Topic

The Impact of Hostel Environment on Students’ Academic Performance

Student Name
Sultan Adeel

Registration No:
143-14-0005

Program:
BBA-Agribusiness (7th Semester)

Supervisor’s Name:
Mr. Faisal Qamar Soomro

Sukkur IBA University

1
 ‫الر ِحيم‬
‫الر ْح َم ِن ه‬ ‫بِ ْس ِم ه‬
‫َّللاِ ه‬
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“Start with the Greatest Name of Allah, The Highest, The Most Praiseworthy”

All the praises and all the thanks to The only One, The Creator of this universe and The Greatest,
Almighty ALLAH PAK (S.W.T) who blessed me a lot so, I could conduct this study.

Furthermore, I am very thankful to my course supervisor, Mr. Faisal Qamar Soomro for his
immense support during this research. He supported me at every stage of the research. Without his
support and guidance, it was almost impossible for me to conduct this research.

Similarly, my parents also deserve a lot of thanks and respects for supporting me in this research.

Besides, I’m very grateful to the students who provided me their valuable responses so, I could
able to compile this research.
In last, I would like to thank everyone.

________________________________________

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 The Impact of Impact of Hostel Environment on Students’ Academic Performance

Sultan Adeel

Abstract
Hostels are the places were the people live (preferably) when they are on visits or the students.
Usually, universities provide this facility to accommodate their students so the students may put
their utmost concentration on studies. Initially, the hostels were the living place for students at low
cost but now this concept has been changed and the hostels are now more than the living place. In
the hostels, the residents are the students from different cultural and ethnic background, and when
they daily interact with each other, the new mixed culture emerges. Their living conditions, words
of language, behavior, and emotions are very different from the living conditions of a home, words
of a language they use in their home city, the behavior of students who don’t avail this facility,
and emotions of students at that stage respectively. The findings from the study1 related to this
reveal that the environment of hostel increases the understanding of students as they participate in
healthy and analytical discussions. They not only learn the academic knowledge but also learn
interpersonal, communication, and adjustment skills. (Mishra, 1994).

This study was planned to identify the impact of the hostel environment on students’ academic
performance. This study focused on 2 variables; Hostel Environment (I.V) and Students
‘Academic Performance (D.V.). It has been found that there exists significant and positive
relationship between the hostel environment and students’ academic performance. Furthermore,
the impact of hostel environment on students’ academic performance has also been found as
positive and significance. This means that any change in the independent variable either positive
or negative, there will be significant change in the students’ Academic performance.

So, researcher is able to say that hostel plays avital role in the academic life and performance of
students. So, the all 2 (H1 and H2) expected hypotheses has been accepted here.

Key words: The Nations, On-Campus Housing, Off Campus Housing, Interpersonal Skills.

1
A Qualitative Study Investigating the Impact of Hostel Life.

3
 Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................. 2
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 3
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 7
1.1. Preamble ............................................................................................................................... 7
1.2. Research Purpose ................................................................................................................. 9
1.2.1. Research Questions........................................................................................................ 9
1.3. Research Objectives ............................................................................................................. 9
1.4. Justification .......................................................................................................................... 9
1.5. Limitations ......................................................................................................................... 10
1.6. Scope .................................................................................................................................. 10
1.7. Definition of Key Terms .................................................................................................... 11
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................... 12
2.1. Hostel and Hostel Environment ......................................................................................... 12
2.2. Students’ Academic Performance and its Measurement .................................................... 12
2.3. Hostel Environment and Students’ Academic Performance .............................................. 13
2.4. Conceptual Framework ...................................................................................................... 13
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................. 15
3.1. Research Design ................................................................................................................. 15
3.2. Procedure ............................................................................................................................ 15
3.3. Population........................................................................................................................... 15
3.4. Sample and Sampling Method ........................................................................................... 16
3.5. Measurement/ Instrument Selection ................................................................................... 16
3.6. Variables............................................................................................................................. 16
3.7. Hypothesis .......................................................................................................................... 16
3.8. Plan of Analysis ................................................................................................................. 17
3.9. Software Employed ............................................................................................................ 17
3.10. Research Schedule............................................................................................................ 18
4. DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ..................................................................................... 19
4.1. Reliability and Validity ...................................................................................................... 19
4.1.1. Reliability .................................................................................................................... 19

4
 4.1.2. Validity ........................................................................................................................ 19
4.2. Data Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 20
4.2.1. Demographic Profile Analysis..................................................................................... 20
4.2.2. Descriptive Analysis of Variables ............................................................................... 21
4.2.3. Correlations Among the Variables .............................................................................. 22
4.2.4. Linear Regression Analysis ......................................................................................... 22
5. DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................... 24
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................... 26
6.1. Conclusion.......................................................................................................................... 26
6.2. Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 26
6.3. Areas for Further Research ................................................................................................ 27
References ..................................................................................................................................... 28
Appendix ....................................................................................................................................... 30

5
 List of Tables and Figures

Diagram 2.1 Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................ 14

Table 4.1 Reliability of the Variables / Cronbach’s Alpha ........................................................... 19
Table 4.2 Gender and Time Since Living in Hostel ..................................................................... 20
Table 4.3 Gender and Degree Program......................................................................................... 20
Table 4.4 Descriptive Analysis ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4.6 Correlations ....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4.7 Model Summary ............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4.8 ANOVAa .......................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4.9 Coefficientsa ..................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4.10 Model Summary ..........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4.11 ANOVAa .....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4.12 Coefficientsa ................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

6
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Preamble
The purpose of education is not only to make the educated students but to make the students those
are emotionally stable and valuable to the society. So, these students may become the future leaders
of a country. For this, the best education is provided to these students. Back to the centuries when
universities were established, students were supposed to take the room from the local community
on rent to stay at the city (of the university) for the education purpose. For this, they may adjust
with local residents or in a group of the same country or different countries (Jacobs, 1999;
Richardson and Jordan, 1979; Heclo and Widavsky, 1974; Grooves, 2004). With the passage of
time, these rented houses became the fully rented places for students and named as “the nations”
because they revealed the information about the students’ countries. Later, these names converted
and divided into on-campus and off-campus housing as the universities made their own rented
rooms for students (Amole, 1997).

The developed countries invest in their students at every stage and provide them every facility they
need. In contrast to this, the developing countries usually don’t invest a lot in their students. As
Pakistan is a developing country and the less proportion of budget is dedicated to the education,
these facilities are only available in large cities and students stay in these hostels for their studies.
Therefore, hostels or on-campus/off-campus accommodation play an important role in the
education system of Pakistan.

Hostels are the places were the people live (preferably) when they are on visits or the students. In
India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, the hostels are usually considered as the place of living for the
students (only) those are not from the city of the university. For example, if the university is in
Lahore and the student is from Bahawalpur which is far away from Lahore and student can’t do
daily out back. So, in this condition, he needs a rented (mostly) place/room to live in Lahore to
save his time and money. For this, hostels are the best option. Usually, universities provide this
facility to accommodate their students so they may put their utmost concentration on studies.

Initially, the hostels were the living place for students at low cost but now this concept has been
changed and the hostels are now more than the living place. In the hostels, the residents are the
students from different cultural and ethnic background, and when they daily interact with each

7
other, the new mixed culture emerges. Their living conditions, words of language, behavior, and
emotions are very different from the living conditions of a home, words of a language they use in
their home city, the behavior of students who don’t avail this facility, and emotions of students at
that stage respectively. Therefore, hostels are not the place to live only but these are the education
centers. Students living there not only learn from the teachers and the environment of the university
but they also learn from the fellows with whom they are living in the rooms or sharing the rooms.
The findings from the study2 related to this reveal that the environment of hostel increases the
understanding of students as they participate in healthy and analytical discussions. They not only
learn the academic knowledge but also learn interpersonal, communication, and adjustment skills.
These social skills contribute to their character building and emotional stability of students and
provide them a platform to become independent and valuable to the society (Mishra, 1994).

The hostel students face a lot of hurdles and problems while living in the hostel. These are;
homesickness, helplessness, financial issues, adjustment with unknown persons, stress, food
quality and eating issues. When the students pass through these all difficulties, his behavior and
reaction in difficult situations are not like others who are not passed through these conditions. They
become more empathic, kindhearted, emotionally stable and social (Mimrot, 2012).

The situations are always not run in the very feasible way. The students and universities also face
problems in accommodating the students. As the awareness and level of education are increasing,
it is resulting in a large number of students looking to get the admission in the well-reputed
universities. Therefore, it is always a challenge for the universities to accommodate all students.
Some researchers have also said that universities are required to highly focus on their policies of
housing. The housing may cause the disturbance to the local community and might result in the
severe actions by the local residents. These things will arise where there is the lack of management
from the universities (in some cases, form hostel management). Researchers also said that there is
a huge possibility that students may not focus on the academic activates and these all will result in
the poor performance and low grades of students and the expected results will not meet (Opayomi,
2003).

After the number of research conducted in America, Africa, Asia and Europe, it is experienced
that the hostels accommodation leaves the positive reactions on the students’ academic

2
A Qualitative Study Investigating the Impact of Hostel Life.

8
performance, behavior, emotions and mental level. This makes students more strong and
productive to the society as the ultimate goal of education is to make the future leaders of the
country.

1.2. Research Purpose

Universities are focusing on accommodating students in every aspect so they may become more
valuable to the society. Hostels are one of these facilities provided by universities. These have now
become an integral part of the education system. Therefore, this study is organized “to discover
the effects of hostels environment on the academic performance of students”.

1.2.1. Research Questions

This research is supposed to answer following questions:
 What is the relationship between the environment of the hostel and the academic
performance of students?
 What are the effects of the environment of the hostel on the academic performance of
students?
 What is the role of the hostel environment towards students’ academic performance?

1.3. Research Objectives

Following are the aims and objectives of this research:

 To find out the relationship between the environment of the hostel and the academic
performance of students.
 To study the effects of the environment of the hostel on the academic performance of
students.
 To identify the role of the hostel environment towards students’ academic performance.
 To suggest the suitable and possible recommendations to the hostel students for their better
life and learnings at the hostel.

1.4. Justification
Students living in hostels shows the greater level of differences from the students who do not live
in a hostel. They are very effective team workers and can effectively handle the pressure situations.
(Ahmad, 2006). Past record shows the sufficient number of research in the similar area but there

9
is no/less research in the context of Sukkur IBA University where most of the students are from
different rural and urban areas with the diverse cultural background, far away from the various
parts of the country to the Sukkur region. This creates a very diversified environment at hostels.

The stakeholders of this study are:

1. All the universities in Pakistan working for the improvement of the students’ academic
performance can use this research.
2. The students, researchers, and professionals can take help from this study to work on the
student’s academic performance and behavior.
3. The Higher Education Commission and State Government can take the help of this study
to work for the betterment of the student by providing them diversified environment.

1.5. Limitations
This research is preliminarily focused on the environment of the hostel and its impact on the
academic performance of students. Like others, it has some limitations. These are:

1. The very basic limitation is the selection of the research field. The researcher has chosen
the students of one university. This may lead the views towards prejudiced findings.
Therefore, this research may not be replicable to the universities that have the different
environment.
2. The next limitation is the expertise of researcher and the lack of resources. The researcher
is at a very initial level and there is a possibility that he may miss some areas of research.
This could lead him towards the slightly different results from other researchers.
3. Another limitation is using the quantitative approach by the researcher. This will make the
topic narrower and the results will be very specified without the complete views of
respondents.

1.6. Scope
The consideration of the scope is:
1. The scope of this study is the students of Sukkur IBA University. The researcher has
restricted himself to them because of the availability of a large number of culturally
diverse students and for his ease. Therefore, the finding will be very helpful for the
management of university to use it for increasing the performance of students.

10
 2. This research can also be replicated to other universities having the same context and
the findings can generally be applied to increase the performance of students by
providing them the hostel accommodation.
3. The researchers and students can take help from this research having the same topic
within Pakistan.

1.7. Definition of Key Terms

 The Nations: The old name of the hostels where the students from different or same
country used to live.
 On-Campus Housing: The rooms or the hostels within the premises of university.
 Off-Campus Housing: The rooms or the hostels outside the boundary wall of the
university.
 Interpersonal Skills: The skills we use to communicate and interact with each other in a
daily life. (Interpersonal Skills).

________________________________________

11
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Hostel and Hostel Environment
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, “accommodation/hostel is considered to be the
temporary place for living or housing”. Students have always faced the issue of accommodation
since the establishment of universities. Initially, there was no concept of providing accommodation
to the students by university or institute. Students were supposed to rent a room in the city or
whether live with locals or other students by sharing the rent (Caldenby, 1994; Adelman, 1969).
Gradually, the concept of structured accommodation increased however it was not the initiative of
universities (Chijoriga, 2000; Merrill, S., Gardner. D. and Bierman, S., 2005). Slowly, these houses
became the fully rented places for students and named as “the nations” because they revealed the
information about the students’ countries. Later, these names converted and divided into on-
campus and off-campus housing as the universities made their own rented rooms for students
(Amole, 1997).

Besides, many universities started focusing on accommodating students in 1960s, Leland Burns
and Leo Grebler (1960s) propounded the concept of housing productivity in his book “The
Housing of Nations”. Later, Merrill, S., Blood, R., Rabenhorst, C. and D. Whiteley (2006d),
claimed that better housing increases the academic performance and decreases restlessness among
students. Moreover, in the hostel, a number of students live from different sociocultural, ethnic
and religious backgrounds. Therefore, the environment of hostel results in a very diverse condition.

2.2. Students’ Academic Performance and its Measurement

According to Ellie Williams (2018), academic performance is often used as the evaluation of
grades. It can also be defined as the extent to which students or an institution achieve educational
goals (Annie, Howard and Mildred, 1996). Similarly, Scottk (2012) describes that prevailing
concept of academic performance is how well the student is doing his/her studies. Whereas, there
are a lot of factors contributing to the level and quality of students’ academic performance.

In the educational institutes, measurement of students’ accomplishments is the key to examine

their work. It is also defined by the Gupta and Maksy (2014) as the Cumulative Grade Point
Average (CGPA) is the mostly used parameter of measuring the Students’ academic performance.
Likewise, in the United States of America, students’ academic performance is measured in CGPA

12
(Nonis and Wright, 2003) however CGPA is the better indication of learning. (Ali, Jusoff, Ali,
Mokhtar, and Salamat, 2009).

2.3. Hostel Environment and Students’ Academic Performance

The study conducted by Amina Iftikhar and Asir Ajmal (2015)3 shows that hostel plays the great
role in the education system of Pakistan in making the students more confident, punctual,
emotionally strong, mature and goal oriented. However, these all contribute to the positive
academic performance.

Another study conducted by Owolabi, Babatunde Oluwaseyi (2011) at University of Ibadan,

Nigeria concludes that there is a significant difference between the students who live in the hostels
and the students who do not live in the hostels. The study showed that lesser the distance to the
lecture hall, higher the CGPA. Therefore, hostel environment positively affects the students’
academic performance.

Ahmad (2006) reveals in his study that hostel life makes the students ambitious, self-dependent
and confident in contrast to other students. During the stay at a hostel, students take motivation
and spirit from other students and help each other. These all results in the better academic
performance. Besides, UL. Mansoor and MAM. Hussain Ali (2015)4 found that 5 factors (food
facilities, inmate cooperation, library facilities and safety and security) in the hostel widely results
in the high level of academic performance.

The findings from the study conducted by Mishra (1994) reveals that the environment of hostel
increases the understanding of students as they participate in healthy and analytical discussions.
They not only learn the academic knowledge but also learn interpersonal, communication, and
adjustment skills. These social skills contribute to their character building and emotional stability
of students and provide them a platform to become independent and valuable to the society.

2.4. Conceptual Framework

The given below is the modified model or framework of the similar study done by UL. Mansoor
and MAM. Hussain Ali (2015)5. This model reveals that there are 2 variables being studied in this

3
Published in International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience.
4
Study conducted at Eastern Province, Srilanka.
5
Study conducted at Eastern Province, Srilanka.

13
research. One variable is hostel environment which is an independent variable. It reflects the
environment of a hostel in which students live and interact with other students. Whereas, another
is students’ academic performance which is the dependent variable. It shows the effects of hostels
environment on students’ academic performance. In last, the plus sign shows the other factors
(variables) that effect the students’ academic performance. These factors will not be discussed in
this study. So, hopefully, any change in independent variable will affect the dependent variable.

Diagram 2.1 Conceptual Framework

Hostel Students’ Academic

Environment Performance

(Independent (Dependent
Variable) Variable)

________________________________________

14
 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research Design
This research was based on the quantitative type of research with the positivist approach. This was
an inductive in nature whereas the quantitative survey was conducted using the structured
questionnaire having 4 or 5 options to collect the responses. The questionnaire was comprised of
several questions on the under-discussion topic. After collecting the responses, the analysis was
undertaken by converting those responses into numeric codes. For reaching at the meaningful
results and conclusion, this topic required thoughtful and sensible information gathering from the
respondents. Besides, relevant studies (done in the past) were also examined and had been found
that the similar way is also undertaken by the researchers.

3.2. Procedure
Following is the procedure for this study:

 Reviewed the number of students (percentage) availing the facility of hostel at Sukkur IBA
University and different universities in the Pakistan.
 Determined the need and impact of the hostel environment provided by universities to
enhance the academic performance and interpersonal skills of students.
 Keeping in view the above taken actions, collected opinions of the respondents regarding
the impact of hostels environment on students’ academic performance by distributing the
questionnaire among them.
 In last, analyzation of the collected responses and information with the help of software to
reach at the results/finding and to draw conclusion.

3.3. Population
The students of Sukkur IBA University6 availing the hostels facility7 from at least 1 year were the
population for this research. Some of the students were living at the internal hostels of Sukkur IBA
University whereas some were living at internal hostels. Therefore, the population that was eligible
to respond to this research could be estimated as approximately 1000. From these, it was expected
that the responses (input) can be taken.

6
All students of different Under-graduate and Post-graduate programs.
7
Located inside and outside the Sukkur IBA University premises.

15
3.4. Sample and Sampling Method
The sample of 125 students was undertaken for this research (60% - 65% males and 40% - 35%
females from both internal and external hostels8) and the organized questionnaire was distributed
among them. This sample had been calculated at the confidence level of 95%. Moreover, planning
was made for the convenient collection of information through sampling method (Questionnaire).
Students were approached at their hostel rooms to collect the responses. Also, it was expected that
there should be reasonable reflectance of the total population by the selected sample size and
sampling method. For this, the selected population was also defined to the course supervisor to
approve the sample population.

3.5. Measurement/ Instrument Selection

Keeping in view the information gathering medium, this study was focusing on the primary data
collection sources. The questionnaire was comprised of the closed-ended questions taken exactly
from the previously taken studies9&10 to collect the responses. Moreover, the questionnaire was
also shown to the Research Supervisor, Mr. Faisal Qamar Soomro to convert the questionnaire
from qualitative into quantitative11. Also, after concerning with the supervisor, some of the
demographic information was also amended to get the most possible and accurate responses.
Considering the research nature and objectives, this tool was considered as very effective and could
highlight and fill the gap in the research area after reaching the meaningful conclusion.

3.6. Variables
The key variable considered of this study was:
1. Hostel Environment (Independent variable).
2. Students’ Academic Performance (Dependent variable).

3.7. Hypothesis
Hypothesis for this study are:

8
There are 2 internal boys’ hostels inside the premises of Sukkur IBA University and remaining are outside the
University premises. Similarly, there is only one hostel of girls is outside the premises of Sukkur IBA University,
remaining are inside the university.
9
Published in International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience, 2015 .
10
Published in International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 6, Issue 3, 2015.
11
The questionnaire that was taken from the above described studies was comprised of open-ended questions so,
after concerning with Research Supervisor, it was converted into Likert scale (closed-ended questions).

16
H1: There is a positive relationship between Hostel Environment and Students’ Academic
Performance.

H0: There is no relationship between Hostel Environment and Students’ Academic

Performance.

H2: There is a positive impact of Hostel Environment on Students’ Academic Performance.

H0: There is no impact of Hostel Environment on Students’ Academic Performance.

3.8. Plan of Analysis

Below is step-by-step plan of analysis.
 Data Coding: Initially the data was coded as per the nature of the scales like the
demographic questions are coded as nominal scale and variable questions as Likert Scale.
 Frequency Distribution: After the data coding, the frequencies of the variable questions
were analyzed for profiling.
 Descriptive Statistics: The average of scales was calculated to compute the variables. Then,
the standard deviation and mean were found to identify that how the construct has
contributed in this model and how much the variation exists in this construct.
 Correlation Analysis: Later, the association between the construct was analyzed to
determine the correlation between Independent Variable and Dependent Variable which
was the mandatory process to check the regression.
 Impact: To find out the impact of variables, the multiple regression analysis was done. As,
there were only 2 variables (Independent and Dependent) in the study, so the multiple
regression was computed to find the impact of hostel environment on students’ academic
performance.

3.9. Software Employed

Considering the quantitative nature of study, the responses collected from the respondents was
converted into codes and later entered into the Microsoft Excel. Following this, the data was
transferred to the SPSS for the statistical analysis and findings.

17
3.10. Research Schedule
Below is the schedule of complete research.
Task Name Duration Start Finish
Research Proposal 42 days 13.01.2018 24.02.2018
Literature Review 21 days 25.02.2018 17.03.2018
Questionnaires Distribution 14 days 18.03.2018 07.04.2018
Data Analysis 14 days 08.04.2018 21.04.2018
Recommendations & Conc. 07 days 22.04.2018 28.04.2018

________________________________________

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 4. DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1. Reliability and Validity

4.1.1. Reliability
For checking the analysis of reliability, the pilot testing was conducted. Initially, the 25
questionnaires were filled from the entirely different participants to ensure that this chosen tool is
quite reliable to collect the data related to the study.

The overall reliability of the complete questionnaire is 0.815 (Cronbach’s Alpha) which is greater
than 0.7 and shows enough reliability of this tool. Similarly, the Cronbach’s Alpha for the
independent variable is 0.652 which is a bit lower than the standard and shows that for finding the
independent variable, this tool is not too much reliable. On the other hand, the Cronbach’s Alpha
of the dependent variable is 0.812 which is also greater than the standard 0.7 and reveals that this
tool is quite better to check the reliability of dependent variable. The values of the Cronbach’s
Alpha for independent and dependent variable are given below with the reliability of entire
questionnaire.

Table 4.1 Reliability of the Variables / Cronbach’s Alpha

Variable No. of Items Cronbach’s Alpha Value
Overall Reliability 20 0.815
Hostel Environment 10 0.652
Students’ Academic Performance 10 0.812

4.1.2. Validity

For maintaining the validity of the questionnaire, the questionnaire was exactly taken from the
previous studies. Later, this questionnaire was shown to the research supervisor, Mr. Faisal Qamar
Soomro for checking the Face validity and Content Validity. Furthermore, as per the suggestion
of supervisor, some of the demographic information was also amended to get the exact information
about students’ experience of living at hostel and their degree program.

19
4.2. Data Analysis
4.2.1. Demographic Profile Analysis
The responses for the research were collected from the students of Sukkur IBA University living
in a hostel at least for 1 year. Demographic information included the details of Gender, Time of
Living at Hostel and Degree Program. The total of 125 questionnaires was printed and approached
these selective respondents at their rooms. 115 respondents provided the complete responses
whereas remaining respondents left 1 or 2 questions or demographic information. Therefore, that
information was entered after taking the mean of all responses.

Dividing the whole responses in different sections, total 83 (66.4%) male students and 42 (33.6%)
female students provided their responses. Among these 125 respondents, 83 (46 males, 37 females)
were living in the hostel for 1 – 3 years whereas remaining 42 (37 males and 5 females) were living
in the hostel for 3+ years. Similarly, among these 83 males and 42 females, 39 (28 males and 11
females) were belonged to the BBA Degree, 28 (8 males and 20 females) were belonged to BE
Degree, 11 (9 males and 2 females) were belonged to BS Degree, 11 (6 males and 5 females) were
belonged to B.Ed. Degree, 31 (27 males and 4 females) were belonged to BBA-Agri, and 5 (males
only) belonged to MBA/ME Degree. However, none of the student where belonged to the MS. and
Ph.D. Degree. Below is the summarized demographic information.

Table 4.2 Gender and Time Since Living in Hostel

Time Since Living in Hostel Total
1 – 3 Years 3+ Years
Gender Male 46 37 83
Female 37 5 42
Total 83 42 125

Table 4.3 Gender and Degree Program

Degree Program Total
BBA BE BS B.Ed. BBA(Agri) MBA/ME
Gender Male 28 8 9 6 27 5 83
Female 11 20 2 5 4 0 42
Total 39 28 11 11 31 5 125

20
4.2.2. Descriptive Analysis of Variables
After the analysis of demographic information, the complete descriptive analysis was taken. It is
comprised of the minimum, maximum, standard deviation and mean for the 2 constructs i.e. Hostel
Environment and Students’ Academic Performance. Given below is the complete table of
descriptive analysis.

Table 4.4 Descriptive Analysis

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Variance
Deviation

Hostel Environment 125 1.00 3.50 2.0720 .46604 .217

Students’ Academic 125 1.00 3.50 2.0384 .57316 .329
Performance

Valid N (listwise) 125

4.2.2.1. Hostel Environment

The first construct of the study is Hostel Environment. This includes total 10 items (questions).
Responses on this were collected on the Likert scale with 5 points ranging from Strongly Agree to
Strongly Disagree. On this scale, “1” was coded as Strongly Agree and 5 was coded as Strongly
Disagree. On the descriptive analysis table, minimum “1” shows that 1 was the minimum number
that was chosen by the respondents to answer the question. On the other hand, the maximum “3.50
or approx. 4” shows that 4 was that 4 was the maximum response chosen by the respondents to
answer all question. Furthermore, the mean of these responses is “2.07” which reveals that on an
average, participants have responded agreeing with the questions on the questionnaire. Besides
this, the standard deviation is “0.467” which shows the deviation of the answers by respondents
from the mean.

4.2.2.2. Students’ Academic Performance

The second construct of this study is Students’ Academic Performance. This includes total 10
items (questions) like as first construct. Responses on this were collected on the Likert scale with
5 points ranging from Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree. On this scale, “1” was coded as
Strongly Agree and 5 was coded as Strongly Disagree. On the descriptive analysis table, minimum
“1” shows that 1 was the minimum number that was chosen by the respondents to answer the

21
question. On the other hand, the maximum “3.50 or approx. 4” shows that 4 was the maximum
response chosen by the respondents to answer all question. Furthermore, the mean of these
responses is “2.04” which reveals that on an average, participants have responded agreeing with
the questions on the questionnaire. Besides this the standard deviation is “0.57” which shows the
deviation of the answers by respondents from the mean.

4.2.3. Correlations Among the Variables

Table 4.5 Correlations

Hostel Students’ Academic
Environment Performance
Hostel Environment Pearson Correlation 1 .455**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 125 125
Students’ Academic Pearson Correlation .455** 1
Performance Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 125 125
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

4.2.3.1. Hostel Environment

According to the values of table, Pearson Correlation test of association is “0.455” which is quite
significant i.e. 0.000. This indicates that there is positive and quite substantial relationship exists
between the independent variable—Environment of Hostel and dependent variable—Academic
Performance of Students. Therefore, here the H012 is rejected and H113 is accepted.

4.2.4. Linear Regression Analysis

After finding the correlation between independent and dependent variable, next step was to run the
regression equation between both variables. This would reveal the impact of independent variable
on dependent variable.

According to the table presented below, the value of the “R” is “0.455” which shows the “R
Correlation between both variables. Furthermore, the value of the R Square is “.0207” which
means that 20.7% change in the academic performance of the students can be caused by the hostel

12
There is no relationship between Hostel Environment and Students’ Academic Performance.
13
There is a positive relationship between Hostel Environment and Students’ Academic Performance.

22
environment. In other words, the hostel environment can only impact 20.7% of the total on the
academic performance of the student (Adjusted R2 = 0.201). Moreover, the value of ‘t’ is also
significant in the table.

In the next table; the value of the “F”, regression Coefficient is “32.132” which is significant at
0.000. In the table next to this, the values of the Standard Beta Coefficient for the variable Hostel
Environment is 0.455 which is significant as significance value is 0.000. Hence, the H0 14 is
rejected and H215 is accepted here.

Table 4.6 Model Summary

Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the
Estimate

1 .455a .207 .201 .51243

a. Predictors: (Constant), Hostel Environment

4.7. ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 8.437 1 8.437 32.132 .000b
Residual 32.298 123 .263

Total 40.736 124

a. Dependent Variable: Students’ Academic Performance

b. Predictors: (Constant), Hostel Environment

Table 4.8 Coefficientsa

Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized t Sig.
Coefficients

B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant) .879 .210 4.191 .000
Hostel .560 .099 .455 5.669 .000
Environment

a. Dependent Variable: Students’ Academic Performance

14
There is no impact of Hostel Environment on Students’ Academic Performance.
15
There is a positive impact of Hostel Environment on Students’ Academic Performance.

23
 5. DISCUSSION
In the start of this research, some of the objectives and questions were set as the base points for
this research. Discussion chapter includes the discussion of the whole findings and the comparison
of the set objectives of the study with the actual results. Furthermore, in this section, the results
will be critically analyzed to find that to what extent the results are meeting the objectives. This
study was comprising of 2 variables; one was hostel environment and another was students’
academic performance. There were also the objectives and questions for this research. The
objective was to find out the relationship between both variable and the impact of independent
variable on dependent variable. In alliance to these questions, the questions were also made. In the
below, discussion, each will be discussed.

There were 2 constructs and each was comprised of 10 questions. The responses were taken on the
Likert scale. So, in the answers of these questions, it has been found that there exists direct or
positive relationship between both variables. It means that any change in the independent variable
either positive or negative, there will be significant change in the students’ Academic performance.
Comparing it with the previous studies, hostel environment plays the vital role in the education
system of Pakistan in making the students more confident, punctual, emotionally strong, mature
and goal oriented. However, these all contribute to the positive academic performance (Amina
Iftikhar and Asir Ajmal, 2015). Another study conducted previously also strengthens the findings
of this research, stating that there is a significant difference between the students who live in the
hostels and the students who do not live in the hostels. The study showed that lesser the distance
to the lecture hall, higher the CGPA. Therefore, hostel environment positively affects the students’
academic performance (Owolabi, Babatunde Oluwaseyi, 2011).

These all above discussed studies were also the base point for this research. In this research,
researcher has also found the similar results. Analyzing the research results with the objects, it has
been found that there exists significant relationship between hostel environment and students’
academic performance. Similarly, the were also found the impact of the hostel environment on
students’ academic performance.

Concluding all, as it was expected in start of the research that there exists positive relationship
between hostel environment and students’ academic performance and positive impact of hostel

24
environment on students’ academic performance. Resultantly, these all expectations/hypotheses
are proved here.

________________________________________

25
 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1. Conclusion

This chapter will conclude the whole study along with the recommendations and area of further
research.

This study was planned to identify the impact of the hostel environment on students’ academic
performance. This study focused on 2 variables; Hostel Environment (I.V) and Students
‘Academic Performance (D.V.). For this, the questionnaire was developed and the responses of
the participants were taken on the closed-ended questionnaire. this lead the whole research to the
data analysis of responses. The data analysis was done on the SPSS software.

In the data analysis, it has been found that there exists significant and positive relationship between
the hostel environment and students’ academic performance. However, the reliability of Hostel
Environment was bit lower than the standard that means that this method is not always reliable to
check this variable. Furthermore, the impact of hostel environment on students’ academic
performance has also been found as positive and significance. This means that any change in the
independent variable either positive or negative, there will be significant change in the students’
Academic performance.

So, after doing all process and reaching at conclusion, researcher is at the position to conclude its
findings that there exists a significant relationship between the independent variable and dependent
variable. In other words, research is able to say that hostel plays avital role in the academic life
and performance of students. So, the all 2 (H1 and H2) expected hypotheses has been accepted
here and other H01 and H02 has been rejected here. Furthermore, it is confirmed that this study
has brought researcher at the valuable information and results.

6.2. Recommendations
This study was considering the code of conducts and ethics and all efforts were made to maintain
its integrity. However, the study has been given the desired and valuable results but there is still
need to do research in this area as there is also exists the gap in this area. Therefore, few of the
recommendations are given below.

26
1. This study was conducted at Sukkur IBA University that limited the generalizability of the
study. So, there should be more studies in further areas of the Pakistan like Karachi and
Hyderabad, Peshawar, Faisalabad etc.

2. Also, the researcher has used the quantitative approach to study which is very limited in its
nature so, it has limited the results. Therefore, there should be the study comprising the
qualitative approach. This will strengthen the base of this area and will extract the exact results.

3. Furthermore, the findings have elaborated that there exists only 20.7% impact of the hostel
environment. So, there are other variables that impact the students’ academic performance.
There should be some studies on these topics to clearly analyze the impacts of different
variables on students’ Academic performance.

4. This study was only done using the questionnaire method. It didn’t allowed respondents to
provide their own responses. So, in the next study, the open-ended questionnaire and interview
should be entertained.

These all recommendations will lead towards the perfectiveness of the study and there will be more
accurate and rational results.

6.3. Areas for Further Research

The hostel has played the vital role in the academic life of students and developing their relations,
making them more mature in their life. There are also a good number of researches in this area to
highlight the importance of this area. As the universities are growing rapidly, so there must be
more focus on developing the clear role of hostel in the life of students. More studies in this area
will strengthen the value of hostel in current era. The topics for the future studies should be; the
impact of hostel environment on the life of students, the impact of hostel life on students’ personal
life etc. Furthermore, universities should focus on this topic to clearly analyze the results of this
area.

XXXXXXXX THE END XXXXXXXX

27
References

Academic Performance. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_achievement

Adelman, H. (1969). The Beds of Academe. Toronto: James Lewis & Samuel Ltd.

Ahmad, U. (2006). Zindge Gulzar Hay. Pakistan: Elm-o-Irfan publisher.

Amina Iftikhar, Asir Ajmal, (2011) A Qualitative Study Investigating the Impact of Hostel Life.
International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience, Vol. 17, No.2.

Amole, O.O. (1997). An Evaluation of Students Residential Facilities in some Nigerian

Universities. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Architecture, Obafemi Awolowo University.

Caldenby, C. (1994). Universitetet och Staden, White Coordi-nator Påbygget, Alvesta.

Chijoriga, M. (2000). The Performance and Sustainability of Micro-Financing Institutions in

Tanzania. fur Entwicklungspolitik. XVI/3, 2, 275 –301.

Ellie Williams. What Is the Meaning of Academic Performance? Retrieved 2018, from
http://work.chron.com/meaning-academic-performance-17332.html

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Jacobs, K (1999). The Dynamics of Local Housing Policy: A study of council housing renewal in
the London Borough of Hackney. Al-dershot: Ashgate.

Leland Smith and Leo Grebler (1960s). The Housing of Nations: Analysis and Policy in a
Comparative Framework. Retrieved from: www.palgrave.com/la/book/9781349030477

Mimrot, B.H. (2012). A comparative study on the effect of residential area on the emotional
intelligence of the std.10 female students staying in hostel and in residence (home). Indian Stream
Research Journal, 2(11), 1-4.

Merrill, S., Gardner. D. and Bierman, S. (2005). Mortgage Market Development in Uganda,
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Department, Executive Summary, October.

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Merrill, S., Blood, R., Rabehorst, C. and D. Whiteley. (2006d). Development of Mortgage Default
Insurance in Kenya: Assessment Report, Executive Summary. Urban Institute for
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Mishra, A.N. (1994). Students and Hostel Life. New Delhi: Mittal publications.

Owolabi, Babatunde O. (2011). The Effects of Students’ Housing on Academic Performance at

the University of Ibadan in Nigerian. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research Volume 6, Issue 3, March-2015.

Richardson, J. and Jordan, G. (1979). Governing under Pressure. Oxford: Martin Robinson. Khan,
R, Khan, F and Khan, M., (2011). Impact of Training and Development on Organizational
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Scottk. (2012), Meaning of Academic Performance. StudyMode.com. Retrieved from

http://www.studymode.com/essays/Meaning-of-Academic-Performance-1107119.html/

UL., Mansoor and MAM., Hussain Ali. Impact of Hostel Students’ Satisfaction on Their Academic
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Appendix
Survey Questionnaire
Impact of Hostel Environment on Students’ Academic Performance
Dear Sir/Ma’am,

I’m a student of BBA-Agribusiness (7th semester) at Sukkur IBA University. This research is organized to
study the “Role and Impact of Hostel Environment on Students’ Academic Performance” and his
questionnaire is part of it. I shall be very thankful to you for your kind and valuable response; it will take
only 4 – 5 minutes. I assure you that your provided information will only be used for this research and will
not be provided to anyone for other purposes.

Demographic Information: ______________________________________________________

Gender (Tick): Male Female

Time since living in Hostel: Less than 1Year 1-3 Years 3+ years

Degree Program: BBA BE BS(CS) B.Ed.

BBA (Agri) MBA (CS) MS PhD.

Please provide your precious responses according to below provided scale/options: __________________
Scale: (Strongly Agree) (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly Disagree)
Hostel Environment: ___________________________________________________________

1. I believe that hostels are the integral part of academic life.

(Strongly Agree) (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly Disagree)
1. I believe that the place of studying has an impact on my academic performance.
(Strongly Agree) (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly Disagree)
2. I feel noticeable differences in myself since I’m living in the hostel.
(Strongly Agree) (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly Disagree)
3. I feel noticeable differences in myself in comparison to other students who don’t live in
hostel.
(Strongly Agree) (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly Disagree)
4. I feel satisfied living at hostel.
(Strongly Agree) (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly Disagree)
5. I believe that the condition of rooms, toilets and bathrooms are up-to-mark (hygienic).
(Strongly Agree) (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly Disagree)
6. I believe that the living conditions at hostel are up-to-mark.
30
 (Strongly Agree) (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly Disagree)
7. I believe that the hostel environment is more distractive to study.
(Strongly Agree) (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly Disagree)
8. I believe that hostel environment is feasible for studies.
(Strongly Agree) (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly Disagree)
9. I have cordial relationships with my hostel warden.
(Strongly Agree) (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly Disagree)

Students’ Academic Performance: ________________________________________________

2. I believe that hostel plays an important role in students’ academic performance.

(Strongly Agree) (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly Disagree)
3. While being at hostel, I take motivation to study when I see others studying.
(Strongly Agree) (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly Disagree)
4. I am internally motivated to study.
(Strongly Agree) (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly Disagree)
5. I believe that I give sufficient time to my studies in hostel.
(Strongly Agree) (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly Disagree)
6. I believe that hostel food has significant impact on academic performance.
(Strongly Agree) (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly Disagree)
7. I believe that hostel peers play an important role in academic performance.
(Strongly Agree) (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly Disagree)
8. I agree that I study more with hostel peers and learn more.
(Strongly Agree) (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly Disagree)
9. I frequently help my peers in their studies at hostel.
(Strongly Agree) (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly Disagree)
10. I am satisfied with my academic performance.
(Strongly Agree) (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly Disagree)
11. My parents are satisfied with my academic performance.
(Strongly Agree) (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly Disagree)

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Choose from below to show your overall feeling about this questionnaire.

Thank You For Your Precious Responses

________________________________________

32