Effects of flat-topped ion distribution and dust temperature on small amplitude dust-

acoustic solitary waves and double layers in dusty plasma

H. Alinejad and A. A. Mamun

Citation: Physics of Plasmas (1994-present) 17, 123706 (2010); doi: 10.1063/1.3524562

View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3524562
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 PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 17, 123706 共2010兲

Effects of flat-topped ion distribution and dust temperature on small

amplitude dust-acoustic solitary waves and double layers in dusty plasma
H. Alinejad1 and A. A. Mamun2
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Basic Science, Babol University of Technology, Babol 47148-71167,
Iran and Research Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics of Maragha, P.O. Box 55134-441,
Maragha 55177-36698, Iran
2
Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
共Received 11 October 2010; accepted 16 November 2010; published online 9 December 2010兲
The combined effects of the flat-topped ion distribution and dust temperature are incorporated in the
study of small but finite amplitude dust-acoustic 共DA兲 solitary waves 共SWs兲 as well double layers
共DLs兲 in an unmagnetized dusty plasma. Due to the flat-trapped ions, our plasma model admits only
rarefactive localized structures. It is found that the effects of dust temperature and resonant particles
significantly modify the criteria for the existence of DA SWs and DLs, as well as significantly
modify their basic properties. © 2010 American Institute of Physics. 关doi:10.1063/1.3524562兴

There has been a great deal of interest in numerous col-
lective processes in dusty plasmas, i.e., plasmas with ex-
tremely massive and negatively charged dust grains. Such
plasmas occur in laboratory, astrophysical, and space envi-
ronments, such as cometary tails, planetary rings, interstellar
medium, the Earth’s environment, etc.1–4 Due to the presence
of the charged dust grains in plasmas, different types of col-
lective processes exist and very rich wave modes can be
excited in dusty plasmas.5–8 One of these is the low fre-
quency dust-acoustic 共DA兲 mode9,10 in an unmagnetized
dusty plasma whose constituents are an inertial charge dust
fluid and Boltzmann distributed electrons and ions. Rao et
al.9 were the first to report theoretically the existence of DA
solitary waves 共SWs兲. They showed formation of rarefactive
type of DA-SWs solution in dusty plasma. The predictions of
Rao et al.9 were conclusively verified by the laboratory ex-
periment of Barkan.10
Motivated by this experimental observation, Mamun and
Hassan11 investigated nonlinear DA waves in a two compo-
nent unmagnetized dusty plasma consisting of a negatively
charged cold dust fluid and isothermal electrons. Roy-
choudhury and Mukherjee12 investigated the large amplitude
solitary waves in the finite temperature dusty plasma with
isothermal electrons. They showed that the dust temperature
can restrict the region of existence of DA-SWs. Akhtar et
al.13 studied the nonlinear dynamics of DA waves in unmag-
netized multicomponent plasmas with hot and cold dust spe-
cies. They investigated the effects of different masses,
charges, and concentration ratios of the dust particles on the
shape of solitary structures. Mahmood et al.14 examined the
influence of dust temperature on nonlinear dust-acoustic
waves in a magnetized plasma. They also showed that the
dust thermal energy reduces the wave amplitude in a magne-
tized plasma, which has the same behavior as in an unmag-
netized case. The formation of double layers 共DLs兲 has also
been a topic of great interest. DLs have been found in a
variety of laboratory plasmas. The role of double layers in
astrophysics is also considerable as they are thought to be
present in the magnetosphere and responsible for the forma-
tion of electrons onto the upper atmosphere.15
On the other hand, numerical simulation studies16 on lin-
ear and nonlinear DA waves exhibit a significant amount of
ion trapping in the wave potential. The onset of trapped par-
ticles is also observed in the formation of DLs.17 Clearly,
there is a departure from the Boltzmann ion distribution and
one encounters vortexlike ion distribution in the phase space.
It is well known that such ion behavior drastically modifies
the conditions for the existence of nonlinear structures such
as SWs, DLs, etc., which are not observed in dusty plasma
with isothermal ions.18–21 Of particular interest is the case
that the vortexlike/trapped ion distribution often changes to-
ward a flat-topped ion distribution. Experimentally a flat-
topped distribution function, characteristic of the presence of
trapped particles, has been observed in electrostatic solitary
waves.22,23 The presence of flat-trapped particles can signifi-
cantly modify the basic properties of localized electrostatic
structures, as shown in Refs. 22–25. It is found that a flat-
tened electron distribution introduce some kind of inertia on
the propagation of waves and can significantly modify the
basic properties of localized electrostatic structures.26,27
Hence in the present work we study the nonlinear dynamics
of DA-SWs and DLs in a negatively charged warm dust
fluid, isothermal electrons and ions following flat-topped ve-
locity distribution. The regions of existence of these local-
ized structures in the small amplitude limit are investigated
and the effects of such ion behavior and dust temperature on
the basic properties of dust-acoustic solitary waves and
double layers are investigated.
Let us consider a one-dimensional, collisionless and un-
magnetized dusty plasma consisting of extremely massive
negatively charged warm dust grains, Boltzmann distributed
electrons, and hot ions obeying a flat-topped distribution.
Thus, at equilibrium we have ni0 = Zdnd0 + ne0, where ni0, nd0,
and ne0 are the unperturbed ion, dust, and electron number
densities, respectively, and Zd is the number of electrons re-
siding on the surface of the negatively charged dust grains.
The nonlinear dynamics of DA waves, whose phase speed is

1070-664X/2010/17共12兲/123706/5/$30.00 17, 123706-1 © 2010 American Institute of Physics

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 123706-2 H. Alinejad and A. A. Mamun Phys. Plasmas 17, 123706 共2010兲

much larger 共smaller兲 than the dust 共ion兲 thermal speed, in a

Ni = 关1 − erf共冑− ␺兲兴e−␺ + 冑− ␺ .
2
共7兲
three-component dusty plasma system with a constant dust 冑␲
grain charge is thus governed by
The first term in Eq. 共7兲 describes free ions, while the second
⳵N ⳵ term corresponds to the ions which are trapped in a negative
+ 共NU兲 = 0, 共1兲 potential dip satisfying −␺m ⱕ ␺ ⱕ 0, where ␺m represents the
⳵t ⳵x
amplitude perturbation. We emphasize here that for descrip-
tion of DA waves, the phase velocity is large enough to avoid
⳵U ⳵ U ␴d ⳵ P ⳵ ␺ dust particle trapping in the wave potential. However, when
+U + = , 共2兲
⳵t ⳵x N ⳵x ⳵x the phase velocity approaches dust thermal velocity, some of
dust grains will be trapped in the wave potential, and one
should adopt a Vlosov description for dust grains. This situ-
⳵P ⳵P ⳵U ation corresponds to the work of Schamel et al.,28,29 who
+U + 3P = 0, 共3兲
⳵t ⳵x ⳵x showed that undamped slow DAWs exist and propagate be-
low 共above兲 the dust thermal velocity. These ultralow speed
waves reflect the interplay between nonlinear growth and
⳵ 2␺
= N − ␮ 1N i + ␮ 0e ␴␺ , 共4兲 dust trapping, and hence these are of fundamental impor-
⳵ x2 tance.
In order to obtain an evolution equation describing the
where N is the dust particle number density normalized to its basic properties of small but finite amplitude stationary DA-
equilibrium value nd0, U is the dust fluid velocity normalized SWs, we make all the dependent variables depend only on a
to the dust-acoustic speed Cd = 共ZdTi / md兲1/2, ␺ is the electro- single variable ␰ = x − Mt, where ␰ is normalized to ␭Dd and
static wave potential normalized to Ti / e, and P is the dust M is the Mach number 共wave speed/Cd兲. Then, using the
pressure normalized to nd0Td, where Td is the dust fluid tem- steady state condition 共⳵ / ⳵t = 0兲 and the appropriate bound-
perature, md is the mass of negatively charged dust particu- ary conditions for localized perturbations, namely, N → 1,
lates, and e is the magnitude of the electron charge. U → 0, ␺ → 0, P → 1, and d␺ / d␰ → 0 at ␰ → ⫾ ⬁, we reduce
␴ = Ti / Te, with Ti 共Te兲 being the ion 共electron兲 temperature, Eqs. 共1兲–共4兲 to the form of an energylike integral,
␮0 = ␤ / 共1 − ␤兲 and ␮1 = 1 / 共1 − ␤兲, where ␤ = ne0 / ni0. The time
and space variables are given in units of the dust plasma
period ␻−1 pd = 共md / 4␲Zdndoe 兲
2 2 1/2
and the Debye length ␭Dd
冉 冊
1 d␺
2 d␰
2
+ V共␺兲 = 0, 共8兲
= 共Ti / 4␲Zdndoe 兲 , respectively.
2 1/2

To model an ion distribution with flat-trapped particles, where V共␺兲 is the pseudopotential 共or Sagdeev potential兲
we employ the vortexlike ion distribution function of which can be expressed 共for small, but finite ␺兲 as
Schamel,26,27 which solves the ion Vlasov equation. Thus we A 2
have f i = f if + f it, where V共␺兲 = ␺ + B共− ␺兲5/2 − C␺3 + ¯ , 共9兲
2

兩v兩 ⬎ 冑− 2␺ ,
1 −共v2+2␺兲/2 with
f if = 共5兲
冑2␲ e 1
A= − ␮ 1 − ␮ 0␴ , 共10兲
M 2 − 3␴d

兩v兩 ⱕ 冑− 2␺ .
1 −␣共v2+2␺兲/2
f it = 共6兲
冑2␲ e B=
8
, 共11兲
15冑␲
Here f if and f it represent the free and trapped ion contribu-
tions, respectively. We note that the distribution function, as M 2 + ␴d 1
3 + 共␮0␴ − ␮1兲. 共12兲
2
prescribed above, is continuous in the velocity space and C=
2共M − 3␴d兲
2
6
satisfies the regularity requirements for an admissible
Bernstein–Greene–Kruskal solution.26 Furthermore, ␣, We note that Eq. 共8兲 can be regarded as an “energy integral”
which is the ratio of the free ion temperature 共Tif 兲 to the of an oscillating particle of unit mass with pseudospeed
trapped ion temperature 共Tit兲, is a parameter determining the d␺ / d␰, pseudoposition ␺, pseudotime ␰, and pseudopotential
number of trapped ions. It is obvious from Eqs. 共5兲 and 共6兲 V共␺兲. The form of the pseudopotential can be used to deter-
that ␣ = 1 共␣ = 0兲 represents a Maxwellian 共flat-topped兲 ion mine the possibility of the formation of the small amplitude
distribution, whereas ␣ ⬍ 0 represents a vortexlike excavated DA SWs and DLs 共if they are formed兲, as well as their basic
trapped ion distribution corresponding to an underpopulation features. It is clear that V共␺兲 = 0 and dV / d␺ = 0 at ␺ = 0.
of trapped ions. The situation ␣ = 0 is of our present interest Therefore, SWs and DLs may exist if 共i兲 d2V / d␺2 ⱕ 0 at ␺
which corresponds to a plateau 共flat-topped兲 ion distribution. = 0, so that the fixed point at origin is unstable, and 共ii兲
Thus, integrating the ion distribution function over the veloc- V共␺m ⫽ 0兲 = 0, where ␺m is maximum 共or minimum兲 value of
ity space, the ion number density Ni for ␣ = 0 can be ex- ␺. The condition for the existence of solitary waves solution,
pressed as26 namely, V共␺m兲 = 0, yields
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 123706-3 Effects of flat-topped ion distribution… Phys. Plasmas 17, 123706 共2010兲

0.4
= ␮1 + ␮0␴d − 2B冑− ␺m + 2C␺m .
1
共13兲
M 2 − 3␴d

Equation 共13兲 can be described as the nonlinear dispersion 0.35

relation which allows us to determine the unknown phase
speed M in terms of the other free parameters. The condi-

ψm
tions mentioned above are necessary for both SWs and DLs. 0.3
However, for the existence of DLs, in addition to the above
conditions, it is also required that dV / d␺ = 0 at ␺ = ␺m共⫽0兲.
To study the dynamics of small amplitude DA-SWs, we 0.25
substitute Eq. 共9兲 into the energylike integral 共8兲 and inte-
grate the resulting equation to obtain solitonlike solution as
0.2
␺=− 冋 冑
B
A
+
B2
−
A2 A
2C
cos h
␰
␭
冉 冊册 −2
, 共14兲
0 0.005 0.01
σ
d
0.015 0.02

FIG. 1. Variation of the maximum amplitude ␺m against the dust tempera-

where ␭ = 冑−4 / A measures the width of DA-SWs. The soli- ture ␴d for ␤ = 0.04, ␴ = 0.05 and M = 1.25 共dotted兲, and M = 1.2 共solid兲.
ton solution 共14兲 shows the effects of flat-topped ion distri-
butions and dust temperature on the propagation of small
amplitude DA-SWs. This clearly indicates the existence of the coefficient B and C are such that B Ⰷ C. Considering this
solitary waves only with negative potential 共rarefactive soli- assumption and expanding the right hand side of Eq. 共14兲 we
tary waves兲, corresponding to a hump in the dust density. can write the stationary solution as
It is important to mention that the conditions for the
existence of profile 共14兲, namely, A ⬍ 0 and B2 − 2AC ⬎ 0,
must always be satisfied simultaneously. It is obvious from
␺=−
A2
4B
冋 C
2 1 − 2 cos h
B
␰
␭
冉 冊 冉 冊册 冉 冊
sec h2
␰
2␭
sec h4
␰
2␭
.

the expression for A 关as given by Eq. 共10兲兴 that A is negative
if M ⱖ 冑3␴d + 共1 − ␤兲 / 共1 + ␴␤兲. This is the critical Mach
number up to which solitary waves can exist. Moreover, the
upper limit or upper bound of M for the existence of a soli-
tary wave can be obtained from the inequality B2 − 2AC ⬎ 0.
For the case of ␤ = 0.02, ␴ = 0.05, and ␴d = 0.01, B2 − 2AC is
positive if, and only if, M ⱕ 1.5364. For these values of the
parameters, A ⬍ 0 gives M ⬎ 1.004, and M max = 1.5364 共ob-
tained from the inequality B2 − 2AC ⬎ 0兲. Therefore, the si-
multaneous investigation of the two conditions shows that
for the existence of the negative potential SWs in the small
amplitude limit, the Mach number M is restricted to the in-
terval 1.004⬍ M ⱕ 1.5364.
For the stationary solution 共14兲 obtained in the small
amplitude approximation, variations of the maximum ampli-
tude ␺m = −␺共␰ = 0兲 and the width ␭ with the dust temperature
and the Mach number have been depicted in Figs. 1 and 2. It
can be seen from Fig. 1 that the amplitude decreases with the
dust temperature. This is similar to prior results with isother-
mal ion distribution in magnetized and unmagnetized dusty
plasmas.12,14 The amplitude can be observed that increases
with the increase in the Mach number. This also shows that
共15兲
Let us find the interval of M for which the condition B Ⰷ C
holds good, i.e., for which the negative potential SWs solu-
tion can be expressed in the form of Eq. 共15兲. It can be
verified that M Ⰷ 1.039 for ␤ = 0.02, ␴ = 0.05, and ␴d = 0.01.
With these values of the physical parameters, we have ob-
served earlier in this section that the Mach number M is
restricted to the interval 1.004⬍ M ⱕ 1.5364 in the small am-
plitude limit. Therefore, any solitary wave solution of Eq.
共15兲 exists if the Mach number M Ⰷ 1.039 and lies simulta-
neously within the interval 1.004⬍ M ⱕ 1.5364.
It is clear that the amplitude of the solitary wave in Eq.
共15兲 modifies when the number of resonant ions increases,
16
15
14
λ

for a given value of the dust temperature the permitted re-

gion of the potential values associated with the localized
13
excitations expand as the Mach number acquires higher val-
ues. In contrast with the amplitude variation, Fig. 2 shows 12
that the width of SWs increases with the increasing of dust
temperature whereas decreases along with the increase in the
Mach number. This implies that the profile of faster localized
11
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
solitary excitations will be taller and narrower. σd
Now we express two asymptotic cases of stationary so-
lution 共14兲 which are related to the contribution of the reso- FIG. 2. Variation of the width ␭ against the dust temperature ␴d for
nant 共flat-trapped兲 ions. We first consider a situation where ␤ = 0.04, ␴ = 0.05 and M = 1.25 共solid兲, and M = 1.2.
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 123706-4 H. Alinejad and A. A. Mamun Phys. Plasmas 17, 123706 共2010兲

particularly, as the contribution of the flat-trapped ions be- ␭1 2 4 ␭3

comes larger and larger, we can ignore C in comparison with V共␺兲 = − ␺ + ␭2共− ␺兲5/2 + ␺3 , 共19兲
2 15 6
B, Eq. 共15兲 reduces to
where ␭1 = −A, ␭2 = 15B / 4, and ␭3 = −6C. The dust double
␺ = − ␺m sec h4 冉 冊␰
2␭
, 共16兲
layers must satisfy two conditions, namely, V共␺m兲 = 0 and
共dV / d␺兲␺=␺m = 0, which express the vanishing of the electric
field and the charge density on the high potential side. So, we
where ␺m = 共A / 2B兲2 is the amplitude of the solitary wave. obtain from Eqs. 共8兲 and 共19兲,
The soliton solution 共16兲 is similar to the stationary solution
of the Schamel equation for a three components dusty ␭1 − 8
15 ␭2共− ␺m兲1/2 − 31 ␭3␺m = 0, 共20兲
plasma system with cold dust grains, as shown in Ref. 18.
This clearly indicates that the small amplitude solitary wave ␭1 − 32 ␭2共− ␺m兲1/2 − 21 ␭3␺m = 0, 共21兲
exists only with negative potential. On the other hand, for the which can be solved for ␭1 and ␭2 as
case that the coefficient C of the nonlinear term is dominant
over B in Eq. 共9兲, the solitonlike solution 共14兲 becomes ␭1 = − 31 ␭3␺m , 共22兲

␺=
A
2C
再 15
1 − B2共− 2A3C兲−1/2sec h
2
␰
␭
冉冊 ␭2 = 45 ␭3共− ␺m兲1/2 . 共23兲

冉 冊册冎
Now, we can express Eq. 共8兲 as
−
B2
2C
冋
1 – 3 sec h2
␰
␭
sec h2 冉冊␰
␭
. 共17兲
冉 冊
d␺
d␰
2
− ␭3␺2共冑− ␺ − 冑− ␺m兲2 = 0,
1
3
共24兲

The solution 共17兲 is obtained when the effect of nonlinear which admits a double layer solution31

冋 冉 冊册
interaction of ions with the electrostatic wave potential dur-
1 ␰ 2
ing its evolution is small. This also indicates the modified ␺共␰兲 = ␺m 1 + tanh , 共25兲
amplitude and width of the solitary wave profile from the 4 ␭dl
case that the coefficients B and C are comparable in Eq. 共14兲. where the width of the dust double layers is

It can be checked from the condition for the existence of
profile 共17兲 that the Mach number depends on parameters ␤,
␴, and ␴d. For the case that ␤ = 0.02, ␴ = 0.05, and ␴d = 0.01,
B Ⰶ C if M Ⰶ 1.039. The simultaneous investigation of the
two conditions in the small amplitude limit, M Ⰶ 1.039 and
1.004⬍ M ⱕ 1.5364, shows that the range of possible Mach
number will be infinitesimal. If we put the same physical
parameters along with ␴d = 0.04 in the above condition, we
get M Ⰶ 1.106. In this case the lower bound of the Mach
number in the small amplitude limit can be found as M
= 1.05. So, we can conclude that the range of possible Mach
number in the small amplitude limit for which the condition
B Ⰶ C holds good, which increases as the dust temperature
increases.
Now neglecting the resonant effect B in Eq. 共17兲, we
observe that C is similar coefficient of nonlinear term of the
Korteweg-de Vries 共KdV兲 equation, which can be obtained
from the basic equations by using the reductive perturbation
method. For ions following the isothermal distribution func-
tion this procedure reduces solitary wave solutions to
␺ = − ␺m sec h2 冉冊␰
␭
, 共18兲
where the maximum amplitude of solitary waves is ␺m
= 共−A / 2C兲 and the width ␭ has the same form as before.
Solution 共18兲 is similar to the stationary solitonlike solution
of the KdV equation for a three-component dusty plasma
system with cold dust grains, as shown in Ref. 30. This also
indicates the existence of the small amplitude solitary struc-
ture with negative potential.
To investigate small but finite amplitude DA-DLs, we
express Eq. 共9兲,
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128.240.225.44 On: Fri, 19 Dec 2014 13:04:52
冉 冊
1/2
␭dl =
75␭3
. 共26兲
2␭22
It should be noted that the existence of the dust double layers
requires the conditions ␭3 ⬎ 0, i.e.,
3共M 2 + ␴d兲
␮ 1 − ␮ 0␴ 2 + ⬎ 0,
共3␴d − M 2兲3
and 75␭1␭3 − 16␭22 = 0. For the case of ␤ = 0.05, ␴ = 0.05, and
␴d = 0.01, the simultaneous investigation of the two condi-
tions shows that M ⱖ 1.31. This is the lower bound of the
Mach number up to which DLs can exist. If we put the same
physical parameters along with ␴d = 0.02 in the above condi-
tions, we get M ⱖ 1.32. This shows that the critical value of
the Mach number for which the above conditions are satis-
fied increases as the dust temperature increases. Similar be-
havior is also observed in the study of small amplitude
DA-SWs. The nature of the double layer, i.e., whether the
system will support a compressive or rarefactive double layer
depends upon the sign of coefficient of ␺m. Equation 共23兲
clearly indicates that ␺m ⬍ 0. This implies that the small am-
plitude DLs can only be formed with negative profile.
In this work, we have investigated the properties of
small but finite amplitude DA-SWs and DLs propagating in a
three-component dusty plasma whose constituents are warm
dust grains, Boltzmann distributed electrons and hot ions
obeying flat-topped distribution. A flattened ion distribution
is considered corresponding to the nonlinear interaction be-
tween ions and low-frequency DA wave potential during its
evolution. The effects of the dust temperature and flat-
trapped ions are found to significantly change the regions of
the existence of small amplitude DA-SWs and DLs. Corre-
 123706-5 Effects of flat-topped ion distribution… Phys. Plasmas 17, 123706 共2010兲

sponding to the given value of the dust temperature ␴d, a

10
A. Barkan, R. L. Merlino, and D. D’Angelo, Phys. Plasmas 2, 3563
共1995兲.
definite interval for the Mach number is found for which 11
A. A. Mamun and M. A. Hassann, J. Plasma Phys. 63, 191 共2000兲.
there exist solitary waves 共double layers兲 specific for that ␴d. 12
R. Roychoudhury and S. Mukherjee, Phys. Plasmas 4, 2305 共1997兲.
13
We show that rarefactive SWs and DLs can be constructed if N. Akhtar, S. Mahmood, and H. Saleem, Phys. Lett. A 361, 126 共2007兲.
14
S. Mahmood, N. Akhtar, and H. Saleem, Phys. Plasmas 14, 074507
the hot ions are trapped and obey the flat-topped velocity
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