CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Rising home energy demands amidst energy supply constraints have led to 
high energy costs. 
The link between home energy use and climate change means that the everrising re
sidential energy requirements contribute significantly to the greenhouse gas emissi
ons and therefore household demand has a negative impact on the environment. 
The term Smart Homes refers to homes enhanced with intelligent technolog
ies capable of interacting with each other to fulfil specific operations or tasks withi
n the home. One of the 
important tasks performed by these intelligent technologies is energy management 
.Smart  home  energy  management  enables  home  occupiers  to  plan  and 
distribute  their  energy  demands to reduce  peak demand and energy costs . 
Most economies in the world have risen to the responsibility and
acceptance of the great significance of energy management. Energy
management programs have the potential to lower the rate at which toxic gases are
released to the atmosphere and thereby lowering the effects of global warming.
well conducted energy management systems have the potential to lower
transmission line loading and thereby minimizing the chances of experiencing
blackouts. in general energy management is one of the tools to facilitate a
greener environment. Technological advancements over the years have led to the
possibility of remote household energy monitoring and control. this means that
home energy users have now been afforded the ability to monitor and control
their energy consumption in ways that reduces peak demand and energy
costs. to power utility companies the effectiveness of demand response depends
on its adoption on a large scale and, this calls for massive awareness campaigns to
educate home energy users on the benefits of smart home energy management
techniques. this project will investigate the consumption characteristics of

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some common household appliances and the feasibility of an energy neutral
home and present a typical market available smart energy monitoring and
Control measure to reduce peak demand and household energy bills.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 
Electrical energy management has gained significant attention over time.
Achieving efficient energy management and control measures is of importance to
both the power utilities and the electricity consumers. Effective energy
management and control measures have the ability to lower energy demand
and thus reduce the electrical industry’s contribution to greenhouse gas
emissions. Power utility companies need the consumption levels to be
lowered as this would improve system efficiencies without the need to
undertake costly network upgrades in order meet peak demand and thus
avoid system blackouts due to overloading. Energy consumers also need to
reduce their consumption levels to reduce household energy related
expenses. The adoption of local electricity generation by integrating
renewable energy sources to lower household demand has great benefits,
however there still exists a potential to reduce household demand by managing
household appliance usage. In order to manage and control household
appliance usage it becomes necessary to investigate the power demand and
real‐time energy consumption as well as investigate the operating
characteristics of common household appliances. In most research work an
appliance’s power consumption has often been calculated or assumed by
reference to information provided by the manufacture through the appliance’s
nameplate. This approach assumes the appliance’s power consumption to be
always constant at the appliance’s nameplate rated power. However realistically
power consumption for most household appliances often varies during operation.
The investigation of energy consuming appliances is a key step towards
cultivating energy awareness and hence improving energy usage in the household.
Therefore, in order to make accurate conclusions on the research on the

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consumption characteristics of household appliances it becomes necessary to use
more realistic appliance energy consumption data. This project includes real time
electrical energy measurements for households in Perth, Australia. Measurements
are carried out for appliances from one of the houses. This approach is
considered to produce more realistic conclusions on the research on the
consumption characteristics of household appliances.
1.3 PROJECT AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: 
  This project’s objectives are to 
 Measure the power demand and realtime energy consumption as well as in
vestigate the operating characteristics of common household appliances thr
ough smart devices. 
 Develop a control measure to reduce energy consumption of the household 
in order to reduce peak demand and energy costs. 
 The project will also investigate the effect of integrating roof top solar PVs 
to turn the house into an energy neutral house. 
1.4 PROJECT SIGNIFICANCE 
There  is  a  dire  need  to  reduce  global  energy  demand  in  order  to 
reduce  the  negative 
environmental impacts of electrical energy production. Amidst the everrising glob
al energy demand and costs, there is also a great need for the various energy consu
mers to reduce their energy consumption levels. The reduction in energy demand i
s beneficiary to at least two key  players  in  the  energy  industry  that  is  the 
power  utility  companies  and  the  electricity 
consumers. This thesis project endeavours to develop reasonable control measures 
to reduce  the  energy  consumption  of  a  household  to  reduce  peak  demand 
and  energy  costs. 
The analysis of real time energy consumption data for individual appliances will al
so influence load shifting procedures, determination of appliance running costs an
d the identification of faulty household appliances. 
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1.5 PROJECT OUTLINE 
The project begins by collecting energy profile data for selected house hold 
appliances in a house in Perth, Australia. The consumption data will be analyzed f
or the purposes of identifying consumptions  trends  that  can  be  utilized  in  the 
formulation  and  selection  of  the  most  suitable  home  energy  management 
system 
for households. A typical market availablesmart energy monitoring and Control sy
stem will be presented, and special focus will be paid on the basic components to b
e included for such a system to be effective. Current energy market retail tariffs wi
ll be analyzed in order to make a conclusion on the most cost reducing tariff
to be effected in conjunction with a remote 
smart home energy management system. The Homer Pro micro grid analysis tool 
will then be used to investigate the possibility of turning a Perth household into an 
energy neutral home by attempting to match its possible loading with the most via
ble renewable energy system configuration.
1.6 RELATED WORK
This section discusses the terminologies, methodologies and ideas that
the available literature considers to be largely involved in the development of
Smart Home Energy Management Systems (SHEMS). It discusses the idea of
SHEMS as part of demand response (DR) while the global energy crisis and the
need to progress to a greener future are presented as factors that form the
backbone of the research on energy neutral homes also known as the net zero
energy homes. The section goes on to discuss the literature on the integration
of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic (PVs) systems with the
goal of achieving energy neutral homes. The smart home concept will be defined
and the functions of its major components described. Finally, energy measurement
techniques are presented and discussed.
The aim of the project is to measure the power demand and real-time
energy consumption as well as investigate the operating characteristics of common

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household appliances through smart devices and develop a control measure to
reduce energy consumption of the household in order to reduce peak demand and
energy costs. The project will also investigate the effect of integrating roof top
solar PVs to turn the house into an energy neutral house. The concept of smart
home energy management Systems (SHEMS)
The Current Smart Home Energy Management Systems (SHEMSs) most
researchers define the Smart Home Energy Management System as the optimum
system that provides energy management amenities for the efficient monitoring
and management of electricity consumption in smart homes. The SHEMS are
made up of coordinated communication, measuring and censoring networks within
the developed smart home. The signals and energy consumption data obtained
from the domestic smart appliances is analyzed and used for energy
consumption monitoring and remote control of the smart home’s appliances.
The associated load control and consumption monitoring may also be carried out
from an electronic gadget such as a smart phone or a personal computer. Recent
literature acknowledges that the current improved SHEMS have become less
bulky as a result of technological advancements, and are now capable of carrying
out more complex and intelligent functions thus earning themselves the name
Smart Home Energy Management Systems (SHEMS).The SHEMS now employ
the use of modern day cutting edge technology which includes the Advanced
Metering Infrastructure (AMI) which now utilizes electro digital components
andintelligentsoftware. Although various sources agree that the current SHEMS
have a wide range of functions, they still share common goals with other types of
energy management systems. In general most literature identifies the three main
common goals of energy management systems as energy conservation, energy cost
reduction and improving the quality of life.
1.7 DEMAND RESPONSE (DR)

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 From the analyses of various available literature on the concept of smart
home energy management systems it can be noticed that the SHEMS form part of
DR and as a result these two terms maybe used interchangeably.
In an electrical network DR is a strategy designed to prompt end
users to change their usual consumption tendencies in response to variations in
the electricity unit price on a Time of Use (TOU) tariff. Also some literature
define DR as the incentives designed to encourage low energy consumption at
high market price periods or during grid instability and peak periods. Most of the
available literature acknowledges that the main aim of the TOU tariff is to
lower the differences between the highs (peak shaving) and lows in the grid
demand pattern and facilitate valley filling (Load Shifting) at night times.
These responses are preferred by network operators as they reduce the
chances of generator cycling and also create opportunities for the research
and development of even more intelligent SHEMS .
1.7.1 CHALLENGES OF SHEMS 
Achieving positive end goals after the implementation of the SHEMS
concept also faces some constraints along the way. Some Research literature
state that human nature presents real challenges that are usually not anticipated in
the design for SHEMS as a way of domestic energy consumption management.
They argue that residential consumers appear to be irrational in their energy
use decisions. Home occupants have a number of priorities, unfortunately
reducing electricity bills may not always be at the top of their priority list. As a
result, researchers have faced challenges in determining a typical demand behavior
curve basing on home occupants’ energy data. This has been attributed to the fact
that residential energy usage patterns are dependent on various external factors
that may include weather changes and the type of appliance used. This becomes an
issue when trying to predict appliance usage patterns. Some literature mentioned
an example that we may predict that home occupants will prepare dinner with
an electric cooker for most of the year yet some home occupants may

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considerably be using gas cooking appliances depending on the home
occupier’s preference at a particular time . Some sources have proved that
providing energy consumption feedback to home occupiers has the effect of
reducing energy consumption. However other researchers are concerned that in
most instances consumption data does not give an insight into the level of energy
efficiency of domestic appliances. Therefore, in order to encourage home
occupiers to use energy efficient appliances, it then becomes necessary to
compare appliances it terms of their energy usage. This means the
comparison of energy consumption characteristics of the same type of
domestic appliances or a comparison with reference appliances listed in highly
recommended online energy efficiency related websites . The SHEMS concept is
one of the concepts adopted for achieving this project’s objectives due to its
energy efficiency attributes and the fact that the concept endeavors to fulfil
the utility Network Operator’s need for efficient and reliable DR programmers.
1.7.2 CHALLENGES OF DEMAND RESPONSE  
Contrary to the conventional demand economic model. Studies performed
in 400 houses on a time of use tariff (TOU) in Auckland New Zealand found
that there were some instances when residential demand curves exhibited
insignificant demand reduction during peak periods. A similar study was
carried out in Chicago where residential customers were put on hourly variable
rates. The results of this study highlighted that there was no demand increase
during cheap rate periods
The unpredictable nature of demand response curves presents scheduling
and planning problems to the Network operator. The complexity of the
residential side energy usage characteristics also presents challenges to the
implementation of renewable energy systems and energy efficient programs.
1.8 ENERGY NEUTRAL HOMES 
Net Zero Energy Homes Various sources define the term “Energy Neutral 
Home”/Net Zero Home as referring to a home whose net annual energy consumpt

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 ion is almost zero. This means that for a typical energy neutral home the
heating and electrical power demand is reduced and renewable energy sources are 
then matched to meet this reduced demand annually. 
The renewable energy generator may sometimes be added on to an existing 
home or come as part of the initial building design. For grid connected homes, the 
Utilitynetwork can supply energy in times when the renewable energy reso
urce is low. This arrangement makes it possible for the energy neutral home to exp
ort its locally produced excess energy into the utility grid. The design of energy ne
utral homes makes it possible to use active energy management techniques and ren
ewable energy technologies e.g. solar PVs to fulfill the home’s energy requirement
s 

Figure 1 Schematic of energy flows in an electrical Energy Neutral Home 
Some of the work that has been carried out on energy neutral homes includes
theEco Terra house built in Quebec, Canada. The house was built in 2007 with
the aim of demonstrating how energy efficient technologies, building
techniques and renewable energy systems could be applied and marketed.
The house is considered to be Canada’s first Energy neutral home and it
contributed to the development of the Energy Efficient guide of Canada also
known as the “EnerGuide”

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 In a Smart Grid setup, smart home energy management systems (SHEMS)
play a very critical role in achieving effective DR programmers in the residential
side of the network. Through the SHEMS a home occupier has the ability to
automatically control their Smart loads in response to smart grid/network signals,
load importance and personal preferences The smart grid’s ability to manage
bidirectional energy flow supports the incorporation of locally generated
residential electricity. It is therefore part of this project’s objectives to also
investigate the effect of integrating roof top solar PVs to turn the house into an
energy neutral home.
1.8.1 INCORPORATING SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC IN A SMART
HOME
This project will also investigate the effect of incorporating solar PVs with
the aim of turning a home into an energy neutral home. The results of this
investigation will influence the extent and depth of the investigations related to
the development of control measures to reduce energy consumption of the
household in order to reduce peak demand and energy costs. Various sources
agree that the need for energy efficient homes has gained significant attention
over the years. They argue that energy efficiency is now crucial for the
environment as well as for energy conservation and economic reasons. The
development of smart grids capable of demand response makes it possible to
integrate renewable energy generation sources and also facilitates efficient load
distribution and management schemes with variable energy pricing.
In most urban smart homes, roof top solar modules are mounted on
the roofs depending on the amount of available roof space. Most available
literature concludes that the amount of available roof space that can be utilized
for the installation of solar panels determines the maximum number of solar
modules that can be installed. The number of solar modules installed also
determines the maximum electrical power that can be generated locally within the
smart home environment. The electricity that is generated from the solar PVs in a

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smart home is then used to meet the electrical energy demand of the particular
smart home. In grid connected solar systems, excess electrical power that would
have been generated is fed into the main grid via the smart meter. The
exportation of excess solar generated power from the smart home into the
utility grid contributes to the total portion of renewable energy in the
electrical network and thus reduces fossil fuel demand and carbon gas
emissions . Sources have identified that integrating solar PVs into a smart home
is a step towards achieving an Energy Neutral Home/Net Zero Energy home. The
interaction between the home and the grid is said to imply that after computing
the difference between the imported and exported energy over a period e.g. one
year yields a net balance that is close to zero. The near zero balance is the value
that is used to describe the smart home as an Energy neutral/net zero energy
home.
In this project, smart meter energy consumption data which will be the sum
of the energy consumed by the various domestic appliances within the installation
will be analyzed. The meter data will consist of load profiles from homes with
solar PVs and those without solar PVs. Part of the analysis of the energy data will
involve a comparison between the home’s annual net energy import
(consumption) and the net energy export. Figure 2 below shows a typical load
profile curve for net import and export electricity in an installation equipped with
renewable energy sources such as the PVs sources.
Figure 1 Schematic of energy flows in an electrical Energy Neutral Home 

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 Figure1. 2 Typical Annual net import and net export curve 
For an installation incorporating Renewable Energy Sources
Also shown in the graph is the peak load, peak Generation and duration of time w
hen the installation’s net import and export were nearly the same for some time. T
he flat section of the graph shows how long the installation lasted performing nea
r to, or as an energy neutral home/Net zero building. 
The difference between the annual imported and exported energy will reflect on t
he extent of the effort needed to turn the home into an energy neutral home. 
1.8.2 CHALLENGES OF INTEGRATING PVS INTO ELECTRICITY GRI
DS 
Large scale integration of Renewable energy sources into electricity grids
comes with some challenges to the network operators who have to maintain a
reliable electricity supply. In Canada since 2004, the approach to the evaluation
of integrating renewable energy sources to their power systems has been
changing. The Ontario Power Authority of Canada expressed concerns that
excess renewableenergysourceswouldaffecttheirtransmission network. As a result
the power authority identified network areas where it would no longer approve
the integration of renewable energy generators.
Facts to be considered are that, the supply of electricity is expected to
match the demand, electricity cannot be stored economically at a larger scale
and there are fluctuations in residential power consumption patterns .
Renewable energy sources are intermittent energy resources and the large scale
integration of these sources into grids comes with a number of uncertainties.
These challenges mean thatin order for network operators to maintain a reliable
electricity supply, major technological upgrades are required to be effected into
the existing electrical infrastructure. This simply means network operators would
need to invest into the inclusion of more auxiliary services in order to counter the
effects of these uncertainties.

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 In Germany from the year 2009 to 2012 there was an incentive for
generated electricity self‐ consumption. This scenario presents challenges in
designing and managing energy neutral homes with solar PVs due to the fact that
there could be huge differences between market retail and wholesale prices of
electricity. This may end up promoting self‐consumption and discouraging
exportation to the grid and this condition contradicts the definition
ofenergyneutral home.
1.8.3 SMART METERS
Current SHEMS work alongside with Smart energy meters. Smart meters
are electrical digital energy meters that have the ability to measure and record
energy consumption at pre‐set time intervals. A two way communication channel
between the smart meter and the utility server enables the smart meters to
transmit data, receive and execute programmed commands from an operator .
Basically the smart meter is that piece of equipment which collects demand data
from the domestic appliances. The smart meters in SHEMS are part of the
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI).
Most sources acknowledge that in the early days Home Energy
Management Systems (HEMS) employed the us e of analogue instruments such
as analogue meters which provided basic information and were simple to
comprehend. These type of analogue meters are now considered to be bulky in
size and yet still narrow in use.

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 Figure 1.3 below older version of the electromechanical
meter and the electronic meter.

The AMI facilitates the exchange of information between the network

operator and the domestic consumer. The information enables the consumer to
make decisions related to load shifting during peak periods as response to
variations in electricity costs Recent research suggests that in the near future the
interaction of Smart meters and intelligent smart grid equipment will make it
possible for smart homes to respond to price warnings from the smart grid and to
initiate demand response schedules. Load management is valuable to network
operators and can help in promoting energy neutral home designs .Most sources
agree that the roll out of smart meters for smart homes was largely motivated by
the need to move from flat rate tariffs and to adopt policies associated with tariffs
such as the time of use tariffs (TOU) and the critical peak pricing (CCP). These
tariffs have the advantage of having varying prices for a unit of energy i.e. KWh.
The price variation is introduced to promote energy efficient household
consumption behavior and domestic load control. The tariff prices are dependent
on the energy market price and time of day. Smart meter data gives an insight
of the trends of energy consumption in a smart home, as a total of energy
consumed by domestic appliances . In this project energy meter data will be
analyzed for the purposes of fulfilling the project objectives.
1.8.4 CHALLENGES OF SMART METERS
According to research work conducted by Elias Leake Quinn in Colorado,
Smart meters capture time real time consumption data of a household. The
distribution of smart meters comes with privacy breach consequences. The smart
meters become a source of comprehensive information regarding he occupants’
activities. The downside of this is the availability of off the shelf software and
statistical methods capable of extracting and analyzing complex house hold
consumption patterns.

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 Apart from the intended use of smart meter data, hackers or malicious third
parties are capable of accessing real time fine detailed usage data. Through data
analysis it is possible to predict the number of occupants in a house hold at a
particular time, and entities capable of gathering large data would be able to even
predicting information regarding the occupants’ ages and genders . The
difference between import and export energy may be effectively reduced by
turning the home into a complete smart home. This project will then investigate
the design and components of a smart 16 home in order investigate the
operating characteristics of common household appliances through smart
devices with the intention to develop control measures to reduce energy
consumption of the household in order to reduce peak demand and energy costs.
1.8.5 THE SMART HOME
Most researchers seem to agree that definition of the term “Smart Home”
evolves with time and the current smart home is considered to be a
residential place fitted with an intelligent network connecting sensing,
monitoring and control devices to domestic energy consuming appliances. The
intelligent network makes it possible to facilitate remote control and monitoring
there by fulfilling the home occupier’s needs. Today the customary home has
gadgets that are manually operated and controlled locally by means of switches
and push buttons. Sources point out the manual control method is limited and
makes home energy management difficult. This current condition has
necessitated the development of smart homes. Smart Home Energy Management
Systems are usually comprised of five main components namely, smart sensors,
Smart meters, smart household appliances, Information and Communication
Technologies (ICT), associated software and the User Interface forming Energy
Management Systems (EMSs). As depicted in Figure 4 below.

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 Figure 1.4 Components of a Smart Home Energy Management system
 (SHEMS) Source 
Smart sensors are one of the fundamental components of the SHEMS. The f
unction of the sensors is  to detect  those parameters and conditions  that are 
particularly  desired  to  trigger energy usage or 
reflect on the energy consumption status of various appliances within the smart h
ome. Some of the  parameters  that  may  be  dictated  by  a  typical  smart 
sensor  are,  motion  for  occupancy,  light, 
temperature, current and voltage. Apart for the purpose of energy management, s
ome special types of smart sensors can be incorporated into the SHEMS program
s. These type of sensors such as the smoke and life support sensors maybe used fo
r security, health and safety reasons. 
These smart sensors have the capability to dictate system and status conditions an
d send feedback  signals  to  Information  and  Communication  Technologies 

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(ICT)  and  Energy  Management  Systems 
(EMSs). Using the information received by the ICT and EMS systems, smart appl
iance energy usage 
can then be controlled, monitored or even rescheduled to preferred times. Researc
h has shown that 
in North America an average home may require up to about 30 sensing devices fo
r an effective SHEMS . 
1.8.6 SMART APPLIANCES
Smart appliances that most researchers consider to be compatible with
SHEMS are those intelligent household appliances equipped with
communication features that allow them to be remotely controlled and
monitored as part of home energy management systems. Some of the
household appliances that have been made smart over the years include washing
machines, dishwashers and air conditioning units. Information that is obtained
from the smart appliances is conveyed via the Information Communication
Technologies (ICT) of the Energy Management Systems (EMSs) and is
made available to the home occupier. This enables the occupier to analyze and
manage household energy consumption. If more household appliances are
developed to smart appliances, overall residential demand may be efficiently
reduced at a home occupier’s convenience. This will have a positive impact on
the global energy crisis.
In this project smart appliances will be modelled by plug‐in timer
controlled socket outlets. These socket outlets will be used as the
monitored and remotely controlled outlets controlling fixed appliances. The
intelligent socket outlets available in markets may be equipped with power
measurement, control and communication devices.
1.8.7 POWER AND ENERGY MEASUREMENT 
Power and energy measurements are particularly important aspects of SHE
MS as they provide home occupants the necessary data needed to determine the d

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omestic appliance’s power demand, real time energy consumption and to analyze 
the domestic appliance’s operating characteristics through the 
use of the smart devices. 

Figure 1.5 Smart home electrical socket outlet 
Measurement circuit layout
The energy accumulated over time and the instantaneous power can be
measured by a microcontroller. A voltage divider in the circuit is used to
provide low AC voltage to a measurement low voltage chip. Once the current and
voltage measurements are obtained, the energy and power values are then sent to
the communication unit. The smart socket outlet is also equipped with a relay
which gets commands from the home area network.
1.8.8 ICT (INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY)
smart homes Sources point out that the incorporation of ICTs in the
SHEMS enhances the automation, demand forecasting and safer control of the
home appliances. They argue that ICTs improves the quality and energy
efficiency of the SHEMS while maintaining user comfort. In a smart home the
ICTs connect the appliances, sensing devices and energy meters to the central
control monitoring equipment. Currently both wired and wireless ICT
technologies are available to be used in SHEMS. The domestic appliances are
linked by a common home area network (HAN).The HAN is then linked to a
concentrator which is part of the neighborhood area network (NAN).The NAN is
linked to wide area networks (WAN).The data from the NAN concentrator is
received by the WAN base station which is responsible for transmitting the data

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to the network operator’s or control center over the wired network or internet.
The control center processes and stores the SHEMS data and make it available
for the optimization of power generation and distribution .The Wi‐Fi and
ZigBee are among the common technologies available to facilitate these home
area networks .Through the use of the Wireless personal network (WPAN), the
ICT for smart homes transmits and receives power and energy data from the
Electrical socket outlet. The associated data is eventually displayed on the user
interface (UI).From the UI the information can be used for the investigation of
the energy characteristics of domestic appliances since the information
contains real time energy consumption and instantaneous power values
1.8.9 USER INTERFACE (UI)
The User Interface designed for SHEMS provides the home occupier with a
platform from which to monitor and initiate commands as part of energy
management. The features of the UI include a display of energy usage data in
user friendly graphical forms and control features that allow for the control and
operation of smart home appliances including local generation from renewable
generators e.g. solarPVs. Advanced UIs may be enhanced with load scheduling
and demand forecasting tools with extra options for third party control

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 Figure 1.6 Daily Load Profile data 
From the display at the top section of the figure is a display of energy
consumption, cost and  the quantity of CO2 emmitted.
The graph on  the hand  is a 
display of the usage pattern at specific time intervals above give valuable energy 
usage data that can help users to 
making decisions regarding the addition and redistribution of domestic loads as p
art of SHEMS. The information provided cao influence the user to replace ineffici
ent appliances .  
1.8.9 STANDARDS ASSOCIATED WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION 
OF SHEMS 
The SHEMS concept is dynamic and may continue to attract and
involve more standards in its implementation process. However, some of
the standards that may be referred to for safety and guidance in the design
and implementation SHEMS include;
• AS/NZS 5033:2014: Installation and safety requirements for photovoltaic
(PV) arrays. This is an Australian and New Zealand standard that addresses the
safety, maintenance and improvements of PV systems.

19
 • Clean Energy Council (CEC) Grid‐Connected Solar PV Systems Design
Guidelines for Accredited Installers. This is an Australian standard that details
the latest best practice concerning the design and installation of grid‐connected
PV systems.
• AS/NZS 4777.1:2016 Grid connection of energy systems via inverters
This is an Australian and New Zealand standard that also specifies safety
and installation requirements for inverter energy systems designed for grid
connection.
• Building Code of Australia (BCA) In Australia all building work must
comply with the building code of Australia.
• IEEE 1459 This is a standard prepared by the IEEE‐Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers to provide definitions associated with the
measurement of power quantities.
• AS/NZS 4417.2‐2012 Regulatory compliance mark for electrical and
electronic equipment. This is an Australian and New Zealand standard that also
indicates particular regulations and compliance conditions associated with
electronic and electrical goods.
• The Electricity Industry Metering Code 2012 In Western Australia
(WA), The Electricity Industry Metering Code 2012 lays out the rules
associated with the provision of metering installations at all supply points,
standing and energy data .
Project Approach In most cases electrical power and energy components
that can be measured also present an opportunity to be manipulated for control
purposes. Electricity meters, Voltmeters and ammeters are often used for
electrical power and energy measurement .The investigation and design of
effective Smart Home Energy Management systems involves the use of
formulated algorithms for the measurement of power demand and real time
energy consumption of domestic appliances. The proposed investigative
approach for this project includes the use of electricity meters to record power

20
 and energy measurements for households and some selected domestic
appliances. The energy consumption measurements will be carried out by use of
Landis and Gyr Model EM1000 Single Phase Electricity Interval Meters which
will be used to record load profiles for the selected common household
appliances. The electricity meters measure electricity according to
Australian standards AS 62052.11‐2005, AS 62053.21‐2005 and ISO9001,
ISO17025.These meters have the capability to measure and record import and
export energy data at 30‐minute intervals for 282 days .
The data collected from the electricity meters will be analysed and used to
generate electricity bills using the retail tariffs. The information gathered will
be used to identify the most appropriate control measures to reduce the total
energy consumption of households in order to reduce peak demand and energy
costs. The approach will also include the use of the Homer software application
to investigate the technical and financial implications of integrating roof top solar
PVs to turn the house into an energy neutral house. This software was developed
by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in the US.

1.9 ADVANTAGES
 Improved Brand Image
 Better Productivity And Competitive Edge
 Cost Reduction

1.10 APPLICATIONS
 Improved home safety and security.
 Home air quality and water quality monitoring.
 Natural language-based voice assistants.
.

1.11 OBJECTIVE

 To achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement

21
  To minimize energy costs 
 To minimize environmental effects.
1.12 THESIS ORGANIZATION
 Chapter 2: Literature Review
 Chapter 3: Existing System
 Chapter 4: Proposed System
 Chapter 5: Result and discussion
 Chapter 6: Conclusion
 Chapter 7: Reference

CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Ragini Gupta et al [2020] the proposed work empowers home owners to
manage their home appliances energy consumption and allow them to compare
their consumption with respect to their local community total consumption. This
serves as a nudge in consumer's behavior to schedule their home appliances
operation according to their local community consumption profile and trend.
Utilizing the same common communication infrastructure, it also allows the
utilities on different consumption levels (community, state, country) to monitor
and visualize the energy consumption in their respective grid segments on daily,
monthly, and yearly basis. A high-speed distributed computing cluster based on
commodity hardware with efficient big data mathematical algorithm is employed
in this work. To achieve this, two big data processing paradigms are evaluated
with a set of qualitative and quantitative metrics with subsequent
recommendations.

22
 Liang Zhao et al [2020] proposes an IoT-based energy-saving and
management system for Telecom operators' remote computer rooms (RCRs).
Firstly, a management system based on IoT technology for RCRs is designed. By
using technologies such as embedded systems, sensor technology and Java Web,
this system realizes equipment management and real-time data visualization of
RCRs. Then, a simple but effective air conditioner energy-saving algorithm, called
ET algorithm, is developed. Without causing high investment cost, ET algorithm
minimizes the energy consumption of air conditioners which accounts for nearly
40% of total consumption, and thus improves the overall energy efficiency of
RCRs. Moreover, the proposed system has been implemented at many Telecom
operators' RCRs distributed at different regions in Guangdong Province of China,
and stably operating for more than two years.
Zhuzhu Wang et al [2020] the electricity data produced by the smart grid
contain massive sensitive information, such as dispatching instructions and bills.
The data are always revealed to cloud servers in the plaintext format for the Q
-learning-based energy strategy making, which gives the chance for the adversary
to abuse the user data. Therefore, in this article, we propose a lightweight privacy-
preserving Q -learning framework (LiPSG) for the energy management strategy
making of the smart grid. Before being sent to the control center, the electricity
data of each power supply region in LiPSG are first split into uniformly random
secret shares. During completion of the computation task of Q -learning, the data
are kept in the random share format all the time to avoid the data privacy
disclosure. The computation feature is implemented by the newly proposed
additive secret-sharing protocols. The edge computing technology is also deployed
to further improve efficiency.
Lining Xing et al [2020] proposes an intelligent energy-saving supervision
system of the urban buildings based on the Internet of Things (IoT). Regarding the
advantages and applications of the IoT, a layered framework of the intelligent
energy-saving supervision system that integrates the IoT is constructed. In this

23
framework, three key system layers, including the data acquisition based on the
IoT, the data integration based on cloud computing, and the intelligent service
based on data prediction, defect management and differential management, are
separately implemented. On that basis, a case study is performed on a large public
building named Campus Library of the South China University of Technology.
Amin Azari et al[2020] the legacy networks by introducing different
coverage classes, allowing repeated transmissions, and tuning the repetition order
based on the path-loss in communications. However, those repetitions necessarily
increase energy consumption and latency in the whole NB-IoT system. The extent
to which the whole system is affected depends on the scheduling of the uplink and
downlink channels. We address this question, not treated previously, by
developing a tractable model of NB-IoT connectivity, comprising message
exchanges in random-access, control, and data channels. The model is then used to
analyze the impact of channel scheduling and interaction of coverage classes on
the performance of IoT devices through the derivation of the expected latency and
battery lifetime.
Ashish Rauniyar et al [2019] different from generic RF EH system, where
only a source node data is relayed through intermediate EH relaying node, we
have considered to transmit the data of IoT relay node along with source node data
using non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) protocol in the presence of an
interfering signal to their respective destinations. Specifically, in the presence on
interfering signal, we study the combination of two popular energy harvesting
relaying architectures-time switching (TS) relaying and power splitting (PS)
relaying with NOMA protocol for IoT relay systems. Considering the interference
from the external entity, we have mathematically derived the outage probability,
throughput, and sum-throughput for our proposed system. The extensive
simulations are carried out to find out the optimal TS and PS factor that maximizes
the sum-throughput of the considered system in the presence of an interfering
signal.

24
 Hu Yao et al [2020] we investigate an energy prediction algorithm based on
Kalman filtering in energy harvesting IoT networks. The IoT nodes harvest
renewable energy from nature and powered by green energy only. Owing to the
space-time instability and non-uniformity of renewable energy, the IoT nodes may
have insufficient energy supply. An unresolved challenge is accurately predicting
the available renewable energy, and developing low complexity solutions that
incorporate a lossless transfer guarantee. With this in mind, we propose the energy
prediction algorithm based on Kalman filtering to bridge the gap between lossless
transfer and unstable renewable energy. The energy prediction is performed at the
access point in order to dynamically adjust the number of bits to be sent, and the
data loss due to receiver energy depletion will be improved. In addition, real solar
and wind energy profiles are exploited by simulations.
Zheng Jun Chew et al [2019] presents an adaptive power management
circuit, which maximizes the energy transfer from the energy harvester to wireless
sensor nodes in real-world applications. Low power consumption techniques were
adopted in the power management circuit to maximize the delivery of the
harvested energy to the load instead of being consumed by the circuit. The
presented circuit incorporates an analogue control circuit (ACC) for maximum
power transfer from the energy harvester to the storage capacitor and an energy-
aware interface (EAI) for controlling the energy flow from the storage capacitor to
the load. To evaluate the performance of the presented circuit, piezoelectric energy
harvesting was used as a studied case. The piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH)
was mechanically excited at different strain loadings and frequencies.
Haneul Ko et al [2019] we propose a phase-aware directional energy
transmission algorithm (PA-DETA) where directional RF energy sources (e.g.,
IoT gateways) are connected to a controller and their operation parameters (i.e.,
RF energy transmission direction and initial phase) are decided by the controller to
maximize the total harvested energy while maintaining the energy consumption in
RF energy sources and the number of discarded packets due to energy depletion of

25
harvesting nodes below certain levels. To optimize the performance of PA-DETA,
we formulate a constraint Markov decision process and the optimal policy on the
direction and initial phase of RF energy transmissions is obtained by a linear
programming.
Musa Ndiaye et al [2020] proposes a generic and modular WSN
management system based on SDN (SDNMM). SDNMM introduces the concept
of management modularity using a management service interface (MSI) that
enables management entities to be added as modules. The system leverages the use
of SDN in WSNs and by being modular it also allows for rapid development and
implementation of IoT applications. The system has been built on an open source
platform to support its generic aspect and a sample resource management module
implemented and evaluated to support the proposed modular management
approach.
Zhishu Shen et al [2019] the majority of prior studies have focused on the
data connection to realize a vertical Cloud-Fog-devices' continuum. In this paper,
we propose an information-centric collaborative Fog (ICCF) platform, empowered
by a novel horizontal Fog-to-Fog layer. Specifically, the ICCF enhances sensor
data processing performance by enabling horizontal data transfer in the Fog layer
through connectionless name-based Fog-to-Fog data transmission. It utilizes the
Fog node's distributed data processing power to achieve a satisfactory data
processing performance, while communication with the Cloud is only required to
report detected anomalies. Moreover, because the connectionless name-based
scheme significantly reduces data connection overhead, this guarantees real-time
communication and the ability of processing large-scale IoT data.
Kun Cao et al [2019] we explore mobility-aware network lifetime
maximization for battery-powered IoT applications that perform approximate real-
time computation under the quality-of-service (QoS) constraint. The proposed
scheme is composed of offline and online stages. At offline stage, an optimal
mobility-aware task schedule that maximizes network lifetime is derived by using

26
mixed-integer linear programming technique. Redundant executions due to
mobility-incurred overlapping of a single task on different IoT devices are avoided
for energy savings. At online stage, a performance-guaranteed and time-efficient
QoS-adaptive heuristic based on cross-entropy method is developed to adapt task
execution to the fluctuating QoS requirements. Extensive simulations based on
synthetic applications and real-life benchmarks have been implemented to validate
the effectiveness of our proposed scheme.
Mohsen Radfar et al [2020] we present a battery management technique
that significantly increases the battery lifetime of event-based devices that are
predominantly in standby mode without requiring off or on chip large power
switches. The proposed technique uses a novel battery management technique to
remove Wake-Up Receiver (WUR) Low Drop-Out (LDO) unit, while causing
minimal change to the system's power supply configuration. This technique
manages the system so that it can wake up to a normal battery configuration while
sleeping in a different battery set-up.
Yuchen Zhou et al [2019] the presented system, a robust energy-efficient
resource allocation scheme is proposed to guarantee the outage probability
requirements of controllers and actuators while realizing the maximization of the
system energy efficiency. Different from the existing works, imperfect channel
state information is studied for energy-efficient resource allocation in CPS3. To
effectively handle the formulated optimization problem, the concept of virtual
devices is introduced to equivalently reformulate the original problem. Afterward,
the probabilistic mixed problem is approximately transformed into a
nonprobabilistic problem though outage probability analyses. After the
transformation, the optimization problem can be decomposed into power
allocation and channel allocation, where an iterative algorithm for power
allocation is adopted to maximize the system energy, and a heuristic greedy
algorithm is presented to schedule sensors and actuators on different subchannels
based on the obtained power allocation results.

27
 Rijo Jackson Tom et al [2019] the growing demand for energy and the
increasing carbon footprint in the globe has made electricity utilities to move from
nonrenewable energy to renewable energy. The integration of renewables into the
electric grid is increasing day-by-day. The consumers' energy consumption needs
to be managed wisely and effectively. The Internet of Things has helped in
connecting all homes and appliances to the Internet. With smart homes, it is
possible to study consumer's usage patterns and their demand for energy. During
peak hours of the day, the demand for energy increases and have to be met by the
utilities by starting up additional coal-fired generation. This makes peak hour
usage of electricity costly.

28
 CHAPTER-3
EXISTING SYSTEM
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Increasing economic growth and consumption patterns are leading to ever
growing demand for energy. Since most of the energy supply is from fossil fuels,
the resource is depletingthus increasing cost of energy. Burning fossil fuels has
also increased concentration of carbon-di-oxide in the environment leading to
extreme weather patterns. Hence it is imperative that Industries and commercial
enterprises take steps to reduce energy wastage, become energy efficient and
reduce costs. Industry in India consumes 45% of the 900 billion Units of power
produced. 35% of electric power produced is lost, and the losses are due to
Transmission & Distribution (16%), theft (10%), Inefficiencies among users
(10%). The 10% inefficiencies are largely among the industrial and commercial
users who have high KVA HT connections. Inefficiency can also arise due to
harmonic problems, faulty wiring, feedback from sub systems, and neighboring
electrical systems. This leads to a drop in power factor and higher utilization of
energy leading to higher rate slabs and penalties. Some organizations like Data
centres measure Power Usage effectiveness where units consumed per annum is
much higher than that required to power their total equipment. All these are
applicable to industries like SMEs, cement, steel, auto, heat treatment/cooling,
food processing, chemicals, plastics, textiles, commercial spaces using HVAC
equipment, hospitals, hotels etc. Research has been carried out employing
Raspberry Pi3 for monitoring the Temperature and humidity data and controlling
the same resulting in an Automated temperature and humidity control using IoT
Research also been carried out in developing smart home monitor and control
system using Zigbee, Bluetooth etc. Also research been done on Smart Home
monitoring using Android and wireless sensor where usage characteristics of
electrical power from each socket outlet is monitored in real time towards

29
minimizing the hazards by electrical faults In addition to the above, research
carried out employing IoT Technology for automatic lighting and control in
Classroom using Arduino. The system can also be controlled using mobile app via
Bluetooth too. Also research been carried out towards developing an Energy
Management system for smart Home towards managing energy consumption and
generation simultaneously. In none of the research, system been developed
towards controlling the electrical appliance usage based on environmental
condition which could ultimately reduce the energy consumption of home. So with
the upcoming of Machine to Machine communication where all appliances can be
wirelessly enabled using Zigbee or Bluetooth, we here have developed a small IoT
Prototype system employing Hall and Light intensity sensor to give the
Temperature, humidity and light intensity of the environment. The readings are fed
to Arduino microcontroller which in turn is communicated to Edge level
processors called Raspberry Pi3 wirelessly. The proposed system is a smart
Energy Management system consisting of a raspberry pi3, Arduino
microcontroller, Wi-Fi shield and modules like Hall sensor, light intensity Sensor
and ambient temperature sensor. The Arduino microcontroller will vary the
appliance usage i.e. fan speed and light intensity based on humidity, temperature
and lighting condition of the environment resulting in energy usage reduction.
These amounts of current consumed by the appliances are captured and same sent
to Raspberry Pi3 using Wi-Fi which ultimately calculate perdiocially the power
and plots a graph on the power consumption and same uploaded in cloud server.
This way the system have achieved consumption in energy usage of appliances i.e.
fan and bulb based on environmental conditions. This gives the user’s knowledge
on power consumption of the appliances in real time.
3.2 RELATED WORK
In this section, we would be discussing briefly on various literatures
available pertaining to Energy Management and Smart Home System In one of the
research reported, IoT Based Automated Temperature and Humidity Monitoring

30
and Control system developed using raspberry pi. Pi receives the temperature as
well as humidity values sensed and the same sent to the internet. This project
however has resulted in prototype development of automated temperature and
humidity control with good feasibility. Research also been carried out towards
Smart Home Control and Monitor System using IoT where an User Friendly GUI
been developed which can be accessed globally from any device that has internet
connectivity. In addition to the above mentioned research, Smart Home
Monitoring prototype developed by employing Android mobile handset and
Wireless Sensor systems. This system monitors the usage characteristics of
electrical power at the socket outlet in real time. This system measures the Voltage
Current and temperature of socket outlet periodically from each room and
monitored data sent to the system towards computing the threshold violation for
action by the user before circuit breaker gets tripped or fire breakout happens.
Also research work carried out in developing an Automatic Lighting and Control
System for Classroom for the efficient use of energy. They have also provided
mobility and remote command execution to system using Android mobile App via
Bluetooth to control lighting based on voice command Energy Management
System for Smart Home has been developed to manage energy at the level of
appliances. So towards this a Smart Home Energy Management System
Architecture been developed. In this system, Sensors control the energy
consumption of home appliances. In addition Solar Energy is used as an alternate
source where according to change in the weather conditions, resources can be
switched. Energy data from numerous home servers are aggregated by the PC
server and accordingly compare them for producing statistical analysis
information. IoT based Home Energy Management system for Rural Area in
Myanmar has also been developed. In this research, demand of electricity been
forecasted and accordingly mechanisms been implemented towards meeting the
energy demand. Energy demand could be met using non-conventional energy
sources like solar, thermal etc.

31
3.3 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The existing Smart Home and Energy Management system have looked
more into controlling the appliances and also managing the hazards for electrical
faults. In none of the research, system has been developed towards energy
conservation by monitoring the environmental conditions and accordingly
controlling the appliance usage accordingly. So with the upcoming of Machine to
Machine communication called IoT, we here have developed an IoT Based Energy
Management System where environmental sensors like Temperature and light
intensity sensor employed and reading sensed are sent to Arduino Microcontroller.
Based on sensed reading, the Arduino microcontroller is programmed to control
the appliance usage accordingly. In addition to controlling the appliance usage, the
amount of current drawn by each appliance is computed using Hall Sensor which
are sent wirelessly using Wi-Fi module to Raspberry Pi3 where total power
consumption of each appliance is computer periodically and same plotted as
graph. The graphical information on power consumption versus time for all
appliances with varying environmental conditions is uploaded in cloud server. The
system design of IoT based Energy Management system is shown in Figure3.1.
Figure 3.2 and 3.3 shows the Data Flow Diagram and Use Case diagram of our
system
The BH1750- light intensity sensor will be used to measure the light
intensity in the form of lux and send it to the Arduino. The Arduino runs a code
that obtains the temperature and humidity from the DHT11 sensor. The Arduino
then controls fan and light based on the temperature, Humidity and light intensity.
Based on the data captured the

32
 Figure 3.1 IoT Based Smart Energy Management System

Figure 3.2 Data Flow Diagram

Arduino will also control the voltage required to be sent to the appliance with the
help of transistor. The Hall sensor will measure the amount of current sent to the
appliance and send it to the Arduino. The Arduino will then send the current
consumed to the raspberry pi. The pi will receive the current consumed and
calculate the power consumed and then upload it to a webpage and also will plot a
graph based on the amount of current consumed.

33
 Figure 3.3: Use Case Diagram

3.3.1 ALGORITHM
The power consumption of the appliances is measured every 30 seconds
and sent to the Raspberry pi. The Arduino calculates the current consumed in
amperes and sends it to the pi. The pi then calculates the power with the help of
voltage. The Maximum power consumed by the appliance at highest usage is
60 watts but with the help of this system the maximum goes only up to 45
watts. The power consumed is stored in a list and from the list we can calculate
the average total power consumed in the day.
 The temperature and brightness is obtained from the real time

environment
 The Arduino controls the transistor based on the value obtained from the

sensor

34
 .  The Current consumed by the appliance is obtained from the Hall sensor
 The Current value is sent to the Pi.

 The Pi calculates the power and uploads it to the HTML page and plots

the graph.
3.4 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESIGN
The hardware components used in this system are connected with the help
of jumper wires. The temperature sensor and the light intensity sensor are
deployed into the environment to collect real time data. Since we have only
developed a prototype we have not used appliances like fan and light that run
on 220 volts of power instead we have used a computer coolant fan that runs
on a 12volt battery and a led light instead of an electric bulb. The connections
that have been made to each of the hardware components are given in the
description following each component
3.4.1 HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE SENSOR DHT11
Sensor is a temperature and humidity sensor which has been calibrated
with digital signal output. This Sensor ensures high reliability and excellent
long term stability. Resistivity type humidity measurement and NTC
temperature measurement component is included in this type of sensor which is
connected to a 8 bit microcontroller which ultimately offers an excellent
quality, fast response, anti-interference and cost effectiveness.

Figure 3.4: DHT11 sensor

3.4.2 LIGHT INTENSITY SENSOR
BH1750FVI is a Digital Light sensor which is most suitable for obtaining
the ambient light towards adjusting LCD and Keypad backlight power of
Mobile phone . Unit of light quantity is called lumen where light flows from a

35
 source in one second. In here, reading are taken as Lux which is equal to one
lumen per square meter: Lux=1Lm/m2.

Figure 3.5: Light intensity sensor

3.4.3 DARLINGTON RESISTOR
The transistor is used to vary the amount of current going into the
appliance. This resistor called Darlington pair consists ofcompound structure
containing two bipolar transistors. These two transistors are connected in such a
way that current amplified by the first transistor is amplified by the second one

Figure 3.6: Darlington transistor

The transistor consists of three pins the base pin, the emitter pin and the collector
pin. The collector pin is connected to the Arduino, the base pin is connected to the
wire that carries power supply to the device and the emitter pin is connected to the
ground pin. The amount of current passing can be controlled by giving different
values in between 0-255. The collector pin is connected to the analog output pin
number 9 for the power supply to fan and the collector pin is connected to the
analog output pin number 10 for the power supply to the light. In this prototype
since we need to measure the amount of power consumed, the wire from base pin
is connected to one end of the current sensor.
3.4.4 HALL SENSOR
The Allegro™ ACS712 is a Hall sensor providing economical and precise
solution in industries, commercial and communication systems. The hall sensor is

36
used to measure current flowing in the wire. The hall sensor can measure the
current by placing a fixed resistance for the wire. A part of the wire that is going to
the appliance from the transistor is cut and made to go through the hall sensor. The
hall sensor has 3 pins- voltage pin, the ground pin and the output pin. The voltage
pin is connected to the 5 volt supply from Arduino and the ground pin is
connected to the ground and the output pin is connected to the analog pin in the
Arduino. The output pin from the hall sensor measuring current in fan is connected
to the analog pin A2 and that measuring the current into light is connected to
Arduino pin A1.

Figure 3.7: Hall sensor

3.4.5 ESP8266 WI-FI MODULE
ESP8266 is a Wi-Fi networking module or solution allowing Wifi
networking function from one host to another. The ESP8266 requires 3.3 v to 5V.
ESP8266 need to communicate via serial 3.3 V and does not have 5V tolerant
inputs, so you need level conversion to communicate with a 5V microcontroller
like most Arduino use.

Figure 3.8: ESP8266 Wi-Fi module

37
3.4.6 APPLIANCES
In this research, we have tried to depict 2 appliances light and fan. The PC
cooling fan is used instead of a real fan and a Led is used instead of a light. We
have used a 12 volt battery as a power supply to both the appliances. To operate
with real appliances, we will use a relay to switch off and on the power and a 220
volts electricity voltage line. The cooling fan runs at top speed at maximum of 12
volt and the light too glows brightest at full 12 volt, the speed of the fan and
dimness of light can be controlled by the transistor

Figure 3.9: Appliances

The Arduino UNO is responsible for getting temperature and intensity of light
from the sensors and based on that it varies the current provided to the appliances
and it also then measures the current consumed by each appliance and then sends
this data to the raspberry pi. To accomplish this task in Arduino, we use the
Arduino IDE version 1.6.12. The Raspberry pi is installed with the Noobs
Operating System and has been provided with a 8 GB memory card. Both the Pi
and the Arduino have to be connected to the same network. The raspberry pi runs
a python code that receives data continuously from the Arduino and then computes
power computed and plots a graph and also uploads the data into a html page. The
IoT based Energy Management System is also tested with the possible real time
sensor values that will generate different output based on specific threshold. The

38
test cases used to verify the correctness of application logic is given in Appendix
A. The actual output of the system verified with the expected output and found it
is perfect.

39
 CHAPTER-4
PROPOSED SYSTEM
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Energy management systems have been in existence in the energy sector for
several decades. The key functions of such systems are to watch, control, and
optimize the flow and use of energy. In general, energy management systems
have formidable applications in the generation, transmission and distribution
systems of the electrical network. Today, the interests in Smart Energy
Management systems have been increasing extensively. A smart energy
management system is a technology platform comprised of both hardware and
software that allows the user to monitor energy usage and production and to
manually control and/or automate the utilization of energy within a household.
Home energy management systems normally contains a tool which is the
platform upon which communication between the user, the household appliances
and devices and sometimes even the utility firm takes place. There are two main
ways to put in the device; physically on the electrical board of the house or
virtually especially in cases where the system operates entirely on a wireless
network. The software used in smart energy management systems is responsible
for the moderation of incoming and outgoing data and communication. For
example, software, through the interface, allows users to possess access to the
monitoring and controlling functions of the house energy monitoring system.
Monitoring allows consumers to get various feedbacks from the system including
which devices are turned on/off and even the individual energy consumption of
specific devices. On the other hand, the control functionallows users to control
appliances. One other important component of the smart energy system is the
network. Networks play a critical role in ensuring that different technologies are
integrated into the house energy management system. Smart Home is a term that

40
 is widely used in order to define a living space with lighting, heating, air
conditioner, TV, computer, entertainment, audio-visual systems, security and
camera system that can communicate with each other. It is placed in the centre of
our lives with regards to many areas like the TV, audio-visual system in our
houses to run once we get home, lighting and electricalappliances can be
operated remotely, and controlling the power consumption of such devices as
refrigerator, air conditioner, furnace, etc. It may be impossible to control the
home appliances outside the home. A user needn't turn on and OFF home
appliances manually. Our system allows user to work through smart home energy
management system. The energy consumed by the electrical appliances can be
saved by at least 15% with the implementation of micro controller. It can be
controlled via internet and the status of the working appliances can be calibrated
through Blynk app. The proposed system has some advantages such as, anywhere
it can be controlled, it is a low power consumption because micro controller
power supply is only 20A.

4.2 RELATED WORK

Energy may be a vital aspect for any household, industries, agriculture then.
Managing the energy efficiently and conserving it intelligently for appliances is
very much important. The energy usage is directly affected with Coal, oil then
towards power generation. Early EMS operations were based on analogue meters
with skimpy, but fast, easy to understand information. They were however limited
in scope and application. The application developed rapidly in the early 1970s.
Most of the systems delivered before 1975 were supported Xeros Sigma 5 and
Sigma 9. The technological evolutions in the 1980s further changed the EMS,
particularly with the advent of personal computers. Software based system such as
UNIX, LINUX and Windowsbased systems added many possibilities to the EMS
solutions in the early 2000s. Recent developments in embedded systems
technological have further enhanced EMS functionalities. Many of the bulky,

41
space-consuming solidstate technologies have given thanks to more compact,
small and efficient embedded or chip-based systems. EMS also has age-long
application within the residential sector. The use of workable night thermostat as a
sort of automated energycontrol dates to the first 1900’s. However, energy
management became a true concern especially with the multiple energy crises,
increasing cost and with the thought of energy conservation within the 1970’s.
Developing a functionally and customer-friendly EMS at residential level requires
a relatively different approach from the existing EMS in the distribution and
transmission networks. Honeywell developed a singular solar power managed
system within the last 1970s supported microprocessor systems as a big
contribution to solving energy crisis. Basically, HEMS offer five key services
defined in, being monitoring, logging, control, management and alarms. Towards
this, there has been lot of research work administered in developing some smart
lighting system concerning classroom for conserving the energy. The smart energy
management solutions can automate the facility status of electrical equipment.
Almost 80% of the companies worldwide are overbilled on utility expenses
through inconsistencies and wrongly calculated bills.

Using the smart energy solution, businesses also can know the electricity
consumption per department. The systems provide business with an easy way to
automatically analyses the power quality events. Also using sensors the system
automatically switches off lights when not in use. The systems alert users in real-
time when the light bulbs go out. The system uses a combination of technologies
to enable data-driven lighting automation. Smart LED's can send information as
well as receive commands in real-time which enable automation in them. Sensors
sense changes in surroundings such as human presence and light. Software
algorithms act as a brain which enables automation based on the sensor
information and historical data.

42
 Figure 4.1 Evolution of Energy Management System

4.3PROPOSED SYSTEM

The major processing unit of the entire system is the Arduino unit, which is
been connected to the various modules. The primary connection measures the
current consumed by various devices. Further a connection is unified from this
system to the relay and then further to other components like temperature sensor
(LM 35), LDR, buzzer, LCD display (16*2)

Figure 4.2 Block diagram of proposed system

43
The diagram of the whole project is shown above. Power from the AC mains is
drawn and skilled a fuse for avoiding any damage to the circuit card during the
accidental short . Then the AC power cable is distributed in two parts: 1. To the
load through the present sensor (ACS712) 2. 230V AC/5V DC Power Supply
module The 5V power supply module provides power to the micro controller
(Arduino), the present sensor (ACS712) and LCD display. The present consumed
by each appliance is measured with the assistance of a current sensor ACS712.
The ACS712 Current Sensor may be a Hall Effect current sensor that accurately
measures current when induced. The magnetic flux round the AC wire is detected
which provides the equivalent analog output voltage. The analog voltage output is
then processed by the micro controller to live the present flow through the load.

Figure 4.3: Current sensor ACS712

The AC current passing through the load is sensed by the current sensor module
(ACS712) and fed to the analog pin (A0) of the Arduino board. Once the analog
input is given to Arduino, the measurement of power/energy is completed by
Arduino sketch.

44
 Figure 4.4: Node MCU

Relays can control high voltage electronic devices. The electromagnet is activated
with a low voltage, for example 5 volts from a micro controller and it pulls a
contact to make or break a high voltage

45
5 A Single Phase AC current Sensor Module

The calculated power and energy by the Node MCU are displayed on serial
monitor. The inbuilt Wi-Fi chip of Node Mcu is connected to the Home Router
and linked to the Blynk App. So, you can monitor the parameters as well as
calibrate and modify different settings from your Smartphone via OTA.

The Current Sensor

Allegro ACS712 Hall Effect-Based Linear Current Sensor

46
Board

ESP8266 ESP-12E NodeMCU Lua WiFi Development Board

Brief Description

NodeMCU is a Firmware distribution that uses the Lua scripting language on Expressif

ESP8622 Wi-Fi microcontroller, as well as an open-source hardware development
kit built around the ESP-12E WiFi module that itself includes the ESP8266 core
processor. It has a CP2102 single chip USB to UART bridge IC for programming and
debugging. And also, it can be powered via its micro USB port.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Microcontroller: ESP-8266 32-bit

47
Flash Memory: 4 MB
Clock Speed: 80 MHz
Operating Voltage: 3.3V
Digital I/O Pins: 11
Analog Input Pins: 1 (10-bit)
WiFi: Built-in 802.11 b/g/n
Version 1.0
Official Website: http://www.nodemcu.com/index_en.html

DOCUMENTATION
Schematic V3-340[PDF]
ESP8266EX Datasheet
CP210x Driver

The Analog Pin

The one feature relevant for this project is the Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) pin.
Denoted as A0, TOUT or ADC0.

The output of the current sensor is an analog voltage, so to read it, in addition to a
voltmeter, you can use a microcontroller like the NodeMCU ESP8266. It will read the
analog output of the current sensor and converter to a digital value representation.

ADC Input Voltage Range

The ESP8266 ADC pin input voltage has a range from 0 to 1V, IF! using the bare WiFi
Module.

However, most ESP8266 development boards, like the NodeMCU ESP8266, come with
an internal voltage divider allowing the input range to go from 0 to 3.3V. This voltage
divider can be found in the schematic of the NodeMCU ESP8266.

48
 Reference: NodeMCU ESP8266 Dev Kit Schematic

ADC Resolution, 10-bit

The NodeMCU analog-to-digital converter is an embedded “10-bit precision SAR ADC”.

This means, with an input voltage range from 1V to 3.3V and the giving 10-bit resolution
ADC you can correlate the analog input values with a digital representation from 0 to
1024, as described below:

Now, remember that if there is no current through your ACS712 current sensor the
analog output voltage will be 2.5V. The NodeMCU ADC will correlate the analog output
voltage 2.5V with a 776.39 ADC value approximately. Reality vs expectation are two
different things.

Summary:
Pinout Description: A0, ADC0 and/or TOUT.
Analog Input Voltage Range: 0 - 3.3V (If using the Dev. Board)
Resolution: 10-bit
Digital Output Value Range: 0 - 1024
 

49
All together

Diagram...

50
1.  AC power extension cord (Link)

Cut “one path” of the AC power extension cord with the wire cutter tool. It should
resemble something similar to the one in the photo. I hope more professional!. Current is
measured by creating a serial path through the sensor. Therefore:

a. Point A goes to Ip- terminal of the current sensor.

b. Point B goes to Ip+ terminal of the current sensor.

2. NodeMCU ESP-12E module and Current Sensor communication setup:

a. Connect NodeMCU  A0  pin to Current Sensor VOUT pin: A0-->VOUT

b. Connect NodeMCU  Vin pin to Current Sensor VCC pin: Vin-->VCC
c. Connect NodeMCU GND pin to Current Sensor GND pin: GND-->GND

3. Connect your NodeMCU ESP-12E to your computer using the micro USB cable.

STOP HERE. DO NOT CONNECT ANY LOAD.

51
Programs

Arduino Pre-requirements

Arduino IDE SW

If you've never used an Arduino before, you'll need to download the Arduino IDE. Check
out this tutorial on installing Arduino to help on that subject.

Arduino core for ESP8266 WiFi chip

This step is very important because for Arduino IDE to recognize the NodeMCU ESP-
12E module the “Arduino core for ESP8266 WiFi chip” needs to be installed. There are
four methods to do so:

1. Using Boards Manager

2. Using git version
3. Using PlatformIO
4. Building with make

The suggested installation method for the latest git or master branch is by “Using git
version”. Follow this video tutorial “Getting Started With NodeMCU Using Git Version
of ESP8266 Core for Arduino”, and use the Arduino Core Documentation page as a
reference guide to complete this step.

Drivers

If this is the first time you plug the NodeMCU ESP-12E module in, you may need to
install drivers for it. Please, go to this link, CP2102 Drivers and download/install the
drivers.
AC MEASUREMENT

52
Interfacing LCD with NodeMCU
without using I2C
ELECTRONICS
ByRishabh Jain May 31, 20181

53
Interface LCD with ESP12 using Shift Register SN74HC595N
In this tutorial we will see how to interface NodeMCU with 16x2 LCD without using
I2C communication. Here we will interface 16x2 LCD using shift register
SN74HC595. We can also interface it even without using any shift register. We will
see both kinds of interfacings in this tutorial. Main difference between both
interfacings is the number of pins used in NodeMCU.

Material Required:
1. NodeMCU ESP12E
2. SN74HC595 Shift Register IC
3. 16x2 LCD Module
4. Potentiometers
5. Male-Female wires
6. Breadboard

Shift Register:
In digital systems, a shift register is a combination of flip-flops which are cascaded
in series and shares the same clock. In this cascaded package, data-out of one flip-
flop act as data-in for next flip-flop which results in a circuit that shifts by one position
the bit array stored in it.

The IC which we are going to use is SN74HC595N. It is a simple 8-bit serial in

parallel out shift register IC. In simple words, this IC allows additional inputs or
outputs to be added to a microcontroller by converting data between parallel and
serial formats. Our microcontroller use 3 pins of this IC to send data serially. Actually

54
8-bit output will be coming on 8 pins after getting 8-bits information from input pins.
Learn more about shift registers here.

PIN diagram and PIN functions of IC SN74HC595N is given below:

You find interfacing of 74HC595N with Arduino and with Raspberry pi here.

Interface LCD with ESP12 without using Shift Register:

55
If you have used 16x2 LCD with the Arduino board then it will going be very easy.
You have to just hookup pins in NodeMCU just same as you have done with Arduino
board.

There are 16 GPIO pins in NodeMCU and we need 6 pins and gnd, vcc. Connect
pins according to Circuit diagram given below:

56
57
We will use 4 data pins and RS, EN of LCD which are connected as:

d7 pin of LCD == D8 pin of NodeMCU

d6 pin of LCD == D7 pin of NodeMCU

d5 pin of LCD == D6 pin of NodeMCU

d4 pin of LCD == D5 pin of NodeMCU

RS pin of LCD == D2 pin of NodeMCU

En pin of LCD == D3 pin of NodeMCU

You can use any GPIO for these connections.

Now, upload the code using Arduino IDE as explained earlier. Code is same as for
Arduino board which can be found in Liquidcrystal example. Program is simple and
easily understandable if you want to learn more about the program check our LCD
interfacing with Arduino Program.

CODE:

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

const int RS = D2, EN = D3, d4 = D5, d5 = D6, d6 = D7, d7 = D8;

LiquidCrystal lcd(RS, EN, d4, d5, d6, d7);

void setup() {

// set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:

lcd.begin(16, 2);

// Print a message to the LCD.

lcd.print("hello, world!");

void loop() {

// set the cursor to column 0, line 1

58
 // (note: line 1 is the second row, since counting begins with 0):

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

// print the number of seconds since reset:

lcd.print(millis() / 1000);

As we saw, we already used 6 pins of NodeMCU. There are already less pins
available for this little board and we are left with few pins to interface other sensors.

So, to overcome with this problem we will use shift register IC which will minimize
the no. of pins used on NodeMCU.

Interface LCD with ESP12 using Shift Register

SN74HC595N:
There are 8 output and 3 input pins available in shift register IC. We will use 6 output
pins to connect with the LCD and 3 input pins to NodeMCU.

Connections of LCD with IC are given as:

D7 pin of LCD == pin 1 of IC

D6 pin of LCD == pin 2 of IC

D5 pin of LCD == pin 3 of IC

D4 pin of LCD == pin 4 of IC

RS pin of LCD == pin 7 of IC

En pin of LCD == pin 15 of IC

Connection of NodeMCU with IC:

D6 pin of NodeMCU == pin 14 of IC, DATA PIN of IC

D7 pin of NodeMCU == pin 12 of IC, LATCH PIN of IC

D8 pin of NodeMCU == pin 11 of IC, CLOCK PIN of IC

Connect PIN 16 and PIN 10 of IC to Vcc.

Connect PIN 8  and PIN 13 of IC to GND.

59
Make Circuit carefully according to below diagram:

60
61
Now our Hardware is ready to program.

Now, we need a library “LiquidCrystal595” which can be downloaded from this

link https://github.com/tehniq3/LiquidCrystal595 by following below steps:

1. Goto Sketch menu of Arduino IDE.

2. Click on Include Library.

3. Now, click on Add .zip library. Choose zip file you have downloaded from given
link and its done.

Now upload the code given below and you will see message printing the LCD.

62
 CHAPTER-5
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

63
 CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION
Energy efficiency is the wave of the future. The world is quickly moving
towards energy sustainability. At an equivalent time, the mankind is trying to re-
establish the connection it once had with nature. An energy efficient house is a
private step toward the direction of renewable energy, environmental protection,
and sustainable living. Having such a home helps homeowners reduce their bills
and provides an excellent investment. Furthermore, energy efficiency means
healthier and easier living that's in line with nature. Building or upgrading to an
energy efficient home requires an initial investment that is higher than the cost of a
traditionally constructed home. However, there are government grants and
incentives which will help to urge you started and offset several the value. After
you reside in your energy efficient house for a couple of years, your upfront
investment can pay for itself.

64
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 CHAPTER 3

MAJOR COMPONENTS USED

67