Chapter 1 : Number Bases

• 1.1 a : Stating Numbers in Base Two, Eight and Five

• 1.1 b : Value of a Digit of a Number in Base 2, 8 and 5
• 1.1 c : Writing Numbers in Base 2, 8 and 5 in Expanded
Notation
• 1.1 d : Converting Numbers in Base 2, 8 and 5 to Base
10 and Vice Versa
• 1.I e : Converting from One Base to Another
• 1.1 f : Addition and Subtraction in Base Two
 Chapter 1 Number Bases

1 1a Number in Base Two, Eight and Five

1.1 Stating Numbers in Base Two, Eight and Five

• The numbers we use daily are in base 10. The place value of numbers in
base 10 are as shown below.

103 =1000 102 =100 101=10 100 =1 Place value

Number in base 10

9 70 3
 103 =1000 102 =100 101=10 100 =1 Place value

9 7 0 3 Number in base 10

The place value of the digit 7 in the

number 9703 is 100

• The place value of any digit of a number is a fixed value and does not
change with the value of the digit.

• There is no place value equal to zero.

• The smallest place value of all number bases is “ones”.

• The place value of 3 in the number 9703 is 1.

103 =1000 102 =100 101=10 100 =1 Place value

9 7 0 3 Number in base 10

• There are 10 digits that can be written in any place value column
for numbers in base 10.

• The digits are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9

• The digit value or value of digit varies with the place value and the
digit
 103 =1000 102 =100 101=10 100 =1 Place value

9 7 0 3 Number in base 10

The value of the digit 9 is 9 x 1000 = 9000

Digit Value of the

Place value
of 9 digit 9
103 =1000 102 =100 101=10 100 =1 Place value

9 7 0 3 Number in base 10

The value of the digit 0 is 0 x 10 = 0

Digit Value of the

Place value
of 0 digit 0
• Numbers in base 2 have their respective place values
as shown below

22 = 21 = 20 =
Place
Value 2x2=4 2 1

• There are only 2 digits in base 2 : 0 and 1

• Numbers in base 8 have their respective place values
as shown below

82 = 81 = 80 =
Place
Value 8 x 8 = 64 8 1

• There are only 8 digits in base 8 : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

and 7
• Numbers in base 5 have their respective place values
as shown below

52 = 51 = 50 =
Place
Value 5 x 5 = 25 5 1

• There are only 5 digits in base 5 : 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4

BASE 2
Place Value of Numbers in Base 2
Number in Base 10 24= 23= 22= 21= 20=
16 8 4 2 1
0 0
1 1
2 = 2+0 1 0
3 = 2+1 1 1
4 = 4+0+0 1 0 0
5 = 4+0+1 1 0 1
6 = 4+2+0 1 1 0
7 = 4+2+1 1 1 1
8 = 8+0+0+0 1 0 0 0
9 = 8+0+0+1 1 0 0 1
BASE 8
Place Value of Numbers in Base 8
Number in Base 10 83= 82= 81= 80=
512 64 8 1
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 = 8+0 1 0
19 = 2 x 8 + 3 2 3
BASE 5
Place Value of Numbers in Base 5
Number in Base 10 54= 53= 52= 51= 50=
625 125 25 5 1
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 = 5+0 1 0
6 = 5+1 1 1
7 = 5+2 1 2
10 = 2 x 5 + 0 2 0
17 = 3 x 5 + 2 3 2
 910 = 8 + 0 + 0 + 1
= 10012 Read as “one zero zero one base 2”

910 = 8 + 1
= 118 Read as “one one base 8”

910 = 5 + 4
= 145 Read as “one four base 5”

• Numbers in base 2 are also known as binary numbers

• Numbers in base 8 are also known as octal numbers

• Numbers in base ten are also known as denary numbers

 EXAMPLE State two numbers in base two after 11102

SOLUTION

24=16 23=8 22=4 21=2 20=1 Base

10
1 1 1 0 8+4+2+
0 = 14
1 8+4+2+
1 1 1
1=15
0 16+0+0+
1 0 0 0
0=16

11112 and 100002

EXAMPLE State a number before and after 218 in base 8

SOLUTION

81=8 80=1 Base 10

Before 2 0 2 x 8 + 0 = 16
2 1 2 x 8 + 1 = 17
After 2 2 2 x 8 + 2 = 18

208 and 228

EXAMPLE State two numbers after 435 in base 5

SOLUTION

52=25 51=5 50=1 Base 10

4 3 4 x 5 + 3 = 23

4 4 4 x 5 + 4 = 24
1 0 0 1 x 25 + 0 + 0 = 25

445 and 1005

1.1 b Value of A Digit of A Number in Base Two, Eight and Five

Value of a digit = The digit x Place value of a digit

EXAMPLE State the value of the underlined digit in each

of the following numbers
(a)11012
(b) 40328
(c)12435
SOLUTION

Place 23=8 22=4 21=2 20=1

Value
Number 1 1 0 1
Value of
1x4=4
Digit

The value of the digit “1” in 11012 is 4

SOLUTION

Place 83=512 82=64 81=8 80=1

Value
Number 4 0 3 2
Value of
0 x 64 = 0
Digit

The value of the digit “0” in 40328 is 0

SOLUTION

Place 53=125 52=25 51=5 50=1

Value
Number 1 2 4 3
Value of
4 x 5 = 20
Digit

The value of the digit “4” in 12435 is 20

1.1 c Writing Numbers in Base Two, Eight and Five
in Expanded Notation
• A number written in expanded notation refers to
the sum of the value of the digits that make up
the number .
• Let us write 42510 in expanded notation

Place Value 102 101 100

Number

Therefore, 42510 written in expanded notation is as follows

42510 = 4 x 102 + 2 x 101 + 5 x 100
1.1 c Writing Numbers in Base Two, Eight and Five
in Expanded Notation
• Let us write 3748 in expanded notation

Place Value 82 81 80
Number 3 7 4

Therefore, 3748 written in expanded notation is as follows

3748 = 3 x 82 + 7 x 81 + 4 x 80
1.1 c Writing Numbers in Base Two, Eight and Five
in Expanded Notation
• Let us write 110012 in expanded notation

Place Value 24 23 22 21 20
Number 1 1 0 0 1

Therefore, 110012 written in expanded notation is as follows

110012 = 1 x 24 + 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20
1.1 c Writing Numbers in Base Two, Eight and Five
in Expanded Notation
• Let us write 41035 in expanded notation

Place Value 53 52 51 50
Number 4 1 0 3

Therefore, 41035 written in expanded notation is as follows

41035 = 4 x 53 + 1 x 52 + 0 x 51 +3 x 50
1.1 d Converting Numbers in Base Two, Eight and Five to
Base 10 and Vice Versa
Steps to convert numbers in base 2, 8 and 5 to base 10 are as follows

1. Write the number in expanded notation

2. Simplify the expanded notation into a single number

Convert each of the following numbers to a number in base 10

EXAMPLE

a. 110012
b. 3748
c. 41035
 Convert each of the following numbers to
EXAMPLE
a number in base 10
a. 110012
b. 3748
c. 41035

a. 110012 = 1 x 24 + 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20
SOLUTION

= 2510

b. 3748 = 3 x 82 + 7 x 81 + 4 x 80
= 25210

c. 41035 = 4 x 53 + 1 x 52 + 0 x 51 +3 x 50
= 52810
1.1 d Converting Numbers in Base Two, Eight and Five to
Base 10 and Vice Versa
Steps to convert numbers in base 10 to base 2, 8 or 5 are as follows

1. Perform repeated division until the quotient is 0

2. Write the number in the new base by referring to the remainders

from bottom to the top

EXAMPLE Convert 1810 to numbers in base two, eight and five

SOLUTION 1810 to Base 2

2 18

2 9 R0

2 4 R1

2 2 R0

2 1 R0
0 R1

1810 = 100102
SOLUTION 1810 to Base 5

5 18

5 3 R3

0 R3

1810 = 335
SOLUTION 1810 to Base 8

8 18

8 2 R2

0 R2

1810 = 228
 1.1 e Converting Numbers from One Base to Another
The following steps are used to convert from one base to another

1. Convert the number to a number in base 10

2. Use repeated division to convert the number in base 10 to the

respective bases

EXAMPLE Convert

a. 1102 to number in base 5

b. 325 to number in base 2
c. 1278 to number in base 5
d. 2035 to number in base 8
a. 1102 to number in base 5

1102 = 1 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 = 610
SOLUTION

5 6

5 1 R1

0 R1

1102 = 115
b. 325 to number in base 2
325 = 3 x 51 + 2 x 50 = 1710
SOLUTION

2 17

2 8 R1

2 4 R0

2 2 R0

2 1 R0

0 R1

325 = 100012
c. 1278 to number in base 5

1278 = 1 x 82 + 2 x 81 + 7 x 80 = 8710
SOLUTION

5 87

5 17 R2
5 3 R2
0 R3

1278 = 3225
d. 2035 to number in base 8

2035 = 2 x 52 + 0 x 51 + 3 x 50 = 5310
SOLUTION

8 53

8 6 R5

0 R6

2035 = 658
Binary Octal Decimal
000 0 0
001 1 1
010 2 2
011 3 3
100 4 4
101 5 5
110 6 6
111 7 7
Converting binary to octal: Counting from right to left, draw a line between
every group of 3-bits. The most significant group may not have exactly three
bits, so you can just pretend the others are zeros. Now convert each group of
three to a single, octal digit. The conversion of a 3-bit number to an octal
number is easy. You can memorize the patterns easily and, even if you
forget, they are not hard to figure out. The resulting octal digits, when written
together in the same order, are the equivalent binary number. Here's an
example which converts the binary number '11111010' to its equivalent octal
number.
Converting octal to binary: This is simply the reverse of the
above process. For every octal digit, just write down the 3-bit
pattern that represents it. Here is an example which converts
octal number 6252 to binary.
Convert 1000111012 to number in base 8

solution
100 011 101

4 3 5

1000111012 = 4358
Convert 5318 to number in base 2

solution
5 31
531

101 011 001

5318 = 1010110012
1.1f Addition and Subtraction in Base Two
• To add two numbers in base two, the following addition
rules are important
 1 1
1011
+1110
1 1 0 01
_______
12 + 12 + 12 = 112 12 + 12 = 102
12 + 12 = 102
1.1f Addition and Subtraction in Base Two
• To subtract two numbers in base two, the following
subtraction rules are important

02 - 02 = 02

12 - 02 = 12

12 - 12 = 02

102 - 12 = 12
 0 10
1011
- 110
1 01
_______
02 - 02 = 02
102 -12 = 12
BASE
BASE

Binary BIN (b)

Octal OCT (o)
Denary DEC (d)
Example 1
Convert 14628 to a number in base
10

2x
MODE BASE OCT
3 3 ln o
DEC
1 4 6 2 = x2 818 d
 To clear the Base-n specification
1X COMP
Press MODE 1 1

 To continue the Base-n specification

ON
Press
Example 2
Convert 11012 to a number in base 8

2x
MODE BASE BIN
3 3 log b
OCT
1 1 0 1 = ln 15 o
 To clear the Base-n specification
1X COMP
Press MODE 1 1

 To continue the Base-n specification

ON
Press
Example 3
Convert 146210 to a number in
base 8

2x
MODE BASE DEC
3 3 x2 d
OCT
1 4 6 2 = ln 2666
o
Example 4
Calculate 10012 + 1112, stating your answer
as a number in base 2

2x
MODE BASE BIN
3 3 log b

1 0 0 1 + 1 1 1

= 10000 b
 To clear the Base-n specification
1X COMP
Press MODE 1 1

 To continue the Base-n specification

ON
Press