2015 Bookmatter Thermal-HydraulicAnalysisOfNuc PDF

Appendix
Appendix A: Table and Graph Compilations
Our objective here is to study the temperature, and thus the flow of heat, in a graphlike, physical
object. The continuous eigenvalue problem that arises is related to a discrete graph eigenvalue
problem, and the interplay between continuous and discrete illuminates both. In particular, the
eigenvalues and eigenvectors have a specific physical interpretation.
# Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 573

B. Zohuri, N. Fathi, Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis of Nuclear Reactors,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-17434-1
574 Appendix
A.1 Conduction Graphs
Some heat conduction graphs are shown in this appendix as follows (Figs. A.1, A.2, A.3, and A.4):
Temperature, °C
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
1000
1000
500
Silver
Copper
200
Gold
Magnesium Aluminum
100
Zinc
100
50
Liquid sodium
Iron (pure)
Tin
Lead Wrought iron (c < 0.5
20 percent)
10 Type 430 stainless steel

Thermal conductivity, Btu/h . ft . °F
Mercury
Thermal conductivity, w/m . °C

10
5
UO2 (dense)
2
ZrO2 (dense)
1
1
0.5 Water (l
iq uid)
3000°F high-alumina brick
0.2 2800°F high-alumina bric

k
Asbestos (36 lb/ft2)
0.1 Kerosene
SAE 10 petroleum 3 )
0 lb/ft
lubricating oil oose, 1
0.05 wool (l 0.1
Rock
as) Air (gas)
NH 3 (g
0.02 Argon (gas)
Steam (H2O vapor)
0.01
) 0.01
0.005 (gas
n-11
Freo
0.002
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperature, °F
Fig. A.1 Thermal conductivity of typical engineering materials1

Appendix 575
Temperature, °C
–273 260 250 240 230 220 –210 –200 –190 –180
10,000
8000
6000 10,000
5000
8000
4000
6000
3000
4000
Thermal conductivity, W/m . ft. °C

Thermal conductivity, Btu/h . ft. °F
2000
Cop
Alu
Sil
per m
Tun
min
ver
Go
u
gst
2000
ld
en
1000
800
600 1000
500
800
400
600
300
400
Pla
Iro
200
n
ti
num
200
100
460 440 420 400 380 – 360 – 340 – 320 – 300 – 280
Temperature, °F
Fig. A.2 Thermal conductivity of metals at low temperatures1

576 Appendix
Fig. A.3 Heat transfer Flow rate, kg/m2 . s

coefficient for turbulent 1 10 100 1000
flow of water and air at 3000
200 F in tubes 10,000
1000
5000
Water at 200°F (93.3°C)
under turbulent
Heat transfer coefficient, Btu/h . ft2 . °F

flow in a tube 2000
Heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 . °C

ID = 0.1 in
= 0.5 in
= 1.0 in 1000
100
500
200
Air at 200 °F (93.3°C)
under turbulent
flow in a tube 100
ID = 0.1 in
10 = 0.5 in
= 1.0 in 50
20
10
1
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Flow rate, lb/ft2 .s
Appendix 577
Temperature, °C
0 100 200
20
H2
10
9
8
7
6
He
5
2 CH 4
ter
Wa
1.0 Air
0.9
0.8 CO 2
0.7
Argon
0.6
0.5
0.4
ine
0.3 sol
Ga
,A
m
her
wt
0.2 Do
Freon 114
0.1
0.09
0.08
01
E-
0.07
SA
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
Liquids
Gases
0.01
0 200 400
Temperature, °F
Fig. A.4 Correction factor for Fig. A.3 to illustrate variation in h with type of fluid and temperature
Appendix
Appendix B: Physical Property Tables
In this appendix, you will find the physical properties of gases at atmospheric pressure and those of
saturated liquids.
More extensive tabulation of physical property data is available in reference books such as the
following:
• Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, edited by R. H. Perry and D. W. Green, McGraw-Hill,

New York.
• CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
• Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry, J. A. Dean, McGraw-Hill, New York.
• Chemical Properties Handbook, C. L. Yaws (1999) McGraw-Hill, New York.
• Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Evaluated
• Process Design Data, T. E. Daubert et al. (1999) Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia.
• NIST Chemistry Webbook, edited by P. J. Linstrom and W. G. Mallard (2005)
• National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. (http.//webbook.nist.gov)
• The Knovel scientific and engineering online database (www.knovel.com) provides searchable
access to many reference books but requires a subscription.
The data in this appendix were compiled from these and other sources. For critical applications,
you should consult one or more of the original sources.
Section B.1: Temperature and Enthalpy of Phase Change
B.1 Atomic Mass and Number of the First 100 Elements (Table B.1)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-17434-1
Table B.1 Atomic mass and number of first 100 elements
Atomic Atomic Atomic Atomic
Element Symbol number mass Element Symbol number mass
Hydrogen H 1 1.00794 Oxygen O 8 15.9994
Helium He 2 4.00260 Fluorine F 9 18.99840
Lithium Li 3 6.941 Neon Ne 10 20.1797
Beryllium Be 4 9.012182 Sodium Na 11 22.989768
Boron B 5 10.811 Magnesium Mg 12 24.3050
Carbon C 6 12.011 Aluminum Al 13 26.981539
Nitrogen N 7 14.00674 Silicon Si 14 28.0855
Phosphorus P 15 30.97362 Cadmium Cd 48 112.411
Sulfur S 16 32.066 Indium In 49 114.82
Chlorine Cl 17 35.4527 Tin Sn 50 118.71
Argon Ar 18 39.948 Antimony Sb 51 121.75
Potassium K 19 39.0983 Tellurium Te 52 127.60
Calcium Ca 20 40.078 Iodine I 53 126.90447
Scandium Sc 21 44.95591 Xenon Xe 54 131.29
Titanium Ti 22 47.88 Cesium Cs 55 132.90543
Vanadium V 23 50.9415 Barium Ba 56 137.327
Chromium Cr 24 51.9961 Lanthanum La 57 138.9055
Manganese Mn 25 54.93085 Cerium Ce 58 140.115
Iron Fe 26 55.847 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.90765
Cobalt Co 27 58.9332 Neodymium Nd 60 144.24
Nickel Ni 28 58.69 Promethium Pm 61 (145)
Copper Cu 29 63.546 Samarium Sm 62 150.36
Zinc Zn 30 65.39 Europium Eu 63 151.965
Gallium Ga 31 69.723 Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25
Germanium Ge 32 72.61 Terbium Tb 65 158.92534
Arsenic As 33 74.92159 Dysprosium Dy 66 162.50
Selenium Se 34 78.96 Holmium Ho 67 164.93032
Bromine Br 35 79.904 Erbium Er 68 167.26
Krypton Kr 36 83.80 Thulium Tm 69 168.93421
Rubidium Rb 37 85.4678 Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04
Strontium Sr 38 87.62 Lutetium Lu 71 174.967
Yttrium Y 39 88.90585 Hafnium Hf 72 178.49
Zirconium Zr 40 91.224 Tantalum Ta 73 180.9479
Niobium Nb 41 92.90638 Wolfram W 74 183.85
Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 Rhenium Re 75 186.207
Technetium Tc 43 (98) Osmium Os 76 190.2
Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07 Iridium Ir 77 192.22
Rhodium Rh 45 102.9055 Platinum Pt 78 195.09
Palladium Pd 46 106.42 Gold Au 79 196.96654
Silver Ag 47 107.8682 Mercury Hg 80 200.59
Thallium Tl 81 204.3833 Protactinium Pa 91 231.03588
Lead Pb 82 207.2 Uranium U 92 238.0289
Bismuth Bi 83 208.98037 Neptunium Np 93 237.0482
Polonium Po 84 (209) Plutonium Pu 94 (244)
Astatine At 85 (210) Americium Am 95 (243)
Radon Rn 86 (222) Curium Cm 96 (247)
Francium Fr 87 (223) Berkelium Bk 97 (247)
Radium Ra 88 226.025 Californium Cf 98 (251)
Actinium Ac 89 227.028 Einsteinium Es 99 (252)
Thorium Th 90 232.0381 Fermium Fm 100 (257)
Mass numbers in parentheses are those for the most stable or best known isotope.
Source: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 70th edn.; Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 6th edn.
Appendix 581
B.2: Nonideal Gas Model Equation and Critical Properties
One way to write the ideal gas law is
PV^
¼ 1; (Eq. B.1)
RT
where P ¼ pressure, T ¼ temperature, R ¼ ideal gas constant, and V^ ¼ specific molar

volume ðvolume per moleÞ. The ideal gas law is a very useful model equation for calculating specific
volumes (or, equivalently, densities) of gases at low to moderate pressures. For accurate calculations
at higher pressures, either experimental data or more complicated model equations are required.
Many such equations have been proposed; Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook or any
chemical engineering thermodynamics textbook is a good source of information. Although differing
in detail and complexity, these equations share the common feature of calculating a value for the
compressibility factor Z, where
PV^
Z¼ : (Eq. B.2)
RT
For an ideal gas, Z ¼ 1. Most of the time, for real gases, Z < 1. (You will typically see values of
roughly 0.7 < Z < 1.) One of the most widely used model equations for predicting specific volumes
of real gases is the Redlich–Kwong equation:

Z 3 Z2 þ A B2 B Z AB ¼ 0; (Eq. B.3)
where
aP Ωa R2 T 2:5 1
A¼ a¼ c
Ωa ¼ p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 2:5
R T Pc 9 213
p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi :
bP Ωb RT c 3
21
B¼ , b¼ , Ωb ¼
RT Pc 3
Knowing just the critical temperature T and critical pressure Pc for the compound of interest is sufficient
to calculate Z (and, hence, specific volume or density) for that gas at a given T and P. Since the
Redlich–Kwong equation is a cubic equation, there are three roots. The largest real root is the correct
value of Z for a gas. Critical temperatures and pressures for selected compounds are in Table B.2.
Convert Tc to an absolute temperature scale before using it in the Redlich–Kwong equation.
Table B.2 Critical temperature Tc and critical pressure Pc of selected compounds

Compound Formula Tc ( C) Pc (atm) Compound Formula Tc ( C) Pc (atm)
Acetaldehyde C2H4O 188.0 Carbon CS2 273.0 76.0
disulfide
Acetic acid C2H4O2 321.6 57.2 Carbon CO 139 35.0
monoxide
Acetic C4H6O3 296.0 46.0 Chlorine Cl2 144.0 76.1
anhydride
Acetone C3H6O 235.0 47.0 Diethylamine (C2H5)2NH 223.5 36.2
Acetonitrile C2H3N 274.7 47.7 Dimethylamine (CH3)2NH 164.6 51.7
Acetylene C2H2 36.0 62.0 Ethane C2H6 32.1 48.8
(continued)
582 Appendix
Table B.2 (continued)

Compound Formula Tc ( C) Pc (atm) Compound Formula Tc ( C) Pc (atm)
Air – 140.7 37.2 Ethyl acetate CH3COOC2H5 250.1 37.8
Ammonia NH3 132.4 111.5 Ethanol C2H5OH 243.1 63.1
Argon Ar 122 48.0 Ethylene C2H4 9.7 50.5
Benzene C6H6 288.5 47.7 Ethylene oxide C2H4O 192.0 –
Bromine Br2 311 102 Fluorine F 155 25.0
Butadiene, C4H6 152 42.7 Helium He 267.9 2.26
1,3
n-Butane C4H10 153 36.0 Heptane C2H16 266.8 26.8
Carbon CO2 31.1 73.0 Hydrazine N2H4 380.0 145.0
dioxide
Hydrogen H2 239.9 12.8 n-Pentane C5H12 197.2 33.0
Hydrogen HCI 51.4 81.6 Phenol C6H5OH 419.0 60.5
chloride
Hydrogen HCN 183.5 53.2 Phosgene COCl2 182.0 56.0
cyanide
Hydrogen H2S 100.4 88.9 n-Propane C3H8 96.8 42.0
sulfide
Isobutane C4H10 134.0 37.0 Propionic acid C2H5COOH 339.5 53.0
Isopentane C5H12 187.8 32.8 n-Propanol C3H7OH 263.7 49.95
Mercury Hg >1550 >200 Propylene C3H6 92.3 45.0
Methyl CH3COOCH3 233.7 46.3 Pyridine C6H5N 344.0 60.0
acetate
Methanol CH3OH 240.0 78.7 Radon Rn 104.0 62.0
Methyl ethyl CH3OC2H5 164.7 43.4 Sodium Na 2546 343
ether
Neon Ne 228.7 25.9 Silicon SiF4 1.5 50.0
tetrafluoride
Nitric oxide NO 94.0 65.0 Sulfur dioxide SO2 157.2 77.7
Nitrogen N2 147.1 33.5 Sulfur trioxide SO3 218.3 83.6
Nitrogen N2O4 158.0 100 Toluene C6H5CH3 320.6 41.6
tetroxide
Nitrous oxide N2O 36.5 71.7 Triethylamine (C2H5)3N 262.0 30.0
n-Octane C8H18 296.0 24.6 Trimethylamine (CH3)3N 161.0 41.0
Oxygen O2 118.8 49.7 Water H2O 374.15 218.4
To convert to T (K), add 273.15.
To convert to P (bar), divide by 1.01325.
Source: Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 6th edn.
B.2 Critical Temperature Tc and Critical Pressure Pc of Selected Compounds
Section B.3: Gibbs Energy, Enthalpy of Formation, and Enthalpy of Combustion
The standard Gibbs energy of formation is useful for calculating the Gibbs energy change with
reaction at 298 K, as in the following equation (Eq. B.4):
X
ô¼
ΔG ô :
vi ΔG (Eq. B.4)
r i, f
To a good approximation, we can calculate the Gibbs energy change at any temperature T using the
van’t Hoff expression, as in the following equation (Eq. B.5):
Appendix 583
" #
ΔGô 1 ΔG^ o ΔH^ ro ΔH
^ ro
ln K a, r ¼ r
¼ r
; (Eq. B.5)
RT R 298 T
where
X
ô¼
ΔH ô
vi Δ H
r i, f
or
X
ô¼
ΔH ô:
vi Δ H
r i, c
B.3 Standard Gibbs Energy of Formation DĜfo, Enthalpy of Formation DĤfo,

and Enthalpy of Combustion at 298 K (Table B.3)

Table B.3 Standard Gibbs energy of formation DĜf , enthalpy of formation DĤf , and enthalpy of combustion DĤc
at 298 K

Compound Formula ΔĜf (kJ/gmol) ΔĤf (kJ/gmol) ΔĤc (kJ/gmol)
Acetaldehyde (g) C2H4O 133.1 166.2 1104.5
Acetic acid (g) C2H4O2 374.6 432.8 814.6
(l) – 392.5 486.18 –
Acetic anhydride (g) C4H6O3 473.4 572.5 1675
Acetone (g) C3H6O 151.3 215.7 1659
(l) – 155.5 248.2 –
Acetonitrile (g) C2H3N 91.868 74.04 1190.4
Acetylene (g) C2H2 210.68 228.2 1257
Adipic acid (l) C6H10O4 985.4 741.3 –
Ammonia (g) NH3 16.6 46.15 316.8
Ammonium nitrate (s) N2H5NO3 – 251.58 –
(aq) – 28.9 215.1 –
Argon (g) Ar 0 0 0
Benzene (g) C6H6 129.6 82.88 3136
Butadiene, 1,3 (g) C4H6 149.7 109.24 2409
n-Butane (g) C4H10 15.707 124.73 2657.3
Calcium carbonate (s) CaCO3 1133.0 1211.3 –
Calcium chloride (s) CaCl2 752.28 797.47 –
Carbon dioxide (g) CO2 394.37 393.5 0
Carbon disulfide (g) CS2 66.8 116.9 1076.9
Carbon monoxide (g) CO 137.27 110.53 283
Carbonyl sulfide (g) COS 165.5 141.5 –
Chlorine (g) Cl2 0 0 0
Chlorobenzene (l) C6H5Cl 89.2 11.5 –
Chloroform (g) CHCl3 103.61 70.1 –
Cyclohexane (g) C6H12 31.8 123.1 –
(l) – 26.7 156.2 –
Diethylamine (g) (C2H5)2NH 73.08 71.42 2800.3
Diethylether (g) (C2H5)2O – 252.7 –
(l) – 116.1 272.8 –
Dimelhylamine (g) (CH3)2NH 68.0 18.6 –
Dimethyl carbonate (l) C3H6O3 482 365 –
Dimethylether (g) (CH3)2O 109.0 184.1 28.84
Ethane (g) C2H6 31.92 83.82 1428.6
(continued)
584 Appendix

Ethanol (g) C2H5OH 167.85 234.95 1235
(l) – 174.72 277.61 –
Ethyl acetate (g) CH3COOC2H5 328.0 444.5 2061
(l) – 318.4 463.3 –
Ethylamine (g) C2H5NH2 36.16 47.15 1587.4
Ethylbenzene (g) C8H10 130.73 29.92 4345
(l) – 119.7 12.5 –
Ethylene (g) C2H4 68.44 52.51 1323
Ethylene glycol (g) C2HO2 302.6 387.5 1059
(l) – 319.8 451.5 –
Ethylene oxide (g) C2H4O 13.23 52.63 1218
Formaldehyde (g) CH2O 102.6 108.6 526.3
Formic acid (g) CH2O2 351.0 378.6 211.5
Gallium nitride (s) GaN – 109.6 –
Glycerol (glycerin) (g) C3HgO3 – 577.9 –
(l) – 475.5 665.9 –
n-Heptane (g) C7H16 8.165 187.8 4464.7
(l) – 1.757 224.4 –
Hexamethylenediamine (g) C6H16N2 120.96 127.9 –
n-Hexane (g) C6H14 0.066 166.94 3855.1
(l) – 3.81 198.8 –
Hydrazine (g) N2H4 159.17 95.353 5342
(l) – – 50.46 –
Hydrogen (g) H2 0 0 0
Hydrogen chloride (g) HCl 95.30 92.31 28.6
Hydrogen peroxide (g) H2O2 105.48 136.11 –
(l) – 118.11 188.95 –
Hydrogen cyanide (g) HCN 124.7 135.14 623.3
Hydrogen sulfide (g) H2S 32.84 19.96 –
Iron oxide (ferrous) (s) FeO 243.45 270.37 –
(Ferric, hematite) (s) Fe2O3 749.35 830.5 –
(Magnetite) (s) Fe3O4 1013.8 1116.7 –
Isobutane (g) C4H10 20.76 131.418 2649
Isobutene (g) C4H8 70.27 0.54 2540.8
Isopentane (g) C5H12 14.05 153.7 3239.5
Magnesium chloride (s) MgCl2 601.5 641.1
Methane (g) CH4 50.49 74.52 802.6
Methyl acetate (g) CH3COOCH3 – 410.0 –
Methanol (g) CH3OH 162.32 200.94 –
(l) – 166.12 238.655 638.46
Methoxyethane CH3OC2H5 117.1 216.4 1931.4
Naphthalene (g) C8H10 224.08 150.58 498.09
Nitric acid (g) HNO3 73.51 133.85 –
(l) – 79.91 173.22 –
Nitric oxide (g) NO 86.57 90.25 90.2
Nitroglycerin C3H5(NO3)3 – 279.1 –
Nitrogen (g) N2 0 0 0
Nitrogen dioxide (g) NO2 51.3 33.3 –
Nitrogen tetroxide (g) N2O4 97.95 9.33 –
Nitrous oxide (g) N2O 104.16 82.05 82
n-Octane (g) C8H18 16.0 208.75 5074.2
(continued)
Appendix 585

(l) – 7.4 249.95 –
Oxygen (g) O2 0 0 0
n-Pentane (g) C5H12 8.81 146.76 3244.9
(l) – 9.25 173.05 –
Phenol (g) C6H5OH 32.637 96.399 2921
(l) – 46.11 158.16 –
Phosgene (g) COCl2 206.8 220.1 –
n-Propane (g) C3H8 24.39 104.68 2043.1
Propionic acid (g) C2H5COOH 366.7 453.5 1395
(l) – 383.5 509.2 –
n-Propanol (g) C3H7OH 159.9 255.2 1843.8
(l) – 166.69 300.70 –
Propylene (g) C3H6 62.15 19.71 1925.7
Silicon tetrachloride (l) SiCl4 560.24 627 –
Silicon dioxide (c, quartz) SiO2 796.6 850.8 –
Sodium bonohydride (aq) NaBH4 147.61 199.6 –
Sodium carbonate (c) Na2CO3 1044.12 1127.42 –
Sodium chloride (c) NaCl 384.485 411.375 –
Sodium cyanide (c) NaCN – 94.0 –
Sodium hydroxide (s) NaOH 379.4 425.9 –
(aq) – 419.2 469.15 –
Sodium metaborate (aq) NaBO2 940.81 1012.49 –
Styrene C8H8 213.9 147.4 4219
Sulfur dioxide (g) SO2 299.9 296.81 0
Sulfur trioxide (g) SO3 370.66 394.93 –
Sulfuric acid (l) H2SO4 – 810.4 –
(aq) – – 887.1 –
Toluene (g) C6H5CH3 122.0 50.17 3734
(l) – 114.148 11.996 –
Triethylamine (g) (C2H5)3N 114.1 95.8 4040.5
Trimethylamine (CH3)3N 98.99 243.1 2244.9
Trinitrotoluene (g) C7H5(NO2)3 – 24.1 –
(s) – – 65.6 –
Urea (g) (NH2)2CO 152.7 235.5 –
(l) – 194.3 324.5 –
(s) – 196.8 333.6 –
Vinyl chloride (g) C2H3Cl 41.95 28.45 1178
Water (g) H2O 228.59 241.83 0
(l) – 237.19 285.84 44.0
o-Xylene (g) C8H10 122.2 19.08 4333.0
(l) – 110.33 24.44 –
m-Xylene (g) C8H10 118.76 17.32 4331.8
(l) – 107.654 25.418 –
p-Xylene (g) C8H10 121.4 18.03 4333.0
(l) – 110.08 24.246 –

ΔĤc is the enthalpy change associated with combustion of the compound

in the gas phase, with CO2 (g), H2O (g), Cl2
(g), N2 (g), and SO2 (g) as products. With H2O (l) as product, ΔĤc decreases (becomes more negative) by 44.0n kJ/
gmol, where n is the number of moles of H2O. ΔH ^ is sometimes called the lower heating value with water vapor and
c
the higher heating value with liquid water as the product.
Source: Compiled from data in Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 6th and 7th editions, Lange’s Handbook of
Chemistry, 14th edn., and NIST Chemistry Webbook
586 Appendix
Section B.4: Antoine Equation Constants
The Antoine equation, given as

B
log10 Psat ðmmHgÞ ¼ A ; (Eq. B.6)
T ð CÞ þ C
is a useful equation for modeling saturation pressures of liquids and solids. The constants should not be
used outside the indicated temperature range.
B.4 Antoine Equation Constants for Selected Compounds (Table B.4)
Table B.4 Antoine equation constants for selected compounds

Compound Formula Range ( C) A B C
Acetaldehyde CH3CHO 45 to +70 8.0055 1600 291.8
Acetic acid CH3COOH – 7.38782 1533.313 222.309
Acetic anhydride C4H6O3 – 7.14948 1444.718 199.817
Acetone CH3COCH3 – 7.02447 1161.0 224
Acetonitrile CH3CN – 7.11988 1314.4 230
Acrylonitrile C3H3N 20 to +140 7.03855 1232.53 222.47
Ammonia NH3 83 to +60 7.36050 926.132 240.17
Benzene C6H6 +8 to 103 6.90565 1211.033 220.790
Benzoic acid C6H5COOH 96–250 7.3533 1771.4 145.67
Bromine Br2 – 6.87780 1119.68 221.38
n-Butanol C4H9OH +15 to +131 7.47680 1362.39 178.77
Butadiene, 1,3 C4H6 58 to +15 6.84999 930.546 238.854
Carbon disulfide CS2 3–80 6.94279 1169.11 241.59
Chlorine Cl2 – 6.93790 861.34 246.33
Chloroform CHCl3 35 to 61 6.4934 929.44 196.03
Diethanolamine (C2H5O)2NH 194–241 8.1388 2327.9 174.4
Diethylamine (C2H5)2NH 31–61 5.8016 583.30 144.1
Dimethylamine (CH3)2NH 72 to +6.9 7.08212 960.242 221.67
Ethanol C2H5OH 2 to +100 8.04494 1554.3 222.65
Ethanolamine C2H7ON 65–171 7.4568 1577.67 173.37
Ethyl acetate CH3COOC2H5 15–76 7.10179 1244.95 217.88
Ethylamine C2H5NH2 20 to +90 7.05413 987.31 220.0
Ethylbenzene C8H10 26–164 6.95719 1424.255 213.21
Ethylene glycol C2H6O2 50–200 8.0908 2088.9 203.5
Ethylene oxide C2H4O 49 to +12 7.12843 1054.54 237.76
Formic acid CH2O2 37–101 7.5818 1699.2 260.7
Glycerol C3H8O3 183–260 6.165 1036 28
n-Heptane C7H16 2 to +124 6.89677 1264.90 216.54
n-Hexane C6H14 25 to 92 6.87601 1171.17 224.41
Hydrogen cyanide HCN 16 to 46 7.5282 1329.5 260.4
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 – 7.96917 1886.76 220.6
Isopentane C5H12 – 6.78967 1020.012 233.097
Isopropanol C3H7OH 0–100 8.11778 1580.92 219.61
Lactic aeid C3H6O3 8.06 1823.7 134
(continued)
Appendix 587

Compound Formula Range ( C) A B C
Methanol CH3OH 14 to 65 7.89750 1474.08 229.13
65–110 7.97328 1515.14 232.85
Methyl acetate CH3COOCH3 1–56 7.0652 1157.63 219.73
Methyl ethyl ketone CH3COC2H5 – 6.97 1210 216
Naphthalene (s) C10H8 86–250 7.01065 1733.71 201.86
(l) – 125–218 6.8181 1585.86 184.82
Nitrogen N2 – 6.49457 255.68 266.55
n-Octane C8H18 19–152 6.91868 1351.99 209.15
Oxygen O2 6.69144 319.013 266.697
n-Pentane C5H12 50 to 58 6.85221 1064.63 233.01
Phosgene COCl2 68 to 68 6.84297 941.25 230
Phenol C6H5OH 107–182 7.133 1516.79 174.95
n-Propanol C3H7OH 2–120 7.84767 1499.21 204.64
Propionic acid C2H5COOH 56–139 6.403 950.2 130.3
Silicon tetrachloride SiCl4 0–53 6.85726 1138.92 228.88
Styrene C8H8 32–82 7.14016 1574.51 224.09
Tetramethyl lead C4H12Pb 0–60 6.9377 1335.3 219.1
Toluene C7H8 6–137 6.95464 1344.8 219.48
Water H2O 0–60 8.10765 1750.286 235.0
60–150 7.96681 1668.21 228.0
n-Xylene C8H10 32–172 6.99891 1474.679 213.69
m-Xylene C8H10 28–166 7.00908 1462.266 215.11
p-Xylene C8H10 27–166 6.99052 1453.43 215.31
Source: Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry, 14th edn., and NIST Chemistry Webbook
Section B.5: Phase Equilibrium Data

yiP
B.5 Henry’s Law Constant (atm), Hi ¼ xi ¼ Pxii , for Gas Dissolved in Water (Table B.5)
Table B.5 Henry’s law constant (atm), Hi ¼ y i p =x i ¼ pi =x i , for gas dissolved in water
0 C 10 C 20 C 30 C 40 C 50 C
He 129,000 126,000 125,000 124,000 121,000 115,000
H2 57,900 63,600 68,300 72,900 75,100 76,500
N2 52,900 66,800 80,400 92,400 104,000 113,000
CO 35,200 44,200 53,600 62,000 69,600 76,100
O2 25,500 32,700 40,100 47,500 53,500 58,800
CH4 22,400 29,700 37,600 44,900 52,000 57,700
C2H6 12,600 18,900 26,300 34,200 42,300 50,000
C2H4 5,520 7,680 10,200 12,700 – –
CO2 728 1,040 1,420 1,860 2,330 2,830
H2S 268 367 483 609 745 884
Adapted from Hines and Maddox, Mass Transfer Fundamentals and Applications, 1985
588 Appendix
B.6 Partial Pressures of SO2 in Equilibrium with Dissolved SO2 in Water (Table B.6)
Table B.6 Partial pressures of SO2 in equilibrium with dissolved SO2 in water
Grams SO2 per 100 g Partial pressure of SO2, pSO2 (mmHg)

water 10 C 20 C 30 C 40 C 50 C 60 C 70 C 80 C 90 C 100 C
0.5 21 29 42 60 83 111 144 182 225 274
1.0 42 59 85 120 164 217 281 356 445 548
1.5 64 90 129 181 247 328 426 543 684 850
2.0 86 123 176 245 333 444 581 756 940 –
2.5 108 157 224 311 421 562 739 956 – –
3.0 130 191 273 378 511 682 897 – – –
3.5 153 227 324 447 603 804 – – – –
4.0 176 264 376 518 698 – – – – –
4.5 199 300 428 588 793 – – – – –
5.0 223 338 482 661 – – – – – –
5.5 247 375 536 733 – – – – – –
6.0 271 411 588 804 – – – – – –
6.5 295 448 642 – – – – – – –
7.0 320 486 698 – – – – – – –
8.0 370 562 806 – – – – – – –
9.0 421 638 – – – – – – – –
10.0 473 714 – – – – – – – –
11.0 526 789 – – – – – – – –
12.0 580 – – – – – – – – –
13.0 635 – – – – – – – – –
14.0 689 – – – – – – – – –
15.0 743 – – – – – – – – –
16.0 799 – – – – – – – – –
B.7 Partial Pressures of NH3 in Equilibrium with Dissolved NH3 in Water (Table B.7)
Table B.7 Partial pressures of NH3 in equilibrium with dissolved NH3 in water
Partial pressure of NH3, pNH3 (mmHg)

Grams NH3 per 100 g solution 0 C 10 C 21 C 32 C 43 C 54 C 65.5 C 77 C 88 C
4.74 13.4 24.3 42.9 70 111 170 247 349 477
9.5 26.9 46 78.6 130 207 315 461 655 –
14.3 46.5 78 134 220 344 520 760 – –
19.1 78 131 221 356 550 – – – –
23.9 138 215 355 563 – – – – –
28.8 221 343 556 – – – – – –
33.7 338 530 – – – – – – –
38.6 462 788 – – – – – – –
43.6 731 – – – – – – – –
Source: Adapted from data in Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 6th edn.
B.8 Solubility of Salts in Water (Table B.8)

Appendix
Table B.8 Solubility of salts in water

Compound Formula 0 C 10 C 20 C 30 C 40 C 50 C 60 C 70 C 80 C 90 C 100 C
Calcium bicarbonate Ca(HCO3)2 16.15 – 16.6 – 17.05 – 17.50 – 17.95 – 18.4
Magnesium chloride MgCl2·6H2O 52.8 53.5 54.5 – 57.5 – 61.0 – 66.0 – 73.0
Potassium nitrate KNO3 13.3 20.9 31.6 45.8 63.9 85.5 110.0 138 169 202 246
Potassium sulfate K2SO4 7.35 9.22 11.11 12.97 14.76 16.50 18.17 19.75 21.4 22.8 24.1
Sodium chloride NaCl 35.7 35.8 36.0 36.3 36.6 37.0 37.3 37.8 38.4 39.0 39.8
Sodium sulfate Na2SO4·10H2O 5.0 9.0 19.4 40.8 – – – – – – –
Na2SO4·7H2O 19.5 30 44 – – – – – – – –
Na2SO4 – – – – 48.8 46.7 45.3 43.7 42.5
Data air listed as grams of anhydrous substance per 100 g water in a saturated liquid solution. The formula shows the solid phase (hydrated or anhydrous) that is in equilibrium
with the saturated solution
589
590 Appendix
B.9 Benzene–Naphthalene Solid–Liquid Equilibrium (Table B.9)
Table B.9 Benzene–naphthalene solid–liquid equilibrium

Mole fraction naphthalene in liquid phase, xn Temperature ( C) Solid phase
0.0 5.5 Benzene
0.023 4 Benzene
0.039 3 Benzene
0.083 0 Benzene
0.135 3 Benzene
0.148 0 Naphthalene
0.17 5 Naphthalene
0.20 10 Naphthalene
0.26 20 Naphthalene
0.34 30 Naphthalene
0.43 40 Naphthalene
0.54 50 Naphthalene
0.67 60 Naphthalene
0.82 70 Naphthalene
1.0 80.2 Naphthalene
Saturated liquid solution of benzene and naphthalene in equilibrium with a single-component solid phase (calculated by
assuming ideal solution behavior and using melting points and enthalpies of melting of pure components.)
B.10 m-Xylene–p-Xylene Solid–Liquid Equilibrium (Table B.10)
Table B.10 m-Xylene-p-xylene solid–liquid equilibrium

Mole fraction
p-xylene in liquid
phase, xp Temperature ( C) Solid phase
0.0 47.2 m-Xylene
0.074 50 m-Xylene
0.125 52 m-Xylene
0.165 45 p-Xylene
0.20 40 p-Xylene
0.285 30 p-Xylene
0.396 20 p-Xylene
0.536 10 p-Xylene
0.71 0 p-Xylene
0.923 10 p-Xylene
1.0 13.2 p-Xylene
Saturated liquid solution of m-xylene and p-xylene in equilibrium with a single-component solid phase (calculated by
assuming ideal solution behavior and using melting points and enthalpies of melting of pure components)
Appendix 591
B.11 Ethanol–Water Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium at 1 atm (Table B.11)
Table B.11 Ethanol–water vapor–liquid equilibrium at 1 atm

Temperature ( C) Mole fraction ethanol in liquid phase, xe Mole fraction ethanol in liquid phase, ye
100.0 0.000 0.000
95.5 0.019 0.17
89.0 0.0721 0.3891
86.7 0.0966 0.4375
85.3 0.1238 0.4704
84.1 0.1661 0.5089
82.7 0.2337 0.5445
82.3 0.2608 0.5580
81.5 0.3273 0.5826
80.7 0.3965 0.6122
79.8 0.5079 0.6564
79.7 0.5198 0.6599
79.3 0.5732 0.6841
78.74 0.6763 0.7385
78.41 0.7472 0.7815
78.15 0.8943 0.8943
B.12 Methanol–Benzene Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium at 1 atm (Table B.12)
Table B.12 Methanol–benzene vapor–liquid equilibrium at 1 atm

Temperature ( C) Mole fraction methanol in liquid phase, xm Mole fraction methanol in liquid phase, ym
70.67 0.026 0.267
66.44 0.050 0.371
62.87 0.088 0.457
60.20 0.164 0.526
58.64 0.333 0.559
58.02 0.549 0.595
58.10 0.699 0.633
58.47 0.782 0.665
59.90 0.898 0.760
62.71 0.973 0.907
592 Appendix
B.13 Water–Acetic Acid–Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium, at 25 oC

(Table B.13)
Table B.13 Water–acetic acid–methyl isobutyl ketone liquid–liquid equilibrium, at 25 C
Weight percentage
Weight % in raffinate in extract
Water Acetic acid MIBK Water Acetic acid MIBK
98.45 0 1.55 2.12 0 97.88
95.46 2.85 1.7 2.80 1.87 95.33
85.8 11.7 2.5 5.4 8.9 85.7
75.7 20.5 3.8 9.2 17.3 73.5
67.8 26.2 6.0 14.5 24.6 60.9
55.0 32.8 12.2 22.0 30.8 47.2
42.9 34.6 22.5 31.0 33.6 35.4
Each row shows the compositions of the raffinate and extract phases at equilibrium
B.14 Ethylbenzene–Styrene-Ethylene Glycol Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium, at 25 oC

(Table B.14)
Table B.14 Ethylbenzene–styrene–ethylene glycol liquid–liquid equilibrium, at 25 C

Weight percentage in raffinate Weight percentage in extract
Ethylbenzene Styrene Ethylene glycol Ethylbenzene Styrene Ethylene glycol
90.56 8.63 0.81 9.85 1.64 88.51
80.40 18.67 0.93 9.31 3.49 87.20
70.49 28.51 1.00 8.72 5.48 85.80
60.93 37.93 1.09 8.07 7.45 84.48
53.55 45.25 1.20 7.35 9.25 83.40
52.96 45.34 1.20 7.35 9.49 83.20
43.29 55.32 1.39 6.30 12.00 81.70
41.51 57.09 1.40 6.06 12.54 81.40
Each row shows the compositions of the raffinate and extract phases at equilibrium
Appendix 593
B.15 Distribution Coefficient, KD ¼ xA,phase II/xA,phase I, for Solute a Distributing

Between Two Immiscible Liquids (Table B.15)
Table B.15 Distribution coefficient, KD ¼ XA, phase II/XA, phase I, for solute a distributing between two immiscible
liquids
Solute A Solvent phase I Solvent phase II KD
Acetic acid Water Methyl acetate 1.273
Aortic acid Water Furfural 0.787 (26.7 C)
Aortic acid Water Heptadccartol 0.312
Aortic acid Water Benzene 0.0328
Aortic acid Water 1-Butanol 1.613 (26.7 C)
Oleic acid Cottonseed oil Propane 0.150 (85 C)
Chlorine Water Carbon tetrachloride 5.0
Bromine Water Carbon tetrachloride 27
Iodine Water Carbon tetrachloride 55
Ammonia Water Carbon tetrachloride 0.0042
Diethylamine Water Chloroform 2.2
Diethylamine Water Benzene 1.8
Diethylamine Water Toluene 0.63
Diethylamine Water Xylene 0.20
Ethanol Water Benzene 0.1191
Ethanol Water Heptadecanol 0.270
Ethanol Water n-Butanol 3.00 (20 C)
Methyl ethyl ketone Water Gasoline 1.686
Methyl ethyl ketone Water 2-Methyl furan 84.0
Penicillin F Water (pH 6.0) Amyl acetate 0.06
Penicillin F Water (pH 4.0) Amyl acetate 32
Data at 25 C unless otherwise noted. Reliable only at dilute solute concentrations
Compiled from data in Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 6th edn., Biochemical and Biotechnology Handbook,
1991, 2nd edn., and Process Synthesis, D.F. Rudd, G. J. Powers and J.J Siiroia, 1973
Section B.6: Steam Table
Ĥ and Û are given in units of kilojoules per kilogram (kJ/kg), with the reference condition as the triple
point of liquid water (273.15 K, 0.00611 bar). V^ is given in units of cubic meters per kilogram (m3/kg).
Source: E. W. Lemmon, M. O. McLinden, and D. G. Friend, “Thermophysical Properties of Fluid
Systems” in NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, Eds. P. J.
Linstrom and W. G. Mallard, June 2005, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg
MD, 20899 (http://webbook.nist.gov).
B.16 Specific Enthalpy Ĥ, Internal Energy Û, and Volume V^ of H2O at Several
Temperatures and Pressures (Table B.16)
Table B.16 Specific enthalpy Ĥ, internal energy Û, and volume V^ of H2O at several temperatures and pressures
594
Temperature ( C)
sat
P (bar) (T ( C)) Saturated liquid Saturated vapor 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0.006116 Ĥ 0.00 2500.9 2594.5 2688.6 2783.7 2880.0 2977.8 3077.0 3177.7
(0.01) Û 0.00 2374.9 2445.4 2516.4 2588.4 2661.7 2736.3 2812.5 2890.1
V^ 0.00100 206.55 244.45 282.30 320.14 357.98 395.81 433.64 470.69
0.1 Ĥ 191.81 2583.9 2592.0 2687.5 2783.1 2879.6 2977.5 3076.8 3177.6
(45.806) Û 191.80 2437.2 2443.3 2515.5 2587.9 2661.4 2736.1 2812.3 2890.0
V^ 0.00101 14.670 14.867 17.197 19.514 21.826 24.137 26.446 28.755
1.0 Ĥ 417.50 2674.9 209.46 2675.8 2776.6 2875.5 2974.5 3074.6 3175.8
(99.606) Û 417.40 2505.6 209.36 2506.2 2583.0 2658.2 2733.9 2810.7 2888.7
V^ 0.00104 1.6939 0.00101 1.6959 1.9367 2.1725 2.4062 2.6389 2.8710
5.0 Ĥ 640.09 2748.1 209.80 419.51 632.24 2855.9 2961.1 3064.6 3168.1
(151.83) Û 639.54 2560.7 209.30 418.99 631.69 2643.3 2723.8 2803.3 2833.0
V^ 0.00109 0.37481 0.00101 0.00104 0.00109 0.4250 0.4744 0.5226 0.57016
10.0 Ĥ 762.52 2777.1 210.19 419.84 632.5 2828.3 2943.1 3051.6 3158.2
(179.88) Û 761.39 2582.7 209.18 418.80 631.41 2622.2 2710.4 2793.6 2875.7
V^ 0.00113 0.1944 0.00101 0.00104 0.00109 0.2060 0.2328 0.2580 0.2825
20.0 Ĥ 908.5 2798.3 211.06 420.59 633.12 852.45 2903.2 3024.2 3137.7
(212.33) Û 906.14 2599.1 209.03 418.51 630.94 850.14 2680.2 2773.2 2860.5
V^ 0.00118 0.0996 0.00101 0.00104 0.00109 0.00116 0.1115 0.1255 0.1386
40.0 Ĥ 1087.5 2800.8 212.78 422.10 634.36 853.27 1085.8 2961.7 3093.3
(250.35) Û 1082.5 2601.7 208.74 417.93 630.01 848.65 1080.8 2726.2 2827.4
V^ 0.00125 0.04978 0.00101 0.00104 0.00109 0.00115 0.00125 0.0589 0.0665
60.0 Ĥ 1213.9 2734.6 214.50 423.60 635.61 854.09 1085.7 2885.5 3043.9
(275.58) Û 1206.0 2589.9 208.44 417.36 629.08 847.18 1078.2 2668.4 2790.4
V^ 0.00132 0.03245 0.00101 0.00104 0.00109 0.00115 0.00125 0.0362 0.0423
100.0 Ĥ 1408.1 2725.5 217.94 426.62 638.11 855.8 1085.8 1343.3 2924.0
(311.00) Û 1393.5 2545.2 207.86 416.23 627.27 844.31 1073.4 1329.4 2699.6
V^ 0.00145 0.0180 0.00101 0.00104 0.00108 01.00115 0.00124 0.00140 0.0224
150.0 Ĥ 1610.2 2610.7 222.23 430.39 641.27 857.99 1086.1 1338.3 2693.1
(342.16) Û 1585.3 2455.6 207.15 414.85 625.05 840.84 1067.6 1317.6 2520.9
V^ 0.00166 0.01034 0.00101 0.00104 0.00108 0.00114 0.00123 0.00138 0.0115
Appendix
200 Ĥ 1827.2 2412.3 226.51 434.17 644.45 860.27 1086.7 1334.4 1646.0
(365.75) Û 1786.4 2295.0 206.44 413.50 622.89 837.49 1062.2 1307.1 1612.7
Appendix
V^ 0.00204 0.00586 0.00100 0.00103 0.00108 0.00114 0.00123 0.00136 0.00166

220.64 Ĥ 2084.3 2084.3 228.28 435.73 645.77 861.23 1087.0 1333.0 1635.6
(373.95) Û 2015.7 2015.7 206.16 412.95 622.01 836.14 1060.0 1303.1 1599.6
V^ 0.00311 0.00311 0.00100 0.00103 0.00108 0.00114 0.00122 0.00135 0.00163
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0.006116 Ĥ 0 2500.9 3280.1 3489.8 3706.3 3930 4160.7 4398.4 4642.8
(0.01) Û 0.00 2374.9 2969.4 3133 3303.4 3480.8 3665.4 3356.9 4055.3
V^ 0.00100 206.55 507.96 583.42 658.88 734.35 809.81 885.27 960.73
0.1 Ĥ 191.81 2583.9 3279.9 3489.7 3706.3 3929.9 4160.6 4398.3 4642.8
(45.806) Û 191.80 2437.2 2969.3 3132.9 3303.3 3480.8 36665.3 3856.9 4055.2
V^ 0.00101 14.670 31.063 35.680 40.296 44.911 49.527 54.142 58.758
1.0 Ĥ 417.50 2674.9 3278.6 3488.7 3705.6 3929.4 4160.2 4398.0 4642.6
(99.606) Û 417.40 2505.6 2968.3 3132.2 3302.8 3480.4 3665.0 3356.6 4055.0
V^ 0.00104 1.6939 3.1027 3.5655 4.0279 4.4900 4.9519 5.4137 5.8754
5.0 Ĥ 640.09 2748.1 3272.3 3484.5 3702.5 3927.0 4158.4 4396.6 4641.4
(151.83) Û 639.54 2560.7 2963.7 3129.0 3300.4 3478.5 3663.6 3855.4 4054.0
V^ 0.00109 0.37481 0.6173 0.7109 0.8041 0.897.0 0.9897 1.0823 1.1748
10.0 Ĥ 761.52 2777.1 3264.5 3479.1 3698.6 3924.1 4156.1 4394.3 4639.9
(179.88) Û 761.39 2582.7 2957.9 3125.0 3297.5 3476.2 3661.7 3853.9 4052.7
V^ 0.00113 0.1944 0.3066 0.3541 0.4011 0.4478 0.4944 0.5408 0.5872
20.0 Ĥ 908.5 2798.3 3248.3 3468.2 3690.7 3918.2 4151.5 4391.1 4637.0
(211.38) Û 906.14 2599.1 2945.9 3116.9 3291.5 3471.6 3658.0 3350.9 4050.2
V^ 0.00118 0.0996 0.1512 0.1757 0.1996 0.2233 0.2467 0.2701 0.2934
40.0 Ĥ 1087.5 2800.8 3234.5 3446.0 3674.9 3906.3 4142.3 4383.9 4631.2
(250.35) Û 1082.5 2601.7 2920.7 3100.3 3279.4 3462.4 3650.6 3344.8 4045.1
V^ 0.00125 0.04978 0.0734 0.0864 0.0989 0.1110 0.1229 0.1348 0.1465
60.0 Ĥ 1213.9 2784.6 3178.2 3423.1 3658.7 3894.3 4133.1 4376.6 4325.4
(275.58) Û 1206.0 2589.9 2893.7 3083.1 3267.2 3453.0 3643.2 3838.8 4040.1
V^ 0.00132 0.03245 0.0474 0.0567 0.0653 0.0735 0.0816 0.0896 0.0976
100.0 Ĥ 1408.1 2725.5 3097.4 3375.1 3625.8 3370.0 4114.5 4362.0 4613.8
(311.00) Û 1393.5 2545.2 2333.1 3047.0 3242.0 3434.0 3623.2 3326.5 4029.9
595
(continued)
596
Temperature ( C)
sat
P (bar) (T ( C)) Saturated liquid Saturated vapor 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
V^ 0.00145 0.0180 0.0264 0.0328 0.0384 0.0436 0.0486 0.0535 0.0584
150.0 Ĥ 1610.2 2610.7 2975.7 3310.8 3583.1 3339.1 4091.1 4343.7 4599.2
(342.16) Û 1585.3 2455.6 2740.6 2993.4 3209.3 3409.8 3609.2 3811.2 4017.1
V^ 0.00166 0.01034 0.0157 0.0208 0.0249 0.0286 0.0321 0.0355 0.0388
200.0 Ĥ 1827.2 2412.3 2316.9 3241.2 3539.0 3807.8 4067.5 4325.4 4534.7
(365.75) Û 1786.4 2295.0 2617.9 2945.3 3175.3 3385.1 3590.1 3795.7 4004.3
V^ 0.00204 0.00586 0.00995 0.0148 0.0182 0.0211 0.0239 0.0265 0.0290
220.64 Ĥ 2084.3 2084.3 2732.9 3210.8 3520.4 3794.7 4057.7 4317.8 4578.8
(373.95) Û 2015.7 2015.7 2551.9 2922.0 3160.9 3374.7 3582.1 3789.3 3999.0
V^ 0.00311 0.00311 0.0082 0.0131 0.0163 0.019.0 0.0216 0.0239 0.0263
Appendix
Appendix 597
Section B.7: Heat Capacities
B.17 Heat Capacity Cp of Selected Liquids and Vapors (Table B.17)
Table B.17 Heat capacity Cp of selected liquids and vapors

Compound Formula Cp (approx.) A B C D
Acetaldehyde (g) C2H4O 54.7 – – – –
(l) – 89.05 – – – –
Acetic acid (g) C2H4O 66.5 4.840 0.2549 1.753e4 4.949e8
(l) – 124.4 – – – –
Acetone (g) C3H6O 74.5 6301 0.2606 1.253e4 2.038e8
(l) – – 72.2 0.186 – –
Acetonitrile (g) C2H3N 52.2 20.48 0.1196 4.492e5 3.205e9
Acetylene (g) C2H2 44.2 26.82 0.07578 5.007e5 1.412e8
Ammonia (g) NH3 35.6 27.31 0.02383 1.707e5 1.185e8
Aigon (g) Ar 20.8 20.8 – – –
Benzene (g) C6H6 81.7 33.92 0.4739 3.017e4 7.13e8
(l) – 134.3 6.2106 0.5650 3.141e4 –
Bromine (g) Br2 36.3 33.86 0.01125 1.192e5 4.554e9
Butadiene, 1,3 (g) C4H6 79.5 1.687 0.3419 2340e4 6.335e8
n-Butane (g) C4H10 98.9 9.487 0.3313 1.108e4 2.822e9
Carbon dioxide (g) CO2 37.0 19.80 0.07344 5.602e5 1.7115e8
Carbon disulfide (g) CS2 34.2 27.44 0.08127 7.666e5 2.675e8
Carbon monoxide (g) CO 29.1 30.87 0.01285 2.789e5 1.272e8
Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 84.0 40.72 0.2049 2.270e4 8.845e8
(g)
Chlorine (g) Cl2 34.0 26.93 0.03348 3.869e5 1.547e8
Chloroform (g) CHCl3 65.8 24.00 .1893 1.841e4 6.657e8
(l) – 114.8 159.75 0.3566 6.902e4 –
Chlorobenzene (l) C6H5Cl 150.8 93.77 0.2732 2.652e4 –
Cyclohexane (l) C6H12 155.9 75.225 1.1754 1344e3 –
Diethylamine (g) (C2H5)2NH 119.5 – – – –
(l) – 172.5 – – – –
Diethyl ether (g) (C2H5)2O 112.5 21.42 0.3359 1.035e4 9.357e9
Dimethylamine (g) (CH3)2NH 115.7 – – – –
(l) – 136.8 – – – –
Dimethyl ether (g) (CH3)2O 65.6 – – – –
(l) – 102.3 – – – –
Ethane (g) C2H6 52.5 5.409 0.1731 6.94e5 8.71e9
(l) – 68 – – – –
Ethanol (g) C2H5OH 65.5 9.014 0.2141 8.39e5 1.373e9
(l) – 112.0 – – – –
Ethyl acetate (g) CH3COOC2H5 113.6 – – – –
(l) – 169.9 – – – –
Ethylbenzene (g) C8H10 128.4 43.10 0.7072 4.811e4 1.301e7
(l) – 185.6 – – – –
Ethylene (g) C2H4 43.7 3.806 0.1566 8.348e5 1.755e8
Ethylene glycol (g) C3HO2 78.0 – – – –
Ethylene oxide (g) C2H4O 48.2 7.519 0.2222 1.256e4 2.592e8
(continued)
598 Appendix

Formaldehyde (g) CH2O 35.4 – – – –
Glycerol (glycerin) (l) C3H8O3 150.2 – – – –
n-Heptane (g) C7H16 165.9 5.146 0.6762 3.651e4 7.658e8
(l) – 212
n-Hydrazine (g) N2H4 143.1 4.413 0.523 3.119e4 6.498e8
(l) – 189.1 – – – –
Hydrazine (g) N2H4 45.5 9.768 0.1895 1.657e4 6.025e8
(l) – 98.9 – – – –
Hydrogen (g) H2 29.1 27.14 0.0093 1.381e5 7.645e9
Hydrogen chloride (g) HCl 29.5 30.67 0.0072 1.246e5 3.898e9
Hydrogen cyanide (g) HCN 36.0 21.36 0.06062 4.961e5 1.815e8
Hydrogen sulfide (g) H2S 34.2 31.94 0.001436 2.432e5 1.176e8
Isobutane (g) C4H10 97.2 1.390 0.3347 1.846e4 2.895e8
Isobutene (g) C4H8 89.9 16.05 0.2804 1.091e4 9.098e9
Isopentane (g) C5H12 118.7 9.525 0.5066 2.729e4 5.723e8
Isopropanol (g) C3H7OH 80 32.43 0.1885 6.406e5 9.261e8
(l) – 155 – – – –
Lactic acid (g) C3H6O3 145 – – – –
(l) – 262 – – – –
Methane (g) CH4 35.7 19.25 0.05213 1.197e5 1.132e8
Methyl acetate (l) CH3COOCH3 155.6 – – – –
Methanol (g) CH3OH 43.9 21.15 0.07092 2.587e5 2.852e8
(l) – 81.2 – – – –
Nitric oxide (g) NO 29.8 29.35 9.378e4 9.747e6 4.187e9
Nitrogen (g) N2 29.1 31.15 1.357e2 2.680e5 1.168e8
Nitrogen dioxide (g) NO2 36.97 – – – –
Nitrogen tetroxide (g) N2O4 77.26 – – – –
(l) – 142.51 – – – –
Nitrous oxide (g) N2O 38.5 21.62 7.281e2 5.778e5 1.830e8
n-Octane (g) C8H18 188.7 6.096 0.7712 4.195e4 8.855e8
(l) – 255 – – – –
Oxygen O2 29.3 29.1 0.01158 6.076e6 1.311e8
n-Pentane (g) C5H12 120.1 3.626 0.4873 2.58e4 5.305e8
(l) – 168.6 – – – –
Phenol (g) C6H5OH 103.6 – – – –
Phosgene (g) COCl2 57.7 – – – –
Potassium nitrate (l) KNO3 123.4 – – – –
n-Propane (g) C3H8 73.6 4.224 0.3063 1.586e4 3.215e8
n-Propanol (g) C3H7OH 87.3 2.470 0.3325 1.855e4 4.296e8
(l) – 150.9 346.30 1.749 3.552e3 –
Propylene (g) C3H6 63.9 3.710 0.2345 1.160e4 2.205e8
Silicon tetrachloride SiCl4 135.6 – – – –
(1)
Sodium nitrate (l) NaNO3 155.6 – – – –
Styrene (g) C8H8 122.1 28.25 0.6159 4.023e4 9.935e8
(l) – 182.6 – – – –
Sulfur (g) S8 156.1 – – – –
(l) S 32 – – – –
Sulfur dioxide (g) SO2 39.9 23.85 0.06699 4.961e5 1.328e8
(continued)
Appendix 599

Sulfur trioxide (g) SO3 50.8 19.21 0.1374 1.176e4 3.700e8
Toluene (g) C4H5CH3 103.8 24.35 0.5125 2.7165e4 4.991e8
(l) – 157.2 125.8 0.0565 1.35934
Triethylamine (g) (C2H5)3N 160.9 – – – –
Trimcthyl amine (g) (CH3)3N 91.8 – – – –
Water (g) H2O 33.6 32.24 0.01924 1.055e5 3.596e9
(l) – 75.4 72.43 0.0104 – –
o-Xylene (g) C8H10 133.3 15.85 0.5962 3.443e4 7.528e8
m-Xylene (g) C8H10 127.6 29.27 0.6297 3.747e4 8.478e8
p-Xylene (g) C8H10 126.9 25.09 0.6042 3.374e4 6.820e8
For approximate calculations, use the number in the column labeled “Cp (approx.),” which is the heat capacity at 25 C.
For more accurate calculations, use the polynomial expression Cp ¼ A + BT + CT2 + DT3, where Cp is in J/gmol K
(or J/gmol C) and T is in K. To convert to cal/gmol K or to Btu/lbmol F, multiply by 0.239.
Source: Compiled from data in Introductory Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, J. R. Elliott and C. T. Lira,
Prentice-Hall, 1999; Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 6th edn.; and Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry, 14th edn.
B.18 Heat Capacity Cp of Selected Solids (Table B.18)
Table B.18 Heat capacity Cp of selected solids

Compound Formula Cp, J/gmol K (with T in K)
Benzoic acid C6H5COOH 147
Calcium carbonate CaCO3 82.3 + 0.497 T 1.287e6/T2
Cartbon (graphite) C 11.2 + 0.0109 T 4.89e5/T2
Glucose C6H12O6 226 (25 C)
Gold Au 23.47 + 0.006 T
Iron oxide FeO 52.8 + 0.006 T 3.188e5/T2
Fe2O3 103.4 + 0.69 T 1.77e6/T2
Fe3O4 172.3 + 0.0787 T 4.1e6/T3
Magnesium chloride MgCl2 72.4 + 0.0158 T
Naphthalene C10H8 150.5 + 0.6 T
Phenol C6H5OH 220.6 (20 C)
Silicon Si 24.0 + 0.0025 T 4.225e5/T2
Silicon dioxide (quartz) SiO2 45.5 + 0.036 T 1.01e6/T2
Sodium chloride NaCl 45.15 + 0.0176 T
Sucrose C12H22O11 428 (at 20 C)
Titanium dioxide TiO2 49.4 + 0.0315 T 1.75e5/T2
Urea CH4N2O 80.3 (at 20 C)
Source: Compiled from data in Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 6th edn., and NIST Chemistry Webbook
600 Appendix
B.19 Heat Capacity Cp of Miscellaneous Materials (Table B.19)
Table B.19 Heat capacity Cp of miscellaneous materials

Material Cp (J/g K)
Cellulose 1.34
Clay 0.94
Coal 1.09 to 1.55
Concrete 0.65
Diamond 0.61
Fireclay brick 1.25 (1500 C)
Glass (pyrex) 0.8
Limestone 0.91
Rubber 1.74
Sand 0.8
Silk 1.38
Steel 0.50
Wood 1.9 to 2.7
Wool 1.36
Section B.8: Temperature and Enthalpy of Phase Change
B.20 Enthalpy of Melting DĤm at Normal Melting Temperature Tm and Enthalpy

of Vaporization DĤv at the Normal Boiling Temperature Tb at 1 atm (Table B.20)
Table B.20
Compound Formula Tm ( C) ΔĤm (kJ/gmol) Tb ( C) ΔĤv (kJ/gmol)
n-Pentane C5H12 129.7 8.419 36.08 25.8
Phenol C6H5OH 40.9 11.289 181.8 45.9
Phosgene COCL2 127.9 5.74 7.6 24.4
Propane C3H8 181.7 3.526 42.1 19.0
Propionic acid C2H5COOH 21 10.66 139.3 55
n-Propanol C3H7OH 126.1 5.195 97.2 41.4
Propylene C3H6 185.3 3.004 47.7 18.4
Silicon Si 1427 39.6 2290 –
Silicon tetrachloride SiCl4 67.6 7.7 56.8 28.7
Silicon dioxide (.quartz) SiO2 1470 14.226 2230 –
Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 854 29 – –
Sodium chloride NaCl 747 25.69 1392 158.78
Sodium cyanide NaCN 562 – 1500 155.98
Sodium hydroxide NaOH 322 8.4 1378 –
Sulfur S 114 1.727 444.6 9.20
Sulfur dioxide SO2 75.5 7.401 5 24.94
(continued)
Appendix 601

Compound Formula Tm ( C) ΔĤm (kJ/gmol) Tb ( C) ΔĤv (kJ/gmol)
Sulfur trioxide SO3 17 – – –
Sulfuric acid H2SO4 10.5 9.87 – –
Styrene C8H8 30.6 11.0 145.1 37.05
Toluene C6H5CH3 95 6.851 110.6 33.2
Triethylamine (C2H5)3N 114 89.6 31.0
Trimethylamine (CH3)3N 117.1 6.5 2.9 22.9
Trinilrotolucne C7H5N3O6 79 23.4 explodes –
Urea CH4N2O 133 14.5 decomposes 87.9 (sublim.)
Water H2O 0.0 6.008 100.0 40.65
o-Xylene C8H10 25.2 13.611 144.4 36.2
m-Xylene C8H10 47.2 11.554 139.1 36.7
p-Xylene C8H10 13.2 16.805 138.4 35.7
Source: Compiled from data in Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 6th edn.; CRC Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics, 70th edn.; Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry, 14th edn.
Section B.9: Enthalpies of Solution and of Mixing
B.21 Enthalpy of Solution of Organic Solids Dissolved in Water, DĤsolution, at Infinite

Dilution and 25 oC (Table B.21)
Table B.21 Enthalpy of solution of organic solids dissolved in water, DĤsoln, at infinite dilution and 25 C
Compound Formula ΔĤsoln (kJ/gmol solute)
Acetic acid C2H4O2 9.418
Citric acid C6H8O7 22.598
Lactose C11H22O11H2O 115.50
Maleic acid C4H4O4 18.53
Menthol C10H20O 0
Phenol C6O5OH 10.9
Phthalic acid C6H6O4 20.38
Picric acid C6H3N3O7 29.7
Potassium citrate – +11.8
Sodium citrate(tri) – +22.05
Sucrose C12H22O11 5.518
Urea CH4N2O 15.1
Vanillin – 21.8
+ denotes heat evolved (exothermic), denotes heat absorbed (endothermic)
Source: Compiled from data in Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 6th edn.
602 Appendix
B.22 Enthalpy of Solution of Inorganic Solids Dissolved in Water, DĤsolution,

at Indicated Dilution and 18 oC (Table B.22)
Table B.22 Enthalpy of solution of inorganic solids dissolved in water, DĤsoln at indicated dilution and 18 C
Compound Formula Dilution (gmol water per g substance) ΔĤsoln (kJ/gmol solute)
Aluminum chloride AlCl3 600 325.9
Ammonium chloride NH4Cl 1 +15.98
Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 1 +11.5
Calcium chloride CaCl2 1 20.5
Calcium chloride CaCl2·H2O 1 51.46
Ferric chloride FeCl2 1000 132.6
Phosphoric acid H3PO4 400 11.67
Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 1800 +17.15
Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 1 23.30
Sodium carbonate Na2CO3·H2O 1 9.16
Sodium carbonate Na2CO3·7H2O 1 +45.22
Sodium carbonate Na2CO3·10H2O 1 +67.86
Sodium hydroxide NaOH 1 42.59
denotes heat evolved (exothermic), + denotes heat absorbed (endothermic)
Note: ΔĤsoln is very sensitive to water or hydration and to dilution factor.
Source: Compiled from data in Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 6th edn.
B.23 Enthalpy of Mixing of Liquids or Gases with Water at 25 oC (Table B.23)
Table B.23 Enthalpy of mixing of liquids or gases with water at 25 C

Compound Formula ΔĤmix kJ/gmol solute
Acetic acid (1) CH3COOH 1.506
Ammonia (g) HN3 30.5
Formic acid (l) HCOOH 0.85
Hydrogen chloride (g) HCl 74.34
Nitric acid (l) HNO3 33.27
denotes heat evolved
Appendix
Appendix C: Units, Dimensions, and Conversion Factors
In the field of engineering and particularly when dealing with heat transfer, physical quantities, such
as, for example, specific heat, thermal conductivity, heat transfer coefficient, and heat flux, are
expressed in terms of a few fundamental dimensions that include length, time, mass, and temperature
(Table C.1), and each of these dimensions is associated with a unit when it is to be expressed
numerically. In this appendix we present the two most commonly used systems of units: (1) the SI
system (Systèm International d’Unitès), also known as the MKSA System, and (2) the English
engineering system (ft, lb, lbf.s).
C.1 Some Useful Definitions
A quantity in the general sense is a property ascribed to phenomena, bodies, or substances that can be
quantified for, or assigned to, a particular phenomenon, body, or substance. Examples are mass and
electric charge.
A quantity in the particular sense is a quantifiable or assignable property ascribed to a particular
phenomenon, body, or substance. Examples are the mass of the Moon and the electric charge of a
proton.
A physical quantity is a quantity that can be used in the mathematical equations of science and
technology.
A unit is a particular physical quantity, defined and adopted by convention, with which other
particular quantities of the same kind are compared to express their value.

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-17434-1
604 Appendix
Table C.1 SI base units

SI base unit English base unit
Base quantity Name Symbol Symbol
Length Meter m ft
Mass Kilogram kg lb
Time Second s s
Electric current Ampere A A
Thermodynamic temperature Kelvin K R
Amount of substance Mole mol mol
Luminous intensity Candela cd cd
Force Newton N lbf
Energy Joule J Btu
The value of a physical quantity is the quantitative expression of a particular physical quantity as
the product of a number and a unit, the number being its numerical value. Thus, the numerical value
of a particular physical quantity depends on the unit in which it is expressed.
For example, the value of the height hW of the Washington Monument is hW ¼ 169 m ¼ 555 ft. Here
hW is the physical quantity, its value expressed in the unit meter, unit symbol m, is 169 m, and its
numerical value when expressed in meters is 169. However, the value of hW expressed in the unit foot,
symbol ft, is 555 ft, and its numerical value when expressed in feet is 555.
C.2 Metric or International System of Units (SI)
This is a brief summary of the SI (Systèm International d’Unitès), the modern metric system of
measurement. Long the language universally used in science, the SI has become the dominant
language of international commerce and trade. These so-called essentials are adapted from NIST
Special Publication 811 (SP 811), prepared by B. N. Taylor and entitled Guide for the Use of the
International System of Units (SI), and NIST Special Publication 330 (SP 330), edited by B. N. Taylor
and entitled The International System of Units (SI). Users requiring information that is more detailed
may access SP 811 and SP 330 online from the bibliography or by ordering SP 811 for postal delivery.
Information regarding the adoption and maintenance of the SI may be found in the section “Interna-
tional Aspects of the SI.” This unit is also known as the MKSA System
Appendix 605
C.3 SI-Based and British System Engineering–Based Units
The SI is founded on seven SI base units for seven base quantities assumed to be mutually indepen-
dent, as given in Table C.1.
C.4 SI-Based Derived Units
Other quantities, called derived quantities, are defined in terms of the seven base quantities via a
system of quantity equations. The SI derived units for these derived quantities are obtained from these
equations and the seven SI base units. Examples of such SI derived units are given in Table C.2,
where it should be noted that the symbol 1 for quantities of dimension 1, such as mass fraction, is
generally omitted.
For ease of understanding and convenience, 22 SI derived units have been given special names and
symbols, as shown in Table C.3.
For a graphical illustration of how the 22 derived units with special names and symbols given in
Table C.3 are related to the seven SI base units, see relationships among SI units.
Note on degree Celsius. The derived unit in Table C.3 with the special name degree Celsius and
special symbol C deserves comment. Because of the way temperature scales used to be defined, it
remains common practice to express a thermodynamic temperature, symbol T, in terms of its
difference from the reference temperature T0 ¼ 273.15 K, the ice point. This temperature difference
is called a Celsius temperature, symbol t, and is defined by the quantity equation
t ¼ T T0:
The unit of Celsius temperature is the degree Celsius, symbol C. The numerical value of a Celsius
temperature t expressed in degrees Celsius is given by
t= C ¼ T=K 273:15:
It follows from the definition of t that the degree Celsius is equal in magnitude to the kelvin, which in
turn implies that the numerical value of a given temperature difference or temperature interval whose
Table C.2 Examples of SI derived units

Derived quantity Name Symbol
SI derived unit
Area Square meter m2
Volume Cubic meter m3
Speed, velocity Meter per second m/s
Acceleration Meter per second squared m/s2
Wave number Reciprocal meter m1
Mass density Kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3
Specific volume Cubic meter per kilogram m3/kg
Current density Ampere per square meter A/m2
Magnetic field strength Ampere per meter A/m
Amount-of-substance concentration Mole per cubic meter mol/m3
Luminance Candela per square meter cd/m2
Mass fraction Kilogram per kilogram, which may be represented kg/kg ¼ 1
by the number 1
606 Appendix
Table C.3 SI derived units with special names and symbols

SI derived unit
Expression
in terms Expression in terms
Derived quantity Name Symbol of other SI units of SI base units
Plane angle Radiana rad – m · m1 ¼ 1b
Solid angle Steradiana src – m2 · m2 ¼ 1b
Frequency Hertz Hz – s1
Force Newton N – m · kg · s2
Pressure, stress Pascal Pa N/m2 m1 · kg · s2
Energy, work, quantity of heat Joule J N·m m2 · kg · s2
Power, radiant flux Watt W J/s m2 · kg · s3
Electric charge, quantity of electricity Coulomb C – s·A
Electric potential difference, Volt V W/A m2 · kg · s3 · A1
electromotive force
Capacitance Farad F C/V m2 · kg1 · s4 · A2
Electric resistance Ohm Ω V/A m2 · kg · s3 · A2
Electric conductance Siemens S A/V m2 · kg1 · s3 · A2
Magnetic flux Weber Wb V·s m2 · kg · s2 · A1
Magnetic flux density Tesla T Wb/m2 kg · s2 · A1
Inductance Henry H Wb/A m2 · kg · s2 · A2

Celsius temperature Degree C – K
Celsius
Luminous flux Lumen lm cd · src m2 · m2 · cd ¼ cd
Illuminance Lux lx lm/m2 m2 · m4 · cd ¼ m2 · cd
Activity (of a radionuclide) Becquerel Bq – s1
Absorbed dose, specific energy Gray Gy J/kg m2 · s2
(imparted), kerma
Dose equivalentd Sievert Sv J/kg m2 · s2
Catalytic activity Katal kat – s1 · mol
a
The radian and steradian may be used advantageously in expressions for derived units to distinguish between quantities
of a different nature but of the same dimension; some examples are given in Table C.4.
b
In practice, the symbols rad and sr are used where appropriate, but the derived unit “1” is generally omitted.
c
In photometry, the unit name steradian and the unit symbol sr are usually retained in expressions for derived units.
d
Other quantities expressed in sieverts are ambient dose equivalent, directional dose equivalent, personal dose
equivalent, and organ equivalent dose.
value is expressed in the unit degree Celsius ( C) is equal to the numerical value of the same
difference or interval when its value is expressed in the unit kelvin (K). Thus, temperature differences
or temperature intervals may be expressed in either the degree Celsius or the kelvin using the same
numerical value. For example, the Celsius temperature difference Δt and the thermodynamic
temperature difference ΔT between the melting point of gallium and the triple point of water may
be written as Δt ¼ 29.7546 C ¼ ΔT ¼ 29.7546 K.
The special names and symbols of the 22 SI derived units with special names and symbols given in
Table C.3 may themselves be included in the names and symbols of other SI derived units, as shown
in Table C.4.
Appendix 607
Table C.4 Examples of SI derived units whose names and symbols include SI derived units with special names and
symbols
SI derived unit
Derived quantity Name Symbol
Dynamic viscosity Pascal second Pa · s
Moment of force Newton-meter N·m
Surface tension Newton per meter N/m
Angular velocity Radian per second rad/s
Angular acceleration Radian per second squared rad/s2
Heat flux density, irradiance Watt per square meter W/m2
Heat capacity, entropy Joule per kelvin J/K
Specific heat capacity, specific entropy Joule per kilogram kelvin J/(kg · K)
Specific energy Joule per kilogram J/kg
Thermal conductivity Watt per meter kelvin W/(m · K)
Energy density Joule per cubic meter J/m3
Electric field strength Volt per meter V/m
Electric charge density Coulomb per cubic meter C/m3
Electric flux density Coulomb per square meter C/m2
Permittivity Farad per meter F/m
Permeability Henry per meter H/m
Molar energy Joule per mole J/mol
Molar entropy, molar heat capacity Joule per mole kelvin J/(mol · K)
Exposure (x and γ rays) Coulomb per kilogram C/kg
Absorbed dose rate Gray per second Gy/s
Radiant intensity Watt per steradian W/sr
Radiance Watt per square meter steradian W/(m2 · sr)
Catalytic (activity) concentration Katal per cubic meter kat/m3
Table C.5 SI prefixes

Factor Name Symbol Factor Name Symbol
1024 Yotta Y 101 Deci d
1021 Zetta Z 102 Centi c
1018 Exa E 103 Milli m
1015 Peta P 106 Micro μ
1012 Tera T 109 Nano n
109 Giga G 1012 Pico p
106 Mega M 1015 Femto f
103 Kilo k 1018 Atto a
102 Hecto h 1021 Zepto z
101 Deka da 1024 Yocto y
C.5 SI Prefixes
The 20 SI prefixes used to form decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units are given in Table C.5.
It is important to note that the kilogram is the only SI unit with a prefix as part of its name and
symbol. Because multiple prefixes may not be used, in the case of the kilogram the prefix names of
Table C.5 are used with the unit name gram and the prefix symbols are used with the unit symbol
g. With this exception, any SI prefix may be used with any SI unit, including the degree Celsius and its
symbol C.
608 Appendix
Example 1: 106 kg ¼ 1 mg (one milligram), but not 106 kg ¼ 1 μkg (one microkilogram).
Example 2: Consider the earlier example of the height of the Washington Monument. We may write
hW ¼ 169,000 mm ¼ 16,900 cm ¼169 m ¼ 0.169 km using the millimeter (SI prefix
milli, symbol m), centimeter (SI prefix centi, symbol c), or kilometer (SI prefix kilo,
symbol k).
Because the SI prefixes strictly represent powers of 10, they should not be used to represent powers
of 2. Thus, one kilobit, or 1 kbit, is 1000 bit and not 210 bit ¼ 1024 bit. To remove this ambiguity,
have been adopted by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) for use in information
technology.
C.6 Units Outside the SI
Certain units are not part of the International System of Units, that is, they are outside the SI, but are
important and widely used. Consistent with the recommendations of the International Committee for
Weights and Measures (CIPM, Comité International des Poids et Mesures), the units in this category
that are accepted for use with the SI are given in Table C.6.
The liter in Table C.6 deserves comment. This unit and its symbol l were adopted by the CIPM in
1879. The alternative symbol for the liter, L, was adopted by the Conférence Générale des Poids et
Mesures (CGPM) in 1979 in order to avoid the risk of confusion between the letter l and the number
1. Thus, although both l and L are internationally accepted symbols for the liter, to avoid this risk the
Table C.6 Units outside the SI that are accepted for use with the SI
Name Symbol Value in SI units
Minute (time) min 1 min ¼ 60 s
Hour h 1 h ¼ 60 min ¼ 3600 s
Day d 1 d ¼ 24 h ¼ 86 400 s

Degree (angle) 1 ¼ (π/180) rad
0
Minute (angle) 10 ¼ (1/60)
¼ (π/10 800) rad
00
Second (angle) 100 ¼ (1/60)0 ¼ (π/648 000) rad
Liter L 1 L ¼ 1 dm3 ¼ 103 m3
Metric tona t 1 t ¼ 103 kg
Neper Np 1 Np ¼ 1
Belb B 1 B ¼ (1/2) ln 10 Npc
Electronvoltd eV 1 eV ¼ 1.602 18 1019 J, approximately
Unified atomic mass unite u 1 u ¼ 1.660 54 1027 kg, approximately
Astronomical unitf ua 1 ua ¼ 1.495 98 1011 m, approximately
a
In many countries, this unit is called “tonne.”
b
The bel is most commonly used with the SI prefix deci: 1 dB ¼ 0.1 B.
c
Although the neper is coherent with SI units and is accepted by the CIPM, it has not been adopted by the General
Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM, Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures) and is thus not an SI unit.
d
The electronvolt is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron passing through a potential difference of 1 V in vacuum.
The value must be obtained by experiment and is therefore not known exactly.
e
The unified atomic mass unit is equal to 1/12 of the mass of an unbound atom of the nuclide 12C at rest and in its ground
state. The value must be obtained by experiment and is therefore not known exactly.
f
The astronomical unit is a unit of length. Its value is such that, when used to describe the motion of bodies in the solar
system, the heliocentric gravitation constant is (0.017 202 098 95)2 ua3 · d2. The value must be obtained by
experiment and is therefore not known exactly.
Appendix 609
Table C.7 Other units outside the SI that are currently accepted for use with the SI, subject to further review
Name Symbol Value in SI units
Nautical mile 1 nautical mile ¼ 1852 m
Knot 1 nautical mile per hour
¼ (1852/3600) m/s
Are a 1 a ¼ 1 dam2 ¼ 102 m2
Hectare ha 1 ha ¼ 1 hm2 ¼ 104 m2
Bar bar 1 bar ¼ 0.1 MPa ¼ 100 kPa ¼ 1000 hPa ¼ 105 Pa
Ångström Å 1 Å ¼ 0.1 nm ¼ 1010 m
Barn b 1 b ¼ 100 fm2 ¼ 1028 m2
Curie Ci 1 Ci ¼ 3.7 1010 Bq
Roentgen R 1 R ¼ 2.58 104 C/kg
Rad rad 1 rad ¼ 1 cGy ¼ 102 Gy
Rem rem 1 rem ¼ 1 cSv ¼ 102 Sv
preferred symbol for use in the USA is L. Neither a lowercase script letter l nor an uppercase script
letter L is an approved symbol for the liter.
Other units outside the SI that are currently accepted for use with the SI by NIST are given in
Table C.7. These units, which are subject to future review, should be defined in relation to the SI in
every document in which they are used; their continued use is not encouraged. The CIPM currently
accepts the use of all units given in Table C.7 with the SI except for the curie, roentgen, rad, and rem.
Because of the continued widespread use of these units in the USA, NIST still accepts their use with
the SI.
C.7 English Engineering System Units
In the real world, the units are different. Heat flow (in construction jobs, for example) is measured in
Btu per hour, temperature gradients in degrees Fahrenheit per inch thickness, and cross-sectional area
in square feet! The R-value of thermal resistance is the inverse of the thermal conductivity. For one
square foot of material, one inch thick, R relates the heat current to the temperature drop by an Ohm’s
Law equation ΔT ¼ IR. Different areas and thicknesses scale in the obvious way. For a wall made of
layers of different materials, the R-values just add.
English units form the basis for the Imperial system formerly used in the Commonwealth countries
and the Customary system used in the USA.
The basic differences between dimensional systems are not the units employed but the primary
dimensions.
• The SI system uses mass, length, and time as primary quantities (mechanics). Other unit quantities
are secondary. The SI system is a MLT (mass–length–time) system.
• The English system uses force, mass, length, and time as primary quantities. Other units are
secondary. The British Imperial System is a FMLT (force–mass–length–time) system.
Note that the use of four, three, two, or even one (!) primary quantity is a human choice and not
basic nature.
610 Appendix
C.8 Imperial Primary Quantities
Imperial primary quantities are expressed in the following table:
Primary quantity Dimensions Common units

Force F Pound-force
Mass M Ounce, pound, slug, ton
Length L Inch, foot, yard, rod, chain, furlong, mile
Time T Second, minute, hour, day
C.9 Imperial Secondary Quantities
Some common imperial secondary quantities are expressed in the following table:
Primary quantity Dimensions Common units

Acceleration L/T2 Feet per second squared
Area L2 Square foot, square yard, acre, square mile
Density M/L3 Pounds per cubic foot
Frequency 1/T Cycle per second
Impulse FT Pound-force per second
Momentum ML/T Pound-foot per second
Power LF/T Foot-pound force per second, horsepower
Pressure F/L2 Pound-force per square inch
Velocity L/T Foot per second, mile per hour, knot
Volume L3 Pint, quart, gallon, cubic foot, cubic yard
Work LF Foot-pound force
C.10 Convert Between Units
Acceleration
Foot/second2, meter/second2, gal, galileo, inch/second2
• 1 m/s2 ¼ 3.28084 ft/s2 ¼ 100 cm/s2 ¼ 39.37 inch per second squared (in./s2)
• 1 ft/s2 ¼ 0.3048 m/s2 ¼ 30.48 cm/s2
• 1 g ¼ 9.80665 m/s2 ¼ 32.17405 ft/s2
Angle
• 1 circle ¼ 360 degrees ¼ 400 grades ¼ 21,600 minutes ¼ 6.28318 radians ¼ 12 signs
• 1 circumference ¼ 360 degrees ¼ 6.28318 radians
• 1 radian ¼ 0.15915 circumference ¼ 57.29578 degree ¼ 3437.747 minute ¼ 0.63662 quadrant
¼ 0.15915 revolution ¼ 206265 second
Appendix 611
Area
Acre, are, barn, sq ft., sq in., foot2, hectare, square inch, square mile, section, square meter, township,
square yard, hectares
• 1 m2 ¼ 1550 in.2 ¼ 10.764 ft2 ¼ 1.1968 yd2 ¼ 3.861 107 mile2

• 1 ft2 ¼ 0.0929 m2 ¼ 144 in.2 ¼ 0.1111 yd2 ¼ 3.587 108 mile2
• 1in.2 ¼ 6.452cm2 ¼ 6.452 104 m2 ¼ 6.944 103 ft2 ¼ 7.716 104 yd2 ¼ 2.491 1010
mile2
• 1 yd2 ¼ 0.8361 m2 ¼ 1,296 in.2 ¼ 9 ft2 ¼ 0.3228 106 mile2
• 1 mile2 ¼ 2.590 106 m2 ¼ 0.4015 1010 in.2 ¼ 2.788 107 ft2 ¼ 3.098 106 yd2 ¼ 640 Acres
• 1 acre ¼ 1/640 square mile ¼ 0.404686 ha (hectares) ¼ 4,046.86 m2 ¼ 43,560.174 sq ft. (Int)
¼ 43,560 sq ft. (US survey) ¼ 4840 sq yd ¼ 40.46873 are
• 1 km2 ¼ 102 ha2 ¼ 106 m2 ¼ 1010 cm2 ¼ 1012 mm2
• 1 ha (hectare) ¼ 104 m2 ¼ 108 cm2 ¼ 1010 mm2 ¼ 2.471 acres
• 1 cm2 ¼ 104 m2 ¼ 0.155 in.2
• 1 mm2 ¼ 1.55 103 in.2
• 1 township ¼ 36 square mile ¼ 23040 acre ¼ 36 section ¼ 9.323957 107 m2 ¼ 9324 hectare
¼ 93.24 square kilometer
• 1 section ¼ 1 square mile ¼ 2.59 106 m2 ¼ 2.59 square kilometer ¼ 259 hectare ¼ 3.0976 106
square yards ¼ 640 acre¼
• 1 are ¼ 0.024711 acre (Int) ¼ 1 sq dekameter ¼ 1076.39 sq foot ¼ 100 sq meter ¼
3.86102 105 sq mile ¼ 119.599 sq yard
• 1 barn ¼ 1 1024 sq cm
• 1 centiare ¼ 0.01 are ¼ 10.764 sq foot ¼ 1550 sq in. ¼ 1 sq meter ¼ 1.19599 sq yard
• 1 circular mile ¼ 1 106 circular in. ¼ 5.06707 106 sq cm ¼ 7.85398 107 sq in.
¼ 0.000507 sq mm ¼ 0.7854 sq mill
• 1 hectare ¼ 2.471 acre 0 100 are ¼ 1 108 sq. cm ¼ 107,639.1 sq. foot ¼ 10,000 sq. meter
¼ 0.00386 sq. mile ¼ 395.367 sq. rod
• 1 Marla ¼ 30.25 sq. yards ¼ 25.2928 sq. meters ¼ 272.25 sq. feet ¼ 0.00625 acre ¼ 0.05 kanal
Capacitance
• 1 abfarad ¼ 1 109 farad ¼ 1 1015 microfarad ¼ 8.98755 1020 statfarad

• 1 farad ¼ 1 109 abfarad ¼ 1.00049 farads (Ínt) ¼ 1 106 microfarad ¼ 8.98755 1011
statfarad
Conductance
• 1 abmho ¼ 1000 megamho ¼ 1 109 mho ¼ 8.98755 1020 statmho

612 Appendix
Current
• 1 abampere ¼ 10 ampere ¼ 1.03638 104 faraday/s (chem) ¼ 2.99792 1010 statam-

pere ¼ 1 biot
• 1 ampere ¼ 0.1 abampere ¼ 1.00015 ampere (Int) ¼ 1 coulomb/s ¼ 1.03638 105 faraday/s
(chem) 1 106 microampere ¼ 1000 milliampere ¼ 2.99792 109 statampere
• 1 ampere (Int) ¼ 0.99985 ampere
• 1 biot ¼ 10 ampere
Density
kg/cubic meter, gram/cubic centimeter, lmb/cubic inch, lbm/cubic foot, slug/cubic foot, kilogram/
cubic meter, lbm/gallon (US liq)
• Density of water 1000 kg/m3 ¼ 62.43 lb/ft3 ¼ 8.33 lb/gal ¼ 0.1337 ft3/gal
• 1 lb/ft3 ¼ 16.018 kg/m3 ¼ 0.016 g/cm3 ¼ 0.00926 oz/in.3 ¼ 2.57 oz/gal (Imperial) ¼ 2.139 oz/
gal (US) ¼ 0.0005787 lb/in3 ¼ 27 lb/yd3 ¼ 0.161 lb/gal (Imperial) ¼ 0.134 lb/gal (US)
¼ 0.0121 ton/yd3
• 1 slug/ft3 ¼ 515.379 kg/m3
• 1 kg/l ¼ 62.43 lb/ft3
• 1 kg/m3 ¼ 0.001 g/cm3 ¼ 0.0005780 oz/in.3 ¼ 0.16036 oz/gal (Imperial) ¼ 0.1335 oz/gal (US)
¼ 0.0624 lb/ft3 ¼ 0.000036127 lb/in.3 ¼ 1.6856 lb/yd3 ¼ 0.010022 lb/gal (Imperial)
¼ 0.008345 lb/gal (US) ¼ 0.0007525 ton/yd3
Electric Charge
• 1 abcoulomb ¼ 0.00278 ampere-hour ¼ 10 coulomb ¼ 6.24151 1019 electronic charge

¼ 1.03632 104 faraday (chem) ¼ 2.99792 1010 statcoulomb
• 1 ampere-hour ¼ 360 abcoulomb ¼ 3600 coulomb ¼ 0.03731 faraday (chem)
• 1 coulomb ¼ 0.1 abcoulomb ¼ 0.000278 ampere-hour ¼ 1 ampere-second ¼ 1.00015002 cou-
lomb (Int) ¼ 1.0363 105 faraday (chem) ¼ 1.0360 105 faraday (phys) ¼ 2.9979 109
statcoulomb
Electromotive Force, Voltage Difference
• abvolt ¼ 0.01 microvolt ¼ 1 105 millivolt ¼ 1 108 volt

Appendix 613
Energy, Unit of Heat
British thermal unit (Btu), calorie, joule, kilojoule, electron volt, erg, foot lbf, foot-poundal, kilocalo-
rie, kilowatt hour, watt hour
• 1 J (Joule) ¼ 0,1020 kpm ¼ 2.778 107 kWh ¼ 2.389 104 kcal ¼ 0.7376 ft lbf ¼ 1
(kg m2)/s2 ¼ 1 watt second ¼ 1 Nm ¼ 9.478 104 Btu
• 1 kpm ¼ 9.80665 J ¼ 2.724 106 kWh ¼ 2.342 103 kcal ¼ 7.233 ft lbf ¼
3
9.295 10 Btu
• 1 kWh ¼ 3.6 106 J ¼ 3.671 105 kpm ¼ 859.9 kcal ¼ 2.656 106 ft lbf ¼ 3.412 103 Btu
• 1 kJ ¼ 1 kNm ¼ 1 kWs ¼ 103 J ¼ 0.947813 Btu ¼ 737.6 ft lbf ¼ 0.23884 kcal
• 1 Btu ¼ 1,055.06 J ¼ 107.6 kpm ¼ 2.92875 104 kWh ¼ 251.996 calorie (IT – International
Table calorie) ¼ 0.252 kcal ¼ 777.649 ft lbf ¼ 1.0544 1010 erg ¼ 0.293 watt hour
¼ 0.999331 Btu (International Steam Tables) ¼ 0.998560 Btu (mean) ¼ 25020.1 foot-poundal
¼ 107.514 kg-force meter ¼ 1.0751 107 gram-force cm ¼ 0.000393 hp-hour ¼ 10.456 liter
atm ¼ 1054.35 watt second
• 1 cal ¼ 4.186 J
• 1 kcal ¼ 4186,8 J ¼ 426,9 kp m ¼ 1.163 103 kWh ¼ 3.088 ft lbf ¼ 3.9683 Btu ¼ 1000 cal
• 1 ft lbf (foot-pound force) ¼ 1.3558 J ¼ 0.1383 kp m ¼ 3.766 107 kWh ¼
3.238 104 kcal ¼ 1.285 103 Btu
• 1 hp h (horsepower hour) ¼ 2.6846 106 J ¼ 0.7457 kWh
• 1 erg ¼ 1 (g cm2)/s2 ¼ 107 J ¼ 1 dyne-centimeter
• 1 eV ¼ 1.602 1019 J
• 1 Q ¼ 1018 Btu ¼ 1.055 1021 J
• 1 Quad ¼ 1015 Btu
• 1 Therm ¼ 100,000 Btu
• 1 kg m ¼ 7.233 ft lb ¼ 0.00929 Btu ¼ 9.806 J
Energy per Unit Mass
• 1 kJ/kg ¼ 1 J/g ¼ 0.4299 Btu/lbm ¼ 0.23884 kcal/kg

• 1 Btu/lbm ¼ 2.326 kJ/kg ¼ 0.55 kcal/kg
• 1 kcal/kg ¼ 4.1868 kJ/kg ¼ 1.8 Btu/lbm
Energy per Unit Volume
• 1 Btu/US gal ¼ 278.7 Btu/liter
Flow: See Volume Flow
Force
Dyne, kilogram-force (kgf), kilopound-force, kip, lbf (pound-force), ounce force (avoirdupois),
poundal, newton
614 Appendix
• 1 N (newton) ¼ 0.1020 kp ¼ 7.233 pdl ¼ 7.233/32.174 lbf ¼ 0.2248 lbf ¼ 1 (kg m)/s2 ¼ 105
dyne ¼ 1/9.80665 kgf
• 1 lbf (pound-force) ¼ 4.44822 N ¼ 0.4536 kp ¼ 32.17 pdl ¼ 4.448 105 dyn
• 1 dyne ¼ 1 (g cm)/s2
• 1 kg has a weight of 1 kp
• 1 kp (kilopond) ¼ 9.80665 N ¼ 2.205 lbf ¼ 70.93 pdl
• 1 pdl (poundal) ¼ 0.13826 N ¼ 0.01409 kp ¼ 0.03108 lbf
Frequency
• 1 hertz ¼ 1 cycle/s
Heat Flow Rate
• 1 Btu/s ¼ 1,055.1 W
• 1 kW (kJ/s) ¼ 102.0 kpm/s ¼ 859.9 kcal/h ¼ 3413 Btu/h ¼ 1.360 hk ¼ 1.341 hp ¼ 7.38 ft lb/s
¼ 1,000 J/s ¼ 3.6 106 J/h
• 1 kpm/s ¼ 9.8067 103 kW ¼ 8.432 kcal/h ¼ 32.47 Btu/h ¼ 0.01333 hk ¼ 0.01316 hp
¼ 7.237 ft lb/s
• 1 kcal/h ¼ 1.163 103 kW ¼ 0.1186 kpm/s ¼ 3.969 Btu/h ¼ 1.582 103 hk ¼ 1.560
103 hp ¼ 0.8583 ft lb/s
• 1 Btu/h ¼ 2.931 104 kW ¼ 0.0299 kpm/s ¼ 0.252 kcal/h ¼ 3.986 104 hk ¼ 3.939
104 hp ¼ 0.2163 ft lb/s
• 1 kcal/h ¼ 1.16 103 kW
• 1 hk (metric horsepower) ¼ 0.735499 kW ¼ 75.00 kpm/s ¼ 632.5 kcal/h ¼ 2,510 Btu/h
¼ 0.9863 hp ¼ 542.8 ft lb/s
• 1 hp ¼ 0.74570 kW ¼ 76.04 kpm/s ¼ 641.2 kcal/h ¼ 2545 Btu/h ¼ 1.014 hk ¼ 550.3 ft lb/s
• 1 ft lb/s ¼ 1.35501 kW ¼ 0.1382 kpm/s ¼ 1.165 kcal/h ¼ 4.625 Btu/h ¼ 1.843
103 hk ¼ 1.817 103 hp
Heat Flux
• 1 Btu/ft2 ¼ 2.713 kcal/m2 ¼ 2.043 104 J/m2 K

• 1 Btu/ft2 h ¼ 3.1525 W/m2
• 1 Btu/ft2 F ¼ 4.88 kcal/m2K ¼ 2.043 104 J/m2 K
• 1 kcal/m2 ¼ 0.369 Btu/ft2
• 1 kcal/m2K ¼ 0.205 Btu/ft2 F
Heat Generation per Unit Volume
• 1 Btu/ft3 ¼ 8.9 kcal/m3 ¼ 3.73 104 J/m3

• 1 Btu/ft3 h ¼ 10.343 W/m3
• 1 kcal/m3 ¼ 0.112 Btu/ft3
Appendix 615
Heat Generation per Unit Mass
• 1 Btu/lb ¼ 0.556 kcal/kg ¼ 2326 J/kg

• 1 kcal/kg ¼ 1.800 Btu/lb
Heat Transfer Coefficient
• 1 Btu/ft2 h F ¼ 5.678 W/m2 K ¼ 4.882 kcal/h m2 C

• 1 W/m2K ¼ 0.85984 kcal/h m2 C ¼ 0.1761 Btu/ft2 h F
• 1 kcal/h m2 C ¼ 1.163 W/m2K ¼ 0.205 Btu/ft2 h F
Hydraulic Gradients
• 1 ftH2O/100 ft ¼ 0.44 psi/100 ft ¼ 9.8 kPa/100 m ¼ 1000 mmH2O/100 m

• 1 psi/100 ft ¼ 2.3 ftH2O/100 ft ¼ 2288 mmH2O/100 ft ¼ 22.46 kPa/100 m
Inductance
• abhenry ¼ 1 109 henry

• nery ¼ 1 109 abhenry ¼ 0.9995 henry (Int) ¼ 1000 millihenry ¼ 1.113 1012 stathenry
Information Storage
• 1 bit ¼ 0.125 byte (computers)

• 1 byte ¼ 8 bit
Length
Feet, meters, centimeters, kilometers, miles, furlongs, yards, micrometers, inches, angstrom, cubit,
fathom, foot, hand, league, light year, micron, mil, nautical mile, rod
• 1 m (meter) ¼ 3.2808 ft ¼ 39.37 in. ¼ 1.0936 yd ¼ 6.214 104 mile

• 1 km ¼ 0.6214 mile ¼ 3281 ft ¼ 1094 yd
• 1 in. (inch) ¼ 25.4 mm ¼ 2.54 cm ¼ 0.0254 m ¼ 0.08333 ft ¼ 0.02778 yd ¼ 1.578 105 mile
• 1 ft (foot) ¼ 0.3048 m ¼ 12 in. ¼ 0.3333 yd ¼ 1.894 104 mile ¼ 30.48 cm ¼ 304.8 mm
• 1 mm ¼ 103 m
• 1 cm ¼ 102 m ¼ 0.3937 in. ¼ 0.0328 ft ¼ 1 108 angstrom ¼ 0.03281 ft ¼ 0.0984 hand
(horses) ¼ 0.3937 in. ¼ 1 105 km ¼ 0.0497 link (Gunter) ¼ 0.0328 (Ramden) ¼ 1000
micrometer ¼ 10,000 micron ¼ 5.3996 106 mile (naut) ¼ 6.2137 106 mile (US statute)
¼ 10 millimeter ¼ 1 107 millimicron ¼ 393.7 mil ¼ 2.371 picas (printers) 28.4528 point
(printers) ¼ 0.00199 rod (US survey) ¼ 0.01094 yd
616 Appendix
• 1 mm ¼ 0.03937 in. ¼ 1000 micron

• 1 angstrom ¼ 1010 m ¼ 1 108 cm ¼ 3.937 109 in. ¼ 1 104 micrometer ¼ 0.0001
micron ¼ 0.1 millimicron
• 1 mile ¼ 1.6093 km ¼ 1609.3 m ¼ 63,346 in. ¼ 5280 ft ¼ 1760 yd
• 1 mile (Norway and Sweden) ¼ 10 km
• 1 nm (nautical mile, sea mile) ¼ 1852 m ¼ 1.151 mile ¼ 6076.1 ft ¼ 0.016667 degree of
latitude
• 1 yd (yard) ¼ 0.9144 m ¼ 36 in. ¼ 3 ft ¼ 5.682 104 mile
• 1 furlong ¼ 660 ft ¼ 40 rod ¼ 1/8 mile
• 1 rod ¼ 5.5 yd
• 1 land league ¼ 3 miles
• 1 fathom ¼ 6 ft ¼ 1.828804 m
• 1 astronomical unit ¼ 1.496 108 km
• 1 cable (UK) ¼ 0.00167 degree latitude ¼ 185.37 m
• 1 cable length (US Survey) ¼ 120 fathom (US Survey) ¼ 720 ft (US Survey) ¼ 219.456 m
• 1 caliber ¼ 0.01 in. ¼ 0.254 mm
• 1 chain (Gunter or US Survey) ¼ 2011.7 cm ¼ 66.00013 ft ¼ 66 f. (US Survey) ¼ 0.1 furlong
(US Survey) ¼ 792 in. (US Survey) ¼ 100 link (Gunter) ¼ 66.00013 link (Ramden) ¼ 20.117 m
¼ 0.0125 mile (US statute) ¼ 4 rod (US Survey) ¼ 22 yd (US Survey)
• 1 light year ¼ 63241.08 astronomical unit ¼ 9.46073 1012 kilometer ¼ 5.8786 1012 mile
(US statute) ¼ 0.306601 parsec
Luminous Emittance (Illuminance)
• 1 lumen/sq ft ¼ 1 ft candle ¼ 1 104 lux ¼ 1 phot

• 1 lux ¼ 0.0929 ft candle ¼ 1 lumen/sq m ¼ 0.0001 phot
Luminous Flux
• 1 candle power ¼ 12.566 lumen

• 1 lumen ¼ 1 candela steradian ¼ 0.07958 candle power (spherical) ¼ 0.0015 watt
Luminous Intensity
• 1 candela ¼ 1.091 hefner candle (Germ) ¼ 1 lumen/steradian
Magnetic Flux Density
• 1 gamma flux ¼ 1 105 gauss ¼ 1 106 g ¼ 1 microgram ¼ 1 109 tesla

• 1 gauss ¼ 0.9997 gauss (Int) ¼ 1 105 gamma ¼ 1 gilbert/cm ¼ 1 maxwell/sq cm ¼ 1 line/sq cm
¼ 6.4516 line/sq in. ¼ 1 104 tesla ¼ 1 108 weber/sq cm ¼ 6.452 108 weber/sq in.
¼ 1 104 weber/sq m
Appendix 617
Magnitude of a Physical Quantity (Power or Intensity Relative to a Specified or

Implied Reference Level)
• 1 bel ¼ 10 decibel
• 1 decibel ¼ 0.1 bel
Mass, Weight
Pounds, kilograms, grams, ounces, grains, tons (long), tons (short), tons (metric), carat, grain, ounce
mass, pound-mass (lbm), slug, tonne
• 1 kg ¼ 1,000 g ¼ 2.2046 lb ¼ 6.8521 102 slug

• 1 lbm ¼ 16 oz ¼ 0.4536 kg ¼ 453.6 g ¼ 7000 grains ¼ 0.03108 slug
• 1 slug ¼ 14.594 kg ¼ 32.174 lbm
• 1 grain ¼ 0.000143 lb ¼ 0.0648 g
• 1 g ¼ 15.43 grains ¼ 0.0353 oz ¼ 0.002205 lb
• 1 qt ¼ 0.9464 L
• 1 metric ton (or tonne) ¼ 1 tonne métrique ¼ 1000 kg ¼ 106 g ¼ 109 mg ¼ 1.10231131 short tons
• 1 short ton ¼ 2000 lb ¼ 907.18474 kg
• 1 long ton ¼ 2240 lb ¼ 1016.0469088 kg
• 1 oz (ounce) ¼ 28.35 g ¼ 437.5 grains ¼ 0.0625 lb ¼ 0.0000279 long ton (UK) ¼ 0.00003125
long ton (US) ¼ 0.000558 long hundredweight (UK) ¼ 0.000625 long hundredweight
(US) ¼ 0.004464 stone ¼ 16 dram
• 1 troy lb ¼ 12 troy oz
• 1 troy oz ¼ 1/12 troy lb ¼ 31.1034768 g ¼ 480 grains
• 1 scruple ¼ 20 grains
• 1 dram ¼ 3 scruples
• 1 apothecary ounce ¼ 8 drams
• 1 apothecary lb ¼ 12 apothecary oz
• 1 pennyweight ¼ 24 grains
• 1 gal H2O ¼ 8.33 lb H2O
• 1 cental (US) ¼ 45.359 kg ¼ 100 lb
• 1 carat (metric) ¼ 3.0865 grain ¼ 0.2 g ¼ 200 mg
• 1 hectogram ¼ 100 gram ¼ 0.26769 pound (apoth or troy) ¼ 0.2205 pound (avdp)
• Density, specific weight, and specific gravity – an introduction and definition of density, specific
weight, and specific gravity. Formulas with examples.
Mass Flow Rate
• 1 lb/h ¼ 1.26 104 kg/s

• 1 lb/s ¼ 0.4536 kg/s
• 1 lb/min ¼ 7.56 103 kg/s ¼ 27.216 kg/s
• 1 kg/s ¼ 3600 kg/h ¼ 132.28 lb/min
• 1 kg/h ¼ 2.778 104 kg/s ¼ 3.67 102 lb/min
618 Appendix
Moment of Inertia
• 1 kg m2 ¼ 10,000 kg cm2 ¼ 54,675 oz in.2 ¼ 3417.2 lb in2 ¼ 23.73 lb ft2
Nautical Measures
• 1 league ¼ 3 nautical miles

• 1 nautical mile ¼ 6067.10 ft ¼ 1.1508 statute miles
• 1 knot (nautical unit of speed) ¼ 1 nautical mile per hour
• 1 degree at the equator ¼ 60 nautical miles ¼ 69.047 statute miles
• 360 degrees ¼ 21,600 nautical miles ¼ 24,856.8 statute miles ¼ circumference at equator
Power
Horsepower, kilowatt, watt, btu/second, calorie/second, foot foot-pound force/second, kilocalorie/

second
• 1 W ¼ 1 kg m2/s3 ¼ 1 Nm/s ¼ 1 J/s ¼ 10,000,000 erg per second

• 1 kW ¼ 1,000 W ¼ 3412 Btu/h ¼ 737.6/550 British hp ¼ 1.341 British hp ¼ 103/
9.80665 kgf m/s ¼ 737.6 ft lbf/s ¼ 103/(9.80665 75) metric hp
• 1 hp (English horsepower) ¼ 745.7 W ¼ 0.746 kW ¼ 550 ft lb/s ¼ 2545 Btu/h ¼ 33.000 ft lb/m
¼ 1.0139 metric horsepower ~ ¼ 1.0 KVA
• 1 hp (mech) ¼ 2542.47 Btu (mean)/h ¼ 42.375 Btu (mean)/min ¼ 0.7062 Btu (mean)/s ¼
6.416 105 calorie/h (thermo) ¼ 6.412 105 calorie (IST)/h ¼ 6.4069 105 calorie(mean)/
h ¼ 10694 calorie/min (thermo) ¼ 10,686 calorie (IST)/min ¼ 10,678 calorie (mean)/min
¼ 10.686 calorie, kg/min (IST) ¼ 7.457 109 erg/s ¼ 1,980,000 ft foot-pound force/
h ¼ 33,000 ft foot-pound force/min ¼ 550 ft foot-pound force/s ¼ 0.076 hp (boiler) ¼ 0.9996
hp (electric) ¼ 1.0139 hp (metric) ¼ 745.7 J/s ¼ 0.7457 kW ¼ 0.7456 kW (Int) ¼ 0.212 ton of
refrigeration ¼ 745.7 W
• 1 hp (boiler) ¼ 33,445.6 Btu (mean)/h ¼ 140671.6 calorie/min (thermo) ¼ 140,469.4 calorie
(mean)/min ¼ 140,742.3 calorie (20 C)/min 9.8095 1010 erg/s ¼ 434107 ft foot-pound force/
min ¼ 13.1548 hp (mech) ¼ 13.1495 hp (electric) ¼ 13.3372 hp (metric) ¼ 13.1487 hp (water)
¼ 9809.5 J/s ¼ 9.8095 kW
• 1 hp (electric) ¼ 2547.16 Btu/h (thermo) ¼ 2545.46 Btu (IST)/h ¼ 2543.49 Btu (mean)/
h ¼ 178.298 calorie/s (thermo) ¼ 641.87 calorie, kg/h (thermo) ¼ 7.46 109 erg/s ¼ 33013 ft
foot-pound force/min ¼ 550.2 ft foot-pound force/s ¼ 1.0004 hp (mech) ¼ 0.07605 hp (boiler)
¼ 1.01428 hp (metric) ¼ 0.99994 hp (water) ¼ 746 J/s ¼ 0.746 kW ¼ 746 W
• 1 hp (metric) ¼ 2511.3 Btu/h (thermo) ¼ 2509.6 Btu (IST)/h ¼ 2507.7 Btu (mean)/h ¼ 6.328
105 calorie/h (thermo) ¼ 6.324 105 calorie (IST)/h ¼ 6.319 105 calorie (mean)/h ¼ 7.35
109 ergs/s ¼ 32548.6 ft foot-pound force/min ¼ 542.476 ft foot-pound force/s ¼ 0.9863 hp
(mech) ¼ 0.07498 hp (boiler) ¼ 0.9859 hp (electric) ¼ 0.98587 hp (water) ¼ 75 kilogram-force
meter/s (kg m/s) ¼ 0.7355 kW ¼ 735.499 W ¼ 75 kg m/s
• 1 hp (water) ¼ 33015 ft foot-pound force/min ¼ 1.00046 hp (mech) ¼ 0.07605 hp (boiler)
¼ 1.00006 hp (electric) ¼ 1.01434 hp (metric) ¼ 0.746043 kW
• 1 refrigeration Ton ¼ 12,000 Btu/h cooling ¼ 3.516 kW ¼ 3025.9 k calories/h
Appendix 619
• 1 cooling tower Ton ¼ 15,000 Btu/h ¼ 3,782 k Calories/h

• 1 ft lb/s ¼ 1.3558 W
• 1 Btu/s ¼ 1055.1 W
• 1 Btu/h ¼ 1 Btuh ¼ 0.293 W ¼ 0.001 MBH
• 1 cheval vapeur (French) ¼ 0.98632 hp
Power per Unit Area
• 1 W/m2 ¼ 0.3170 Btu/(h ft2) ¼ 0.85984 kcal/(h m2)
Pressure
Atmosphere, centimeters of mercury, foot of water, bar, barye, centimeter of water, dyne/square
centimeter, inch of mercury, inch of water, kgf/square centimeter, kgf/square meter, foot-pound
force/square foot, foot-pound force/square inch (psi), millibar, millimeter of mercury, pascal, torr,
newton/square meter
• Standard Atmospheric Pressure 1 atm ¼ 101.325 kN/m2 ¼ 1.01325 bar ¼ 101.325 Pa ¼ 14.7 psia ¼
0 psig ¼ 29.92 in Hg ¼ 760 torr ¼ 33.95 ft H2O ¼ 407.2 in. W.G. (water gauge) ¼ 2116.8 lb/sq ft.
• 1 N/m2 ¼ 1 Pa ¼ 1.4504 104 lb/in.2 ¼ 1 105 bar ¼ 4.03 103 in water ¼ 0.336
103 ft water ¼ 0.1024 mm water ¼ 0.295 103 in. mercury ¼ 7.55 103 mm mercury
¼ 0.1024 kg/m2 ¼ 0.993 105 atm
• 1 Pa ¼ 106 N/mm2 ¼ 105 bar ¼ 0.1020 kp/m2 ¼ 1.02 104 m H2O ¼ 9.869 106 atm
¼ 1.45 104 psi (foot-pound force/in.2)
• 1 N/mm2 ¼ 106 Pa ¼ 10 bar ¼ 1.020 105 kp/m2 ¼ 102.0 m H2O ¼ 9.869 atm ¼ 145.0 psi
(foot-pound force/in.2)
• 1 mmHg ¼ 1 torr ¼ 0.01934 lb/in.2
• 1 atm ¼ 101,325 Pa (N/m2) ¼ 1.013 102 kN/m2 ¼ 1.033 104 kp/m2 ¼ 1.033 kp/cm2
¼ 1.013 bar ¼ 14.696 psi (lb/in.2) ¼ 407.1 in. H2O at 62 F (16.7 C) ¼ 33.9 ft H2O at 62 F
(16.7 C) ¼ 10.33 m H2O at 62 F (16.7 C) ¼ 29.92 in. mercury at 62 F (16.7 C) ¼ 760 mm
mercury at 62 F (16.7 C) ¼ 760 torr
• 1 bar ¼ 1 105 Pa (N/m2) ¼ 0.1 N/mm2 ¼ 10,197 kp/m2 ¼ 10.20 m H2O ¼ 0.98692 atm
¼ 14.5038 psi (foot-pound force/in.2) ¼ 1 106 dyne/sq cm ¼ 750 mmHg ¼ 1 106 barye
(French) ¼ 75.0062 cm Hg (0 C) ¼ 33.4883 ft H2O (60 F) ¼ 1019.72 gram-force/sq cm
¼ 29.530 in. Hg (32 F) ¼ 1.01972 kg-force/sq cm ¼ 1000 millibar ¼ 2088.54 pound-force/sq ft
• 1 kp/m2 ¼ 9.81 Pa (N/m2) ¼ 9.807 106 N/mm2 ¼ 103 m H2O ¼ 1 mm H2O ¼ 0.9681
104 atm ¼ 1.422 103 psi (lb/in.2) ¼ 0.0394 in. H2O ¼ 0.0736 mm mercury
• 1 psi (lb/in.2) ¼ 144 psf (foot-pound force/ft2) ¼ 6894.8 Pa (N/m2) ¼ 6.895 103 N/mm2
¼ 6.895 102 bar ¼ 27.71 in. H2O at 62 F (16.7 C) ¼ 703.1 mm H2O at 62 F (16.7 C)
¼ 2.0416 in. mercury at 62 F (16.7 C) ¼ 51.8 mm mercury at 62 F (16.7 C) ¼ 703.6 kg/
m2 ¼ 0.06895 atm ¼ 2.307 ft H2O ¼ 16 oz
• 1 psf (foot-pound force/ft2) ¼ 47.88 N/m2 (Pa) ¼ 0.006944 foot-pound force/in.2 (psi)
• 1 dyn/cm2 ¼ 145.04 107 foot-pound force/in.2
620 Appendix
• 1 in. mercury (Hg) ¼ 3,376.8 N/m2 ¼ 0.49 lb/in.2 ¼ 12.8 in. water
• 1 oz ¼ 1.73 in. W.C.
• 1 ft H2O ¼ 0.4335 psi ¼ 62.43 lb/sq ft
• 1 in. water ¼ 248.8 N/m2 ¼ 0.0361 lb/in.2 ¼ 25.4 kg/m2 ¼ 0.0739 in. mercury
• 1 m H2O ¼ 9806.7 Pa ¼ 9.807 103 N/mm2 ¼ 0.0987 bar ¼ 1000 kp/m2 ¼ 0.09678 atm
¼ 1.422 psi (foot-pound force/in.2)
• 1 mm water ¼ 9.81 Pa (N/m2) ¼ 1 kg/m2 ¼ 0.0736 mm mercury ¼ 0.9677 104 atm
• 1 mm mercury ¼ 0.0193 lb/in.2 ¼ 133 N/m2 ¼ 12.8 mm water
• 1 barye (French) ¼ 1.0 dyne/sq cm ¼ 0.10 newton/sq m ¼ 0.10 Pa
Note: When using pressure units based on liquid columns (like mm water, in. water, mm Hg . . .),
be aware that densities of liquids vary with temperature. For more exact conversions consult
temperature density sources for the actual liquids.
Radioactivity
• 1 becquerel ¼ 2.7027 1011 curie ¼ 1 disintegration/s
Resistance, Electrical
• 1 abohm ¼ 1 1015 megohm ¼ 0.001 microohm ¼ 1 109 ohm
Rotation
Revolutions
• 1 r/min (rpm) ¼ 0.01667 r/s ¼ 0.105 rad/s

• 1 r/s ¼ 60 r/min ¼ 6.28 rad/s
• 1 rad/s ¼ 9.55 r/min (rpm) ¼ 0.159 r/s (rps)
Specific Energy, Enthalpy, Entropy
• 1 Btu/lbm ¼ 2326.1 J/kg ¼ 0.55556 kcal/kg ¼ 778.2 ft foot-pound force/lbm ¼ 3.9 104 hp h/lbm
¼ 5.4 foot-pound force/in.2/lbm/ft3 ¼ 0.237 kpm/g ¼ 5.56 104 kcal/g ¼ 2.326 kJ/kg
• 1 J/kg ¼ 4.299 104 Btu/lbm ¼ 2.388 104 kcal/kg
• 1 kcal/kg ¼ 1.80 Btu/lbm ¼ 4187 J/kg
Appendix 621
Specific Heat Capacity
• 1 J/(kg K) ¼ 2.389 104 kcal/(kg C) ¼ 2.389 104 Btu/(lbm F)

• 1 kJ/(kg K) ¼ 0.2389 kcal/(kg C) ¼ 0.2389 Btu/(lbm F)
• 1 Btu/(lbm F) ¼ 4,186.8 J/(kg K) ¼ 1 kcal/(kg C)
• 1 kcal/(kg C) ¼ 4,186.8 J/(kg K) ¼ 1 Btu/(lbm F)
Specific Energy
• 1 kJ/kg ¼ 1 J/g ¼ 0.4299 Btu/lbm ¼ 0.23884 kcal/kg

• 1 Btu/lbm ¼ 2.326 kJ/kg ¼ 0.55 kcal/kg
• 1 kcal/kg ¼ 4.1868 kJ/kg ¼ 1.8 Btu/lbm
Specific Volume
• 1 m3/kg ¼ 16.02 ft3/lbm ¼ 27680 in.3/lbm ¼ 119.8 US gal/lbm ¼ 1000 L/kg

• 1 L/kg ¼ 0.016 ft3/lbm ¼ 27.7 in.3/lbm ¼ 0.12 US gal/lbm ¼ 0.001 m3/kg
• 1 ft3/lbm ¼ 1728 in.3/lbm ¼ 7.48 US gal/lbm ¼ 62.43 L/kg ¼ 0.062 m3/kg
• 1 in.3/lbm ¼ 0.00058 ft3/lbm ¼ 0.0043 US gal/lbm ¼ 0.036 L/kg ¼ 0.000036 m3/kg
• 1 US gal/lbm ¼ 0.134 ft3/lbm ¼ 231 in.3/lbm ¼ 8.35 L/kg ¼ 0.0083 m3/kg
Stress
• 1 psi (lb/in.2) ¼ 144 psf (foot-pound force/ft2) ¼ 6894.8 Pa (N/m2) ¼ 6.895 103 N/mm2
• 1 N/m2 ¼ 1 Pa ¼ 1.4504 104 lb/in.2
Surveyor’s Measure
• 1 mile ¼ 8 furlongs ¼ 80 chains

• 1 furlong ¼ 10 chains ¼ 220 yd
• 1 chain ¼ 4 rod ¼ 22 yd ¼ 66 ft ¼ 100 links
• 1 link ¼ 7.92 in.
Temperature
Celsius, Rankine, Kelvin, Centigrade, Fahrenheit
• 1 C (dt) ¼ 1.8 F (dt) temperature difference

• 1 F (dt) ¼ 0.555 C (dt) temperature difference
• 0 C corresponds to 32 F, 273.16 K, and 491.69 R
• 1 R ¼ 5/9 K
• T( F) ¼ [T( C)](9/5) + 32
622 Appendix
• T( F) ¼ [T(K) 273.15](9/5) + 32

• T( C) ¼ 5/9[T( F) 32]
Thermal Conductivity
• 1 W/(m K) ¼ 0.85984 kcal/(h m C) ¼ 0.5779 Btu/(ft h F) ¼ 0.048 Btu/(in. h F)

• 1 Btu/(ft h F) ¼ 1.731 W/(m K) ¼ 1.488 kcal/(h m C)
• 1 kcal/(h m C) ¼ 1.163 W/(m K) ¼ 0.6720 Btu/(ft h F)
Thermal Diffusivity
• 1 ft2/s ¼ 0.0929 m2/s

• 1 ft2/h ¼ 2.581 105 m2/s
Thermal Resistance
• 1 (h F)/Btu ¼ 1.8958 K/W
Time
Year, month, day, hour, minute, second, millisecond
• 1 h ¼ 3600 s ¼ 60 min
• 1 ms (millisecond) ¼ 103 s
• 1 μs (microsecond) ¼ 106 s
• 1 ns (nanosecond) ¼ 109 s
• 1 day (mean solar) ¼ 1.0027379 day (sidereal) ¼ 24 hour (mean solar) ¼ 24.06571 hour (sidereal)
¼ 0.0027397 year (calendar) ¼ 0.002738 year (sidereal) ¼ 0.002738 year (tropical)
Torque, Moment
Foot-pound torque, newton-meter
• 1 ft lb ¼ 1.356 Nm
Velocity, Speed
Foot/second, inch/second, meter/second, kilometer/hour, knot, mile/hour, nautical mile per hour
• 1 ft/s ¼ 0.3048 m/s

• 1 ft/min ¼ 5.08 103 m/s ¼ 0.0183 km/h ¼ 0.0114 mph
• 1 mph ¼ 0.44703 m/s ¼ 1.609 km/h ¼ 88 ft/min ¼ 5280 ft/h ¼ 1.467 ft/s ¼ 0.8684 knots
Appendix 623
• 1 m/s ¼ 3.6 km/h ¼ 196.85 ft/min ¼ 2.237 mph

• 1 km/h ¼ 0.2778 m/s ¼ 54.68 ft/min ¼ 0.6214 mph ¼ 0.5396 knot
• 1 knot (nautical miles/h) ¼ 0.514444444 m/s ¼ 1.852 km/h ¼ 1.1515 miles/h ¼ 1 nautical miles/h
• 1 league ¼ 3.0 miles
• 1 cm/s ¼ 1.9685 ft/min ¼ 0.0328 ft/s ¼ 0.036 km/h ¼ 0.0194 knots (Int) ¼ 0.6 m/min ¼ 0.02237
mile/h ¼ 0.000373 mile/min
Dynamic Viscosity
• 1 lb/(ft s) ¼ 1.4879 Pa s ¼ 14.88 P ¼ 1488 cP ¼ 0.1517 kp s/m2

• 1 cP (centipoise) ¼ 103 Pa s ¼ 0.01 P (poise) ¼ 1.020 104 kp s/m2 ¼ 6.721 104 lb/
(ft s) ¼ 0.00100 (N s)/m2 ¼ 0.01 gram/(cm s) ¼ 2.4191 lb/(ft h)
• 1 kg/(m s) ¼ 1 (N s)/m2 ¼ 0.6720 lbm/(ft s) ¼ 10 P
• 1 P ¼ 0.1 Pa s ¼ 100 cP ¼ 1.020 102 kp s/m2 ¼ 6.721 102 lb/(ft s) ¼ 0.1 kg/ms
• 1 Pa s (N s/m2) ¼ 10 P ¼ 103 cP ¼ 0.1020 kp s/m2 ¼ 0.6721 lb/(ft s)
• 1 kp s/m2 ¼ 9.80665 Pa s ¼ 98.07 P ¼ 9807 cP ¼ 6.591 lb/(ft s)
• 1 reyns ¼ 1 foot-pound force s/in.2 ¼ 6894.76 Pa s
• Dynamic, absolute and kinematic viscosity – an introduction to dynamic, absolute and kinematic
viscosity and how to convert between centistokes (cSt), centipoise (cP), Saybolt Seconds Univer-
sal (SSU), and degree Engler
Kinematic Viscosity
• 1 ft2/s ¼ 0.0929 m2/s

• 1 ft2/h ¼ 2.581 105 m2/s
• 1 St (stoke) ¼ 1 104 m2/s ¼ 100 cSt ¼ 1.076 103 ft2/s
• 1 m2/s ¼ 104 St ¼ 106 cSt ¼ 10.764 ft2/s ¼ 38750 ft2/h
• 1 cSt ¼ 106 m2/s ¼ 0.01 St ¼ 1.076 105 ft2/s ¼ 1 sq mm/s
Volume
Barrel, gallon, cubic centimeter (cm3), cubic feet (ft3), cubic inch (in.3), cubic meter (m3), cubic yard
(yd3), quarts, liters, acre foot, board foot, bushel, cord, cup, dram, fluid ounce, peck, pint, quart,
tablespoon, teaspoon
• 1 ft3 ¼ 0.02832 m3 ¼ 28.32 dm3 ¼ 0.03704 yd3 ¼ 6.229 Imp. gal (UK) ¼ 7.481 gal (US)
¼ 1728 in.3 ¼ 2.296 105 acre ft ¼ 12 board ft (timber) ¼ 0.7786 bushel (UK) ¼ 0.8036
bushel (US, dry) ¼ 0.00781 cord (firewood) ¼ 0.0625 cord ft (timber) ¼ 28316.8 cm3 ¼ 6.42851
gal (US, dry) ¼ 7.48052 gal (US, liq) ¼ 28.3168 L ¼ 996.614 oz (UK, liq) ¼ 957.506 oz (US,
liq) ¼ 51.4281 pint (pt) (US, dry) ¼ 59.84442 pt (US, liq) ¼ 25.714 qt (US, dry) ¼ 29.922 qt
(US, liq)
• 1 in.3 ¼ 1.6387 105 m3 ¼ 1.639 102 dm3 (L) ¼ 16.39 cm3 ¼ 16390 mm3 ¼ 0.000579 ft3
624 Appendix
• 1 gallon (US) ¼ 3.785 103 m3 ¼ 3.785 dm3 (L) ¼ 231 in.3 ¼ 0.13368 ft3 ¼ 4.951 103 yd3
¼ 0.8327 Imp. gal (UK) ¼ 4 qt ¼ 8 pt
• 1Imp.gallon(UK) ¼ 4.546 103 m3 ¼ 4.546dm3 ¼ 0.1605ft3 ¼ 5.946 103 yd3 ¼ 1.201gal
(US)
• 1 dm3 (L) ¼ 103 m3 ¼ 0.03532 ft3 ¼ 1.308 103 yd3 ¼ 0.220 Imp. gal (UK) ¼ 0.2642 gal
(US) ¼ 1.057 qt ¼ 2.113 pt
• 1 yd3 ¼ 0.7646 m3 ¼ 764.6 dm3 ¼ 27 ft3 ¼ 168.2 Imp. gal (UK) ¼ 202.0 gal (US) ¼ 46,656 in.3
¼ 1616 pt ¼ 807.9 qt ¼ 764.6 L
• 1 pt ¼ 0.568 dm3 (L) ¼ 16 fl. oz (fluid ounce) ¼ 28.88 in.3
• 1 km3 ¼ 109 m3 ¼ 1012 dm3 (L) ¼ 1015 cm3 ¼ 1018 mm3
• 1 cm3 ¼ 0.061 in.3 ¼ 0.00042 board ft ¼ 2.7496 105 bushel (UK) ¼ 2.8378 105 bushel
(US, dry) ¼ 3.5315 105 ft3 ¼ 0.06102 in.3 ¼ 1 106 m3 ¼ 1.308 106 yd3 ¼ 0.28156
drachm (UK, liq) ¼ 0.27051 dram (US, liq) ¼ 0.000227 gal (UK) ¼ 0.00027 gal (US, dry)
¼ 0.000264 gal (US, liq) ¼ 0.0074 gill (UK) ¼ 0.00845 gill (US) ¼ 0.001 L ¼ 0.035195 oz
(UK, liq) ¼ 0.033814 oz (US, liq) ¼ 0.00182 pt (US, dry) ¼ 0.00211 pt (US, liq) ¼ 0.00088 qt
(UK) ¼ 0.00091 qt (US, dry) ¼ 0.00106 qt (US, liq)
• 1 m3 ¼ 103 dm3 (L) ¼ 35.31 ft3 ¼ 1.3093 yd3 ¼ 220.0 Imp. gal (UK) ¼ 264.2 gal (US)
¼ 61,023 in.3 ¼ 35.31 ft3 ¼ 0.1 decistere
• 1 hogshead ¼ 63 gal ¼ 8.42184 ft3
• 1 barrel (UK) ¼ 1.5 bag (UK) ¼ 1.41541 barrel (US, dry) ¼ 1.37251 barrel (US, liq) ¼ 4.5
bushel (UK) ¼ 4.64426 bushel (US, dry) ¼ 5.77957 ft3 ¼ 0.16366 m3 ¼ 36 gal
(UK) ¼ 163.6592 L
• 1 barrel beer ¼ 31.5 gal beer
• 1 barrel (US, oil) ¼ 1.33 barrel (US, liq) ¼ 5.61458 ft3 ¼ 42 gal (US, liq) ¼ 158.9873 L
• 1 barrel (US, dry) ¼ 0.969696 barrel (US, liq) ¼ 3.28122 bushel (US, dry) ¼ 4.0833 ft3 ¼ 7056
in.3 ¼ 0.11563 m3 ¼ 104.999 qt (US, dry)
• 1 barrel (US, liq) ¼ 1.03125 barrel (US, dry) ¼ 0.75 barrel (US, oil) ¼ 4.2109 ft3 ¼ 7276.5 in.3
¼ 0.11924 m3 ¼ 26.22924 gal (UK) ¼ 31.5 gal (US, liq) ¼ 119.24 L ¼
• 1 bushel ¼ 1.2445 ft 3 ¼ 32 qt (dry) ¼ 64 pt (dry) ¼ 4 peck
• 1 bushel (UK) ¼ 0.3333 bag (UK) ¼ 1.03206 bushel (US) ¼ 36,368.7cm3 ¼ 1.28435ft3 ¼ 2219 in.3
¼ 8 gal (UK) ¼ 36.3687 L
• 1 bushel (US, dry) ¼ 0.30476 barrel (US, dry) ¼ 0.96894 bushel (UK) ¼ 35239.07 cm3 ¼ 1.24446
ft3 ¼ 2150.42 in.3 ¼ 0.03524 m3 0.04609 yd3 ¼ 8 gal (US, dry) ¼ 9.30918 gal (US, liq)
¼ 35.23907 L ¼ 1191.57 oz (US, liq) ¼ 4 peck (US) ¼ 64 pt (US, dry) ¼ 32 qt (US, dry)
¼ 37.23671 qt (US, liq)
• 1 qt ¼ 2 pt ¼ 57.75 in.3 ¼ 1/8 dry qt
• 1 fl. oz ¼ 2 tablespoons ¼ 1.805 in.3 ¼ 29.574 mL
• 1 cord (firewood) ¼ 128 ft3 ¼ 8 cord ft (timber) ¼ 3.6246 m3
• 1 cord ft (timber) ¼ 0.125 cord (firewood) ¼ 16 ft3
• 1 peck ¼ 8 dry qt
• 1 cup ¼ 8 fl. oz.
• 1 cup (metric) ¼ 200 mL
• 1 cup, tea ¼ 0.25 pt ¼ 142.06 mL
• 1 board ft ¼ piece of lumber 1 ft wide 1 ft long 1 in. thick ¼ 2359.74 cm3 ¼ 0.083333 ft3
¼ 144 in.3
• 1 acre ft ¼ 43,560 ft3 ¼ 1233.482 m3 ¼ 1613.33 yd3 ¼ 3.259 105 gal (US, liq)
• 1 acre in. ¼ 3630 ft3 ¼ 102.7901531 m3 ¼ 134.44 yd3 ¼ 27,154.286 gal (US)
Appendix 625
• 1 bucket (UK) ¼ 18184.35 cm3 ¼ 4 gal (UK)

• 1 butt (UK, liq) ¼ 16.2549 bushel (US) ¼ 20.2285 ft3 ¼ 0.57281 m3 ¼ 151.3197 gal (US)
• 1 chaldron (UK, liq) ¼ 36 bushel (UK)
• 1 dram (US, liq) ¼ 3.6967 cm3 ¼ 0.225586 in.3 ¼ 1.04084 drachm (UK, liq) ¼ 0.03125 gill
(US) ¼ 3.69669 mm ¼ 60 minim (US) ¼ 0.125 oz (US, liq) ¼ 0.0078125 pt (US, liq)
• 1 fifth (US, liq) ¼ 17.067 jigger (US, liq) ¼ 0.75708 L ¼ 25.6 oz (US, liq) ¼ 1.6 pt (US, liq)
¼ 25.6 pony (US, liq) ¼ 0.8 qt (US, liq) ¼ 25.6 shot (US, liq)
• 1 firkin (UK) ¼ 1.125 bushel (UK) ¼ 40,914.8 cm3 ¼ 1.44489 ft3 ¼ 1.20095 firkin (US) ¼ 9
gal (UK) ¼ 40.91481 L ¼ 72 pt (UK)
• 1 hectoliter ¼ 2.7496 bushel (UK) ¼ 2.8378 bushel (US, dry) ¼ 1 105 cm3 ¼ 3.5315 ft3
¼ 26.417 gal (US, liq) ¼ 100 L ¼ 3381.4 oz (US, liq) ¼ 11.351 peck (US)
Volume Flow
• 1 dm3/s (kg/s water) ¼ 13.20 Imp. gal (UK)/min

• 1 m3/s ¼ 3600 m3/h ¼ 1000 dm3 (L)/s ¼ 35.32 ft3/s ¼ 2,118.9 ft3/min ¼ 13,200 Imp. gal (UK)/
min ¼ 15,852 gal (US)/min
• 1 m3/h ¼ 2.7778 104 m3/s ¼ 0.2778 dm3 (L)/s ¼ 9.810 103 ft3/s ¼ 0.5886 ft3/min (cfm)
¼ 3.667 Imp. gal (UK)/min ¼ 4.403 gal (US)/min
• 1 m3/h ¼ 103 dm3 (L)/h ¼ 16.67 dm3 (L)/min ¼ 0.27878 dm3 (L)/s
• 1 ft3/min ¼ 1.7 m3/h ¼ 0.47 L/s ¼ 62.43 lb H2O/min
• 1 dm3 (L)/s ¼ 103 m3/s ¼ 3.6 m3/h ¼ 0.03532 ft3/s ¼ 2.1189 ft3/min (cfm) ¼ 13.200 Imp. gal
(UK)/min ¼ 15.852 gal (US)/min ¼ 792 Imp. gal (UK)/h
• 1 dm3 (L)/s ¼ 60 L/min ¼ 3600 L/h
• 1 ft3/s ¼ 0.0283168 m3/s ¼ 101.9 m3/h ¼ 28.32 dm3(L)/s ¼ 60 ft3/min ¼ 373.7 Imp. gal (UK)/
min ¼ 448.9 gal (US)/min
• 1 Imp. gal (UK)/min ¼ 7.57682 105 m3/s ¼ 0.273 m3/h ¼ 0.0758 dm3(L)/s ¼ 2.675 103
ft3/s ¼ 0.1605 ft3/min ¼ 1.201 gal (US)/min
• 1 gal (US)/min ¼ 6.30888 105 m3/s ¼ 0.227 m3/h ¼ 0.06309 dm3(L)/s ¼ 2.228 103 ft3/s
¼ 0.1337 ft3/min ¼ 0.8327 Imp. gal (UK)/min
Weight: See Mass
• See density, specific weight, and specific gravity – an introduction and definition of density,
specific weight, and specific gravity and formulas with examples.
Appendix
Appendix D: Physical Properties
In this appendix, you will find the physical properties of gases at atmospheric pressure and of
saturated liquids (Tables D.1 and D.2).

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-17434-1
628 Appendix
Table D.1 Physical properties of gases at atmospheric pressure

2
kg kJ kg m W m2
ρ c p μ ν 10 6
k α 104
T (K) m3 kg C ms s mK s Pr‘
Air
100 3.6010 1.0266 0.6924 105 1.923 0.009246 0.02501 0.770
150 2.3675 1.0099 1.0283 4.343 0.013735 0.05745 0.753
200 1.7684 1.0061 1.3289 7.490 0.01809 0.10165 0.739
250 1.4128 1.0053 1.488 10.53 0.02227 0.13161 0.722
300 1.1774 1.0057 1.983 16.84 0.02624 0.22160 0.708
350 0.9980 1.0090 2.075 20.76 0.03003 0.2983 0.697
400 0.8826 1.0140 2.286 25.90 0.03365 0.3760 0.689
450 0.7833 1.0207 2.484 31.71 0.03707 0.4222 0.683
500 0.7048 1.0295 2.671 37.90 0.04038 0.5564 0.680
550 0.6423 1.0392 2.848 44.34 0.04360 0.6532 0.680
600 0.5879 1.0551 3.018 51.34 0.04659 0.7512 0.680
650 0.5430 1.0635 3.177 58.51 0.04953 0.8578 0.682
700 0.5030 1.0752 3.332 66.25 0.05230 0.9672 0.684
750 0.4709 1.0856 3.481 73.91 0.05509 1.0774 0.686
800 0.4405 1.0978 3.625 82.29 0.05779 1.1951 0.689
850 0.4149 1.1095 3.765 90.75 0.06028 1.3097 0.692
900 0.3925 1.1212 3.899 99.3 0.06279 1.4271 0.696
950 0.3716 1.1321 4.023 108.2 0.06525 1.5510 0.699
1000 0.3524 1.1417 4.152 117.8 0.06752 1.6779 0.702
1100 0.3204 1.160 4.44 138.6 0.0732 1.969 0.704
1200 0.2947 1.179 4.69 159.1 0.0782 2.251 0.707
1300 0.2707 1.197 4.93 182.1 0.0837 2.583 0.705
1400 0.2515 1.214 5.17 205.5 0.0891 2.920 0.705
1500 0.2355 1.230 5.40 229.1 0.0946 3.262 0.705
1600 0.2211 1.248 5.63 254.5 0.100 3.609 0.705
1700 0.2082 1.267 5.85 280.5 0.105 3.977 0.705
1800 0.1970 1.287 6.07 308.1 0.111 4.379 0.704
1900 0.1858 1.309 6.29 338.5 0.117 4.811 0.704
2000 0.1762 1.338 6.50 369.0 0.124 5.260 0.702
2100 0.1682 1.372 6.72 399.6 0.131 5.715 0.700
2200 0.1602 1.419 6.93 432.6 0.139 6.120 0.707
2300 0.1538 1.482 7.14 464.0 0.149 6.540 0.710
2400 0.1458 1.574 7.35 504.0 0.161 7.020 0.718
2500 0.1394 1.688 7.57 543.5 0.175 7.441 0.730
Helium
3 5.200 8.42 107 0.0106
33 1.4657 5.200 50.2 3.42 0.0353 0.04625 0.74
144 3.3799 5.200 125.5 37.11 0.0928 0.5275 0.70
200 0.2435 5.200 156.6 64.38 0.1177 0.9288 0.694
255 0.1906 5.200 181.7 95.50 0.1357 1.3675 0.70
366 0.13280 5.200 230.5 173.6 0.1691 2.449 0.71
477 0.10204 5.200 275.0 269.3 0.197 3.716 0.72
589 0.08282 5.200 311.3 375.8 0.225 5.215 0.72
700 0.07032 5.200 347.5 494.2 0.251 6.661 0.72
800 0.06023 5.200 381.7 634.1 0.275 8.774 0.72
900 0.05286 5.200 413.6 781.3 0.298 10.834 0.72
(continued)
Appendix 629
Table D.1 (continued)

kg kJ kg m2 W m2
ρ c p μ ν 106 k α 104
Carbon dioxide
220 2.4733 0.783 11.105 106 4.490 0.010805 0.05920 0.818
250 2.1657 0.804 12.590 5.813 0.012884 0.07401 0.793
300 1.7973 0.871 14.958 8.321 0.016572 0.10588 0.770
350 1.5362 0.900 17.205 11.19 0.02047 0.14808 0.755
400 1.3424 0.942 19.32 14.39 0.02461 0.19463 0.738
450 1.1918 0.980 21.34 17.90 0.02897 0.24813 0.721
500 1.0732 1.013 23.26 21.67 0.03352 0.3084 0.702
550 0.9739 1.047 25.08 25.74 0.03821 0.3750 0.685
600 0.8938 1.076 26.83 30.02 0.04311 0.4483 0.668
Carbon dioxide
220 1.55363 1.0429 13.832 106 8.903 0.01906 0.11760 0.758
250 1.3649 1.0425 15.40 11.28 0.02144 0.15063 0.750
300 1.13876 1.0421 17.843 15.67 0.02525 0.21280 0.737
350 0.97425 1.0434 20.09 20.62 0.02883 0.2836 0.728
400 0.85363 1.0484 22.19 25.99 0.03226 0.3605 0.722
450 0.75848 1.0551 24.18 31.88 0.0436 0.4439 0.718
Carbon monoxide
500 0.68223 1.0635 26.06 38.19 0.03863 0.5324 0.718
550 0.62024 1.0756 27.89 44.97 0.04162 0.6240 0.721
600 0.56850 1.0877 29.60 52.06 0.04446 0.7190 0.724
Ammonia, NH3
220 0.9304 2.198 7.255 106 7.8 0.0171 0.2054 0.93
273 0.7929 2.177 9.353 11.8 0.0220 0.1308 0.90
323 0.6487 2.177 11.035 17.0 0.0270 0.1920 0.88
373 0.5590 2.236 12.886 23.0 0.0327 0.2619 0.87
423 0.4934 2.315 14.672 29.7 0.0391 0.3432 0.87
473 0.4405 2.395 16.49 37.4 0.0467 0.4421 0.84
Steam (H2O vapor)
380 0.5863 2.060 12.71 106 21.6 0.0246 0.2036 1.060
400 0.5542 2.014 13.44 24.2 0.0261 0.2338 1.040
450 0.4902 1.980 15.25 31.1 0.0299 0.307 1.010
500 0.4405 1.985 17.04 38.6 0.0339 0.387 0.996
550 0.4005 1.997 18.84 47.0 0.0379 0.475 0.991
600 0.3652 2.026 20.67 56.6 0.0422 0.573 0.986
650 0.3380 2.056 22.47 64.4 0.0464 0.666 0.995
700 0.3140 2.085 24.26 77.2 0.0505 0.772 1.000
750 0.2931 2.119 26.04 88.8 0.0549 0.883 1.005
800 0.2739 2.152 27.86 102.0 0.0592 1.001 1.010
850 0.2579 2.186 29.69 115.2 0.0637 1.130 1.019
Hydrogen
30 0.84722 10.840 1.606 106 1.895 0.0228 0.02493 0.759
50 0.50955 10.501 2.516 4.880 0.0362 0.0676 0.721
100 0.24572 11.229 4.212 17.14 0.0665 0.2408 0.712
150 0.16371 12.602 5.595 34.18 0.0981 0.475 0.718
200 0.12270 13.540 6.813 55.53 0.1282 0.772 0.719
250 0.09819 14.059 7.919 80.64 0.1561 1.130 0.713
300 0.08185 14.314 8.963 109.5 0.182 1.554 0.706
(continued)
630 Appendix

kg kJ kg m2 W m2
ρ c p μ ν 106 k α 104
350 0.07016 14.436 9.954 141.9 0.206 2.031 0.697
400 0.06135 14.491 10.864 177.1 0.228 2.568 0.690
450 0.05462 14.499 11.779 215.6 0.251 3.164 0.682
500 0.04918 14.507 12.636 257.0 0.272 3.817 0.675
550 0.04469 14.532 13.475 301.6 0.292 4.516 0.668
600 0.04085 14.537 14.285 349.7 0.315 5.306 0.664
700 0.03492 14.574 15.89 455.1 0.351 6.903 0.659
800 0.03060 14.675 17.40 569 0.384 8.563 0.664
900 0.02723 14.821 18.78 690 0.412 10.217 0.676
1000 0.02451 14.968 20.16 822 0.440 11.997 0.686
1100 0.02227 15.165 21.46 965 0.464 13.726 0.703
1200 0.02050 15.366 22.75 1107 0.488 15.484 0.715
1300 0.01890 15.575 24.08 1273 0.512 17.394 0.733
1333 0.01842 15.638 24.44 1328 0.519 18.013 0.736
Oxygen
100 3.9918 0.9479 7.768 106 1.946 0.00903 0.023876 0.815
150 2.6190 0.9178 11.490 4.387 0.01367 0.05688 0.773
200 1.9559 0.9131 14.850 7.593 0.01824 0.10214 0.745
250 1.5618 0.9157 17.87 11.45 0.02259 0.15794 0.725
300 1.3007 0.9203 20.63 15.86 0.02676 0.22353 0.709
350 1.1133 0.9291 23.16 20.80 0.03070 0.2968 0.702
400 0.9755 0.9420 25.54 26.18 0.03461 0.3768 0.695
450 0.8682 0.9567 27.77 31.99 0.03828 0.4609 0.694
500 0.7801 0.9722 29.91 38.34 0.04173 0.5502 0.697
550 0.7096 0.9881 31.97 45.05 0.04517 0.6441 0.700
600 0.6504 1.0044 33.92 52.15 0.04832 0.7399 0.704
Nitrogen
100 3.4808 1.0722 6.862 106 1.971 0.009450 0.025319 0.786
200 1.7108 1.0429 12.947 7.568 0.01824 0.10224 0.747
300 1.1421 1.0408 17.84 15.63 0.02620 0.22044 0.713
400 0.8538 1.0459 21.98 25.74 0.03335 0.3734 0.691
500 0.6824 1.0555 25.70 37.66 0.03984 0.5530 0.684
600 0.5687 1.0756 29.11 51.19 0.04580 0.7486 0.686
700 0.4934 1.0969 32.13 65.13 0.05123 0.9466 0.691
800 0.4277 1.1225 34.84 81.46 0.05609 1.1685 0.700
900 0.3796 1.1464 37.49 91.06 0.06070 1.3946 0.711
1000 0.3412 1.1677 40.00 117.2 0.06475 1.6250 0.724
1100 0.3108 1.1857 42.28 136.0 0.06850 1.8591 0.736
1200 0.2851 1.2037 44.50 156.1 0.07184 2.0932 0.748
From E. R. G. Eckert and R. M. Drake, Analysis of Heat Mass Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.
Appendix 631
Table D.2 Physical properties of saturated liquids
α
kg cp kJ νm2
k W
ρ m2
10
6
104
t (C) m3 kg C s mK s Pr β (K1)
Ammonia, NH3
50 703.69 4.463 0.435 106 0.547 1.742 2.60 –
40 691.68 4.467 0.406 0.547 1.775 2.28 –
30 679.34 4.476 0.387 0.549 1.801 2.15 –
20 666.69 4.509 0.381 0.547 1.819 2.09 –
10 653.55 4.564 0.378 0.543 1.825 2.07 –
0 640.10 4.635 0.373 0.540 1.819 2.05 –
10 626.16 4.714 0.368 0.531 1.801 2.04 –
20 611.75 4.798 0.359 0.521 1.775 2.02 2.45 103
30 596.37 4.890 0.349 0.507 1.742 2.01 –
40 580.99 4.999 0.340 0.493 1.701 2.00 –
50 564.33 5.116 0.330 0.476 1.654 1.99 –
Carbon dioxide, CO2
50 1,156.34 1.84 0.119 106 0.0855 0.4021 2.96 –
40 1,117.77 1.88 0.118 0.1011 0.4810 2.46 –
30 1,076.76 1.97 0.117 0.1116 0.5272 2.22 –
20 1,032.39 2.05 0.115 0.1151 0.5445 2.12 –
10 983.38 2.18 0.113 0.1099 0.5133 2.20 –
0 926.99 2.47 0.108 0.1045 0.4578 2.38 –
10 860.03 3.14 0.101 0.0971 0.3608 2.80 –
20 772.57 5.0 0.091 0.0872 0.2219 4.10 14.00 103
30 597.81 36.4 0.080 0.0703 0.0279 28.7 –
Dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon-12), CCl2F2
50 1546.75 0.8750 0.310 106 0.067 0.501 6.2 2.63 103
40 1518.71 0.8847 0.279 0.069 0.514 5.4 –
30 1489.56 0.8956 0.253 0.069 0.526 4.8 –
20 1460.57 0.9073 0.235 0.071 0.539 4.4 –
10 1429.49 0.9203 0.221 0.073 0.550 4.0 –
0 1397.45 0.9345 0.214 0.073 0.557 3.8 –
10 1364.30 0.9496 0.203 0.073 0.560 3.6 –
20 1330.18 0.9659 0.198 0.073 0.560 3.5 –
30 1295.10 0.9835 0.194 0.071 0.560 3.5 –
40 1257.13 1.0019 0.191 0.069 0.555 3.5 –
50 1215.96 1.0216 0.190 0.067 0.545 3.5 –
Engine oil (unused)
0 899.12 1.796 0.00428 0.147 0.911 47,100 –
20 888.23 1.880 0.00090 0.145 0.872 10,400 0.70 103
40 876.05 1.964 0.00024 0.144 0.834 2,870 –
60 864.04 2.047 0.839 104 0.140 0.800 1,050 –
80 852.02 2.131 0.375 0.138 0.769 490 –
100 840.01 2.219 0.203 0.137 0.738 276 –
120 828.96 2.307 0.124 0.135 0.710 175 –
140 816.94 2.395 0.080 0.133 0.686 116 –
160 805.89 2.483 0.056 0.132 0.663 84 –
(continued)
632 Appendix

α
kg cp kJ νm2
k W
ρ m2
106 104
t (C) m3
kg C s mK s Pr β (K1)
Ethylene glycol, C2H4(OH2)
0 1130.75 2.294 57.53 106 0.242 0.934 615 –
20 1116.65 2.382 19.18 0.249 0.939 204 0.65 103
40 1101.43 2.474 8.69 0.256 0.939 93 –
60 1087.66 2.562 4.75 0.260 0.932 51 –
80 1077.56 2.650 2.98 0.261 0.921 32.4 –
100 1058.50 2.742 2.03 0.263 0.908 22.4 –
Eutectic calcium chloride solution, 29.9 % CaCl2
50 1319.76 2.608 36.35 106 0.402 1.166 312 –
40 1314.96 2.6356 24.97 0.415 1.200 208 –
30 1310.15 2.6611 17.18 0.429 1.234 139 –
20 1305.51 2.688 11.04 0.445 1.267 87.1 –
10 1300.70 2.713 6.96 0.459 1.300 53.6 –
0 1296.06 2.738 4.39 0.472 1.332 33.0 –
10 1291.41 2.763 3.35 0.485 1.363 24.6 –
20 1286.61 2.788 2.72 0.498 1.394 19.6 –
30 1281.96 2.814 2.27 0.511 1.419 16.0 –
40 1277.16 2.839 1.92 0.523 1.445 13.3 –
50 1272.51 2.868 1.65 0.535 1.468 11.3 –
Glycerin, C3H5(OH)3
0 1276.03 2.261 0.00831 0.282 0.983 84.7 103 –
10 1270.11 2.319 0.00300 0.284 0.965 31.0 –
20 1264.02 2.386 0.00118 0.286 0.947 12.5 0.50 103
30 1258.09 2.445 0.00050 0.286 0.929 5.38 –
40 1252.01 2.512 0.00022 0.286 0.914 2.45 –
50 1244.96 2.583 0.00015 0.287 0.893 1.63 –
Mercury, Hg
0 13,628.22 0.1403 0.124 106 8.20 42.99 0.0288 –
20 13,579.04 0.1394 0.114 8.69 46.06 0.0249 1.82 104
50 13,505.84 0.1386 0.104 9.40 50.22 0.0207 –
100 13,384.58 0.1373 0.0928 10.51 57.16 0.0162 –
150 13,264.28 0.1365 0.0853 11.49 63.54 0.0134 –
200 13,144.94 0.1360 0.0802 12.34 69.08 0.0116 –
250 13,025.60 0.1357 0.0765 13.07 74.06 0.0103 –
315.5 12,847 0.134 0.0673 14.02 8.15 0.0083 –
Methyl chloride, CH3Cl
50 1052.58 1.4759 0.320 106 0.215 1.388 2.31 –
40 1033.35 1.4826 0.318 0.209 1.368 2.32 –
10 1016.53 1.4922 0.314 0.202 1.337 2.35 –
20 999.39 1.5043 0.309 0.196 1.301 2.38 –
10 981.45 1.5194 0.306 0.187 1.257 2.43 –
0 962.39 1.5378 0.302 0.178 1.213 2.49 –
10 942.36 1.5600 0.297 0.171 1.166 2.55 –
20 923.31 1.5860 0.293 0.163 1.112 2.63 –
30 903.12 1.6161 0.288 0.154 1.058 2.72 –
40 883.10 1.6504 0.281 0.144 0.996 2.83 –
50 861.15 1.6890 0,274 0.133 0.921 2.97 –
(continued)
Appendix 633
α
kg cp kJ νm2
k W
ρ m2
10
6
104
t (C) m3 kg C s mK s Pr β (K1)
Sulfur dioxide, SO2
50 1560.84 1.3595 0.484 106 0.242 1.141 4.24 –
40 1536.81 1.3607 0.424 0.235 1.130 3.74 –
30 1520.64 1.3616 0.371 0.230 1.117 3.31 –
20 1488.60 1.3624 0.324 0.225 1.107 2.93 –
10 1463.61 1.3628 0.288 0.218 1.097 2.62 –
0 1438.46 1.3636 0.257 0.211 1.081 2.38 –
10 1412.51 1.3645 0.232 0.204 1.066 2.18 –
20 1386.40 1.3653 0.210 0.199 1.050 2.00 1.94 103
30 1359.33 1.3662 0.190 0.192 1.035 1.83 –
40 1329.22 1.3674 0.173 0.185 1.019 1.70 –
50 1299.10 1.3683 0.162 0.177 0.999 1.61 –
Water, H2O
0 1002.28 4.2178 1.788 106 0.552 1.308 13.6 –
20 1000.52 4.1818 1.006 0.597 1.430 7.02 0.18 103
40 994.59 4.1784 0.658 0.628 1.512 4.34 –
60 985.46 4.1843 0.478 106 0.651 1.554 3.02 –
80 974.08 4.1964 0.364 0.668 1.636 2.22 –
100 960.63 4.2161 0.294 0.680 1.680 1.74 –
120 945.25 4.250 0.247 0.685 1.708 1.446 –
140 928.27 4.283 0.214 0.684 1.724 1.241 –
160 909.69 4.342 0.190 0.680 1.729 1.099 –
180 889.03 4.417 0.173 0.675 1.724 1.004 –
200 866.76 4.505 0.160 0.665 1.706 0.937 –
220 842.41 4.610 0.150 0.652 1.680 0.891 –
240 815.66 4.756 0.143 0.635 1.639 0.871 –
260 785.87 4.949 0.137 0.611 1.577 0.874 –
280.6 752.55 5.208 0.135 0.580 1.481 0.910 –
300 714.26 5.728 0.135 0.540 1.324 1.019 –
From E. R. G. Eckert and R. M. Drake, Analysis of Heat Mass Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.
Appendix
Appendix E: Fluid Property Data
This section provides the fluid properties that we need to deal with some of the problems in this and
other books.
E.1 Specific Gravity
Specific gravity (SG) data for several common liquids and solids are presented in Fig. E.1a, b and in
Tables E.1 and E.2. For liquids, SG is a function of temperature. (Density data for water and air are
given as functions of temperature in Tables E.1, E.2, E.3, and E.4.). For most liquids, SG decreases as
temperature increases. Water is unique: it displays a maximum density of 1000 kg/m3 (1.94 slug/ft3)
at 4 C (39 F). The maximum density of water is used as a reference value to calculate SG. Thus,
ρ
SG ¼ :
ρH2 Oðat 4 CÞ
Consequently, the maximum SG of water is exactly unity.

SGs for solids are relatively insensitive to temperature; values given in Table E.1 were measured at
20 C. The SG of seawater depends on both its temperature and salinity. A representative value for
ocean water is SG 51.025, as given in Table E.2.
E.2 Surface Tension
The values of surface tension, o, for most organic compounds are remarkably similar at room
temperature; the typical range is 25–40 mN/m. Water is higher, at around 73 mN/m at 20 C. Liquid
metals have values in a range of 300–600 mN/m; mercury has a value of approximately 480 mN/m at
20 C. Surface tension decreases with temperature; the decrease is nearly linear with absolute
temperature. Surface tension at the critical temperature is zero.
Values of σ are usually reported for surfaces in contact with the pure vapor of the liquid being
studied or with air. At low pressures, both values are about the same.

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-17434-1
636 Appendix
a 1.000
0.990
(referred to water at 4°C)

Specific gravity, SG
0.980
0.970
0.960
For water at 4°C, r = 1000 kg/m3
0.950
–20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature, °C
Water
b
(referred to water at 4°C)
13.60
Specific gravity, SG
13.50
13.40
For water at 4°C, r = 1000 kg/m3
13.30
–20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature, °C
Mercury
Fig. E.1 Specific gravity of (a) water and (b) mercury as functions of temperature. (Data from Reference [1].) (The
specific gravity of mercury varies linearly with temperature. The variation is given by SG ¼ 13.60 0.00240 T, where
T is measured in degrees C.)
Table E.1 Specific gravities of selected engineering materials

(a) Common manometer liquids at 20 C
Liquid Specific gravity
E.V. Mill blue oil 0.797
Meriam red oil 0.827
Benzene 0.879
Dibutyl ph thalate 1.04
Monochloronaphthalene 1.20
Carbon tetrachloride 1.595
Bromoethyl benzene (Meriam blue) 1.75
Tetrabromoethane 2.95
Mercury 13.55
Source: Data from References [1–3]
(b) Common materials
Material Specific gravity
Aluminum 2.64
Balsa wood 0.14
Brass 8.55
Cast Iron 7.08
Concrete (cured) 2.4a
Concrete (liquid) 2.5a
Copper 8.91
(continued)
Appendix 637
Table E.1 (continued)

(a) Common manometer liquids at 20 C
Liquid Specific gravity
Ice (0 C) 0.917
Lead 11.4
Oak 0.77
Steel 7.83
Styrofoam (1 pcfb) 0.0160
Styrofoam (3 pcf) 0.0481
Uranium (depleted) 18.7
White pine 0.43
Source: Data from Reference [4].
a
Depending on aggregate.
b
Pounds per cubic foot.
Table E.2 Physical properties of common liquids at 20 C

Liquid Isentropic bulk modulusa (GN/m2) Specific gravity
Benzene 1.48 0.879
Carbon tetrachloride 1.36 1.595
Castor oil 2.11 0.969
Crude oil – 0.82–0.92
Ethanol – 0.789
Gasoline – 0.72
Glycerin 4.59 1.26
Heptane 0.886 0.684
Kerosene 1.43 0.82
Lubricating oil 1.44 0.88
Methanol – 0.796
Mercury 28.5 13.55
Octane 0.963 0.702
Seawaterb 2.42 1.025
SAE10W oil – 0.92
Water 224 0.998
Source: Data From References [1, 5, 6].
a
Calculated from speed of sound: 1 GN/m2 ¼ 109 N/m2 (1 N/m2 ¼ 1.45 104 Ibf/in.2).
b
The dynamic viscosity of seawater at 20 C is μ ¼ 1.08 103 N/m2 (thus the kinematic viscosity of seawater is
around 5 % higher than that of freshwater).
638 Appendix
Table E.3 Properties of the US standard atmosphere

Geometric altitude (m) Temperature (K) p/pSL ρ/ρSL
500 291.4 1.061 1.049
0 288.2 1.000a 1.000b
500 284.9 0.9421 0.9529
1,000 281.7 0.8870 0.9075
1,500 278.4 0.8345 0.8638
2,000 275.2 0.7846 0.8217
2,500 271.9 0.7372 0.7812
3,000 268.7 0.6920 0.7423
3,500 265.4 0.6492 0.7048
4,000 262.2 0.6085 0.6689
4,500 258.9 0.5700 06343
5,000 255.7 0.5334 0.6012
6,000 249.2 0.4660 0.5389
7,000 242.7 0.4057 0.4817
8,000 236.2 0.3519 0.4292
9,000 229.7 0.3040 0.3813
10,000 223.3 0.2615 0.3376
11,000 216.8 0.2240 0.2978
12,000 216.7 0.1915 0.2546
13,000 216.7 0.1636 0.2176
14,000 216.7 0.1399 0.1860
15,000 216.7 0.1195 0.1590
16,000 216.7 0.1022 0.1359
17,000 216.7 0.08734 0.1162
18,000 216.7 0.07466 0.09930
19,000 216.7 0.06383 0.08489
20,000 216.7 0.05457 0.07258
22,000 218.6 0.03995 0.05266
24,000 220.6 0.02933 0.03832
26,000 222.5 0.02160 0.02797
28,000 224.5 0.01595 0.02047
30,000 226.5 0.01181 0.01503
40,000 250.4 0.002834 0.003262
50,000 270.7 0.0007874 0.0008383
60,000 255.8 0.0002217 0.0002497
70,000 219.7 0.00005448 0.00007146
80,000 180.7 0.00001023 0.00001632
90,000 180.7 0.000001622 0.000002588
Source: Data from Reference [7].
a
pSL ¼ 1.01325 105 N/m2 (abs) (¼14.696 psia).
b
ρSL ¼ 1.2250 kg/m3 (¼0.002377 slug/ft3).
Appendix 639
Table E.4 Surface tension of common liquids at 20 C

Liquid Surface tension, σ (mN/m)a Contact angle, θ ( )
(a) In contact with air
Air
Liquid
q
Benzene 28.9 –
Carbon tetrachloride 27.0 –
Ethanol 22.3 –
Glycerin 63.0 –
Hexane 18.4 –
Kerosene 26.8 –
Lube oil 25–35 –
Mercury 484 140
Methanol 22.6 –
Octane 21.8 –
Water 72.8 ~0
Source: Data from References [1, 5, 8, 9].
(b) In contact with water
Water
Liquid
q
Benzene 35.0 –
Carbon tetrachloride 45.0 –
Hexane 51.1 –
Mercury 375 140
Methanol 22.7 –
Octane 50.8 –
Source: Data from References [1, 5, 8, 9].
a
1 mN/m ¼ 103 N/m
E.3 References
1. R.W. Powell, C.Y. Ho, P.E. Liley, Thermal Conductivity of Selected Materials, NSRDS-NBS
8, US Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1966.
2. Thermophysical Properties of Matter, vols. 1–3, 1F1/Plenum Data Corporation, New York, 196.
3. C.Y. Ho, R.W. Powell, P.E. Liley, Thermal Conductivity of Elements, vol. 1, First supplement to
Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data (1972), American Chemical Society,
Washington, DC.
Appendix
Appendix F: Basic Equations
This section provides the basic equations of fluid mechanics and energy conservation, mass, the
equation of motion, and the equation of continuity that are used in this book; they are needed to solve
some of the problems in each chapter. Each coordinate system for these equations is also presented.
F.1 Equations of Continuity
Rectangular coordinates (x, y, z):
∂ρ ∂ ∂ ∂
þ ðρuÞ þ ðρυÞ þ ðρwÞ ¼ 0:
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
Cylindrical coordinates (r, θ, z):
∂ρ 1 ∂ 1 ∂ ∂
þ ðrρυr Þ þ ðρυθ Þ þ ðρυz Þ ¼ 0:
∂t r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z
Spherical coordinates (r, θ, ϕ):
∂ρ 1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 1 ∂
þ 2 ρr υr þ ðρυθ sin θÞ þ ρυφ ¼ 0:
∂t r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
F.2 Equations of Motion in Rectangular Coordinates (x, y, z)
For shear stress tensor τ:

x-component:

∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂p ∂τxx ∂τ yx ∂τzx
ρ þu þυ þw ¼ þ þ þ ρgx ;
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂z

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-17434-1
642 Appendix
y-component:

∂υ ∂υ ∂υ ∂υ ∂p ∂τxy ∂τ yy ∂τzy
ρ þu þυ þw ¼ þ þ þ ρg y ;
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z
z-component:

∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w ∂p ∂τxz ∂τ yz ∂τzz
ρ þu þυ þw ¼ þ þ þ ρgz :
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
For an incompressible Newtonian fluid with constant μ:

x-component:
2
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂p ∂ u ∂2 u ∂2 u
ρ þu þυ þw ¼ þμ þ þ þ ρgx ;
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂x2 ∂y2 ∂z2
y-component:
2
∂υ ∂υ ∂υ ∂υ ∂p ∂ υ ∂2 υ ∂2 υ
ρ þu þv þw ¼ þμ þ þ þ ρg y ;
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂x2 ∂y2 ∂z2
z-component:
2
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w ∂p ∂ w ∂2 w ∂2 w
ρ þu þυ þw ¼ þμ þ þ þ ρgz :
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x2 ∂y2 ∂z2
F.3 Equations of Motion in Cylindrical Coordinates (r, u, z)
For shear stress tensor τ:

r-component:

∂υr ∂υr υθ ∂υr υ2θ ∂υr ∂p 1∂ 1 ∂τrθ τθθ ∂τrz
ρ þ υr þ þ υz ¼ ðrτrr Þ þ þ þ ρgr ;
∂t ∂r r ∂θ r ∂z ∂r r ∂r r ∂q r ∂z
θ-component:

∂υθ ∂υθ υθ ∂υθ υr υθ ∂υθ 1∂p 1 ∂ 2 1 ∂τθθ ∂τθz
ρ þ υr þ þ υz ¼ 2 r τrθ þ þ þ ρgθ ;
∂t ∂r r ∂θ r ∂z r ∂θ r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z
z-component:

∂υz ∂υz υθ ∂υz ∂υz ∂p 1∂ 1 ∂τθz ∂τzz
ρ þ υr þ þ υz ¼ ðrτrz Þ þ þ þ ρgz :
∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z ∂z r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z
Appendix 643

r-component:

∂υr ∂υr υθ ∂υr υ2θ ∂υr ∂p ∂ 1∂ 1 ∂2 υr 2 ∂υθ ∂2 υr
ρ þ υr þ þ υz ¼ þμ ðrυr Þ þ 2 þ þ ρgr ;
∂t ∂r r ∂θ r ∂z ∂r ∂r r ∂r r ∂θ2 r 2 ∂θ ∂z2
θ-component:

∂υθ ∂υθ υθ ∂υθ υr υθ ∂υθ 1∂p ∂ 1∂ 1 ∂2 υθ 2 ∂υr ∂2 υθ
ρ þ υr þ þ υz ¼ þμ ðrυθ Þ þ 2 þ þ þ ρgθ ;
∂t ∂r r ∂θ r ∂z r ∂θ ∂r r ∂r r ∂θ2 r 2 ∂θ ∂z2
z-component:

∂υz ∂υz υθ ∂υz ∂υz ∂p 1∂ ∂υz 1 ∂2 υz ∂2 υz
ρ þ υr þ þ υz ¼ þμ r þ 2 þ þ ρgz :
∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z ∂z r ∂r ∂r r ∂θ2 ∂z2
F.4 Equations of Motion in Spherical Coordinates (r, u, f)
For shear stress tensor τ

r-component:
!
∂υr ∂υr υθ ∂υr υ f ∂υr υ2θ þ υ2φ
ρ þ υr þ þ ¼
∂t ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ r

∂p 1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 1 ∂τrφ τθθ þ τφφ
2 r τrr þ ðτrθ sin θÞ þ þ ρgr ;
∂r r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ r
θ-component:
!
∂υθ ∂υθ υθ ∂υθ υφ ∂υθ υr υθ v2φ cot θ
ρ þ υr þ þ þ ¼
∂t ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ r r

1∂p 1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 1 ∂τθφ τrθ cot θ
2 r τrθ þ ðτθθ sin θÞ þ þ τφφ þ ρgθ ;
r ∂θ r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ r r
ϕ-component:

∂υφ ∂υφ υθ ∂υφ υφ ∂υφ υρ υφ υθ υφ cot θ
∂t ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ r r
1 ∂p 1 ∂ 2 1 ∂τθφ 1 ∂τφφ τrφ 2 cot θ
2 r τrφ þ þ þ þ τθφ þ ρgφ :
r sin θ ∂φ r ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ r r

r-component:
!
∂υr ∂υr υθ ∂υr υφ ∂υr υ2θ þ υ2φ
ρ þ υr þ þ ¼
∂t ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ r

∂p 1 ∂2 2 1 ∂ ∂υr 1 ∂2 υr
þ μ 2 2 r υr þ 2 sin θ þ 2 þ ρgr ;
∂r r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ ∂θ r sin 2 θ ∂φ2
644 Appendix
θ-component:
!
∂υθ ∂υθ υθ ∂υθ υφ ∂υθ υr υθ v2φ cot θ 1∂p
∂t ∂r r ∂q r sin θ ∂φ r r r ∂θ

1 ∂ 2 ∂υθ 1 ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂2 υθ 2 ∂υr 2 cos θ ∂υφ
þμ 2 r þ 2 ðυθ sin θÞ þ 2 þ þ ρgθ ;
r ∂r ∂r r ∂θ sin θ ∂θ r sin 2 θ ∂φ2 r 2 ∂θ r 2 sin 2 θ ∂φ
ϕ-component:

∂υφ ∂υφ υθ ∂υφ υφ ∂υφ υr υφ vθ vφ cot θ 1 ∂p
∂t ∂r
r ∂θ r sin
θ ∂φ r r r sin θ ∂φ
1 ∂ 2 ∂υφ 1 ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂2 υφ 2 ∂υr 2 cos θ ∂υθ
þμ 2 r þ 2 υφ sin θ þ 2 þ þ ρgφ :
r ∂r ∂r r ∂θ sin θ ∂θ r sin 2 θ ∂φ2 r 2 ∂φ r 2 sin 2 θ ∂φ
F.5 Components of Stress Tensor for Newtonian Fluids in Rectangular

Coordinates (x, y, z)

∂u 2 ∂u ∂υ
τxx ¼ μ 2 ð ∇ vÞ τxy ¼ τ yx ¼ μ 2
∂x 3 ∂y ∂x

∂υ 2 ∂υ ∂w
τ yy ¼ μ 2 ð ∇ vÞ τ yz ¼ τzy ¼ μ 2
∂y 3 ∂z ∂y

∂w 2 ∂w ∂u
τzz ¼ μ 2 ð ∇ vÞ τzx ¼ τxz ¼ μ 2
∂z 3 ∂x ∂z
∂u ∂υ ∂w
ð∇ v Þ ¼ þ þ :
∂x ∂y ∂z
F.6 Components of Stress Tensor for Newtonian Fluids in Cylindrical

Coordinates (r, u, z)

∂υr 2 ∂ υθ
1 ∂υr
τrr ¼ μ 2 ð ∇ vÞ τrθ ¼ τθr ¼ μ r þ
∂r 3 ∂r r r ∂θ

1 ∂υθ υr 2 ∂υθ 1 ∂υz
τθθ ¼ μ 2 þ ð ∇ vÞ τθz ¼ τzθ ¼ μ
r ∂θ r 3 ∂z r ∂θ

∂υ 2 ∂υz ∂υr
τzz ¼ μ 2 ð∇ vÞ τrz ¼ τzr ¼ μ þ
∂z 3 ∂r ∂z
1∂ 1 ∂υθ ∂υz
ð ∇ vÞ ¼ ðrυr Þ þ þ :
r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z
Appendix 645
F.7 Components of Stress Tensor for Newtonian Fluids in Spherical

Coordinates (r, u, f)

∂υr 2
τrr ¼ μ 2 ð ∇ vÞ ;
∂r 3

1 ∂υθ υr 2
τθθ ¼ μ 2 þ ð∇ vÞ ;
r ∂θ r 3

1 ∂υϕ υr υϕ cot θ 2
τϕϕ ¼ μ 2 þ þ ð∇ vÞ ;
r sin θ ∂ϕ r r 3

∂ υθ
1 ∂υr
τrθ ¼ τθr ¼ μ r þ ;
∂r r r ∂θ

sin θ ∂ υφ
1 ∂υθ
τθφ ¼ τφθ ¼ μ ;
r ∂θ sin θ r sin θ ∂φ

1 ∂υr ∂ υφ
τrφ ¼ τφr ¼ μ þr ;
r sin θ ∂φ ∂r r
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 1 ∂υϕ
ð ∇ vÞ ¼ r υr þ ðυθ sin θÞ þ :
r 2 ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ
Index
A Clausius–Clapeyron equation, 317, 380

Absolute pressure, 8, 17, 19–23, 381, 396 Closed systems, 7, 12, 21
Adiabatic index, 235–237 Conduction, 3, 11, 30, 57, 72, 73, 105, 107, 160, 169,
Adiabatic wall temperature, 280–282 253–265, 267–269, 290, 299, 301, 302, 313, 325,
Advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR), 504 338, 377, 382, 383, 409, 574–577
Annular droplet flow, 376 Conservation of energy, 29, 30, 33, 90, 105–106, 109,
Annular flow, 349, 351, 354, 358, 370–372, 375–378, 111, 123, 169, 233, 234, 241, 353
399, 451 Contact angle, 384, 385, 639
Argentina, 512 Contamination, 15, 16, 441, 567–569
Axial flux peaking, 466 Control volume, 30, 92–94, 108–115, 122, 179, 192, 209,
210, 212, 234, 352, 353, 476, 477
B Convection, 69, 72–75, 95, 148, 205, 225, 264, 267–269,
Back end fuel cycle, 525, 542, 549 271, 287–308, 315, 325, 338, 340, 342, 343, 383,
Bernoulli equation, 34, 112, 209–212, 214, 216, 228, 300 387, 389, 395, 397, 441, 451, 452, 456, 458
Blake–Kozeny relation, 172 Convention on the Organisation for Economic
Blasius equation, 153, 154, 156, 358, 371 Co-operation and Development (OECD), 545,
Boiling water reactor (BWR), 3, 14, 42, 398, 467, 476, 549–551, 560–562, 570
495, 496, 502–503, 531, 545 Conversion factors, 6, 7, 281, 500, 603
Boltzmann’s constant, 61, 79, 236, 343, 381 Conveyance, 200
Boundary layer, 11, 58, 84, 85, 100, 101, 119, 120, 124, Cooling towers, 2, 214, 297, 311, 312, 435, 440–442,
125, 130, 137–139, 142, 144–159, 166, 179, 180, 494, 549
183–185, 188, 190–197, 204, 268, 272–276, Counter flow, 449
280–283, 290–295, 297–299, 302–305, 308, 312, Creeping flow, 113, 161–166, 208
317, 344, 345, 376, 384, 387, 394 Creeping motion, 162, 164
Boussinesq approximation, 159, 291 Critical flow, 239–241, 354, 356, 363, 364, 477
Brazil, 512, 549 Critical heat flux (CHF), 217, 383, 398
Brittle material, 423 Critical mass flux, 240, 241, 364, 365
Bubble flow, 375 Critical region, 184
Bubble growth, 376, 382–383, 386, 399, 405, 407, 408 Critical state, 60, 240
Buoyancy effect, 290 Cross flow, 12, 174, 217, 434, 435, 437, 442, 443,
Buoyancy force, 159, 183, 287, 288, 290, 293, 297, 452–454, 462
299, 385
D
C Darcy friction factor, 279
Canadian CANDU reactor, 499 Darcy’s law, 169–171, 177
Carnot engine, 35–37 Density, 6, 7, 11, 17, 19, 23, 24, 59, 61–67, 74–79, 89, 91,
CAT scan, 568 95, 102, 112, 119, 121, 132, 143, 157, 183, 184,
Cavity included angle, 384 199, 206, 212, 226–228, 231, 232, 234–236, 246,
Characteristic area, 206, 207 250, 254, 261, 267, 284, 287, 288, 291, 293,
Characteristic kinetic energy, 206 297, 304, 307, 312, 314, 315, 317, 318, 322,
Chernobyl, 497, 570 323, 352, 355, 373, 380, 381, 400, 405, 406,
Choked flow, 240, 242, 356, 364 439, 440, 443, 458, 467, 469–471, 473, 497,
Chum flow, 375 501, 527, 581, 605–607, 610, 612, 616, 617,
Churn flow, 349, 376 620, 625, 635

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-17434-1
648 Index
Density wave oscillations, 400 France, 1, 507, 509, 512, 513, 515, 520, 532–536, 538,
Department of Energy (DOE), 486, 515, 516, 519, 541, 549, 550, 556, 562, 563
520, 539, 540 Frictional pressure, 12, 159, 356, 357, 359, 363,
Drag coefficient, 83, 84, 139, 165, 184, 208, 209, 371, 372
221–223, 344, 345 Friction coefficient, 122, 128–131, 148, 157, 184, 196,
Droplet flow, 357, 375, 376 198, 204, 211, 221, 275, 279
Ductile material, 423 Friction factor, 112, 118, 126–128, 132, 133, 135, 160,
Dynamic viscosity, 58–60, 63, 102, 129, 184, 199, 193–195, 198, 204, 206–208, 212–215, 218, 220,
227, 283, 289, 291, 293, 607, 623, 637 222–224, 227, 251, 252, 279, 284, 355, 357, 358,
360, 370, 371, 459–461
E Friction pressure, 213, 246, 355–363
Eddy diffusivity, 185, 188, 205, 276 Front end fuel cycle, 525, 528
Eddy shear stress, 192 Fuel costs, 40, 446, 545–548, 552, 555–557, 560
Effects of Atomic Radiation, 568, 569 Fuel Cycle Crosscut Group (FCCG), 519
Eigenvalues, 420, 573 Fuel management scenario, 567
Elastic material, 422 Fukushima, 466, 565, 569, 570
Elastic thermal stresses, 424
Engineering material properties, 423 G
Engineering stress, 423 Gage pressure, 8, 23
Engineering uncertainties, 466 Gas cooled reactor (GCR), 231, 486, 497, 503–504
English (E) system, 4–7, 10, 27, 609 Gas turbine modular helium reactor (GT-MHR), 504
Enriched fuel, 497 Generation II, 493, 511, 513, 520
Enrico Fermi, 491, 497 Generation III, 493, 511, 513, 520, 521
Enthalpy, 29, 31–33, 47, 48, 105, 111, 170, 210, 217, 218, Generation IV (Gen IV), 1, 117, 465, 493, 511–515,
234, 352, 353, 365, 366, 386, 390, 396, 446, 476, 518–522, 542
477, 579–580, 582–585, 593–596, 600–602, 620 Generation IV International Forum (GIF), 512, 521
Entropy, 29, 31, 38–39, 47, 237, 264, 477, 607, 620 Gibbs–Duhem relation, 379
Eulerian frame, 347 Graphite moderated reactor (GMR), 497–498
Euratom, 512 Grashof number, 289, 290, 294, 305, 307, 308
Europe (EU), 510, 520–522, 534, 535, 541, 561, 571
European Nuclear Energy Forum (ENEF), 522 H
European pressurized-water reactor (EPR), 520, 549, Hanford, 492, 557
551–553 Head loss, 197, 211, 215, 227, 246
European Sustainable Nuclear Industrial Initiative, 522 Heat conduction, 57, 69, 70, 72, 74, 77, 83, 90, 137, 169,
Evaluation Methodology Group, 519 253–259, 262–265, 268, 269, 293, 343, 344, 409,
Extensive security measures, 566 411, 574
External event, 482 Heat convection, 57
Heat exchangers, 3, 12, 43, 48, 49, 72, 117, 214, 253, 256,
F 269, 276, 290, 312, 340, 413, 414, 433–464, 476,
Fanning friction factor, 207 486, 495, 500, 501
Fanno flows, 243, 250, 251, 363, 365 Heat flux, 58, 70, 72–77, 117–119, 126, 159, 217,
Fanno process, 242–244 253, 254, 256–259, 263, 264, 267–271, 274,
Fast breeder reactors (FBR), 401, 494, 497, 505, 507–510 282, 284, 303, 305, 308, 315, 318, 343,
Fast neutron reactors (FNR), 494, 497, 505–506, 535, 541 359, 383, 384, 386–390, 392, 394–398,
Fick’s law, 78, 169, 314, 315 401, 402, 404, 414, 447, 451, 466, 467,
Film boiling, 383, 397 473, 603, 607, 614
First Law of thermodynamics, 29–31, 36, 45, 105, 109, Heavy water (D2O), 414, 494, 495, 499–500, 504, 507
111, 113, 228, 233, 234, 409 Heavy water reactors (HWR), 495, 499–500, 531
First-of-a-kind (FOAK), 485, 513, 521, 551 Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 335
Fission, 2, 23, 261, 262, 264, 465, 467–472, 474, 475, Heterogeneous cores, 469, 473–474
489–495, 497, 499, 505–508, 510–511, 520, 521, High level waste (HLW), 522, 528, 529, 532–542, 548
526–528, 531, 533–535, 539–541, 562–564, High temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR), 504
569, 570 High-temperature reactors (HTR), 514, 520–522
Fission fragment kinetic energy, 469 Homogeneous equilibrium model (HEM), 354–356, 365
Flow pattern induced instabilities, 400, 401 Hooke’s law, 423
Flux profiles, 467, 468 Horizontal permeability, 170
Forced convection, 57, 73, 101, 117–180, 183–229, Hydraulic diameter, 124, 129, 194, 199, 213, 218, 220,
267–285, 287, 288, 293, 303, 392, 393, 271, 355, 359, 360, 451, 456, 458, 460, 461
402, 436, 442 Hydrogen energy and fuel cells, 523
Index 649
I Mixed oxide fuel (MOX), 528–530, 534, 535, 541,

Ideal flow, 167, 168 548, 552
Inlet temperature, 47, 119, 386, 445, 450 Mixtures of pure substances, 6
Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles Modified Grashof number, 305
(INPRO), 512 Modulus of elasticity, 245, 423
Integrated management approach, 567 Modulus of resilience, 423
Intensive variables, 6, 7, 9 Modulus of toughness, 423
Intermediate level waste (ILW), 532–534, 542 Mohr’s circle, 419, 420
Internal energy, 29–33, 53, 67, 74, 76, 83, 105, 210, Molecular shear stress, 192
211, 228, 233, 234, 282, 335, 343, 409, 476, Monthly fuel cost, 545, 546
477, 593, 594 Moody chart, 194, 204, 221
Internal events, 482
Interstitial velocity, 171 N
Natural convection, 57, 95, 183, 267, 287–291, 293–295,
J 297–299, 318, 383
Jakob number, 383, 408 Natural gas, 444, 489, 493, 494, 529, 544, 545, 551, 555
Japan, 1, 466, 512, 521, 533–536, 540, 541, 549–551, Naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM), 532
560, 562, 563, 565, 569, 570 Navier-Stokes equation, 99, 101, 102, 104, 127, 130,
136, 140, 146, 147, 150, 159, 164, 183, 188,
K 189, 205, 210
Karman–Nikuradse relation, 194, 198 New Generation of Power Plant, 493
Kelvins degree, 10 New Mexico, 492
Kirchhoff’s law, 327 Newtonian fluids, 58–61, 96, 98, 99, 105, 131, 134, 184,
367, 642–645
L Newtonian mechanics, 3
Lambert’s law, 329 Newton’s law of viscosity, 59, 98, 184, 313
Laplace equation, 174 Next Generation nuclear plant (NGNP), 433, 515–516,
Large channel pressure drop, 354 519, 520
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 568 Nikuradse’s sand roughness, 195
Leo Szilard, 491 Non-Newtonian fluids, 58–61, 68, 131, 133, 184
Light water (H2O), 13, 14, 60, 64, 80, 494, 495, 497, Normal strain, 420–422, 424
499–501, 582, 585, 587, 593, 594, 599, 601, 633 No slip, 120, 124, 140, 141, 144, 145, 149, 179, 190,
Linear-no-threshold (LNT), 568 268, 272
Liquefied natural gas (LNG), 544 Nuclear criticality, 492
Liquid metal fast breeder reactors (LMFBR), 401, Nuclear energy institute (NEI), 543, 545, 552, 553, 556
507–510 Nuclear fuel cycle, 505, 525–542
Log mean temperature difference (LMTD), 446–452, Nuclear power plants (NPPs), 1, 13–15, 26, 57, 117, 134,
461, 462 144, 276, 312, 375, 376, 444, 465, 466, 477, 479,
Lorentz profile, 335 481, 482, 485, 489–523, 526, 527, 533, 540, 543,
Los Alamos, 16, 375, 492 544, 548, 551, 555, 557, 558, 565–570
Loss coefficient, 211, 214 Nuclear regulatory commission (NRC), 12–16, 465,
Loss factor, 112, 113, 213 479–482, 484, 485, 496, 515, 516, 519, 520, 539,
Low level waste (LLW), 532, 533, 542, 567 540, 568, 570
Number of transfer unit (NTU), 453, 454
M Nusselt number, 118, 128, 271, 275, 276, 278, 279, 289,
Mach number, 95, 132, 231–233, 237, 239, 240, 244, 290, 294, 295, 299, 303, 306, 307, 318, 319
249–252
Manhattan Project, 492 O
Margin, 466–468 Oak Ridge, 492
Martinelli parameter, 362, 363, 372 Onset of nucleate boiling (ONB), 383, 386–389, 392–394
Mass diffusion, 57, 78–80, 174, 311–313, 316, 317 Onset of subcooled boiling, 388
Mass transfer, 57, 58, 174, 269, 311–324, 404, 408, Open systems, 12, 30, 49
450, 457, 458, 587, 630, 633 Overpower conditions, 466
Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, 335
Mean beam length, 336 P
Mean density, 355 Parallel Flow, 48, 217, 429, 433, 435, 437, 448,
Mean hydraulic radius, 112, 208 449, 453, 454
Medical diagnosis, 567 Pellets, 261, 262, 491, 497, 527, 539
Million tons of uranium (MtU), 514 People’s Republic of China, 512
Minimum fluid capacity rate, 452 Petukhov’s formula, 279
650 Index
Phase velocities, 355, 358 Spectral line broadening, 335

Pipe cross-sectional area, 199 Spent nuclear fuel (SNF), 482, 528, 533, 537, 538, 542
Plain strain, 427 Stagnation points, 138–143, 157, 169, 233, 275
Planck’sdistribution law, 328 Stagnation pressure, 241
Plane strain, 424–427 Stagnation temperature, 233, 282
Plant-Life Management technologies and Plant License State emergency response, 566
Extension practices (PLIM/PLEX), 513 Stefan–Boltzmann constant, 73, 74, 329
Point of choking, 364 Stefan–Boltzmann law, 329
Poisson’s ratio, 229, 423, 424, 429 Stokes flow, 161–166, 208
Potential energy, 6, 29–31, 56, 63, 64, 105, 212, 234, Stratified flow, 350, 354, 359
304, 380, 445, 450, 492, 505, 506 Stress function, 426, 427
PRA. See Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) Supercritical water reactors (SCWR), 521, 531
Prandtl number, 77, 78, 103, 107, 275, 278, 281, 285, Surface tension, 176, 348, 380, 381, 385, 424, 635–639
289, 290, 292–294, 305, 306 Switzerland, 512, 533, 549, 550
President Franklin Roosevelt, 492 System codes, 3, 12, 16
Pressure drop oscillations, 400 System costs, 561
Pressure loss, 188, 211, 222, 246, 398, 439 System international (SI), 4–7, 10, 18, 23, 27, 60, 169
Pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR), 499, 500, 541 System steering committee (SSC), 487, 512
Pressurized water reactor (PWR), 1, 2, 16, 42, 375,
399, 401, 404, 471, 476, 488, 495–497, T
500–502, 531, 545, 558, 570, 571 Technical working group (TWG), 519
Prismatic channel, 202 Temperature, 1, 9–10, 25, 57, 96, 117, 183, 233, 253,
Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA), 13, 117, 479–488 267, 287, 313, 325, 354, 376, 413, 433, 467,
Pure substances, 6, 7, 25, 57 488, 500, 527
Tennessee, 492
R Theory of mass diffusion, 78–80, 312–313
Radial flux peaking, 466 Thermal energy, 1–3, 5–6, 12, 21, 25, 26, 57, 70, 72, 74,
Rankine degree, 10, 267 253, 297, 325, 340, 469, 495
Rayleigh-Bernard convection, 298, 299 Thermal reactor, 261, 469–471, 494–497, 506, 507,
Rayleigh line, 242 513, 527
Rayleigh number, 290, 295, 298, 299, 305, 318, 319 Transmissivity, 335
Rayleigh process, 242 Transport used nuclear fuel, 567
Recovery factor, 281, 282 True stress, 423
Reichardt equation, 278 Two-phase multiplier, 357–359, 361, 362
Reynolds number, 84, 85, 102, 103, 113, 123, 124, 129,
130, 132, 133, 135, 144, 145, 148, 149, 160, 161, U
165, 166, 170, 183, 184, 187, 189, 190, 193, 194, Ultimate stress, 423
198, 199, 204–206, 209, 212, 214, 221–223, 225, Unified System for Information Exchange (USIE), 569
273, 278, 279, 290, 302, 305, 306, 322, 323, Uniform heat flux, 256–260, 343, 363, 386, 387
345, 357, 358, 397, 451, 460, 461 United Kingdom, 512
Risk of radioactive release, 565 United States, 1, 465, 533, 551
Roadmap Integration Team (RIT), 518 University of Chicago, 491, 492, 497, 551
Runge–Kutta numerical integration, 155 Uranium ore, 525, 526, 539, 554
Rupture stress, 423 Used nuclear fuel, 535, 540–542, 567, 569
Russian Federation, 512
V
S Vacuum pressure, 8
Saturate boiling, 386, 396, 397 Van der Waals equation, 115, 379
Saturation temperature, 44, 51, 301, 302, 313, 315, 317, Van der Waals radius, 63, 80
318, 376, 377, 380–382, 386, 387, 390 Vertical permeability, 170
Severe accident management (SAM), 569 Very-high temperature reactors (VHTR), 514–516,
Severe Accident Mitigation Guidelines (SAMG), 570 520, 522
Shear strain, 421, 422 Very low level waste (VLLW), 532
Sherwood number, 317, 318 View factor, 73, 74, 325, 330–332, 335
Slug flow, 277, 348–351, 354, 375–378, 401 Void fraction, 172, 173, 261, 347, 348, 352, 355, 357,
Sodium fast reactor (SFR), 521 359, 361–364, 366, 367, 370, 371, 398, 400
South Africa, 512, 521, 549 Volume element, 83, 98, 104, 343, 344, 416, 417, 421
Specific volume, 7, 18, 25, 32, 57, 234, 235, 352, 355, Volumetric coefficient, 291
359, 370, 379, 380, 581, 605, 621 Von Karman’s constant, 193, 196
Index 651
W Wilke’s method, 66, 318

Washington, 492, 538, 604, 608 World Nuclear Association (WNA), 543, 545, 546, 562
West Valley, NY, 538
Wetted perimeter, 112, 199, 208, 218, 456 Y
Wien’s displacement law, 329 Yucca Mountain, 538, 539, 567, 568

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Appendix

Appendix A: Table and Graph Compilations

# Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 573

A.1 Conduction Graphs

10 Type 430 stainless steel

Thermal conductivity, w/m . °C

0.2 2800°F high-alumina bric

Fig. A.1 Thermal conductivity of typical engineering materials1

Thermal conductivity, W/m . ft. °C

Fig. A.2 Thermal conductivity of metals at low temperatures1

Fig. A.3 Heat transfer Flow rate, kg/m2 . s

Heat transfer coefficient, Btu/h . ft2 . °F

Heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 . °C

Appendix B: Physical Property Tables

• Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, edited by R. H. Perry and D. W. Green, McGraw-Hill,

Section B.1: Temperature and Enthalpy of Phase Change

# Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 579

B.2: Nonideal Gas Model Equation and Critical Properties

One way to write the ideal gas law is

where P ¼ pressure, T ¼ temperature, R ¼ ideal gas constant, and V^ ¼ specific molar

Table B.2 Critical temperature Tc and critical pressure Pc of selected compounds

Table B.2 (continued)

B.2 Critical Temperature Tc and Critical Pressure Pc of Selected Compounds

Section B.3: Gibbs Energy, Enthalpy of Formation, and Enthalpy of Combustion

B.3 Standard Gibbs Energy of Formation DĜfo, Enthalpy of Formation DĤfo,

Table B.3 (continued)

Table B.3 (continued)

Section B.4: Antoine Equation Constants

The Antoine equation, given as

B.4 Antoine Equation Constants for Selected Compounds (Table B.4)

Table B.4 Antoine equation constants for selected compounds

Table B.4 (continued)

Section B.5: Phase Equilibrium Data

Grams SO2 per 100 g Partial pressure of SO2, pSO2 (mmHg)

Partial pressure of NH3, pNH3 (mmHg)

B.8 Solubility of Salts in Water (Table B.8)

Table B.8 Solubility of salts in water

B.9 Benzene–Naphthalene Solid–Liquid Equilibrium (Table B.9)

Table B.9 Benzene–naphthalene solid–liquid equilibrium

B.10 m-Xylene–p-Xylene Solid–Liquid Equilibrium (Table B.10)

Table B.10 m-Xylene-p-xylene solid–liquid equilibrium

B.11 Ethanol–Water Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium at 1 atm (Table B.11)

Table B.11 Ethanol–water vapor–liquid equilibrium at 1 atm

B.12 Methanol–Benzene Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium at 1 atm (Table B.12)

Table B.12 Methanol–benzene vapor–liquid equilibrium at 1 atm

B.13 Water–Acetic Acid–Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium, at 25 oC

B.14 Ethylbenzene–Styrene-Ethylene Glycol Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium, at 25 oC

Table B.14 Ethylbenzene–styrene–ethylene glycol liquid–liquid equilibrium, at 25 C

B.15 Distribution Coefficient, KD ¼ xA,phase II/xA,phase I, for Solute a Distributing

Section B.6: Steam Table

V^ 0.00204 0.00586 0.00100 0.00103 0.00108 0.00114 0.00123 0.00136 0.00166

Section B.7: Heat Capacities

B.17 Heat Capacity Cp of Selected Liquids and Vapors (Table B.17)

Table B.17 Heat capacity Cp of selected liquids and vapors

Table B.17 (continued)

Table B.17 (continued)

B.18 Heat Capacity Cp of Selected Solids (Table B.18)

Table B.18 Heat capacity Cp of selected solids

B.19 Heat Capacity Cp of Miscellaneous Materials (Table B.19)

Table B.19 Heat capacity Cp of miscellaneous materials

Section B.8: Temperature and Enthalpy of Phase Change

B.20 Enthalpy of Melting DĤm at Normal Melting Temperature Tm and Enthalpy

Table B.20 (continued)

• 1 m2 ¼ 1550 in.2 ¼ 10.764 ft2 ¼ 1.1968 yd2 ¼ 3.861 107 mile2

• 1 abfarad ¼ 1 109 farad ¼ 1 1015 microfarad ¼ 8.98755 1020 statfarad

• 1 abmho ¼ 1000 megamho ¼ 1 109 mho ¼ 8.98755 1020 statmho

• 1 abampere ¼ 10 ampere ¼ 1.03638 104 faraday/s (chem) ¼ 2.99792 1010 statam-

• 1 abcoulomb ¼ 0.00278 ampere-hour ¼ 10 coulomb ¼ 6.24151 1019 electronic charge

• abvolt ¼ 0.01 microvolt ¼ 1 105 millivolt ¼ 1 108 volt

• 1 Btu/ft2 ¼ 2.713 kcal/m2 ¼ 2.043 104 J/m2 K

• 1 Btu/ft3 ¼ 8.9 kcal/m3 ¼ 3.73 104 J/m3

• abhenry ¼ 1 109 henry

• 1 m (meter) ¼ 3.2808 ft ¼ 39.37 in. ¼ 1.0936 yd ¼ 6.214 104 mile

• 1 lumen/sq ft ¼ 1 ft candle ¼ 1 104 lux ¼ 1 phot

• 1 gamma flux ¼ 1 105 gauss ¼ 1 106 g ¼ 1 microgram ¼ 1 109 tesla

• 1 kg ¼ 1,000 g ¼ 2.2046 lb ¼ 6.8521 102 slug

• 1 lb/h ¼ 1.26 104 kg/s

• 1 becquerel ¼ 2.7027 1011 curie ¼ 1 disintegration/s

• 1 abohm ¼ 1 1015 megohm ¼ 0.001 microohm ¼ 1 109 ohm