot Testing method, Voltage of different part or sections should be as
follows (All Values in Volt):
1. Ear Phone Connector Tip (+ , -) during working: .0 to 2.5
2. Loud Speaker / Ringer Connector Tip (+,-) during working: .0 to 2.5
3. Battery Connector Tip (+): 3.7
4. Display Connector Supply Pins: 1.8 to 2.9
5. Display Connector Signal Pins During Working: .0 to 1.8
6. Camera Connector Supply Pins: 1.8 to 2.9
7. Camera Connector Signal Pins During Working: .0 to 1.8
8. Key Tip (Row and Column) One Side: 1.8 to 2.8
9. Charger Connector Tip: 5 to 6
10. Vibrator Motor Connector Tip During Working: 1.9 to 3.6
11. Power ON / OFF Switch Point (+): 3 to 3.6
12. MIC Connector Tip (Analog MIC) (+,-): 1.8 to 3.0
13. Battery Charging Out Point (+,-): 3.7 to 4.2
96
14. SIM Card Connector Pin 1 (VSim) When SIM Connected: 1.8 to 3.0
15. SIM Card Connector Pin 2,3,6 During Working: 0 to 2.8
16. Micro SD Card Connector Pin: 2.8
17. Micro Card Connector Pin 1,2,3,5,7,8: 0 to 2.8
18. Data RX and TX Pins: 1.8 to 2.8
2.28 HOW TO SOLVE NO NETWORK PROBLEM IN ANY MOBILE CELL PHONE?

Network Section in a mobile phone is the section that controls the incoming and
outgoing phone calls. In a mobile cell phone the Network Section is controlled by the Network
IC, PFO and the Antenna. The network section is divided into following 2 parts:
1. RX – Receiving Section
2. TX – Transmitting Section.
Types of Faults or Problems with Network in any Mobile Cell Phone

 There is no network in the mobile phone.
 There is less or weak network signal.
 Sometimes there is signal and sometimes there is no network signal.
 There is network signal for some time and then there is no signal at all.
2.29 HOW TO SOLVE THE NETWORK PROBLEM IN ANY MOBILE CELL

PHONE?
1. Manually search for network. If there is NO Network then there is problem in the Antenna
Switch. Repair or Replace the Antenna Switch to solve the problem.
2. If there is Network after Manual Search but the Home Network could not be selected then
there is problem in the PFO. Repair or change the PFO.
3. If the Network gets disconnected during phone call there repair or change the Network IC.
4. Clean the Antenna Tips and Antenna Point.
5. If there is still Network Problem then Heat or Change the 26 MHz Crystal Oscillator.
6. If the problem is not solved then Heat or Change the Antenna Switch. You can also jumper
if Antenna Switch is not available.
7. Heat, Change or Jumper the PFO if the problem still persists.
8. Heat, Reball or Change the Network IC.
9. Heat, Reball or Change the Power IC.
97
Note:
 If there is Low Network then Jumper the Antenna Socket. Refer to correct diagram to
jumper.
 Check BSI of the Battery.
 If the problem is not solved by Hardware then Reload PM File in the Mobile Phone
using the Software Box.
 In China Mobile Phones, if there is SOS Call, then copy SOS File from another similar
mobile phone and reload it in the mobile phone with Network Problem.
2.30 HOW TO SOLVE SIM FAULT IN ANY MOBILE CELL PHONE?

SIM stands for Subscriber Identification Module. In a mobile cell phone it is
an electronic component or part that helps identification of the User.
Types of Faults or Problems with SIM in any Mobile Cell Phone

 SIM is inserted but still there is a message saying “Insert SIM”.
 The Mobile Phone goes OFFLINE when the SIM Card is inserted.
 SIM works for sometime and then it stops working.
 There is a message that says “Invalid SIM”.
1. Check settings and see if the mobile phone is in Flight Mode or Not. If it is in “Flight
Mode” then change the Mode to Normal.
2. Clean SIM Card Tips and SIM Connector.
3. If the problem is not solved then change the SIM Card and Check.
4. If the problem still persists then Change the SIM Connector.
5. If you still do not find solution to the problem then Check Track of the SIM Section. Refer
to the Diagram of the Particular Model of the Mobile Phone. Books with Diagrams of
Tracks are available in the Market and on the Internet.
6. If the problem is still not solved then Heat or Change the SIM IC.
7. Finally, Heat, Reball or Change the Power IC.
98
Note:
 Check if the IMEI Number of the Mobile Phone is Good or Corrupt. To check the IMEI
Number, Dial *#06#. If the IMEI Number is something like –
35826********220 OR *************??? OR************000? OR ************
***? Then the IMEI Number is Corrupt. Reload the IMEI Number to solve the SIM
Problem.
 Check BSI Point of the Battery. The Middle Pin is the BSI. Change the Battery and
Check. If the Display shows “Not Charging” and at the same time there is SIM Card
Problem then it is caused because of BSI Problem of the Battery or the BSI Track of the
PCB.
 If you need to change the SIM IC and SIM IC is not available then you can do jumper.
The function of the SIM IC is just to complete the circuit.
2.31 HOW TO SOLVE BATTERY CHARGING PROBLEM IN ANY MOBILE CELL PHONE?
Charging Section in a mobile phone is the section that helps to charge the battery. This
section is controlled by the Charging IC or Power IC.
Types of Faults or Problems with Network in any Mobile Cell Phone

 Battery of the mobile phone is not charging at all.
 There is sign of battery charging but the battery is actually not getting charged.
 When the charger is inserted, it shows Not Charging.
 When the charger is connected it shows Bad Connecting Charging.
 When the charger is inserted the mobile phone gets hot.
99
1. Change the charger and check. Voltage must be 5 to 7 Volts.

2. Clean, Resold or Change the Charger Connector.
3. If the problem is not solved then change the Battery and Check.
4. Check Voltage of the Battery Connector using a Multimeter. Voltage must be 1.5 to 3.7
DC Volts.
5. If there is no voltage in the connector then check track of the charging section. Refer to
the diagram of the particular model of the mobile phone. Books with track diagrams are
easily available in the market. The same can also be searched on the internet.
6. If the problem still persists then check Fuse, Coil and Regulator one by one. Change if
required.
7. If the problem is still not solved then Heat or Change the Charging IC.
8. Finally Heat, Reball or Change the Power IC.
Note:
 If the mobile phone shows “NOT CHARGING” then change the Battery and check. If the
problem is not solved then remove the charging regulator (no need to change it). If the
problem is still not solved then change the R22. If the problem is still not solved then
remove the two capacitors above the Battery Connector (No need to change). If the
problem still persists then change the Charging IC.
 If the Hand Set Shows “FALSE CHARGING” then use a 3.6 Volt Zener Diode and do
Direct Charging.
2.32 HOW TO FLASH A ROM TO YOUR ANDROID PHONE?

Android is great, but sometimes, the version you get with your phone—whether its
vanilla Android or something like Samsung's TouchWiz—leaves a bit to be desired. Here's
how to install a new version of Android (or ROM) on your device for an even better Android
experience.
100
What's a ROM?
One of the best things about the openness of the Android platform is that if you're
unhappy with the stock OS, you can install one of many modified versions of Android (called
ROMs) on your device. A new ROM can bring you the latest version of Android before your
manufacturer does, or it can replace your manufacturer-modded version of Android with a
clean, stock version. Or, it can take your existing version and just beef it up with awesome new
features—it's up to you.
If you're familiar with Linux, it's sort of similar to installing a different Linux
distribution. Each version of the OS has a specific goal in mind, and as such differs quite a bit
from the others. Which one you choose is dependent on your priorities and how you use the
device. You'll need to unlock your bootloader and flash a custom recovery (more info on that
here), but once you get the hang of it, it's not too difficult.
There are a lot of different ROMs out there, and if you're looking for a place to
start, check out our list of the five most popular. You can also check out this amazing
chart which compares a ton of ROMs feature-by-feature, which is a great way to find the right
one for you. Even if you have a Nexus phone with pure stock Android, ROMs are a great way
to add new features and conveniences to Android.
Step One: Unlock Your Bootloader and Flash a Custom Recovery

First, let's clear up some confusion: Contrary to popular belief, you do not actually need
to root your phone to flash a ROM—you just need to unlock your bootloader and flash a custom
recovery. However, this process usually goes hand-in-hand with rooting—and most custom
ROMs come with root access—so what you think of as "rooting your phone" is probably what
you're going to have to do first.
Unfortunately, we can't go through this step in detail here, because it's different for
every phone! So, I highly recommend checking out our everything root guide to learn a bit
more about what's involved, what all the different terms mean, and what to watch out for. Then,
search around sites like XDA Developers for instructions on how to unlock the bootloader of
your specific phone, which recovery you should use (usually TWRP or ClockworkMod), and
how to flash it.
101
I also recommend rooting your phone during step one, since it'll make the backup
process in step two easier—and save you some hassle along the way. A lot of methods and
one-click apps will root your phone anyways, so it might be included in the process. Again,
this can vary from phone to phone. (If the instructions require you to flash SuperSU.zip, you
can refer to step three of this guide for info on how to do that—ironically, it's just like flashing
a ROM). When you're done, return here and continue to step two for the rest of the ROMing
process.
Step Two: Make a Backup of Your System, Apps, and Data

Now that you've got a custom recovery on your phone, the first thing you should do—
before you ever make a big change to your system—is back it up. First, we'll make a Nandroid
backup, which is basically a image of your current system. That way, if something goes wrong,
you can restore your phone to exactly the way it was before you started tweaking. This will
save you a lot of hassle if something goes wonky (which, let's be honest, can happen often). To
do this:
1. Reboot your phone and enter recovery mode. This is a bit different on every phone, but
usually involves some permutation of pressing the power and volume buttons at the
same time.
2. Head to the "Backup" or "Nandroid" section of your recovery mode. The default
settings should be fine. If given the option, give your backup a name that helps you
remember what it is (like "Pre-CyanogenMod Backup 01-17-14"). Confirm your
backup and let it run.
3. Wait for the backup to finish. This may take a while.
I also recommend making a second type of backup: your apps and settings. If you just
unlocked your bootloader and wiped your phone, you can skip this step, but any time you flash
a ROM in the future, you'll want to back up your apps first, since you may have to wipe your
phone before you flash. With a backup, you can easily restore those apps and data after flashing,
making the process a lot simpler. We recommend using Titanium Backup.
This is different from a Nandroid backup because it just backs up the apps themselves,
which you can then restore on any ROM you want. Nandroid backups take your entire system
as it is, ROM included.
102
Note that you'll need to be rooted to use Titanium Backup (which is why I recommend
you root in step one). To perform a backup in Titanium:
1. Open Titanium Backup and grant it root permissions if it asks for them. If it experiences
any problems with root, it'll tell you right now.
2. Tap the "Batch" button in the upper right-hand corner (the one that looks like a little
checkbox). Scroll down to the "Backup" section and find "Backup All User Apps." Tap
the "Run" button. This will back up any apps you've downloaded from the Play Store,
and their data. (You can try backing up your system data as well, but I find this usually
doesn't work very well).
3. Wait for it to finish. If you like, you can also sync these to Dropbox as described here,
but you don't have to for this process.
This may seem like a lot of unnecessary backups, but trust me: it's going to save you a
lot of time in the long run. Now if something goes wrong, you have a nandroid backup to fall
back on and don't have to start from scratch. And, when your ROM flashes successfully, you
don't have to start re-downloading and setting up all your apps yourself because you can restore
them with Titanium.
Step Three: Download and Flash the ROM of Your Choice

Now comes the fun part: flashing your ROM. First, obviously, you need to find the
ROM you want. Again, this chart is a good place to start, as is our list of the five most popular.
You may also want to poke around sites like the XDA Developers forums to see what's
available for your particular phone.
When you've found a ROM you want to try, download it and save it to your phone. It
should come in the form of a fairly large ZIP file, so you'll probably want to be on Wi-Fi to
download it. You can either download it directly from your phone, or download it on your
computer and transfer it over via USB.
To flash your ROM:

1. Reboot your phone into Recovery mode, just like we did back when we made our
Nandroid backup.
2. Head to the "Install" or "Install ZIP from SD Card" section of your recovery.
3. Navigate to the ZIP file you downloaded earlier, and select it from the list to flash it.
103
4. Wait for the process to complete; it may take a few minutes.

5. Depending on your situation (see below), you may also need to wipe your data and/or
cache. In TWRP, you'll find this under the "Wipe" section, and in ClockworkMod,
you'll need to either choose the "Wipe Data/Factory Reset" option or the "Wipe Cache
Partition" option. When you're done, you're free to reboot into your new ROM.
So, when should you wipe your data and cache? Here are a few general guidelines:
 If you're flashing a ROM different than the one you're currently running, you should
wipe data and cache. Essentially, this performs a factory reset on your phone, and you
will lose all your data.
 If you're flashing a new version of a ROM you're already running, we recommend
wiping your data and cache—but you should be able to get away with just wiping the
cache, meaning you get to keep all your apps and settings.
Remember, if you backed everything up with Titanium, then doing a factory reset isn't
all that bad, since you can just restore most of it. Keep in mind that even if you're just upgrading
your existing ROM, factory resets can be helpful. If you only wipe your cache, note that a few
apps may run into issues, but reinstalling them or wiping that app's data usually fixes the
problem.
When you reboot, you should be in your shiny new ROM, ready to play! But what?
There's no Play Store? Read on for the last step of the process...
Step Four: Download and Flash Google Apps

Because Google's apps are not open source, custom ROMs can't bundle Google's
apps—like Gmail, Hangouts, or the Play Store—with their ROMs. That means you'll need to
download and flash them separately. Luckily, this is pretty easy to do: just head to this page on
RootzWiki to find out which ZIP file you need, download it to your phone, and flash it just like
you did the ROM in step three. Gapps Manager is also a great app that'll help you find the right
package if you're stuck, and you can download the APK from XDA Developers.
Once you've flashed the latest Google Apps package, you should be all set! You'll have
a new ROM with tons of settings to play with, the Play Store to download new apps, and—if
104
you made a backup with Titanium—you can now head into Titanium Backup and restore all
your apps and their settings. Enjoy!
2.33 MOBILE PHONE REPAIRING TOOLS & EQUIPMENT

When selecting tools and equipment for repairing mobile cell phones, it is important to
select the best tools. Cheap or inexpensive tools and equipment may not be handy when
repairing a mobile phone. On the other hand, best quality little expensive tools and equipment
will help you to repair a mobile phone easily and comfortable. I am personally trained in mobile
cell phone repairing and my personal experience says that we must always select and buy the
best tools available in the market or online. These good quality tools may cost a little more but
in the long term you will be happy that you bought the best tools.
There are hundreds of tools for mobile phone repairing available in the market. It is
important to select the best brand. Below all the tools and equipment needed for mobile cell
phone repairing:
Soldering Iron: Used to solder small components like capacitor, resistor, diode, transistor,
regulator, speaker, microphone, display etc. A 50 watt soldering iron is good enough for most
mobile phone repairing job. When buying a soldering iron, select the one that is easy to hold
and does not burn you hand. The soldering iron must have option to choose and select different
types and shapes of soldering tips or bits. These tips or bits must be replaceable. It must also
be ESD-Safe (Antistatic) because most electronic components in a mobile phone are very
sensitive and can get damaged due to static charge or static electricity. Hakko and Weller are
two world renowned brands who manufacture, sell and export world class soldering irons and
other soldering tools and equipments.
105
Soldering Station: A soldering station has 2 units – a station and an iron. It has option to
control temperature depending on the heat requirement of the soldering job being done. The
soldering iron is attached with the soldering station. It is better and more convenient than
traditional soldering iron. It makes soldering work much easier and faster. When buying a
soldering station for mobile phone repairing one must always select an ESD-Safe (Antistatic)
model. Hakko and Weller are two world renowned brands who manufacture, sell and export
world class soldering irons and other soldering tools and equipments.
1. PCB Holder / PCB Stand: A PCB (Printed Circuit Board) holder or PCB stand is used to
old the PCB of a mobile phone while soldering or repairing. It holds the PCB very strongly and
doesn’t allows it to move thus helping in repairing. Again, it is important and wise to select a
good quality PCB holder rather than a cheaper and inexpensive one.
2. Solder Wire: Solder wire is used to solder electronic components, ICs or jumper.
Composition of most solder wire is Tin / Lead in the ratio 60:40 or 63:37. Since the introduction
of RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) from electronics, more and more companies
are using lead-free solder. Lead-free solder wire is available in many compositions but the most
common composition is Tin / Silver / Copper in the Ratio 96.5:3.0:0.5. Solder wire is available
in different diameters such 2.0mm, 1.5mm, 1.0mm, 0.5mm, 0.2mm etc. For mobile phone
repairing 0.5mm solder wire is best suitable. Kester is a world renowned manufacturer and
supplier of solder wire and other soldering material.
106
3. Thinner or PCB Cleaner: Thinner or PCB cleaner is used to clean the PCB of a mobile
phone. The most common PCB cleaner used in mobile phone repairing is IPA or Isopropyl
Alcohol. It is important to buy only good quality PCB cleaner as poor quality PCB cleaners
can damage the board.
4. Jumper Wire: This is a thin laminated or coated copper wire used to jumper from one point
to another on the track of a mobile phone while repairing. Most people doing the work of
mobile repairing do jumper to solve many problems.
5. Blade Cutter: This is used to remove lamination from jumper wire. It can also be used for
several other purposes.
107
6. Point Cutter: It is used for cutting.
7. Nose Cutter: It is used for cutting.
8. Precision Screwdriver: It is used to remove and tighten screws while assembling and
dissembling a mobile phone. Precision screwdrivers of sizes T4, T5, T6 and forehead are good
for most mobile repairing job.
108
9. Tweezers: These are needed to hold electronic components, ICs, jumper wire etc while
soldering and Desoldering.
10. Brush: These are used for cleaning the PCB of a mobile phone while repairing. It is
important to buy only ESD-Safe cleaning brushes.
11. Multimeter: Used to find faults, check track and components. Always buy a good quality
reliable ESD-Safe digital Multimeter for mobile repairing works.
109
12. Hot Air Blower: It is also called SMD (Surface Mount Device) rework system and SMD
repair system. It has control to regulate or manage temperature and flow or hot air. Always buy
a good quality ESD-Safe hot air blower.
13. Battery Booster: It is used to boost the power of battery of a mobile phone.
14. Ultrasonic Cleaner: Used to clean PCB of a mobile phone and electronic components.
110
15. BGA Kit: Used to Reball and repair ball-type ICs. BGA stands for Ball Grid Array.
16. Magnifying Lamp: It is used to see the magnified view of the PCB of a mobile phone.
Most magnifying lamps also have light. Magnifying lamps are available in different
magnification such as 3x, 4x, 5x, 10x, 50x etc.
17. Mobile Opener: These are used to open the housing or body of a mobile phone.
111
18. DC Power Supply: Regulated DC (Direct Current) power supply is used to supply DC
current to a mobile phone. Most repair person used DC power supply to switch ON a mobile
phone without battery.
19. Liquid Flux: It is used to clean PCB track and legs or pins of electronic components while
soldering. Liquid flux improves quality of soldering. Kester flux is world renowned for good
quality.
20. Paste Flux: This is also used while soldering.
112
21. Solder Paste: This is solder in molted semi-solid form. It looks like paste. Solder paste is
mainly used for Reballing of ICs.
22. Cleaning Sponge: This is used to clean tip of soldering iron while soldering.
23. Desoldering Wire: Desoldering wire or Desolder wire is used to remove excess solder
from track of PCB. Chemtronics is world renowned manufacturer and supplier of Desoldering
wire.
113
24. Screwdriver Kit: It has several screwdrivers of different shapes and sizes to dissemble and
assemble a mobile phone. Aven Tools is a world renowned manufacturer, exporter and supplier
of all kinds of tools and tool kits.
25. IRDA or Infrared Workstation: This machine is similar to hot air blower. Only difference
is that it gives heat through infrared. It is very precise and give heat only where it is needed
thus preventing any damage to nearby electronic components on a PCB.
26. LCD Tester: Used to check whether LCD screen of a mobile phone is faulty or not.
114
27. Microscope: It is used to see a magnified view of PCB or electronic components. These
are available in different zoom options. Many microscopes can also be connected to a computer
or a monitor.
28. Test JIG Box: This device is used to diagnose and find fault or problem in a mobile phone.
It helps the mobile phone to work and function normally outside its case. This helps to test and
check voltage and other test points on the PCB. It simple words it helps the mobile phone to
work without battery.
115
29. Wrist Strap: It is work in the wrist of the person who is repairing a mobile phone. It helps
to discharge or ground static charge thus preventing the PCB or electronic components from
any damage.
30. Antistatic Hand Gloves: It is important to wear ESD-Safe hand gloves while repairing a
mobile phone to prevent PCB and electronic components from static charge.
31. Antistatic Mat: It is laid or placed on the table or workbench where mobile repairing is
done. The mat is grounded using a grounding cord or normal grounding wire. This also prevents
damage from static electricity.
32. Antistatic Apron: It is a dress work by people who repair mobile phones. This also helps
to discharge static electricity.
116
33. Smoke Absorber: This is like an exhaust fan that helps to filter smoke that comes out while
soldering and Desoldering.
34. Battery Tester: This device is used to test and analyze status or condition of battery of a
mobile cell phone.
**********************
117

A Handbook On CCTV Installation and Cellphone Servicing PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

A Handbook On CCTV Installation and Cellphone Servicing PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

A HANDBOOK ON CCTV CAMERA

INSTALLATION AND CELLPHONE

Dr. D. MAHESH KUMAR

PSG COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE

1. CCTV CAMERA INSTALLATION …………………………………………. 1

2. CELLPHONE SERVICING …………………………………………. 50

1. CCTV CAMERA INSTALLATION

Surveillance is the monitoring of the behavior, activities or other changing information,

1.2 SOME DEFINITIONS OF CCTV

1.3 LOCATION SURVEY

1.4 SYSTEM DESIGN

The function of the observation or surveillance can include:

(c) Determination of the zones or objects requiring surveillance.

1.5 SYSTEM DESIGN PROPOSAL

1.6 INSTALLATION PLANNING

Location Survey Site Installation Planning

Test and Commission

1.7 CCTV INSTALLATION

1.8 TEST AND COMMISSION

1.9 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CCTV CAMERA

Dark Fighter Technology Cameras

Other benefits of dark fighter technology cameras include:

Other benefits of ANPR/LPR cameras include:

Internal and External Dome Camera

Other benefits of internal and external dome cameras include:

Other benefits of bullet cameras include:

Other benefits of C-mount cameras include:

Other benefits of day/night cameras include:

PTZ Pan Tilt & Zoom Camera

Other benefits of PTZ cameras include:

Other benefits of discreet CCTV cameras include:

Thermal Image Cameras/Infrared Cameras

Other benefits of infrared cameras include:

Other benefits of varifocal cameras include:

Other benefits of network cameras include:

High Definition Cameras

Other benefits of high definition cameras include:

1.10 THREE FACTORS YOU NEED TO CONSIDER WHILE BUYING A CAMERA:

2. The correct sensor

3. The correct output resolution

1.11 TYPES OF CCTV SYSTEMS

2. Main Powered CCTV System:

3. Systems with Video Recording:

1.13 HOW DO I INSTALL CCTV CAMERAS STEP BY STEP?

Installing CCTV Cameras with 7 Simple Steps

The Installation Process by 7 steps

So instead of mounting it on an outside wall, perhaps mount it on your front porch’s

Step Two: Prepare the Camera Installation

Prepare the Camera Installation

Step Three: Run Cables to Each Camera Location

Run Cables to Each Camera Location

Step Four: Run the Cables to the DVR Box

Step Five: Install the Cameras

Step Six: Connect Everything Together

Connect Everything Together

Step Seven: Set Up the User Interface

Set Up the CCTV Camera User Interface

1.14 IP CAMERA INSTALLATION

1.15 DVR SETUP

Then double-click the corresponding connection that corresponds to the camera

1.16 IP CAMERA SETUP

The Mask Address should be at 255.255.255.0