The dust charging effect on electrostatic ion waves in a dusty plasma with

trapped electrons
Y.-N. Nejoh

Citation: Phys. Plasmas 4, 2813 (1997); doi: 10.1063/1.872414

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The dust charging effect on electrostatic ion waves in a dusty plasma
with trapped electrons
Y.-N. Nejoh
Graduate School of Engineering and Department of Electronic Engineering, Hachinohe Institute
of Technology, Myo-Obiraki, Hachinohe, 031, Japan
~Received 19 February 1997; accepted 28 April 1997!
The effect of the dust charging and the influence of the ion density and temperature on electrostatic
nonlinear ion waves in a dusty plasma having trapped electrons are investigated by numerical
calculation. The nonlinear structure of the dust charging is examined, and it is shown that the
characteristics of the dust charge number sensitively depend on the electrostatic potential, Mach
number, trapped electron temperature, ion density, and temperature. An increase of the ion
temperature decreases the dust charging rate and the propagation speed of ion waves. It turns out
that a decrease of the trapped electron temperature increases the charging rate of dust grains. It is
found that the existence of ion waves sensitively depends on the ion to electron density ratio. New
findings of variable-charge dust grain particles, ion density, and temperature in a dusty plasma with
trapped electrons are predicted. © 1997 American Institute of Physics. @S1070-664X~97!00708-8#

I. INTRODUCTION along with the wave. Electron trapping is essentially a non-

The increase of recent interest in plasmas containing
charged, micrometer-sized dust particles has arisen not only
from the increase of observations of such plasmas in space
environments such as asteroid zones, cometary tails, plan-
etary rings and magnetospheres, and the lower ionosphere of
the Earth,1–4 but also from their presence in laboratory
devices.5–7 In reality, the dust grains have variable charge
and mass due to fragmentation and coalescence. However, in
studying collective effects involving charged dust grains in
dusty plasmas one generally assumes that the dust particles
behave like point charges. Multi-fluid descriptions for collec-
tive modes in micro-particle plasmas were presented by sev-
eral authors. For low-frequency nonlinear wave modes, the
dust grains can be described as negative ions with large mass
and large charge. Ion- and dust-acoustic wave modes in
dusty plasmas have been treated by several authors.8–13 We
have suggested that high-speed streaming particles excite
various kind of nonlinear waves in space.14–17 Dust grain
particles are charged due to the local electron and ion cur-
rents, and its charge varies as a result of the change of the
parameters such as the potential, densities, etc. Therefore,
since the dust charge variation affects the characteristics of
the collective motion of the plasma, the effect of variable-
charge dust grain particles is of crucial importance in under-
standing dusty plasma waves. However, not many theoretical
works on the effect of variable-charge dust grain particles
have been done in dusty plasmas. In particular, the effects of
the ion temperature and trapped electrons have not been in-
vestigated in dusty plasmas.
The motivation of this articles is as follows. If streaming
particles inject in plasmas, we often find that they evolve
towards a coherent trapped particle state. This has been con-
firmed in experiments.18 The onset of an electron trapping is
also seen in the formation of double layers19 and computer
simulation.20 When the amplitude of nonlinear waves be-
comes large, some electrons, in general, would be trapped in
the electrostatic potential trough of the wave and be carried
linear phenomenon. There is no doubt that an electron trap-
ping exists in nonlinear wave phenomena. Thus, the inclu-
sion of the effect of trapped electrons is indispensable to
considering nonlinear waves. However, theoretical investiga-
tions in relation to the trapped electron effect have not been
considered in dusty plasmas. Hence, an aim of this article is
to show this effect in order to apply this theory to more
extensive nonlinear wave phenomena.
In this paper, we focus our attention on electrostatic ion
waves in an unmagnetized dusty plasma having trapped elec-
trons and positive ions with finite temperature. It is therefore
instructive to examine the effects of the dust charging, ion
temperature, and trapped electrons in dusty plasmas, which,
as pointed out earlier, are observed as components of broad
regions of space plasmas, from the lower ionosphere of the
Earth to asteroid zones, cometary tails, etc. Our plasma
model consists of non-Boltzmann distributed electrons with a
constant temperature, positive ions with finite temperature,
and the negatively charged dust fluid obeying the nonlinear
continuity and momentum equations. We derive a nonlinear
equation for variable-charged dust particles and the Sagdeev
potential of electrostatic ion waves. We show the depen-
dence of the dust grain charging on the electrostatic poten-
tial, ion temperature, trapped electrons, and Mach number.
Our results show the existence of supersonic electrostatic
waves and illustrate the dependence of the dust charge num-
ber on the parameters such as the potential, Mach number,
trapped electrons, ions to electron density ratio, and ion tem-
perature.
In Sec. II, we present a new nonlinear equation for
variable-charged dust particles and derive the Sagdeev po-
tential from the basic equations. In Sec. III, we show the
numerical results of the nonlinear equations obtained in the
preceding section. It is shown that the charging effect of the
dust grain particles drastically changes due to the several
parameters. Section IV is devoted to the concluding discus-
sion.

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II. THEORY trality at equilibrium requires that n i0 5n 0 1n d0 Z d , where
n i0 (n d0 ) denotes the equilibrium ion ~dust grain! density. In
We consider a collisionless, unmagnetized three compo-
this system, the ordering, m d @m i @m e holds, as is obtained
nent plasma consisting of non-Boltzmann electrons with a
in laboratory plasmas. Typical laboratory plasma frequencies
constant temperature T e , warm ions having a temperature
are: 102 Hz: 105-6 Hz: 109-10 Hz, and have roughly the same
T i and negatively charged, heavy, dust particles, and assume
ordering as the mass ratios. Thus, the inclusion of the mass
that low-frequency electrostatic waves propagate in this sys-
ratios is equal to considering the motion of dust particles.
tem. The number density of the electron fluid is assumed to
We assume that the charging of the dust grain particles
be the trapped electron distribution,21

F S D SA D
arises from plasma currents due to the electrons and the ions
ef ef reaching the grain surface. In this case, the dust grain charge
n e 5n 0 K exp erfc variable Q d is determined by the charge current balance
Te Te equation22

1
1
Ab S D SA DG
exp
bef
Te
erf
bef
Te
, ~1! S ]
]t
1vd
]
D
Q 5I 1I .
]x d e i
~5!

where n e , n 0 , e, and f are the electron density, background Assuming that the streaming velocities of the electrons and
electron density, the magnitude of electron charge and the ions are much smaller than their thermal velocities, we have
electrostatic potential. Here, K51 in the isothermal process, the following expressions for the electron and ion currents
b 5T e /T t .0, T e and T t are the free and trapped electron for spherical grains of radius r:

S D
temperature. It is important to consider the dependence of
the electron density on the trapped electron temperature in eF
I e 52e p r 2 ~ 8T e / p m e ! 1/2n e ~ f , b ! exp ~6a!
the sense that electrostatic ion waves closely connect with Te
the trapped electron density. The electron density ~1! in-
and
cludes the two states of the electron distribution, namely, ~i!
in the limit of b →1(T e 5T t ), n e approaches the Boltzmann
distribution, ~ii! b50 means the state for flat-topped distri-
bution. A figure showing n e vs f for various values of b is
I i 5e p r 2 ~ 8T i / p m i ! 1/2n i ~ f ,T i ,C ! 12 S D eF
Ti
, ~6b!

shown in the Appendix. where F[Q d /r denotes the dust particle surface potential
The continuity equation and the equation of motion for relative to the plasma potential f. If the ion streaming veloc-
ions are described by ity v 0 is much larger than the ion thermal velocity, the ion
]ni ] current is approximately expressed as I i 'e p r 2 v 0 n i (1
1 ~ n v ! 50, ~2a! 22eF/m i v 0 2 ). At equilibrium, equating I e 1I i to zero we
]t ]x i i
obtain the floating potential F 0 and the equilibrium dust
]vi ]vi Ti ]ni e ]f charge Q 0 5CF 0 , where C denotes the dust grain capaci-
1vi 1 1 50, ~2b! tance.
]t ] x m in i ] x m i ] x
We normalize all the physical quantities as follows. The
where n i , v i , m i , and T i denote the ion density, ion velocity, densities are normalized by the background electron density
ion mass, and ion temperature, respectively. Here, we ex- n 0 . The space coordinate x, time t, velocities and electro-
press Eq. ~2b! by the isothermal equation of state. static potential f are normalized by the electron Debye
For one-dimensional low-frequency acoustic motions, length l d 5( e 0 T e /n 0 e 2 ) 1/2, the inverse ion plasma period
we have the following two equations for the cold dust par- v i 21 5( e 0 m i /n 0 e 2 ) 1/2, the ion sound velocity C s
ticles: 5(Tm i ) 1/2, and T e /e, respectively, where m i , e 0 , and e are
]nd ] the ion mass, the permittivity of vacuum and the magnitude
1 ~ n v ! 50, ~3a! of electron charge, respectively.
]t ]x d d
In order to solve Eqs. ~1!–~5!, we introduce the variable

S ]
]t
1vd
]
]x D
v d2
Qd ]f
md ]x
50, ~3b!
j 5x2M t, which is the moving frame with the velocity
M . We reduce a set of basic equations ~1!–~4! to
where n d , v d , and m i refer to the dust grain density, dust 1
n e 5 exp~ f ! erfc~ Af ! 1 exp~ bf ! erf~ Abf ! , ~7!
fluid velocity, and dust grain mass, respectively. Here the Ab
dust charge variable Q d 5eZ d , where Z d is the charge num-
ber of dust particles measured in units of e. ]ni ]
The Poisson’s equation is given as 2M 1 ~ n v ! 50, ~8a!
]j ]j i i
] 2f e
5 ~ n 2n i 1Z d n d ! , ~4! ]vi ]vi ti ]ni ]f
]x2 e0 e 2M 1vi 1 1 50, ~8b!
]j ]j n i ]j ]j
where m d (m i ) denotes the dust grain ~ion! mass. We assume
that the phase velocity of electrostatic ion waves is low in ]nd ]
2M 1 ~ n v ! 50, ~9a!
comparison with the electron thermal velocity. Charge neu- ]j ]j d d

2814 Phys. Plasmas, Vol. 4, No. 8, August 1997 Y.-N. Nejoh

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 2M
]vd
]j
1vd
]vd Zd ]f
2
]j m d ]j
50, ~9b! V ~ f ! 512 exp~ f ! erfcAf 22 12 S DA 1
b
f
p
1
] 2f 2 exp~ bf ! erf Abf 1 d ~ M 2 2 t i !
5n e 2n i 1Z d n d . ~10! b 3/2
]j 2

Here, t i 5T i /T e and m d 5m d /m i .
Integrating Eqs. ~8a! and ~8b! and using the boundary
3 12S A 12
2f
M 22 t i
D 1 ~ d 21 !
mdM 2
aC

conditions, f→0, n d →( d 21)/Z d , n i → d , v i →0, v d →0, at

j→`, we obtain 3 12H A 11
aC 2f
md M
2 , J ~16!

where a 5rT e /e 2 .
d
n i5 ~11!
A
, The oscillatory solution of the nonlinear electrostatic ion
2f waves exists when the following two conditions are satisfied:
12 2
M 2ti ~i! The pseudopotential V( f ) has the maximum value if
d 2 V( f )/d f 2 ,0 at f50. It should be noted that V( f ) is
after the brief calculation, where d 5n i0 /n 0 . Integration of real, when 0, f ,(M 2 2 t i )/2. The region of existence of f
Eqs. ~9a! and ~9b! gives rise to is characterized by these conditions. We understand that this
region depend on the Mach number and the ratio of the ion
to electron temperature.
d 21 1 ~ii! Nonlinear ion waves exist only when V( f M )>0,

A
n d5 . ~12!
Zd Zd 2f where the maximum potential f M is determined by f M
11 2 5(M 2 2 t i /2). This implies that the inequality
md M

At equilibrium, Eq. ~5! reduces to

12 exp S M 22 t i
2 D A
erfc
M 22 t i
2
22 12
1
b S DA M 22 t i
2p

2n e ~ f , b ! exp~ C ! 1 A ti
S D
n i ~ f , t i ! 12
C
50, ~13!
2
1
b 3/2
exp H
b~ M 22 t i !
2 J A
erf
b~ M 22 t i !
2
1 b~ M 22 t i !

S A D
mi ti
mdM 2 a C~ M 22 t i !
1 ~ d 21 ! 12 11 >0 ~17!
where m i 5m i /m e , C5eF/T e , and the electron ~ion! cur- aC mdM 2
rent I e (I i ) is normalized by e p r 2 (8T e / p m e ) 1/2. Equation holds.
~13! includes strongly nonlinear terms. In order to solve Eq. We show the maximum Mach number as a function of d
~13! exactly, we derive a following nonlinear equation for in Fig. 1, in the case of b50.25 ~mark a on the curve! and
variable charge of dust particles as: b51.4 ~mark b on the curve! for t i 50.5, where r51027 ,
Z d 553104 , and m d 51012. For example a dust grain of ra-

H exp~ f ! erfc~ Af ! 1
Ab
1
exp~ bf ! erf~ Abf ! exp~ C ! J dius 1 mm and mass density 2000 kg/m3 has a mass ;5
310215 kg so that m d ;1012. Figure 2 illustrates the depen-
dence of the maximum Mach number on the free to trapped
d ~ t i 2C ! electron temperature ratio for t i 5531023 ~mark a! and 0.5
~mark b), where r51027 , d550, m d 51012, and Z d 5105 .
A S D
5 . ~14!
2f The maximum Mach number and, correspondingly, the
m i t i 12 2
M 2ti maximum amplitude of electrostatic ion waves significantly
depends on the parameters b, d, and t i . It turns out that only
We regard Eq. ~14! as a new equation for the dust particle the supersonic electrostatic ion waves can propagate in this
surface potential in this system. Then, we can obtain the system.
solution of Eq. ~14! by numerical calculation in the next
section. III. NUMERICAL RESULTS OF THE CHARGE
Integration of the Poisson’s equation gives the Energy VARIATION OF DUST GRAIN PARTICLES
Law,
We examine the numerical analysis of the nonlinear

S D
equations obtained in the preceding section. For illustration
1 ]f 2
1V ~ f ! 50, ~15! purposes, we consider a dusty plasma in which most of the
2 ]j background electrons are collected by negatively charged
dust grains. Such a situation, for example, is common to the
where V( f ) denotes the Sagdeev potential. The Sagdeev po- F-ring of Saturn and the environment of Jupiter.23 Thus,
tential becomes without loss of generality, we calculate the dust charging

Phys. Plasmas, Vol. 4, No. 8, August 1997 Y.-N. Nejoh 2815

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FIG. 1. The maximum Mach number as a function of the ion to electron
density ratio in the case of b55.0 ~mark a on the curve! and b510.0 ~mark
b on the curve! for t i 50.5, where Z d 553104 .
effect concerning electrostatic nonlinear ion waves, by nu-
merical calculation. In the following discussion, we assume
that r51027 , T e 51 eV, m i 51836, and m d 51012.
First, we study the dependence of the dust charging ef-
fect on the electrostatic potential. If b.0, we show a C2f
plane in Fig. 3, in the case of M 51.4 ~solid lines! and 1.2
~dashed lines!, where b50.5 ~mark a! and 1.0 ~mark b!. We
note that, since an equation Z d 5 a u C u holds, the dust charge
number is easily obtained by multiplying C by 6.2531011.
As an example, we find that the dust charge number Z d lies
FIG. 2. The dependence of the maximum Mach number on the ratio of the
free to trapped electron temperature for t i 5531023 ~mark a) and 0.5
~mark b), where Z d 5105 and d550.
2816 Phys. Plasmas, Vol. 4, No. 8, August 1997
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FIG. 3. The dependence of the dust charging effect on the electrostatic
potential. A C2f plane, in the case of M 51.4 ~solid lines! and M 51.2
~dashed lines!, where b50.5 ~mark a) and 1.0 ~mark b).
in ;104 – 109 , in the case of Fig. 3. The dust charge number
gradually increases and subsequently decreases as the elec-
trostatic potential increases. We understand that the charge
number increases as the trapped electron temperature de-
creases because b 5T e /T t , and increases as the Mach num-
ber increases. Figure 4 illustrates the dependence of the dust
charge number on the ion to electron density ratio d, in the
case of M 52.2 ~solid lines! and M 51.4 ~dashed lines!,
where b50.5 ~mark a) and 1.0 ~mark b). We find that an
increase of the ion to electron density ratio decreases the
charge number of dust grains, and an increase of the Mach
number increases the dust charge number. Figure 5 shows
the dependence of the dust charge number on the ratio of the
FIG. 4. The dependence of the dust charge number on the ion to electron
density ratio in the case of M 52.2 ~solid lines! and M 51.4 ~dashed lines!,
where b50.5 ~mark a) and 1.0 ~mark b).
Y.-N. Nejoh
FIG. 5. The dependence of the dust charge number on the ratio of the ion to
electron temperature t i for M 51.5 ~solid lines! and M 51.2 ~dashed lines!,
where b50.1 ~mark a) and 1.0 ~mark b).

ion to electron temperature t i for M 51.5 ~solid lines! and

M 51.2 ~dashed line!, where b50.1 ~mark a) and 1.0 ~mark
b). It turns out that the dust charge number increases within
the range of t i ,0.04 for M 51.5 ( t i ,0.03 for M 51.2) and
decreases as the ion temperature increases ( t i .0.04 for M
51.5 and t i .0.03 for M 51.2). The dust charging ratio of
the higher Mach number is higher than that of the smaller
one. When the ion temperature decreases, dust grain particles
are highly charged. In order to show a relationship between
the normalized floating potential and the Mach number, we
illustrate a C – M plane in Fig. 6 for the ion to electron
density ratio d5100 ~solid lines! and 50 ~dashed lines!, and
the ion to electron temperature ratio t i 50.5 ~mark a) and

FIG. 7. ~a! A 3-D Sagdeev potential in the case where Z d 553104 , M

51.8, b55.0, and t i 50.01. ~b! A 2D Sagdeev potential as is shown with
the two cases of d5100 ~mark a) and 200 ~mark b), where Z d 553104 ,
M 51.8, b55.0, and t i 50.01.

FIG. 6. A C – M plane for the ion to electron density ratio d5100 ~solid
lines! and 50 ~dashed lines!, where b55.0 and f50.5. Marks a and b on the
curves denote t i 50.5 and 1.0, respectively.
1.0 ~mark b), where b55.0 and f50.5. In this case, the
floating potential does not vary as the ratio of the free to
trapped electron temperature changes. It is found that the
floating potential of dust grains decreases as the Mach num-
ber increases, and becomes higher for the lower ion to elec-
tron temperature ratio. The floating potential grows, in the
same way, as the Mach number increases, and becomes
higher for the lower contamination ratio of the ion density.
Second, we show a three-dimensional ~3-D! Sagdeev po-
tential in Fig. 7~a! as a typical case where Z d 553104 , M
51.8, b55.0 and t i 50.01, and illustrate a two-dimensional
~2-D! Sagdeev potential in Fig. 7~b! in the case where
b5100 ~mark a) and 200 ~mark b). We understand that the
existence of nonlinear electrostatic waves drastically changes
due to the ion to electron density ratio.
Thus, we understand that the dust charge number sensi-

Phys. Plasmas, Vol. 4, No. 8, August 1997 Y.-N. Nejoh 2817

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FIG. 8. ~a! A bird’s eye view of the trapped electron density n e depending
on the electrostatic potential f and free to trapped electron temperature b.
~b! A 2-D n e – f plane, for b50.75 ~mark a), 2.0 ~mark b), and 5.0 ~mark
c).
tively depends on the parameters such as the floating poten-
tial of dust particles, electrostatic potential of the plasma,
trapped electron temperature, Mach number, ion density and
temperature.
IV. DISCUSSION
In this article, we have shown the effect of the dust
charging of electrostatic ion waves in a dusty plasma whose
constituents are trapped electrons, ions with the finite tem-
perature and a cold dust fluid consisting of negatively
charged, micrometer-sized dust particles. Such plasmas may
exist in both space environments and laboratory. We find the
remarkable properties of the charging effect of dust grain
particles obtained here as follows.
2818 Phys. Plasmas, Vol. 4, No. 8, August 1997
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~1! Supersonic ion waves can propagate in this system. De-
pendence of the Mach number on the ion to electron
density ratio drastically changes due to the trapped elec-
tron temperature and ion temperature. An increase of the
Mach number increases the dust charge number.
~2! Dependence of the charge variation of dust particles on
the trapped electron temperature, ion density, and tem-
perature is found for the first time in dusty plasmas. The
effect of the ion temperature decreases the dust charge
number. Since the effect of the ion temperature affects
the characteristics of the collective motion of the plasma,
this effect is important in understanding nonlinear waves
propagating in dusty plasmas.
~3! The dust charging effect is of crucial importance in the
sense that the dust charge number drastically changes
due to the parameters such as the floating potential of
dust particles, electrostatic potential of the plasma, ion to
electron density ratio dust to ion mass ratio, trapped
electron temperature, ion temperature, and Mach num-
ber. The region for existence of nonlinear waves varies
due to the ion to electron density ratio and floating po-
tential of dust grain particles.
In a recent plasma etch experiment,24 it has been sug-
gested that electrostatic waves may be responsible for the
trapping of micrometer- and submicrometer-sized contami-
nation particles within the plasma.13 As is mentioned in this
article, the inclusion of trapped electrons is required to con-
sider nonlinear dust waves. If such waves are present in
dusty plasmas, which are observed in planetary, cometary,
other space environments and technological-aided plasmas,
the investigation of their peculiar features will contribute to
the future development in dusty plasmas. As a possible ex-
ample, they may serve as a source for the intense jovian dust
streams observed in the environment of Jupiter.23 In this situ-
ation, our results are important in understanding the charging
mechanism of the streaming of dust grain particles and con-
firming the existence of arbitrary amplitude electrostatic ion
waves in dusty plasmas.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to thank the Special Research Pro-
gram and the Project Research Program of Hachinohe Insti-
tute of Technology, and the Joint Research Program of the
National Institute for Fusion Science.
APPENDIX: THE PROFILE OF THE TRAPPED
ELECTRON DENSITY
It is significant to consider the dependence of the trapped
electron density n e on the electrostatic potential f and free to
trapped electron temperature ratio b in the sense that elec-
trostatic ion waves closely connect with the trapped electron
density. In order to investigate the relationship, we show the
trapped electron density n e as a function of f and b associ-
ated with Eq. ~7!. We illustrate a 3-D bird’s eye view in Fig.
8~a!, and a 2-D n e – f plane in Fig. 8~b! for b50.75 ~mark
a), 2.0 ~mark b), and 5.0 ~mark c). As is seen in Figs. 8~a!
and 8~b!, we find the following. In the case where b,1, the
trapped electron density n e lies in the small range even if the
Y.-N. Nejoh
electrostatic potential f grows. If b.1, n e remains a small 11
Y.-N. Nejoh, to appear in IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.
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