INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION
JOAN A. TOMAS-RUIZ
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
CUSTOMIZED DEGREE PROGRAM
Identify Governance Issues and
Concerns

WORKSHOP
 STATE OF GOVERNANCE

WORLD GOVERNANCE INDICATORS

 Human Development Index

The HDI was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the
ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth
alone. Conducted by UNDP since 1990 as independent, empirically grounded analyses of
major development issues, trends, and policies.
 The human development index was constructed to reflect the most important dimensions of
human development. A composite index, the HDI contains three indicators:
1. life expectancy, representing a long and healthy life;
2. educational attainment, representing knowledge; and
3. real GDP (in purchasing power parity dollars), representing a decent standard of living.
The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)

 The Corruption Perceptions Index ranks countries and territories based on

how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be. A country or territory’s
score indicates the perceived level of public sector corruption on a scale
of 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean).
 In too many countries, people are deprived of their most basic needs and
go to bed hungry every night because of corruption, while the powerful
and corrupt enjoy lavish lifestyles with impunity.”
– José Ugaz, Chair of Transparency International
Global Peace Index

 Global Peace Index (GPI) ranks 163 independent states and territories
according to their level of peacefulness. Produced by the Institute for
Economics and Peace (IEP), the GPI is the world’s leading measure of global
peacefulness.
 The GPI covers 99.7% of the world’s population, using 23 qualitative and
quantitative indicators from highly respected sources, and measures the state
of peace using three thematic domains: the level of Societal Safety and
Security; the extent of Ongoing Domestic and International Conflict; and the
degree of Militarization.
Global Peace Index 2018
World Happiness Report

 The World Happiness Report is a landmark survey of the state of

global happiness. The World Happiness Report 2018, ranks 156
countries by their happiness levels, and 117 countries by the
happiness of their immigrants.
 All the top countries tend to have high values for all six of the
key variables that have been found to support well-being:
income, healthy life expectancy, social support, freedom, trust
and generosity.
 Proportion of Poor Filipinos registered at 21.0 percent in
the First Semester of 2018
Filipino Families Are Most Deprived in Education
Reference No.: 2019-053
Reference No.: 2018-187
Release Date: 10 April 2019
Release Date: 14 November 2018

Farmers, Fishermen and Children consistently posted the Some Local Issues
highest poverty incidence among basic sectors - PSA
Reference No.: 2017-150
Release Date: 30 June 2017 What is the poverty threshold in the Philippines?
The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) currently pegs
the poverty threshold at Php9,063.75 a month for a
family of five, or Php60.43 per day per person.
What is poverty incidence?
Poverty incidence is the proportion of the population with per capita income less than the
per capita poverty threshold. ... Poverty and subsistence incidences for 2013 significantly
decreased, indicating an improvement in the proportion of the population that are below
the poverty line.

The population of the Philippines as of August 1, 2015 was 100,981,437, based

on the 2015 Census of Population (POPCEN 2015).
Toilet Faculty Room
The use of the restroom as a
“faculty room” came to light
when Maricel Herrera, a
BNHS teacher and faculty
association president, took to
social media her complaints
on the lack of faculty room for
teachers, among others.
Context
Natural Hazard Risk
The Philippines is at high risk
from cyclones, earthquakes, floods,
landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions,
and wildfires. Since 1990, the
Philippines has been affected by 565
natural disaster events that have
claimed the lives of nearly 70,000
Filipinos and caused an estimated $23
billion in damages. At least 60 percent
of the country’s total land area is
exposed to multiple hazards, and 74
percent of the population is vulnerable
to their impact.
 In that report, the COA called out the attention of the Office of Civil
Defense (OCD) over its failure to utilize a combined total of P77.887 million of
local and foreign funding donations intended for victims of super typhoon Yolanda
and the Marawi siege that wrought havoc to our own people in several disaster-
stricken places.
 Why study PA theories?

It serves as a political philosophy that clarifies the political

and moral implications of administrative ideas we espouse
and the administrative practices we choose to follow.

It will not only help us mirror the past, and understand the
present. They stand to give us the confidence not only to
assert that yes, there is Philippine PA, but that PA has a
past that can also account for the present.
 What is Public Administration?

Various authors and scholars contributed to the definition of

the discipline in the following manner and context;
 Dwight Waldo -1955
 Hesays PA is the organization and management of men an
materials to achieve the purposes of government.
 Hefurther say PA is the art and science of management as
applied to the affairs of the state.
 What is Public Administration?

 Gerald Caiden- 1971

 He says PA is cooperative group effort in public setting.
 Hesays it covers all three branches - legislative, judicial
and executive
 It has an important role in formulating public policy an
it is also the political process.
 Ithas been influenced in recent years by the human –
relations approach.
 What is Public Administration?

 Brian Fry- 1989

 it is policy-making, but it is not autonomous.
 It
is one of a number of basic political processes by
which the people achieves and controls governance.
 David H. Rosenbloom- 1989
 It is the action part of government
 Itis the field mainly concerned with the means for
implementing political values. It can best be identified
with the executive branch.
 What is Public Administration?

 Raul P. De Guzman -1993

 It
is the process and contents of implementing
public policies and programs.
 Itis cooperative human action whether within the
public bureaucracy, the private sector, or in NGOs
aimed at delivering services to the people.
 Evolution of PA
PHASE INDICATIVE
PERIOD
Traditional/Classical PA 1800s to 1950s
Modern PA 1950s
 Development Administration (1950s
to 1960s)
 New Public Adm (1970s)
 New Public Mgt (1980s to 1990s)
 Reinventing Government (1990s)
 PA as Governance (1990s to the
present
Source: Brillantes and Fernandez in Reyes et al., 2015
Traditional/Classical PA
 Major contributors to the Classical
Organizational Theory:

• Alexander Tocqueville (1831) called for the serious study of

PA.
• President Andrew Jackson – Jacksonian democracy
emerged, the spoil system.
• Alexander Hamilton’s Admin theory argues for strong national
govt with power lodged in executive. He strongly believed
that the executive needed independence in implementing
the law, needed to allow the executive flexibility in
determining how best to administer it.
• Thomas Jefferson’s idea that govt must be decentralized so
that citizens may participate in public affairs. He believed in
local govt., a strong legislature, argued for limited govt, he
wanted to keep as much power in the people’s hands as
possible.
• Woodrow Wilson’s 1887 – Politics-Administration Dichotomy
• Frank Goodnow (1900), the “Father of American Public
Administration
• Madison was the architect of America’s balance of power
system.
WilliamWilloughby - stressed the role of the trilogy
covering all three branches of government
Chester Barnard - he argued that for the
executive to become more effective, he should
maintain an equilibrium between the needs of
the employees and the organization
• Abraham Maslow - focused on the hierarchical needs of
the individual
• Frederick Herzberg’s “motivation-hygiene theory”
• Douglas Mc Gregor’s Theory X and Y
• Chris Argyris - focused his attention on the personal
development of the individual in the context of
organization
• Rensis Likert’s System 1 to 4 (Exploitative Authoritative,
enevolent Authoritative, Consultative, Participative)
Scientific Management:
Frederick Taylor
Administrative Management:
Henri Fayol
Luther Halsey Gulick
Max Weber
Scientific Management

• is focused on the management

of work and workers

Frederick
Taylor
- Taylor is an Industrial Engineer in
Pennsylvania, USA
- His book, The Principles of Scientific
Management (1911) became the most
influential book of the Second Industrial
Revolution
- He is known as the Father of Scientific
Management
- Taylor’s scientific management principles
had come to symbolize America’s place
as the leading industrial nation.
 Henri Fayol
(1841–1925)
 He was the first to identify management as a continuous
process of evaluation.
 He is rightly seen as a key and early influential
contributor to a classical or administrative
management
 Engineer and French industrialist
 Worked as a managing director in coal-mining
organization
 Recognizes the management principles rather than
personal traits
 Additionally Fayol recognizes four-teen
principles that should guide the management
of organizations:

1. Division of Work —improves efficiency

through a reduction of waste, increased
output, and simplification of job training.
Specialization produces more and better
work with the same effort.
2. Authority and Responsibility
-authority: the right to give orders and the power to extract
obedience – responsibility: the obligation to carry out
assigned duties.
Authority stems from:
- that ascribed from the delegation process (the job holder
is assigned to act as the agent of the high authority to whom
they report - hierarchy)
3. Discipline—respect for the rules that govern the
organization

The generalization about discipline is that discipline is

essential for the smooth running of a business and without it -
standards, consistency of action, adherence to rules and
values - no enterprise could prosper.
4. Unity of Command — an employee should receive
orders from one superior only.
5. Unity of Direction—grouping of similar activities that
are directed to a single goal under one manager.
6. Subordination of Individual Interests to the General
Interest—interests of individuals and groups should not
take precedence over the interests of the organization
as a whole.
7. Remuneration of Personnel
- payment should be fair and satisfactory for
employees and the organization

8. Centralization—managers retain final

responsibility – subordinates maintain enough
responsibility to accomplish their tasks.
9. Scalar Chain (Line of Authority)— the chain of
command from the ultimate authority to the lowest.
10. Order—people and supplies should be in the right
place at the right time.
11. Equity—managers should treat employees fairly
and equally
12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel - managerial practices
that encourage long - term commitment from employees create
a stable workforce and therefore a successful organization.
13.Initiative — employees should be encouraged to develop and
carry out improvement plans.
14.Esprit de Corps—managers should foster and maintain
teamwork, team spirit, and a
sense of unity among employees
Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick
- POSDCoRB
- planning, organizing, staffing, directing,
coordinating, reporting and budgeting
 Max Weber
(1864-1920)
 Evolution of PA
PHASE INDICATIVE
PERIOD
Traditional/Classical PA 1800s to 1950s
Modern PA 1950s
 Development Administration (1950s
to 1960s)
 New Public Adm (1970s)
 New Public Mgt (1980s to 1990s)
 Reinventing Government (1990s)
 PA as Governance (1990s to the
present
Source: Brillantes and Fernandez in Reyes et al., 2015
Modern PA

• Development Administration (1950s to

1960s)
• New Public Administration (1970s)
• New Public Mgt (1980s to 1990s)
• Reinventing Government (1990s)
• PA as Governance
 Development Administration
(1950s to 1960s)

Key values
• nation building
• economic development
• institutional strengthening
• involvement of people in
development
 Development Administration (1950s to
1960s)

DA as a field of study emerged in 1950s and 1960s with the third

world countries as the focal point.
Riggs and Weidner coined the term “development
administration” to refer to developing countries which are largely found
in Asia, Latin America, and Africa.
These developing countries endeavored to make concerted
efforts in order to be recognized as “emerging nations” and to resurrect
themselves after World War II, concerned with increasing the capacity
of the state to produce goods and services to meet and induce
changing demands
Countries that were in urgent need to implement fundamental
reforms in their politico-administrative machinery.”
New Public Administration (late 1960s to
1970s)
Key Values
• Equity
• Responsiveness
• Relevance
• Adequacy
• Client-orientedness
• Protection and promotion of
welfare of the disadvantaged
groups
 New Public Administration (late 1960s to
1970s)

The term “New Public Administration” or new PA may

have emerged from the Minnowbrook conference in 1968 in
Syracuse University. For this reason, NPA is also referred to as
“The Minnowbrook Perspective. The conference was the
brainchild and inspiration of Dwight Waldo who brought
together young public administrators and scholars to discuss
important issues and varying perspectives on public
administration.
 New Public Administration (late 1960s to
1970s)

The conference was called in response and in reflection of

what Waldo then referred to as “The Grave Happenings and
Urgent Problems of the Times” which was characterized by
uncertainty, discontinuities and “mounting turbulence” in
America.
The period marked widespread youth unrest and student
protests, particularly against American policies in Vietnam, as
well as the neglect of the minorities and other “establishment”
conservatism that brought unemployment, poverty, disease and
ignorance in what was believed to an era of unprecedented
economic growth.
 New Public Administration (late 1960s to
1970s)

One of its controversies is that it had rejected the

classical theories of public administration and instead
offered new principles. For instance, Frederickson in
his essay, “Towards a New Public Administration,”
adds social equity to the classic definition of public
administration.
 New Public Administration (late 1960s to
1970s)

• NPA invited attention to a reconceptualization of the

prominent values of the field, reflected in the 3Es,
efficiency, effectiveness, economy.
• It brought attention to the significance of the values of the
3Rs of representativeness, responsibility and
responsiveness.
• New PA created the need to stimulate change: meeting
the needs of the society through the government’s
development programs and projects, and addressing
social equity and justice.
New Public Administration (late 1960s to
1970s)

It could be considered that the theme

of NPA is change and the challenge for
administrators is how to accept change.
 New Public Management and Reinventing
Government (1980s to 1990s)

 Key values: sustainable human devt, improving

human conditions, participation & empowerment of
stakeholders, improve govt operations, streamline
bureaucracy, rational public policy making, strong
democracy, rule of law
 tenets: elimination of red tape, admin as
accountable for results, customer satisfaction,
empowering front-line managers, contracting out
 New Public Management

 emerged in the 80s as a new managerial approach in the

growing agenda of reform of public sector organizations to
correct the inadequacies of traditional models (or
paradigms) of PA.
 It represents a transformation of the public sector and its
relationship with government and society. It seeks to
replace the old traditional model of PA that has been
generally perceived not to be working anymore.
 TheNPM movement was apparently practiced by
the European countries in the late 1970s and 1980s
but was essentially launched several luminaries such
as Christopher Hood, Christopher Pollitt, and Michale
Barzeley, among others in early 90s. Similar
movements such as reinventing government and
reengineering also emerged around the same time.
 The NPM movement has started in the late 1970s in UK under the
Thatcher government; however aside from England, NPM has also
long been practiced by the other members of the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development mostly Anglo-Saxon
countries like New Zealand, Australia, Germany, the Netherlands,
and Canada in the 1980s. The idea of NPM become more popular
and has stimulated academic and political interests worldwide when
Christopher Hood coined the term in his 1991 article entitled, “A
Public Mgt for all Seasons.”
 Thebest example of the NPM practice can be seen in
New Zealand’s administrative reforms. Their
government privatized substantial public functions,
redeveloped their personnel system in order to be more
performance-oriented, instituted new processes of
productivity measures, and reengineered
departmental systems to reflect government’s
commitment.
 The ideas of “NPM” and “reinventing government” were
essentially born out of the continuing search for solutions to
economic problems in 1970s and to produce a government
that “works better but costs less.” (Denhart 2004). The idea of
“reinventing government” was advanced by Osborne and
Gaebler in 1992. Their concept of NPM was sparked by the use
of business model prescriptions for government using private
sector innovation, resources, and organizational ideas to
improve the public sector.
 Reinventing Government Ten Principles

1. catalytic govt: steering rather than rowing

2. community-owned govt: empowering rather than serving
3. competitive govt: injecting competition into service delivery
4. mission-driven govt: transforming rule-driven orgs
5. results-oriented govt: funding outcomes, not inputs
6. customer-driven govt: meeting the needs of the customer not their
bureaucracy
7. enterprising govt rather than spending
8. anticipatory govt: prevention rather than cure
9. decentralized govt: from hierarchy to participation and teamwork
10. market-oriented govt: leveraging change through the market
 Why Government
can’t be “Run Like a
Business”
 New Public Service

 At the core of NPS is prioritizing public interest which can be determined by

soliciting the participation of the people coupled with highly advanced
democratic leadership.
 Like NPM, has definitely been geared towards the grassroots levels, that of listening
genuinely on the true needs of its constituents. People are treated as important
stakeholders as government goes about in performing its business.
 Development of human capital within the government and with the people.
 With NPM and NPS paradigms, people are at the forefront, as it intends to find
better procedure and humanized methodologies to substantially increase its
responsiveness and pro-active stance on problems.
 PA as Governance (1990s into the 2000)

 The “governance” paradigm was introduced and advocated by the

United Nations (UN), World Bank, Asian Development Bank and other
international institutions.
 (UNDP 1997) Governance has been defined in various ways and
connotes the idea of mobilizing and involving other sectors of society
in the exercise of government policy making functions, as well as in
the delivery of services and in the management of a nation’s affairs. It
conveys the idea of bringing together various sectors of society in the
management of the affairs of state and conceives of government not
as the sole actor in policy making and provider in the delivery of
services, but a co-producer that must provide a catalytic role.
Governance Framework

STATE PRIVATE

CIVIL
SOCIETY
 Good governance 8 major characteristics.
It is …

1. Participatory
2. consensus oriented
3. accountable
4. transparent
5. responsive
6. effective and efficient
7. equitable and inclusive and
8. follows the rule of law.
 71
Expected Role of the State

 Enable and facilitate participation from civil society

and private sector
 Provide the legal, regulatory framework; political
order
 Provide resources (e.g. technical expertise,
infrastructure, etc.)
 Create an enabling setting – government
sometimes can be a disabler

Brillantes 2012
 72
Expected Role of Business

 Generate jobs and incomes

 Serve as engine of growth
 Spur economic development
 Providecomplementary, supplementary
and alternative delivery systems
 73
Expected Role of Civil Society

 Facilitate political and social interaction

 Mobilize various groups in society to participate
 Provide voice to the inarticulate and the unarticulated
 Check and balance government power and private
sector behavior
 Provide alternative delivery systems
 Philippine Public Administration

 The study and practice of Public administration in the

Philippines emerged as an assembled product of
colonial era, a legacy of various colonial regimes. It can
be viewed as a curious and uneasy mixture of influence
that integrates indigenous Filipino culture, traits and
temperaments with that of colonial legacies (Reyes,
2011).
 Philippines as colony of Spain, US and Japan
 The introduction of the field of PA as a
distinct field of study.

 The field of PA as a distinct field of study formally begun

with the establishment by the Americans of the Institute
of Public Administration in 1952 in the University of the
Philippines.
 America thus influence the Philippines not only on the
character, values, and norms of its civil service,
administrative system and institutions but also on the
study of the discipline which came somewhat late
some 50 years later (Reyes).
 Philippine Public Administration

 The study and practice of Public administration in the

Philippines emerged as an assembled product of colonial
era, a legacy of various colonial regimes. It can be viewed
as a curious and uneasy mixture of influence that integrates
indigenous Filipino culture, traits and temperaments with that
of colonial legacies (Reyes, 2011).
 Philippines as colony of Spain, US and Japan
 The introduction of the field of PA as a
distinct field of study.

 The field of PA as a distinct field of study formally begun

with the establishment by the Americans of the Institute of
Public Administration in 1952 in the University of the
Philippines.
 America thus influence the Philippines not only on the
character, values, and norms of its civil service,
administrative system and institutions but also on the study
of the discipline which came somewhat late some 50
years later (Reyes).
How would you explain the apparent
disconnect between good intentions
(policies, development programs) and
very poor results/outcomes?
 Workshop

 Identify things you demand from the

government
 Identify things you can do for the country