FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATION SYSTEM

1 month ago by Mohammad Saad 0

.

GROUP MEMBERS
1 Muhammad Sheraz Kundi
2 Kamran Hayat
3 Muhammad Zeshan Haider

DEDICATION
We would like to dedicate our work to our parents and respected teachers. PAKISTAN is going through a very black days of
power crises in this era of time. The demand is increasing day by day and production is still there where it was 8 years back. So
utilization of every resource is good for country. So we are dedicating our project to dear country Pakistan.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We express our total submission and eternal gratitude to ALMIGHTY ALLAH, The Most Gracious, The Most Merciful,
without whose mercy and grace, this Endeavour could not been possible even in it’s slightest. We bow before our compassionate
endowments. Peace Be upon HOLY PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PBUH) who is ever a torch of guidance and knowledge for
humanity as a whole.
Here we mention the name of the persons without whose help we cannot complete the project. First we are grateful to ours
parents for everything they given us.
We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Jameel Ahmad Chairman Electrical Department .Special thanks to our supervisor Sir
Masood Arian for guidance and valuable suggestion. We are also grateful to Sir Kashif Imdad for technical guidance.
We will never forget our teachers who gave us support, encouragement and suggestions which had helped to make right choice at
this juncture of life. Thanks to all dear friend that helped us very much.
.

ABSTRACT
Nowadays energy and power are the one of the basic necessities regarding this modern world. As the demand of energy is
increasing day by day, so the ultimate solution to deal with these sorts of problems is just to implement the renewable sources of
energy. But these renewable energy sources must have to be adopted in practical manner by keeping an eye on all aspects
regarding the research work. So then these techniques should be applied in order to get the desired output. In case of our project
we have used the technique of power generation through footsteps as a source of renewable energy that we can obtained while
walking on to the certain arrangements like footpaths, stairs, plate forms and these systems can be install elsewhere specially in
the dense populated areas.
The basic working principle of our project ‘footstep power generation system’ is based on the piezoelectric sensor. So in order to
implement this foot step power generation system we adjust the wooden plates above and below the sensors and moveable
springs, when we walk on the mat than automatically force is applied and as a result magnet fixed under the top wooden sheet
and moves into the cavity. As this cavity is fixed at bottom wooden sheet of mat so between the moveable springs adjusted
between the top and bottom sheets
As a result of completing the above procedure or technique we made ourselves able to design such compatible system through
which we could run our home appliances through AC output. As our main purpose was to charge the battery through DC output
and then by inverting it into AC for normal common usage.
 Thus as a result we have concluded that these types of designs and techniques of power generating systems are very useful and
handy in order to match the supply and demand of energy globally as well.
.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Energy surrounds us in all aspects of life, it’s up to us weather we use it constructively for the benefit of mankind or we use it
destructively to harm others. Alternative energy resources are not based on fossils fuels or atom distribution.
The alternatives are
 Solar energy
 Wind power
 Geothermal
 Hydroelectric
 Nuclear
We are introducing a new way to overcome the increasing demand of energy. We are utilizing human force and we named it
FSGS (Foot Step Generating System).
1.1 Motivation
Man is hunter of energy from the starting of human being. First he started in the form of food i.e. to get energy from animals and
plants. Then man started cultivation of land to get food and he gave a new trend to energy by training animals for his help in
doing job. Demand is always increasing day by day and year by year so he started to use wind for driving ships in the sea and
falling water to turn water wheel.
1.1.1 Defining the problem
In Pakistan the demand is more than the daily energy produced so we are facing power-cut after approximate 1 hour and
industries are in hell these days. People uses rechargeable batteries (UPS) or diesel/petrol engine to fulfill their demands. The use
of stand by generator is common in industries and large offices.
1.2 Objective of project
Our aim is to produce energy by a source that has no negative effect on environment and its output can be used to overcome the
crises in Pakistan.
1.3 Principle of project
The principle of project has few steps in it regarding which generate power through footsteps using piezoelectric sensor. We start
with the proper arrangement of electrical components and equipment which transforms the mechanical energy in to electrical
energy.
The second part of piezoelectric sensor is mechanical part, which involves spring connection to piezo, so by movement of
footsteps up and down spring is giving vibration to piezo which generate electrical power and this power will be in the form of
electric current. And these two arrangements electrical and mechanical combined together which transforms mechanical energy
to electrical energy.
When producing power with footsteps on piezo there is some load placed at the end which used power, then power stored in
battery is decreased so more footsteps on spring which vibrate the step and due to vibration force power generated.
Voltages which produced from piezoelectric sensor is A.C voltages while we need D.C voltages to store in the battery, so for this
purpose rectifier circuit is used. In rectifier circuit we can used either half wave rectifier or full wave rectifier. Our concern is
with full wave rectifier because it gives full value. So now A.C voltages are converted in to D.C voltages. Now by placing next
the battery charger circuit and battery, battery charger circuit is charging the battery and this D.C voltages is stored in the lead
acid battery of 12 volt.
Lead acid battery of 12 volt which is charged is now further connected to the inverter. As we have D.C voltages stored in the
battery but we need A.C voltages because mostly load need A.C voltages so by using the inverter circuit which is such designed
that it inverts the voltages from battery which is 12 volt D.C to 220 volt A.C voltages.
So this A.C voltage is used in different appliances such as for charging the laptop battery and also to charge the handset, it can
also be used to lightening up the energy savor. If we need more power from this technique then used more steps for more electric
current, and also increase the connection of piezoelectric sensor which is connected parallel and series combination and by
vibrating with the help of footsteps gives electrical power which is in the form of electric current. Then ability of battery and
inverter should be increased, battery should be of high current and voltages and inverter is such designed that it convert that
electrical power to A.C voltages and also no loss in it, then output power will be increased and can be used more electrical
appliances and also can be used such appliances which need more electric current.

Figure 1.1 Footsteps using piezoelectric mat

Figure 1.1 shows that this is the piezoelectric mat by moving on it electrical power is generated. We are trying to give this kind of
idea. This is secure, safe and unique kind of technique.
1.4 Renewable energy resources
Due to global warming and worldwide heating now globe is stirring to renewable energy resources. Other alternative resources
which are using for generating electrical power are very expensive and either their units are shut down in Pakistan. Maintenance
of already existing energy sources caused huge amount of cost, so much cost is due to the heavy machinery involving in it which
need maintenance and also the labor and engineering work. These existing energy sources are also harmful for humans, the rays
from nuclear generator caused cancer to the nearer city, and hydroelectric projects caused flood to cities and also damaged the
fields. So due to these problems globe is stirring to renewable energy resources which are fairly low cost, efficient while using,
reliable and caused no uneasiness to human nature. The renewable energy resources such as solar panels, wind turbine, geo
thermal, bio gas etc. they all used natural things for generating electrical power so the danger to human will be no more as in the
case of nuclear energy. The maintenance costs of these plants are very low. These plants do not contain any heavy machinery for
generating electrical power. So when these plants are out of working or some error in it and it needs maintenance then the
maintenance cost is not so much high and also it don’t need labor works because it is not involving any heavy machinery in it and
it only requires engineering work in it. So that’s why our project is of renewable energy resources and we generate electrical
power by footsteps and it is fairly low cost and efficient technique.
1.5 Energy crises in Pakistan
Power is the mainly central basis in support of financial increase of a state. There will be main power crises that must look
Pakistan in future for next two to three years in power, oil and natural gas. Now Pakistan is suffering energy crises in all most
every field. So that’s why Pakistan gross domestic product is low because due to industrial shut down, shut down of local
factories as well domestic factories. Today mostly everything every business is depended upon power. Now power is the
backbone of every country and in Pakistan which is also nuclear country is suffering too much problem of energy from last five
to seven years.
Energy crises in Pakistan have a lot of reasons. Recession is one of them Pakistan is suffering recession and economic crises from
last seven years. Inflation is increased to its higher value, so that’s why investment from foreigner is decreased to great extent.
Due to all these problems Pakistan is suffering the energy crises.
The other reason of short fall is that money not giving to independent power producers. So these independent power producers
not deliver full power and also they mostly shut down their units. And also money is no giving to oil delivers and oil producers.
Money also doesn’t give to Pakistan state oil which delivers oil to power plants. When they don’t have money then they don’t
deliver oil and oil is necessary for power plant so short fall increases. Pakistan has also loan on it so they don’t get any loan from
World Bank. So that’s why energy is not producing in the plants and they shut down their units and our economic growth is
decreased. If they don’t have power industrial and domestic structure will be finished.
Further reason of energy crises in Pakistan are not constructed the new dams and new power plants units. Kala bagh dam is
constructed in past not completely but the feasibility report of this dam is completed and equipment for this dam is also
purchased and also it fulfills all our electricity needs but due to political reasons this dam is not started and its work is stopped so
that’s why short fall increases day by day. Huge amount of money is also wasted on this dam while there is no output also caused
a lot of problems. So if we are not constructed new dams and wasting the money then the short fall increases and energy crises
also increases to great extent. So construct new dams to fulfill the need of energy.
The other reason for energy crises in Pakistan is not maintaining the already build power plants once the power plant is damaged
due to any reason then that unit will be completely shut down. And burden on other units increase which in turns increase the
short fall. Also the staffs don’t take care of power plants. So this is also very bad aspect of energy crises in Pakistan. This can be
reduced by taking proper caring of power plants and maintained at right time. So in this case short fall can be reduced.
Due to corruption while running the power plants is also increase the energy crises. As the corruption ratio in Pakistan is very
high especially in government sectors. So due to bad management and corrupt staff as well as illegible officers working in power
plants caused energy crises in Pakistan. Miss management also causes problem while running the power plants. If power plant
unit is not turn off and turn on completely at specific time will increased energy crises and short fall will be increased and this all
happens in Pakistan.
Pakistan is also have very high demand of gas, industries and factories needs gas to great extent but in Pakistan availability of gas
is very low, some of the power plant unit also works on gas but of not continuous supply of gas some of unit shut down so that’s
why short fall increases and energy crises also increases.
Solution: above mention we write all crises in Pakistan about energy so the economy is low so we should find a way to generate
electricity which is cheapest and efficient. If we install our system to 300ft and 2500 men walk through that area four times in a
day then we can produce 0.7MegaWatt in a day. If we need more energy area should increased.
1.6 Footstep power generation resources
ü There are various resources of power generation through which we can generate the power with footsteps. It is unique and
different type of power generation system it requires a technology and huge amount of research work that is why this type of
generation system is mostly in use of developed countries.
ü This type of power generation can be done through various techniques and methods like piezoelectric sensors, through
mechanical arrangement like fly wheel and gear wheel, pedal and springs type arrangement, staircase energy generating system
by rotating the generator, then also by implementing the faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction by moving magnet into the
coil through spring system.
ü Our project is based on piezoelectric sensors we have designed structure like mat where large number of sensors are placed in
series and parallel connection. The springs are placed between the sheets of sensors and springs have enough tensile strength that
they can bear the weight. . This type of footsteps power generation system are eligible to be installed in crowded places and rural
areas cities in the places like railway stations, airports, footpaths where there is a rush of pedestrians.
.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Purpose
There are few methods to generate electrical energy from footsteps. Gear wheel and fly wheel are techniques to generate
electrical power. This method also work on this principle and in it mechanical part are used because it is placed on where the
number of peoples are more and energy produced by their movement on the floor.
Power would generated by footsteps of crowd on the floor. Piezo plate scheme is located beneath the floor then the then there
will be sheet covering the piezo plate and also spring will be there for vibration force on piezo. The piezo plate will be in chunks
in the floor. This plate will generate power in the type of electric current. The power produced by pedestrians can also be used as
additional features such as to lightning up street light or the light that used at that place for pedestrians. So the pedestrians should
give credit the energy which produced by their movement.
2.2 Literature Analysis
To generate electrical power using footsteps one step will be enough at this level to produced electrical energy.
As studied few methods from which power is generated. Following are the steps of fly and gear wheel method. As piezo plate is
also involves these steps.
First step is by proper arrangement of electrical components and equipment which transforms the mechanical energy in to
electrical energy.
After the arrangement of electrical system which transforms mechanical energy to electrical energy, then the spring is attached
with sheet to piezo so the spring arrangement is done, spring vibrate the piezo.
When load using the power then this spring is used to vibrate the step by force then power is produced.
Then the voltage that produced through steps is rectified and after battery charger circuit this D.C voltage is stored in the lead
acid battery of 12 volt.
This lead acid battery is further attached to the inverter. The invert is such designed that it inverts the voltage from battery which
is 12 volt D.C to 230 volt A.C.
So this A.C voltage is used in different appliances such as for charging the laptop battery and also to charge the handset, it can
also be used to lightening up the energy savor. If we need more power from this technique then used more steps for more electric
current and also then ability of battery and inverter should be increased then output power will be increased.
2.2.1 Uses
The electrical power that is produced by footsteps is mostly suitable at where the numbers of pedestrians are more and also
crowdie places.
The places such as:
ü Universities
ü Bus Stands
ü Arrival and departure of passengers at air ports
ü Shopping Mall
ü Food streets
ü Footpath
ü Markets
ü Pedestrian bridges this is the finest purpose of generating power by footsteps. Its cost is very low. This power then used for
lights on bridge, street light, also light used for traffic purpose.
ü Public places

These all are the places where just planting of system cost matter and as this cost is fairly low so unlimited input and high power
will produce.
2.2.2 Aspects
Main feature of footstep power generation through piezoelectric is that electrical power produced by transforming mechanical
energy to electrical energy of the movement of people on the floor where piezo plate is placed.
A further aspect of piezoelectric power generation system is that it is safe and secure to use, still this system is working, make no
problem and no discomfort for the people, and it is totally risk free method.
Footstep power generation through piezoelectric have mechanical part as well as electrical part but this system has not so many
losses, also this system is not damaged completely by any sort of thing and this system has very low cost of equipments and
components so if system is damaged then the cost of the system is very low, this is also the feature of footstep power generating
system through piezoelectric. This system also has the capability to store the electrical power in storage battery.
This system generate electricity to lightening up the lights used in streets, also for traffic purpose, sign boards of roads, the power
which will be left behind is given to national grid for electricity purpose.
This system footstep power generating system through footstep is cheap, efficient and reliable method.
upcoming extent
Now globe is stirring to the renewable resources due to the worldwide heating so this project footstep power generation through
piezoelectric has a vast extent. Other renewable resources are also used such as solar sterling plant, bio gas, wind turbine etc. but
if contrast with footstep power generation through piezoelectric sensor is fairly low cost means to say inexpensive, useful,
efficient and reliable than these renewable resources.
2.3 Block diagram

Figure 2.1 Footstep general block diagram

2.3.1 Components / parts

ü Piezoelectric sensor mat
ü Battery charger circuit
ü Lead Acid Battery
ü Inverter
ü Load
2.3.1.1 Timber Pieces
We made timber pieces for footsteps on which force will apply. In footstep power generation through piezoelectric sensor project
designing a plate consist of piezo which is connected in series and parallel arrangement. There are three timber pieces each has
width and length of 1ft.
2.3.1.2 Springs
Spring is used on the top of each piezo sensor, while applying force on spring it gives vibration to piezo and power produced in
the form of electric current.

CHAPTER 3
DESCRIPTION
3.1 Introduction
We mostly relay on our hydro source which is not as much enough as we required or maybe our country is not utilizing it in a
good manner so it is primary need of the country that power may produce by any source so that they can fulfill the need of the
people and industries as well because without providing power to industries we are not able to make people happy. To start new
large projects first we need lot of money i.e. nuclear power, hydro need much more money. Lot of energy is wasted daily coming
from some natural sources. The idea of this project live behind that human walking is a natural process which can’t be stopped,
so why we waste it knowing the fact that this energy is useful for producing energy. We can use it in highly populated country
like china but also in our country in which energy crises are headline of the day. We are erasing this problem on cheap and small
projects implementation.
If by the grace of ALLAH we become successful in the project then human energy that is wasted all the day in all life could be
made useful for mankind. The best implementation of this idea will be at railway stations, crowded malls, universities, colleges,
schools, government offices and areas with large crowd daily.
In this project we are producing electricity by simply walking or running or by vehicles which is non conventional source of
energy and at this stage non-conventional energy is very needed for our country. We can make it possible through mechanical
design or through electrically. We are using piezo electric sensor to do it. Some researchers also win this game by coil and
magnet arrangement but we are not discussing it because it not our job, it is totally mechanically. In this some people make stair-
case arrangement.
This project converts the vibration energy in to electrical energy. The control mechanism carries the piezo electric sensor, current
controller and 12V, 1.2Amp lead acid dc rechargeable battery and an inverter is used to drive AC/DC loads. The battery is
connected to the inverter. This inverter is used to convert the 12 Volt D.C to the 220 Volt A.C. This 220 Volt A.C voltage is used
to activate the loads. We are using conventional battery charging unit also for giving supply to the circuitry.
3.2 Sensor
A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into waveform which can be read by an observer. Like
mercury which shows the temperature of the body by the liquid expansion. Sensors are calibrated by a scale which is easy for
observer.
3.3 Piezo Electric Sensors
A device which measures the force, pressure, strain and vibration and converts it into electrical signals is known as piezo electric
sensor. These materials exhibit a property known as piezo electric effect in which force or vibration is produced an electric field
is created which causes a potential difference across these materials and hence current start flowing through it.
Piezoelectricity is from Greek word which means pressure electricity. There are many crystals like Lead Zirconate Titanate that
produce electric charges when pressure is applied on them or they vibrate when subjected to potential difference. The amount of
charges depends upon the frequency of vibration. AC voltage vibrates the piezo electric material at the same frequency at which
we are providing AC.
Quartz is the best example of piezo material. The materials with ABO3 have the strong property of piezo electricity, where ‘A’
denotes large divalent ion (lead) while ‘B’ is for small tetravalent ion (titanium).
Piezoelectric technology rises due to set of inherent advantages i.e.
 High modulus of elasticity ( N/)
 Piezo material is very rugged
 Have very high natural frequency
 Linear over amplitude
 Insensitive to EM radiation (can be used in every conditions )
 No effect of radiations
 Tourmaline is stable at high temperature also (even sensor works at 1000°C)
 As piezo material is sensitive to pressure, some are also sensitive to temperature they are called as pyroelectrical.

Figure 3.1 Piezo sensor

The piezoelectric sensor shown in figure 3.2 is of tourmaline material. It is very effective for daily usage because it can bear high
temperature; it is rough and is linear over amplitude. The material with no centre of symmetry then it will exhibit the property of
piezoelectricity.
3.3.1 Geometry
Everyone thinks that a simple material having ordinary crystal has a property of producing electrical spike, what it has that make
him doing such a wonderful job. Questions arises in mind that
 What make it different from other materials?
 Are any free electrons present in its atom?
 Is this material exhibit the property of magnet and coil?
The answer to these questions is present in the structure of the piezoelectric material. The answer to why an electric spike
produces when subjected to pressure lives behind its structure of crystal.
Most piezoelectric material is ionic salts containing cat ions and anions, these ions form a unit cell. The crystal of piezoelectric
material contains three dimensional array of unit cell. The unit cell has a positive charge centre and negative charge centre. If
these centre are at same place i.e. centre coincide then there will be no electrical dipole and hence no spike. But if their centres do
not coincide then the electrical spike value will be according to the magnitude of charges and distance of positive and negative
charges. There are symmetric and asymmetric unit cell and vibration or strain causes every unit cell to distort but the symmetric
cell’s centre will continue to coincide after stress. In case of asymmetric cell, force will cause the centre of positive and negative
changes which will create electrical voltage. There are 32 unit cells from which 20 have piezoelectric property because they are
asymmetric.
3.3.1.1 Constant of piezoelectricity
It is defined as the ratio of strain (pressure/length) over applied electric field i.e.
 d = ————————– 3.1
Its units are

i.e. meter per volts.

Quartz (SI) has d = 3×
It will change its thickness up to 3nm when kilovolts are applied across its faces.
3.3.1.2 Electromechanical coupling constant
Electromechanical coupling constant K, this constant shows the conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy or vice
versa, so we can check the piezo electric effect by this constant also.
3.3.1.3 Materials
There are many materials which has the property of piezo electricity i.e.
 Quartz SI
 Ammonium dihydrogenphosphate ADPN
 Potassium sodium tartrate KNa
 Rochelle salt
Except quartz all others have strong piezo electric effect and are used in low cost project because their strength is weak.
3.3.2 Working of piezoelectric sensor
This effect is due to its geometry which contains a unit cell. The unit cell of piezoelectric material has a cubic shape which
contain positive charges at all its ends as shown in figure 3.3(a). In this figure we are discussing only those materials which has
asymmetric nature because otherwise no voltage spike will produce and no working will be there. We actually want to produce
electric charges or field from movement of charges so it is our prime objective to produce voltage and current. Now we are going
towards working principle
Let suppose we have a unit cell of tourmaline which contain positive anions and negative cat ions, in its unit cell. Some piezo
electric materials have positive charge at the centre and negative charges at corner of figure 3.3(a) and some piezo materials have
negative at the centre and positive charges at corner of cubic cell of figure 3.3(a). We are using materials having positive charge
at the centre and negative charges surrounding them. A small positive particle is present at the centre which is denoted as black
dot in the center of crystal as shown in figure 3.3(a).

Figure 3.2(a) Internal structure of piezo

Initially no pressure is applied on the unit cell so positive charge is at centre and length between positive and negative is same.
When stress, pressure or vibration is applied to material then the spacing between the positive and negative charge increases
which cause a voltage to produce and we will sense it by any device or we will use it for our benefit or power requirements. The
Figure 2(b) shows the unit cell after stress is applied

Figure 3.2(b) Internal structure of piezo

It’s clear in above picture that the positive charge has been misplaces from its original position which means the spacing between
them changes. Space change shows the voltage spike which means its comfortable to use them as power generation.
3.3.3 Usage of piezoelectric sensor
Due to his property it canbe used in many applications i.e.
Piezoelectric sensors is perfect contrivance for the measurement of various processes. They are used for eminence assertion,
progression manage and for research and development in many different industries. It was only in the 1950s that the piezoelectric
effect on track for industrial usage. Since then it can be regarded as a grown-up technology with an stupendous steadfastness. It
has been fruitfully used in various applcations such as
 Medical
 Aerospace
 In nuclear instrumentation
 Touch pads of cell phones
 Power generations
 In Toys
 In microphone and ultrasound detector
 Convert oscillations of diaphragm(caused by wave) into electrical signal
 Iginition devices
 Electronics lighter
 Iginition system for gas stoves

Figure 3.4 shows the block explanation of a single piezoelectric sensor which is used to convert force or pressure into electrical
spike. As clear from figure that when pressure from up or down is applied on the sensor then analog voltmeter or galvanometer
shows the deflection of few volts. If vibration is severed then it may give spike up to 15V or in some case 30 V. This single has
very low power rating because its current is low so we combined them to make desired output. The working of this sensor is
easily understood by the block diagram in figure 3.4.

Figure 3.3 Piezo voltage checking

3.4 Already developed systems
 Fly wheel and gear arrangement
 Stair case and faraday’s law arrangement
 Rack & Pinion and chain Sprocket arrangement

3.5 Proposed system

Our proposed system contains following parts
 Piezo electric sensor
 Full-wave bridge rectifier
 Battery charger unit
 12 V, 1.2 Amp Lead battery
 Inverter
 Transformer
 AC loads
 DC loads
We are using piezo sensor of tourmaline material shown in figure 3.2, the output of this single sensor was not as much as we need
so make a series and parallel combinations of piezo electric sensor. But making this become a challenge because it involve
mechanical design also like to press all piezo sensors together we need springs and wooden sheets. So the parts of piezo electric
sensor are
3.5.1 Piezo electric sensor
1. 1. Wooden sheet

Figure 3.4 wooden sheet

Instead of making tiles we use wooden sheets like shown in above figure (taken by camera) for the purpose of stepping. All four
sides of two sheets are connected by nut and bolt. Piezo sensors are placed on the bottom plate on which holes of diameter
0.5mm less than piezo diameter are drilled. 80 piezo sensors like shown in figure3.2 are placed on the lower plate which upper
plate also has holes of diameter equal to diameter of spring. These spring are unguided and are placed on the piezo to provide
stress them so that they vibrate and we get the required output.
There will be third plate on these two plates on which we place step or drive the tire of vehicle so that it can press the bundles of
spring which would cause the piezo to presses and we would get required output.
Actually we make three same sets of plates which are as similar to tiles of floor so that by simply walking on them we get the
required output.

1. 2. Springs

Figure 3.5 Spring

We are using spring to make our sensor works because we are using 80 piezo sensors so we cannot press them simultaneously by
foot, we tried much to get rid of these springs but we were not able to get good output without these springs so we are using
spring of much tensile strength so that they can bear the weight of a person and also has not much compressive force so that first
we have to provide enough force to overcome spring force.
1. 3. Piezo
These are piezo sensors which are in amount of 80 and are on the lower plate and a spring from the upper plate is place on this
piezo which is compressed by the third plate on which we step. These piezo plates are pasted on the lower plate which a hole of
diameter slightly less than the diameter of the piezo sensor as shown above.
1. 4. Rectifier
The piezo sensor produces AC spikes so we have to rectify it before sending to battery because battery stores only DC. We tried
half wave rectification by simple diode but we cannot get output because already current was very low by clipping one cycle the
power rating becomes half and hence we are in loss. Then we tried full-wave bridge rectifier and got the result. But the problem
was that we have to connect bridge rectifier with every piezo sensor which was a challenge but we made it.
Battery charger circuit
To charge a battery we need a charge controller which is important part of electronics portion of our project and will be discussed
clearly later as we will start electronics chapter. LM 338 and LM 358 are ICs used in this circuit.
Battery
We are using Lead Acid battery of 12 V and current of 1.2 Amp. We want to store charges so that we can use the power
generated by foot step not only in busy hour but also in other part of the day.
Inverter
Inverter is used to run AC loads and we are storing in battery which stores DC but our load is AC so we use inverter. TIP 122 and
TIP 127 are main ICs of our circuit.
Transformer
Transformer is part of inverter. We are using center tape transformer of 12+12 V / 220 V.

CHAPTER 4
BATTERY CHARGER CONTROL CIRCUITRY
We have arrangement of piezo sensors so that we want to control charging and discharging of the battery. In other words we want
to protect the battery from over charging effects which could damage the battery.
Actually we used 12V Lead acid battery in this project. We set specific voltages for battery charging and after indication of full
battery; there is cut-off system to remove the battery from charging circuitry.
4.1 Schematic diagram

Figure 4.1 Schematic diagram of battery charger circuit

4.1.1 List of components
ü LM358
ü Capacitor 100n
ü Potentiometer 5k
ü Resistor 10k
ü Transistor 2N2219
ü Capacitor 100u
ü Zener diode 1N5233B
ü LM338
ü LED
ü Resistor 4.7k
4.1.2 Working principle of LM358

Figure 4.2 LM358 pin configuration

ü This IC contains dual low noise amplifiers which operate on single power supply.
ü It is a versatile, rugged workhorse with a thousand uses, from amplifying signal from variety of transducers or any other op-
amp function.
4.1.2.1 Features
ü It has large DC voltage gain up to 100dB.
ü Its response bandwidth is up to 1MHz (temperature compensated).
ü Its supply assortment is broad,
1. For single supply 3VDC to 32vDC
2. For double supply 1.5VDC to 16VDC
ü Its input offset voltage and current is low
4.1.2.2 Applications
ü All conventional op-amp circuits.
ü Transducers amplifier.
4.1.3 Capacitor
There are basically two types of capacitors

1. 1. Polar capacitor
2. 2. Non-polar capacitor

Polar capacitors are that capacitors who have proper polarity mean positive and negative terminals. In other words we can say
that they have embedded polarity as shown in figure 4.3 and they have effect on circuitry of their terminals but in case of non-
polar capacitors don’t have specific positive and negative terminals as shown in figure 4.4, we can connect them in circuit
without taking any care of terminals.
4.1.4 Transistor
Transistor is basically a semiconductor device consist of three layers either two p- and one n-type layer or one n- and two p-type
layers called pnp and npn transistor respectively.

4.1.4.1 Types of transistor

There are basically three types (configurations) of bipolar transistor,
1. Common base configuration
2. Common collector configuration
3. Common emitter configuration
Each configuration has its own properties and results used in different kinds of circuits according to the requirement. While field
effect transistor, terminals are gate, drain and source. Voltage at gate is resolute by current among drain and source.
4.1.4.2 Transistor as switch
When the transistor is biased in the saturation or cut-off region then it can be used as switch.
Figure 4.5 Characteristic graph of transistor
In cutoff mode transistor is fully off and its working state of affairs are zero base current, zero collector current and maximum
collector to emitter voltage.

4.1.4.3 Advantages

Figure 4.6 Vacuum tube, transistor and integrated circuits

ü More trustworthy
ü Lesser in volume
ü Less power utilization
ü Lower voltages
ü Less heat
ü More strong
4.1.4.4 Limitations
ü Transistor has limited power handling capabilities.
ü In use temperature range of transistor is kept usually 50-60 degree Celsius.
ü The least signal that can be functional to transistor is restricted by the interior noise ended by the transistor.
ü The minimum collector current have to be bigger than the saturation current Ico, which is noticeably less than 100
microamperes in the majority junction types.

4.1.5 Zener diode

Figure 4.7 Zener diode
4.1.5.1 Working principle
The zener region of figure 4.8 is shown below. The attribute drops in an almost straight down method at a reverse bias potential
denoted by Vz. The reality that arch drops down and away from the horizontal axis before up and away for the positive voltage
Vf area reveals that the current in the zener region has a path reverse tothat of a forward biased diode.

Figure 4.8 Characteristic graph of zener diode

The minor gradient to the curve in the zener region reveals that there is an intensity of resistance to be connected with the zener
diode in conduction mode.

4.1.6 Working principle of LM338

ü It is positive voltage regulator of 12V.
ü It has capability to supply current of 5A.
4.1.6.1 Features
ü Output is short-circuited sheltered
ü Thermal regulation
ü Modifiable yield along to 1.2V
ü Current limit stable with temperature
4.1.6.2 Applications
ü Adjustable power supplies
ü Battery charger circuits
ü Constant current regulators
4.2 How does it work???
For battery charging we use positive voltage regulator of 12V. We are using voltage divider at adjust pin of the regulator, by
using this we adjust 14V for battery charging. Then we use LM358 as comparator configuration.
When battery will charge up to 14V then comparator circuit will active and battery charging will cutoff through transistor which
will act like switch here.
In comparator circuit we use a zener diode of 5.1V as a reference and second signal of 5.3V. As the battery will fully charged
then comparator circuit will activate and will cut off the battery from charging.

CHAPTER 5

BATTERY
Battery consists of electrochemical cells to store electricity house in a single unit. In battery stored chemical energy is
transformed into electrical energy. Some batteries are used once and some of them are rechargeable. Large batteries also provide
stand by operation i.e. mobile, laptops etc.
5.1 Types of batteries
Mainly batteries are divided into two categories
1. Primary batteries
2. Secondary batteries
5.1.1 Primary batteries
Primary batteries can produce current immediately on meeting. Disposable batteries are planned to be used once and useless.
These are most usually used in handy devices that have low current drain, are only used occasionally, or are used well away from
a different power source, such as in alarm and communication circuits where other electric power is only occasionally available.
Disposable primary cells cannot be constantly recharged, since the chemical reactions are not easily reversible and active
materials may not return to their original forms. Battery manufacturers propose against attempting recharging primary cells.

5.1.2 Secondary batteries

These batteries are charged before use. Charging is done by applying current which reverse the chemical reaction that take place
for the period of use. The devices which are used to charge this type of batteries which provide rated value of current known as
charger.
The oldest form of rechargeable battery is the lead-acid battery. This battery is prominent in that it consists of a liquid in an
unsealed pot requiring that the battery be kept standing and the area be well ventilated to make certain safe spreading of the
hydrogen gas formed by these batteries throughout overcharging. The lead-acid battery is also very heavy for the amount of
electrical energy it can supply. Although, it’s low built-up cost and its high flow current levels make its use common.

5.1.3 Battery used in project

We use 12V, 1.2ah lead acid battery.

CHAPTER 6
INVERTER
Inverter is a combination of such components which converts DC signal into AC signal.
In this project we designed inverter which consists of following parts
1. Sine wave oscillator
2. Drive circuitry
3. Transformer
6.1 Sine wave oscillator
We designed this oscillator such that it gives us pure sinusoidal wave form. That wave form has 10Vp-p of frequency 50Hz. In
this oscillator we can vary the frequency according to our own requirement but up to some extent.
6.1.1 Schematic diagram
6.1.2 PCB Layout
6.1.3 Components
ü Battery
ü LM358N
ü Capacitor 1u
ü Zener diode 1N5223B
ü Resistor 330k
ü Potentiometer 50k
ü Resistor 10k
ü Capacitor 5p
ü Resistor 51ohm
ü Potentiometer 1k
ü Capacitor 470n
ü Resistor 100k
6.2 Drive circuitry
The output comes from sine wave oscillator is given to the drive circuitry which consist of TIP122 and TIP127. By using these
two components we increase the overall current of that wave form.
6.2.1 Schematic diagram

Figure 6.4 Drive circuitry of inverter

6.2.2 Components
ü Resistor 4.7k
ü TIP 122
ü TIP 127

6.2.2.1 Working of TIP122

Figure 6.5 TIP122 pin configuration

ü Its base current is 120mA, its mean that it works only for positive cycle of the wave.
ü When it becomes active it behaves like short circuit.
ü At negative cycle voltage appear across collector.
6.2.2.2 Working of TIP127

ü Its base current is -120mA, its mean that it works only for negative cycle of the wave.
ü When it becomes active it behaves like short circuit.
ü At positive cycle voltage appear across collector.
6.3 Transformer
Transformer is a device which is used to step up and step down the voltages according to our own requirement without changing
frequency.
6.3.1 Working principle
Transformer has two types of winding as shown in figure 6.5
1. Primary winding
2. Secondary winding
Mainly transformer work on the principle of mutual induction
6.3.1.1 Mutual induction
When alternating current pass through the primary winding then it produces the changing flux due to the production of magnetic
field in the primary winding. As the amplitude of current increases, flux will increase. Then this changing flux will pass through
the secondary winding of the transformer due to which current will induce in the secondary winding. This whole process is
known as mutual induction.
The voltage induced across the secondary is due to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, which states that “Rate of change
of flux linkage is equal to the induced emf.”
E=N ——————————- 6.1
Where ‘E’ is the induced emf and ‘N’ is the number of turns in equation 1.
6.3.2 Centre tapped Transformer
We use centre tap transformer as shown in figure 6.6 in the project of following rating
ü Voltage 12+12V to 220V
ü Current 1.2 Amperes

Figure 6.8 Centre tapped transformer

A centre tapped transformer works when a magnetic field is generated about the winding as alternating current passes during it.
Alternating current occurs when a secondary winding is come within the magnetic field producing an alternating current inside
this winding. Within the primary winding, alternating current induces an alternating magnetic flux. The flux flows in the region
of the ferromagnetic core as it varies direction with each cycle. Another alternating current is then created in every turn of the
secondary windings by the alternating flux in the core. In our project we use this transformer to transform 12V to 220V.
 CHAPTER 7
RECTIFIER
Rectification is the process in which input signal is being clipped or removed after passing through the arrangement of diodes.
This process is known as rectification.
There are two types of rectification
1. Half wave rectification
2. Full wave rectification

7.1 Half wave rectification

In this process half wave of the input signal is clipped after passing through the diodes as shown in figure 7.1

Figure 7.1 Half wave rectification

As we see in the figure 7.1 that only negative cycle of the input signal is eliminated that’s why we call this process half wave
rectification.

7.2 Full wave rectification

In this process full wave of the input signal is moved toward positive side after passing through the diodes as shown in figure 7.2

Figure 7.2 Full wave rectification

As we see in whole input signal is diverted into positive side of the voltage.
In our project we use full wave rectifier after each piezoelectric sensor. Because sensor give us AC spikes so we use full wave
rectifier to covert the AC voltage to DC voltage. We did this transformation of voltage for storage purpose in the battery because
battery can store only DC voltages.

CHAPTER 8
CALCULATIONS
8.1 Newton second law of motion
Newton’s 2nd law is defined as
“The acceleration of an object produce by force is directly proportional to magnitude of the force, in the same direction as the net
force and inversely proportional to mass of the body.”
Mathematically
F = ma ————————- 8.1
Where
F = force exerted
m = weight of body
a = 9.8 m/
The unit of force is N which is equal to
N = kg
8.2 Einstein Mass-Energy equivalence
 If mass of any object is multiplied to the square of speed of light will give us energy of that object because the speed of light is
very large number and multiplied by itself, this equation point out how a small amount of matter can release a huge amount of
energy, as in a nuclear reaction.
Mathematically
E = m ————————— 8.2
The unit of energy is joule which is equal to
J = kg
J = kg
J = N-m
As
N = kg
8.3 Calculation
Power estimation is found by some calculation i.e. first we have to find the magnitude of force that is exerted by human foot on
the ground because without it we cannot find the power output. From a research there is a supposition that while walking human
exert force which is 1-1.5 times of his body weight. Now assuming that the average weight of a student is 80 KG (including men
and women with their books, laptops, bags etc), the force can be calculated as
F = 80 9.8
F = 784 N
So approximately we take it 800N. To convert it into work done or energy we will use
J = N-m
We will find the displacement and then the answer will be in J/step. So now need to convert it into KWh as we know
1 kWh = 3.6 J
Finally we can find the units produced from one person and we can easily find the total output of the day or semester.

Two companies already are working on this

1. Power leap
2. Sustainable dance club
3. Pavegen
Assume
 Force exerted is 1.3 times weight
 Acceleration of gravity value 9.8 m/sec^2
 Weight of one person is 80 KG (including everything)
 Tile’s displacement 0.01m
 Each tile has 50% efficiency
 Total distance in which tiles are installed is 250 ft
 1.5 ft stride between the steps

F = 1.3
F = 1019.2 N
Now find energy per step by multiplying this energy by the displacement of tile i.e.
Energy = 1019.2
Energy = 10.192
The efficiency of each tile is 50% so energy will be
Energy = 5.096
As we have approximated that the distance at which if we have installed our system is 250 ft and stride is 5 then
Total energy = 5.096
Total energy = 254.8 J
Now convert this energy to total units produced by a single person i.e.
Units produced = 254.8 J
Units produced = 0.0000707 KWh
This is the units produced by a single person i.e.
Units produced by a person = 0.0000707
Let the total numbers of people include students, faculty, lab staff and works are 2500 and they passes through that area 4 times
in a day so
Units produced in a day = 0.0000707 10,000
Units produced in a day = 0.707 kWh
So this is the calculation of our project per day. This states that if we install in a gallery of our campus which has 250ft length and
if total numbers of persons visit it more than one in a day then the numbers of units produced will be 0.707 kWh in a day.
We can increase it by increasing the number of tiles i.e. increasing area to 400 or 500 ft and at that spot at which maximum
number of people visits more than once in a day.

8.4 Results

Units produced in a day on the assumption we take 0.707 kWh

Units produced in a week on the assumption that working days are 53.535 kWh
Units produced in a semester on the assumption that there are 17
weeks in a semester 60.095 kWh
Table 8.1 Footstep power generation calculations
These are the calculation on the bases of 250ft length of area in which we install the system and 2500 people visits it
approximately 4 times in a day.

REFERENCES
1. Electronic devices and circuit theory by Robert L.Boylestad and Louis Nashlsky
2. Knight, Jones, & Field, “College Physics” (2007) p. 815
3. “Energy harvesting” http://www.scribd.com/footstep-power-generation-system.html 3/7/2013
4. How it works: Science and technology (third edition) volume 13 by Marshall Caven Dish
5. Nilsson J Thorstensson, a ground reaction forces at different speeds of human walking and running. Act Physiologica
Scandinavica. Vol 136
3. Bedford, B. D.; Haft, R. G. et al. (1963). Ideology of Inverter Circuits. City New York and John Wiley and Sons,
Inc. ISBN 0-471-96134-46.
4. Standard Reference Designations for Electrical and Electronics Parts and Equipment’s: IEEE 200-1975