CHAPTER 2: Differentiation

Pembezaan

PBD 2.1 Limit and Its Relation to Differentiation Textbook: pp. 30 – 37

Had dan Hubungannya dengan Pembezaan
A. Find the limit value of each of the following functions.
Cari nilai had bagi setiap fungsi yang berikut. LS2.1.1 PL1 • lim – had

NOTES
x–1
(a) lim (2x + 5) (c) lim 2 1. lim f(x) = f(a) if f(a) is
x→2 x→1 x – 1 x→a
defined.
= 2(2) + 5 Substitute directly.
= lim x–1 had f(x) = f(a) jika f(a)
Ganti secara langsung x→1 x→a
=9 (x – 1)(x + 1) tertakrif.
x = lim 1 Factorise.
(b) lim 
x→∞ 2
1
 =0 x→1 x + 1 Faktorkan
2. If f(a) is not defined, find
the limit by observing the
1 trend in the values of f(x).
=
1+1 Jika f(a) tidak tertakrif, cari
When the value of x increases, the numerator 1 had dengan memerhatikan
remains as 1 and the value of the denominator = kecenderungan nilai f(x).
becomes very big. 2
Apabila nilai x semakin besar, pengangka kekal 1
dan nilai penyebut menjadi sangat besar.

1 1 x+2 –1 + 2
1. lim = 2. lim (x2 – 3) = 02 – 3 3. lim =
x→1 3 – 2x 3 – 2(1) x→0
= –3
x → –1 x2 + 4 (–1)2 + 4
=1 1
=
5
1 2 2 3 3
4. lim = 1 5. lim = 6. lim =
x→4 x–4 4–4 x → –1 x + 5 –1 + 5 x → –2 x + 2 –2 + 2
=∞ 1 =∞
=
2

2x2 – x – 6 x2 – 9 x–2
7. lim 8. lim 9. lim
x→2 x2 – 2x x → –3 x+3 x→2 x2 – 4
x–2
= lim (x – 2)(2x + 3) = lim (x + 3)(x – 3) = lim
x→2 x(x – 2) x → –3 x+3 x→2 (x – 2)(x + 2)
2x + 3 = lim (x – 3) 1
= lim x → –3 = lim
x→2 x x→2 x+2
= –3 – 3 1 1
= 2(2) + 3 = 3 1 = –6 = =
2 2 2+2 4

10. lim 3
2x3 – 4x2 11. lim 4 + x – 4 – x
x→4 x→0 x
= 3 2(43) – 4(42)
= lim ( 4 + x – 4 – x)( 4 + x + 4 – x)
3
= 2(64) – 4(16) x→0 x( 4 + x + 4 – x)
3 (4 + x) – (4 – x)
= 128 – 64 = lim
x → 0 x( 4 + x + 4 – x)
= 3 64
2
=4 = lim
x→0 4+x + 4–x
2
=
4 + 4
= 1
2

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 NOTES y
Given y = f(x), let A(x, y) and B(x + δx, y + δy) lie on the curve of the function f(x).
y = f(x)
Diberi y = f(x), katakan A(x, y) dan B(x + δx, y + δy) berada pada lengkung fungsi f(x) ini.
B(x + δx, y + δy)
• The first derivative of function y = f(x) is
Terbitan pertama bagi fungsi y = f(x) ialah δy
dy δy f(x + h) – f(x) A(x, y)
= lim or/atau f(x) = lim
dx δx → 0 δx h→0 h δx
• Differentiating using this definition is called differentiation by the first principle. x
Pembezaan dengan takrif ini disebut pembezaan dengan prinsip pertama. O

B. Differentiate each of the following functions by using the first principle.

Bezakan setiap fungsi yang berikut dengan menggunakan prinsip pertama. LS2.1.2 PL2 • lim – had

(a) y = 3x2 + 4 ……① (b) f(x) = 5x – 2

y + δy = 3(x + δx) + 4 2
f(x + h) = 5(x + h) – 2
= 3x2 + 6xδx + 3(δx)2 + 4 ……②
② – ①: δy = 6xδx + 3(δx)2 Determine δy. f (x) = lim f(x + h) – f(x)
Tentukan δy. h→0 h
δy
= 6x + 3δx [5(x + h) – 2] – (5x – 2)
δx = lim
h→0 h
dy δy
= lim = lim (6x + 3δx) = lim 5h
dx δx → 0 δx δx → 0 h→0 h
= 6x + 3(0) = lim 5
= 6x h→0
=5

1 2
1. y = x ……① 2. f(x) = 2x – x2 ……①
2
1
y + δy = (x + δx)2 ……② f(x + h) = 2(x + h) – (x + h)2 ……②
2
1 1 2 2
② – ①: δy = (x + δx)2 – x2 f(x) = lim 2(x + h) – (x + h) – (2x – x )
2 2 h→0 h
1
= xδx + (δx)2 2h – 2xh – h 2
2 = lim
δy 1 h→0 h
= x + (δx)
δx 2 = lim (2 – 2x – h)
h→0
 
dy 1
= lim x + (δx)
dx δx → 0 2 = 2 – 2x
1
= x + (0)
2
=x
1 4. f(x) = x3
3. y = ……① ……①
x
y + δy =
1
……② f(x + h) = (x + h)3 ……②
x + δx
3 3
② – ①: f ′(x) = lim (x + h) – x
1 1 δy –1 h→0 h
δy = – =
x + δx x δx x(x + δx) x3 + 3x2h + 3xh2 + h3 – x3
= lim
x – (x + δx) dy –1 h→0 h
=
x(x + δx) dx
= lim 
δx → 0 x(x + δx)  = lim (3x + 3xh + h2)
2
–1 h→0
–δx
= = = 3x2 + 3x(0) + 02
x(x + δx) x(x + 0)
1 = 3x2
=– 2
x

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 PBD 2.2 The First Derivative Textbook: pp. 38 – 48
Pembezaan Peringkat Pertama
NOTES
dy
1. Given y = ax n or f(x) = ax n, its first derivative is = nax n – 1 or f(x) = nax n – 1.
dx
dy
Diberi y = ax n atau f(x) = ax n, terbitan pertamanya ialah = nax n – 1 atau f(x) = nax n – 1. Another way of writing:
dx
Cara menulis yang lain:
dy
2. Special case: When n = 0, y = a, that is a constant. Then = 0. d (ax n) = anx n – 1
dx
dy dx
Kes khas: Apabila n = 0, y = a, iaitu suatu pemalar. Maka = 0.
dx
dy
3. y = f(x) + g(x) ⇒ = f(x) + g(x)
dx

A. Differentiate each of the following functions with respect to x using the formula.
Bezakan setiap fungsi yang berikut terhadap x dengan menggunakan rumus. LS2.2.1, 2.2.2 PL1

1. y = 2x3 2. y = –5x2 3. y = 2
(a) y = 5x 4 x
dy dy
dy = 3(2)x3 – 1 = 2(–5)x2 – 1 = 2x–1
= 4(5)x4 – 1 dx dx
dx dy
= 6x2 = –10x = (–1)(2) x–1 – 1
= 20x3 dx
= – 22
x

3
(b) f(x) = 4. f(x) = 1 x5 5. f(x) = –3 6. f(x) = 6
x2 2 x = 6x0
= 3x–2 –1
f(x) = 5  12 x5 – 1 = –3x
f(x) = 0(6)x0 – 1
f ′(x) = (–2)3x –2 – 1
f(x) = (–1)(–3)x –1 – 1
=0
5 4
= x 3
= – 63 2 = 2
x
x

(c)
d
(8x) = 1(8)x1 – 1 7. d – 1 x 8. d  52  9. d – 2 x3
dx dx 3 dx x dx 3
= 8x0 d
=8 = 1– 1 x1 – 1 =
dx
(5x–2) = 3– 2 x3 – 1
3 3
= –2(5)x–2 – 1 = –2x2
=–1
3 10
=– 3
x
(d) y = 5 x
1
= 5x 2 6 4 12. d 2 3 x2 
10. y = x 11. f(x) =
7 x dx
dy 1 1 –1 6 12 –1
2
 
d
= 5x 2  =
7
x = 4x 2 =
dx
2x 3
dx 2
2 –1
1 –1
 
1 –1 2
dy 1 –1
= (5x 2 )
2
=
dx 2  67 x 2  f (x) = –
1
2 
4x 2
–1
 =
3
2x 3
–1
=
5
=
1 6 – 12
7 x  1
= – 4x 2
–3
  3 
= 2 2x 3 
2 x 2 2
3 –2 4
= 3 = 3
= 3 x
7 x x

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 B. Find the first derivative of each of the following functions.
Cari terbitan pertama bagi setiap fungsi yang berikut. LS2.2.2 PL1
1
1. y = 3x2 – 2x 2. y = x3 + x2 – x 3. y = 5x –
2
(a) y = 4x + 3x x
= 12x3 – 21x2 = 2x3 + 7x – 15
= 5x – x–1
dy dy
= 2(4)x1 + 1(3)x0 = 36x2 – 42x f(x) = 4x + 7 dy
dx dx = (1)5x0 – (–1)x–2
= 8x + 3 dx
1
=5+ 2
x

(b) f(x) = 7x – 3x2 4. f(x) = 5x2 + 7 5. f(x) = 1 x3 + 1 x2 6. f(x) = 32 + 4x

2
= 5x + 7x 0 2 3 x
f (x) = 3x–2 + 4x
= 1(7)x0 – 2(3)x1 1
f(x) = 2(5)x + 0(7)x –1 f(x) = 3
2 
1 2
x +2  
1 1
3
x
f(x) = –2(3)x–3 + 4
= 7 – 6x = 10x
= 3 x2 + 2 x = – 63 + 4
2 3 x

d
(c) (6x – 4) 7. d  1 x2 – 3x + 2 8. d 2x4 + 3x2 9. d x2 – 12 
dx dx 2 dx dx x
d
= 2 2 x1 – 1(3)x0 + 0
= (6x – 4x0) 1 = 4(2)x3 + 2(3)x1 d 2
= (x – x–2)
dx 3
= 8x + 6x dx
= 1(6)x0 – 0(4)x–1 =x–3 = 2x1 – (–2)x–3
=6 = 2x + 23
x

C. Find the value of the first derivative at the given value of x for each function below.
Cari nilai terbitan pertama pada nilai x yang diberi untuk setiap fungsi yang berikut. LS2.2.2 PL2

1. y = 1 x3 + 1 x2 ; x = –2 2. y = 7 – 3x ; x = 5
(a) y = 2x3 – 5x2 ; x = 1 3 2
dy
   
dy dy 1 2 1 = –3
= 6x2 – 10x dx
=3
3
x +2
2
x dx
dx dy
dy = x2 + x x = 5, = –3
x = 1, = 6(1)2 – 10(1) dx
dx
= –4 dy
x = –2, = (–2)2 + (–2)
dx
=2

(b) f(x) = 4 – 7x – x2 ; x = 3 3. f(x) = 22 ; x = 4 4. f(x) = 5x – 2x2 – x3 ; x = 2

x
f (x) = –7 – 2x –4 f(x) = 5 – 4x – 3x2
f(x) =
f (3) = –7 – 2(3) x3 f(2) = 5 – 4(2) – 3(22)
–4 1 = –15
= –13 f(4) = 3 = –
4 16

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 D. Differentiate term by term for each of the following functions with respect to x.
Bezakan sebutan demi sebutan bagi setiap fungsi yang berikut terhadap x. LS2.2.2 PL2

1. y = 3x2(4x – 7) 2. f(x) = (x + 5)(2x – 3) 3. y = (5 – 2x)2

3 2
(a) y = (3x + 1)(x – 4) = 12x – 21x = 2x2 + 7x – 15 = 25 – 20x + 4x2
= 3x2 – 11x – 4 dy dy = 8x – 20
= 36x2 – 42x f(x) = 4x + 7
dy dx dx
= 6x – 11
dx
4 2 2 2
5x3 + 7x2 4. f(x) = 3x –2 2x 5. y = 3x – 2 6. f(x) = (x + 1)
(b) f(x) = x 4x x
x = 3x2 – 2 3 1 x2 + 2x + 1
5x3 7x2 = x – x–1 =
= + f(x) = 6x 4 2 x
x x
= 5x2 + 7x dx 4 2  
dy = 3 – (–1) 1 x–2 = x + 2 + x–1
f(x) = 1 – 12
f′(x) = 10x + 7 3 1 x
= + 2
4 2x

2 (x + 2)(3x – 1)
(c) y = 3 x (x + 4) 7. y = ( x – 1) 8. f(x) =
3 1 2 x
=x–2 x +1
= 3x 2 + 12x 2 3x2 + 5x – 2
1 =
dy 3 3 –1 =x– 2x 2 +1 2 x
= 3x 2  1 3 3
5 1 –1
dx 2

dy = 1 – 1 2x 2
+0 = x2 + x2 – x 2
–1
1 1 –1 2 2
+ 12x 2  dx 2
2 –1 3 3 12 1 5 – 12
9 1 –1
=1–x 2 f(x) =
2 2 
x + 
2 2
x  
= x 2 + 6x 2 1
1 –3
2
9 6
=1–
x 
– – x 2
2 
= x + 9 x 5 1
2 x = + +
4 4 x 2 x3

E. Differentiate each of the following functions with respect to x by using the chain rule.
Bezakan setiap fungsi yang berikut terhadap x dengan menggunakan petua rantai. LS2.2.3 PL2

1. y = (3x + 8)4 2. y = (5 – 4x)6

y = (2x – 1)5
u = 3x + 8 y = u4 u = 5 – 4x y = u6
u = 2x – 1 y = u5 du dy du dy
du dy =3 = 4u3 = –4 = 6u5
=2 = 5u4 dx du dx du
dx du
dy dy du dy dy du
dy dy du = × = ×
= × dx du dx dx du dx
dx du dx 3 5
= (4u )(3) = (6u )(–4)
= (5u4)(2)
= 12(3x + 8)3 = –24(5 – 4x)5
= 10u4
= 10(2x – 1)4
3. y = 1 = (2x + 7)–3 4. y = x2 – 2
(2x + 7)3 1
NOTES –3 u = x2 – 2 y = u = u2
u = 2x + 7 y=u dy 1 – 1
Chain rule: dy du
du = 2 = –3u–4 = 2x = u 2
Petua rantai: dx du 2
dx du
y = f(u) and/dan u = g(x) dy
= (–3u–4)(2) dy 1 – 12
= u (2x)
dy dy du dx dx 2
Then/Maka, = × = –6(2x + 7)–4 x
dx du dx =
–6 2
= x –2
(2x + 7)4

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 F. Differentiate each of the following functions with respect to x by using the product rule.
Bezakan setiap fungsi yang berikut terhadap x dengan menggunakan petua hasil darab. LS2.2.4 PL2

1. y = (3x – 1)(x + 2) 2. y = 2x3(x2 – 7)

y = (x2 + 3)(2x – 5)
u = 3x – 1 v=x+2 u = 2x3 v = x2 – 7
u = x2 + 3 v = 2x – 5 du = 3 dv = 1 du dv
= 6x2 = 2x
du dv dx dx dx dx
= 2x =2
dx dx dy = (3x – 1)(1) + (x + 2)(3) dy = 2x3(2x) + (x2 – 7)(6x2)
dy dx dx
= (x2 + 3)(2) + (2x – 5)(2x) = 3x – 1 + 3x + 6 = 4x4 + 6x4 – 42x2
dx
= 2x2 + 6 + 4x2 – 10x = 6x + 5 = 10x4 – 42x2
= 6x2 – 10x + 6
NOTES 3. y = (x2 + 2x)(4x2 – 5) 2
4. y = (6x – 5)
3x
Product rule: u = x2 + 2x v = 4x2 – 5 2 2
Petua hasil darab: du dv u= = x–1 v = 6x – 5
u and v are functions of x. = 2x + 2 = 8x 3x 3
dx dx
 
du 2 –2 dv
u dan v adalah fungsi bagi x. = –1 x–2 = 2 =6
dy dx 3 3x dx
y = uv = (x2 + 2x)(8x) +
dx
(4x2 – 5)(2x + 2) –2
   
dy dv du dy 2
=u +v = (6) + (6x – 5) 2
dx dx dx = 8x3 + 16x2 + 8x3 + 8x2 dx 3x 3x
– 10x – 10 4 4 10
= – + 2
= 16x3 + 24x2 – 10x – 10 x x 3x
10
= 2
3x

G. Differentiate each of the following functions with respect to x by using the quotient rule.
Bezakan setiap fungsi yang berikut terhadap x dengan menggunakan petua hasil bahagi. LS2.2.4 PL2

1. y = 4x 2. y = x – 6
y = 2x + 1 2x – 5 x+2
3x – 4 u = 4x v = 2x – 5 u= x – 6 v=x+2
u = 2x + 1 v = 3x – 4 du dv du dv
=4 =2 =1 =1
du dv dx dx dx dx
=2 =3
dx dx dy (2x – 5)(4) – (4x)(2) dy (x + 2)(1) – (x – 6)(1)
= =
dy (3x – 4)(2) – (2x + 1)(3) dx (2x – 5)2 dx (x + 2)2
= 8x – 20 – 8x x+2–x+6
dx (3x – 4)2 = =
6x – 8 – 6x – 3 (2x – 5)2 (x + 2)2
= –20 8
(3x – 4)2 = =
–11 (2x – 5)2 (x + 2)2
=
(3x – 4)2

3. y = 1 – 2x x2 – 1
NOTES 4. y =
3x + 1 2x + 1
Quotient rule:
Petua hasil bahagi: u = 1 – 2x v = 3x + 1 u = x2 – 1 v = 2x + 1
u and v are functions of x. du dv du dv
= –2 =3 = 2x =2
u dan v adalah fungsi bagi x. dx dx dx dx
u
y=
v dy (3x + 1)(–2) – (1 – 2x)(3)
= dy (2x + 1)(2x) – (x2 – 1)(2)
=
v
du
–u
dv dx (3x + 1)2 dx (2x + 1)2
dy dx dx –6x – 2 – 3 + 6x 2
2x + 2x + 2
= = =
dx v2 (3x + 1)2 (2x + 1)2
–5 2
= = 2(x + x +22)
(3x + 1)2 (2x + 1)

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 H. Differentiate each of the following functions with respect to x by using suitable rules.
Bezakan setiap fungsi yang berikut terhadap x dengan menggunakan petua yang sesuai. LS2.2.4 PL3
2 3
1. y = (x – 2)3(2x – 3)4 Chain rule 2. y = (1 – 2x )
Petua rantai (1 – x)
u = (x – 2)3 v = (2x – 3)4 u = (1 – 2x2)3 v=1–x
du = 3(x – 2)2(1) dv = 4(2x – 3)3(2) du = 3(1 – 2x2)2(–4x) dv = –1
dx dx dx dx
= 3(x – 2)2 = 8(2x – 3)3 = –12x(1 – 2x2)2
dy = (x – 2)3[8(2x – 3)3] + (2x – 3)4[3(x – 2)2]
dy (1 – x)[–12x(1 – 2x2)2] – (1 – 2x2)3(–1)
dx =
= (x – 2)2(2x – 3)3[8(x – 2) + 3(2x – 3)] dx (1 – x)2
2 2
= (x – 2)2(2x – 3)3(14x – 25) = (1 – 2x ) [–12x(1 – x) + (1 – 2x2)]
Product rule (1 – x)2
Petua hasil darab 2 2 2 Quotient rule
= (1 – 2x ) (10x – 12x + 1) Petua hasil bahagi
(1 – x)2
3
3. y = (4x + 1)2 4. y = (x2 – 1)3 5 – x
(x + 6) 1
u = (4x + 1) 3
v = (x + 6) 2 u = (x2 – 1)3 v = 5 – x = (5 – x) 2
du = 3(4x + 1)2(4) dv = 2(x + 6) du dv 1 –1
= 3(x2 – 1)2(2x) = (5 – x) 2 (–1)
dx dx dx dx 2
= 12(4x + 1)2 = 6x(x2 – 1)2 1 –1
= – (5 – x) 2
2
dy (x + 6)2[12(4x + 1)2] – (4x + 1)3[2(x + 6)]
= –1 1
 
dx (x + 6)4 dy 1
= (x2 – 1)3 – (5 – x) 2 + (5 – x) 2 [6x(x2 – 1)2]
2
(x + 6)(4x + 1) [12(x + 6) – 2(4x + 1] dx 2
= 1 –1
(x + 6)4 = (x2 – 1)2(5 – x) 2 [–(x2 – 1) + 12x(5 – x)]
2
(4x + 1)2(4x + 70) (x2 – 1)2(–x2 + 1 + 60x – 12x2)
= =
(x + 6)3 2 5–x
2(4x + 1)2(2x + 35) (x2 – 1)2(1 + 60x – 13x2)
= =
(x + 6)3 2 5–x

PBD 2.3 The Second Derivative Textbook: pp. 49 – 50

Pembezaan Peringkat Kedua
Determine the second derivative for each of the following functions.
Tentukan terbitan kedua bagi setiap fungsi yang berikut. LS2.3.1 PL2
1
1. y = (4 – 3x)4 2. y = 6 x – 7 = 6x 2 – 7
3
(a) y = 2x + 4x 2 (b) f(x) = 5 = 5x–1
x dy –1 –1
 
= 4(4 – 3x)3(–3) dy 1
dy –5 dx = 6x 2 = 3x 2
= 6x2 + 8x f(x) = –5x = 2–2 dx 2
dx x = –12(4 – 3x)3
d2y –3
d2y
= 12x + 8
10
f (x) = 10x–3 = 3
d2y
= 3(–12)(4 – 3x)2(–3) dx 2  
= –
1
2
3x 2 = –3
2 x3
dx2 x dx2
= 108(4 – 3x)2
TIPS 1 = (x2 + 1)–1
Differentiate the first derivative to obtain the 3. f(x) =
second derivative.
x2 + 1
–2x
Bezakan terbitan pertama untuk mendapat f(x) = –1(x2 + 1)–2(2x) =
terbitan kedua. (x2 + 1)2
(x2 + 1)2(–2) – (–2x)(x2 + 1)(4x)
d2y f (x) =
dx2
= d
dy
dx dx  or/atau f (x) = d [ f (x)]
dx (x2 + 1)4
(x + 1)(–2x2 – 2 + 8x2) 2(3x2 – 1)
2
= =
(x2 + 1)4 (x2 + 1)3

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 PBD 2.4 Application of Differentiation Textbook: pp. 51 – 75
Aplikasi Pembezaan
A. Determine the gradients of the tangent and normal to each curve at the given point.
Tentukan kecerunan tangen dan normal kepada setiap lengkung pada titik yang diberikan. LS2.4.1 PL3

NOTES
y = x3 – 2x2 ; (3, 9)

Digital Resourse
1. Gradient of tangent, m1
dy = Value of the first derivative at the point concerned
= 3x2 – 4x Kecerunan tangen, m1
dx = Nilai terbitan pertama pada titik berkenaan
dy
When/Apabila x = 3, = 3(32) – 4(3) = 15 1
dx 2. Gradient of normal, m2 = –
At/Pada (3, 9): Gradient of tangent
Gradient of tangent/Kecerunan tangen = 15 1
Kecerunan normal, m2 = –
Kecerunan tangen
1
Gradient of normal/Kecerunan normal = – 3. m1 m2 = –1
15
1. y = 2x2 – 6x + 5 ; (2, 1) 2. y = x + 1 ; (1, 2)
x
dy
= 4x – 6 dy 1
dx =1– 2
dy dx x
When/Apabila x = 2, = 4(2) – 6 = 2 dy 1
dx When/Apabila x = 1, =1– 2=0
dx 1
At/Pada (2, 1):
At/Pada (1, 2):
Gradient of tangent/Kecerunan tangen = 2
Gradient of tangent/Kecerunan tangen = 0
1
Gradient of normal/Kecerunan normal = – Gradient of normal/Kecerunan normal = ∞
2

3. f(x) = 1 ; (2, 1) 4. f(x) = 4 – 3x – x2 ; (0, 4)

2x – 3
–2 f(x) = –3 – 2x
f (x) =
(2x – 3)2 f(0) = –3 – 2(0) = –3
f (2) = –2 = –2
[2(2) – 3]2 At/Pada (0, 4):
At/Pada (2, 1): Gradient of tangent/Kecerunan tangen = –3
Gradient of tangent/Kecerunan tangen = –2 1
Gradient of normal/Kecerunan normal =
3
Gradient of normal/Kecerunan normal = 1
2

B. Determine the equations of the tangent and normal to each curve at the given point.
Tentukan persamaan tangen dan normal kepada setiap lengkung pada titik yang diberikan. LS2.4.2 PL3

NOTES
y = 2x2 – 5x ; (3, 3) The tangent and normal are straight lines. The
dy equation of a straight line with gradient m that
= 4x – 5 passing through a point (x1, y1) is
dx Tangen dan normal adalah garis lurus. Persamaan
dy garis lurus dengan kecerunan m yang melalui satu
When/Apabila x = 3, = 4(3) – 5 = 7
dx titik (x1, y1) ialah
At/Pada (3, 3):
y – y1 = m(x – x1)
Equation of tangent: y – 3 = 7(x – 3)
Persamaan tangen: y = 7x – 18
1
Equation of normal: y – 3 = – (x – 3)
7
Persamaan normal:
7y + x = 24

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 1. y = 3x2 – 7x ; (1, –4) 2. y = 4 ; (1, 4)
dy = 6x – 7 x
dy = – 4
dx
dy dx x2
When/Apabila x = 1, = 6(1) – 7 = –1 dy
dx When/Apabila x = 1, = – 42 = –4
At/Pada (1, –4): dx 1
At/Pada (1, 4):
Equation of tangent/Persamaan tangen: Equation of tangent/Persamaan tangen:
y – (–4) = –1(x – 1) y – 4 = –4(x – 1)
y+x+3=0 y + 4x = 8
Equation of normal/Persamaan normal: Equation of normal/Persamaan normal:
1
y – (–4) = –
(–1)
(x – 1) y – 4 = – 1 (x – 1)
(–4)
y=x–5 4y = x + 15

3. f(x) = (3x – 2)2 ; (1, 1) 4. f(x) = 2x ; (–2, 4)

x+1
f(x) = 2(3x – 2)(3) = 6(3x – 2) (x + 1)(2) – 2x(1) 2
f(x) = =
f(1) = 6[3(1) – 2] = 6 (x + 1)2 (x + 1)2
2
f(–2) = =2
At/Pada (1, 1): (–2 + 1)2
Equation of tangent/Persamaan tangen: At/Pada (–2, 4):
y – 1 = 6(x – 1) Equation of tangent/Persamaan tangen:
y = 6x – 5 y – 4 = 2[x – (–2)]
Equation of normal/Persamaan normal: y = 2x + 8
y – 1 = – 1 (x – 1) Equation of normal/Persamaan normal:
6 1
y – 4 = – [x – (–2)]
6y + x = 7 2
2y + x = 6

C. Solve each of the following problems.

Selesaikan setiap masalah yang berikut. LS2.4.3 PL4
1. Given the straight line y = 4x + k is a tangent to the curve y = 2x2 – 5. Find
Diberi garis lurus y = 4x + k ialah tangen kepada lengkung y = 2x2 – 5. Cari
(a) the value of k. (b) the coordinates of the point of contact.
nilai k. koordinat titik sentuhan.

(a) y = 4x + k …… ①
y = 2x2 – 5 …… ②

② = ①: 2x2 – 5 = 4x + k
2 ① is a tangent to ②. So, this equation has
2x – 4x – (5 + k) = 0 equal roots.
① ialah tangen kepada ②. Maka, persamaan
b2 – 4ac = 0 ini mempunyai punca-punca yang sama.
2
(–4) – 4(2)[–(5 + k)] = 0
16 + 8(5 + k) = 0
16 + 40 + 8k = 0
k = –7
(b) When/Apabila k = –7,
2x2 – 4x + 2 = 0
x2 – 2x + 1 = 0
(x – 1)2 = 0
x=1 ∴ The point of contact is (1, –3).
y = 2(1)2 – 5 = –3 Titik sentuhan ialah (1, –3).

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 2. (a) Find the equation of a tangent to the curve y = x2(x – 3) at point A(3, 0).
Cari persamaan tangen kepada suatu lengkung y = x2(x – 3) pada titik A(3, 0).
(b) If the tangents to the curve in (a) at points A and B are parallel, find the coordinates of point B.
Jika tangen kepada lengkung dalam (a) pada titik A dan B adalah selari, cari koordinat titik B.

(a) y = x2(x – 3) = x3 – 3x2

dy
= 3x2 – 6x
dx
dy
When/Apabila x = 3, = 3(32) – 6(3) = 9
dx
The equation of the tangent to the curve at A(3, 0) is
Persamaan tangen kepada lengkung pada A(3, 0) ialah
y – 0 = 9(x – 3)
y = 9x – 27
dy
(b) When/Apabila = 9, 3x2 – 6x = 9
dx 2
x – 2x – 3 = 0
(x – 3)(x + 1) = 0
x = 3 or/atau x = –1
When/Apabila x = –1, y = (–1)2(–1 – 3)
= –4
∴ The coordinates of point B are (–1, –4).
Koordinat titik B ialah (–1, –4).

3. The normal to the curve y = 4 at point A(4, 1) intersects the curve again at a point B.
x
4
Garis normal kepada lengkung y = pada titik A(4, 1) menyilang lengkung itu sekali lagi pada titik B.
x
(a) Find the coordinates of point B. (b) Calculate the area of triangle OAB.
Cari koordinat titik B. Hitung luas segi tiga OAB.
4 dy –4
(a) y = ⇒ =
x dx x2
dy –4 1
At/Pada A(4, 1): = =–
dx 42 4
–1
Gradient of normal/Kecerunan normal = =4
–
1
4  
The equation of the normal to the curve at A is
Persamaan normal kepada lengkung pada A ialah
y – 1 = 4(x – 4)
y = 4x – 15 …… ①
4
Solve ① with/Selesaikan ① dengan y = .
x
4
4x – 15 = (b) Area of ΔOAB
x
Luas ΔOAB
4x2 – 15x – 4 = 0

 
(4x + 1)(x – 4) = 0 1
1 0 –4 4 0
=
x = – 1 or/atau x = 4 2 0 –16 1 0
4
1
 – 4 – (–64) 
When/Apabila x = – , y = –16 1 1
4 =
2

4

∴ The coordinates of point B are – 1 , –16 .  = 31
7
unit2
8
1

Koordinat titik B ialah – , –16 .
4

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 NOTES
dy
A stationary point on a curve occurs when = 0. A stationary point can be a maximum point, a minimum point or a point of inflection.
dx
dy
Titik pegun pada suatu lengkung berlaku apabila = 0. Suatu titik pegun mungkin titik maksimum, titik minimum atau titik lengkok balas.
dx
Maximum point Minimum point Point of inflection
Titik maksimum Titik minimum Titik lengkok balas
dy dy dy
–– = 0 dy dy ––  0 ––  0
dx ––  0 ––  0 dx dx dy
dy
dx dx –– = 0 –– = 0
dy dy dx or/atau dx
––  0 ––  0
dx dx dy dy dy
–– = 0 ––  ––  0
dx dx 0 dx
d 2y dy
d 2y has the same sign before and after a point of inflection.
0 0 dx
dx2 dx2 dy
mempunyai tanda yang sama sebelum dan selepas titik lengkok balas.
dx

D. Determine the stationary points and their natures for each of the following curves.
Tentukan titik pegun dan sifat titik pegun itu bagi setiap lengkung yang berikut. LS2.4.4 PL3

(a) y = 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x (b) y = (x + 2)3 + 4

dy d 2y dy
= 6x2 – 6x – 12 = 12x – 6 = 3(x + 2)2
dx dx2 dx
dy dy
When/Apabila = 0, When/Apabila x = –1, When/Apabila = 0,
dx dy2 dx
6x2 – 6x – 12 = 0 = 12(–1) – 6 3(x + 2)2 = 0
dx2
6(x + 1)(x – 2) = 0 = –18  0 x = –2
x = –1 or/atau x = 2 ∴ (–1, 7) is a maximum When/Apabila x = −2,
When/Apabila x = –1, point. y = (–2 + 2)3 + 4 = 4
y = 2(–1)3 – 3(–1)2 – 12(–1) (–1, 7) ialah titik maksimum. ∴ (–2, 4) is a stationary point.
=7 (–2, 4) ialah titik pegun.
When/Apabila x = 2,
When/Apabila x = 2, d2y x –3 –2 –1
y = 2(2)3 – 3(2)2 – 12(2) = 12(2) – 6
dx2 dy
3 0 3
= –20 = 18  0 dx
∴ (–1, 7) and (2, –20) are ∴ (2, –20) is a minimum Tangent
the stationary points. point. Tangen
(2, –20) ialah titik minimum.
(–1, 7) dan (2, –20) ialah ∴ (–2, 4) is a point of inflection.
titik pegun. (– 2, 4) ialah titik lengkok balas.

1. y = 8 – 3x2 – x3
dy
= –6x – 3x2 d2y = –6 – 6x
dx dx2
dy
When/Apabila = 0, When/Apabila x = –2,
dx
–6x – 3x2 = 0 d2y = –6 – 6(–2) = 6  0
–3x(2 + x) = 0 dx2
x = –2 or/atau x = 0 ∴ (–2, 4) is a minimum point.
(–2, 4) ialah titik minimum.
When/Apabila x = –2, y = 8 – 3(–2)2 – (–2)3
=4 When/Apabila x = 0,
When/Apabila x = 0, y = 8 – 3(02) – 03 d2y
= –6 – 6(0) = –6  0
=8 dx2
∴ (–2, 4) and (0, 8) are the stationary points. ∴ (0, 8) is a maximum point.
(–2, 4) dan (0, 8) ialah titik pegun. (0, 8) ialah titik maksimum.

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 2. y = x2 + 4x + 5 3. y = 5 – 2x3
dy = 2x + 4 dy = –6x2
dx dx
When/Apabila dy = 0, When/Apabila dy = 0,
dx dx
2x + 4 = 0 –6x2 = 0
x = –2 x=0
When/Apabila x = –2, When/Apabila x = 0,
y = (–2)2 + 4(–2) + 5 = 1 y=5–0
=5
∴ (–2, 1) is a stationary point.
(–2, 1) ialah titik pegun. ∴ (0, 5) is a stationary point.
(0, 5) ialah titik pegun.
x –3 –2 –1
x –1 0 1
dy
–2 0 –2 dy
dx –6 0 –6
Tangent dx
Tangen Tangent
Tangen
∴ (–2, 1) is a minimum point.
(–2, 1) ialah titik minimum. ∴ (0, 5) is a point of inflection.
(0, 5) ialah titik lengkok balas.

E. Solve each of the following problems.

Selesaikan setiap masalah yang berikut. LS2.4.5 PL4 PL5

A farmer plants tomato on a plot of land. With 80 tomato plants, each plant produces 40 fruits.
When the number of tomato plants is increased, the number of fruits produced by a plant drops
by 2 for every additional tomato plant. Find the number of tomato plants that yields the maximum
number of fruits.
Seorang pekebun menanam pokok tomato di sebidang tanah. Dengan 80 batang pokok tomato ditanam, setiap pokok
itu akan menghasilkan 40 biji tomato. Apabila bilangan pokok tomato bertambah, buah yang dihasilkan oleh setiap
pokok berkurang 2 biji bagi tambahan setiap pokok tomato. Cari bilangan pokok tomato yang harus ditanam untuk
menghasilkan bilangan tomato yang maksimum.
Let/Katakan When/Apabila dy = 0,
x = number of tomato plants planted dx
x = bilangan pokok tomato yang ditanam –120 – 4x = 0
y = number of fruits produced 4x = –120
y = bilangan tomato dihasilkan
x = –30 and/dan d2y = –4  0
dx2
Then/Maka,
y = Number of plants × Number of fruits per plant Thus, y is a maximum when x = –30.
Bilangan pokok × Bilangan buah setiap pokok Maka, y adalah maksimum apabila x = –30.
= (80 + x)(40 – 2x) ∴ Number of tomato plants that should be
= 320 – 120x – 2x2 planted
dy Bilangan pokok tomato yang harus ditanam
= –120 – 4x = 80 + x
dx
= 80 + (–30)
= 50

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 1. A piece of wire of length 50 cm is bent into the frame of a sector with
O
a radius of r cm.
Seutas dawai yang panjangnya 50 cm dibengkokkan menjadi rangka sebuah sektor r cm
bulatan berjejari r cm.
(a) Show that the area of the sector, A cm2, is given by A = 25r – r2.
Tunjukkan bahawa luas sektor, A cm2, diberi oleh A = 25r – r2.
(b) Find the value of r such that A is a maximum.
Cari nilai r dengan keadaan A adalah maksimum.
(a) Length of arc/Panjang lengkok = (50 – 2r) cm
50 – 2r
Angle of sector/Sudut sektor =
r
1
Area of the sector/Luas sektor, A = (r2)
2
 50 – 2r
r 
2
A = 25r – r
dA
(b) = 25 – 2r
dr
dA
When/Apabila = 0,
dr
25 – 2r = 0
2r = 25
1 d2A
r = 12 and/dan = –2  0
2 dr2
1
∴ A is a maximum when r = 12 .
2
1
A adalah maksimum apabila r = 12 .
2

2. A temporary rectangular stage for an open concert is built beside Wall

the wall of a building. For security reason, the stage is fenced up Dinding
on its 3 sides with 30 m of fencing material. Find the length and
width of the stage such that its area is a maximum. Stage
Pentas
Sebuah pentas sementara berbentuk segi empat tepat untuk suatu konsert
terbuka dibina di tepi dinding sebuah bangunan. Untuk tujuan keselamatan,
pentas itu dipagar pada 3 tepinya dengan pagar sepanjang 30 m.
Cari panjang dan lebar pentas itu dengan keadaan luasnya adalah Fence
maksimum. Pagar

Let the length of the stage be x m.

Katakan panjang pentas itu ialah x m.
1
Width of the stage/Lebar pentas = (30 – x) m
2
1

Area of the stage/Luas pentas, A = x (30 – x)
2 
1
A = 15x – x2
2
dA
= 15 – x
dx
dA
When/Apabila = 0,
dx
15 – x = 0
d2A
x = 15 and/dan = –1  0
dr2
∴ The area of the stage is maximum when the length is 15 m and the width is 7.5 m.
Luas pentas itu adalah maksimum apabila panjangnya 15 m dan lebarnya 7.5 m.

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 3. A cone is inscribed in a sphere with centre O and a radius of 10 cm. The base radius and height of
the cone are r cm and h cm respectively.
Sebuah kon terterap dalam sebuah sfera yang berpusat O dan berjejari 10 cm. Jejari tapak dan tinggi kon itu
masing-masing ialah r cm dan h cm.
(a) Show that: A
Tunjukkan bahawa:
(i) r2 = 20h – h2
(ii) The volume of the cone, V cm3, is given by
Isi padu kon, V cm3, diberi oleh O

V = π  20 h2 – 1 h3
3 3
(b) Find the value of h when V is a maximum. B C D
Cari nilai h apabila V adalah maksimum.

(a) (i) In the right-angled ΔOCD: d2V

   
dV 40 40
Dalam Δ bersudut tegak OCD: (b) =π h – h2 π and/dan =π – 2h
dh 3 dh2 3
r2 + (h – 10)2 = 102 dV
r2 + h2 – 20h + 100 = 100 When/Apabila = 0, 40 h – h2 = 0
dh 3
r2 = 20h – h2 40
h = 0 or/atau h =
3
(ii) Volume of the cone/Isi padu kon: d2V 40
h = 0 is not possible and  0 when h = .
V = 1 πr2h dh2 3
3 d2V 40
h = 0 tidak mungkin dan  0 apabila h = .
= 1 π(20h – h2)(h) dh2 3
3 40
∴ V is a maximum when h = .
3 
= π 20 h2 – 1 h3
3  3
40
V adalah maksimum apabila h = .
3

F. Find the rate of change in each of the following problems.

Cari kadar perubahan dalam setiap masalah yang berikut. LS2.4.6, 2.4.7 PL4

A cubical block of ice melts and its sides decrease at a rate of 0.2 cm s–1. Find the rate of change of the
volume of the ice block when its side is 8 cm.
Seketul ais berbentuk kubus melebur dan panjang sisinya menyusut pada kadar 0.2 cm s–1. Cari kadar perubahan
isi padu ketulan ais itu apabila panjang sisinya ialah 8 cm.

Let x cm and V cm3 be the side and the volume of the ice block.
Katakan x cm dan V cm3 ialah panjang sisi dan isi padu ketulan ais itu.
dx Decreases
Given/Diberi = –0.2 cm s–1
dt Menyusut
V = x3
dV = 3x2
dx
dV dV dx Chain rule
= × = 3x2(–0.2) Petua rantai
dt dx dt
When/Apabila x = 8, dV = 3(82)(–0.2)
dt
= –38.4
The volume of the ice block decreases at a rate of 38.4 cm3 s–1.
Isi padu ketulan ais itu menyusut pada kadar 38.4 cm3 s–1.

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 1. The radius of a spherical balloon increases at 2. Given p = 32 and v increases at a rate of 2 unit s–1.
v
a rate of 0.3 cm s–1. Find the rate of change of Find the rate of change in p when v = 12.
its volume when its radius is 5 cm. 32
Jejari sebiji belon berbentuk sfera menokok pada kadar Diberi p = dan v menokok pada kadar 2 unit s–1.
v
0.3 cm s–1. Cari kadar perubahan isi padu belon itu
Cari kadar perubahan p apabila v = 12.
apabila jejarinya ialah 5 cm.
4 3 p = 32
V= πr v
3 dp –32
dV = 2
= 4πr2 dv v
dr
dr
Given/Diberi = 0.3 cm s–1 Given/Diberi dv = 2 unit s–1
dt dt

 
dV dV dr dp dp dv
= × = 4πr2(0.3) = × = –32 (2)
dt dr dt dt dv dt v2
When/Apabila r = 5 cm, When/Apabila v = 12,
dV
dt
= 4π(52)(0.3)
dt  
dp = –32 (2)
122
= 30π
= 94.26 cm3 s–1 =–4
9
∴ The volume of the balloon increases at a rate of ∴ p decreases at a rate of 4 unit s–1.
94.26 cm3 s–1. 9
Isi padu belon menokok pada kadar 94.26 cm3 s–1. p menyusut pada kadar 4 unit s–1.
9

3. Water leaks from an inverted cone at a rate of 4. It is given that 1 + 1 = 1 and y decreases at
8 cm3 s–1. Find the rate of change of the depth y x 12
–1
of the water when the depth is 16 cm. a rate of 1 cm s .
Air menitis dari sebuah kon tertonggeng pada kadar 1 1 1
Diberi bahawa + = dan y menyusut pada
8 cm3 s–1. Cari kadar perubahan kedalaman air apabila y x 12
kedalaman air ialah 16 cm. kadar 1 cm s–1.
48 cm
r = 24 ⇒ r = 3 h (a) Show that: y = 12x
h 32 4 Tunjukkan bahawa: x – 12
r cm (b) Find the rate of change in x when x = 6 cm.
 
2 32 cm
1 3
V= π h h h cm Cari kadar perubahan x apabila x = 6 cm.
3 4
3 1 1 x – 12
=
16
πh3 (a) = – 1 =
y 12 x 12x
dV 9 12x
= πh2 ∴y=
dh 16 x – 12
dV dy (x – 12)(12) – (12x)(1) –144
Given/Diberi = –8 cm3 s–1 (b) = =
dt dx (x – 12)2 (x – 12)2
dV dV dh dy
= × Given/Diberi = –1 cm s–1
dt dh dt dt
9 dh dy dy dx
–8 = πh2 × = ×
16 dt dt dx dt
–144 dx
dh –128
= –1 = ×
dt 9πh2 (x – 12)2 dt
dx (x – 12)2
When/Apabila h = 16, =
dt 144
dh = –128 = – 1 = –0.018 cm s–1 When/Apabila x = 6 cm,
dt 9π(162) 18π dx (6 – 12)2
= = 0.25 cm s–1
∴ The depth of the water decreases at a rate of dt 144
0.018 cm s–1. ∴ x increases at a rate of 0.25 cm s–1.
Kedalaman air menyusut pada kadar 0.018 cm s–1. x bertambah pada kadar 0.25 cm s–1.

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 G. Solve the following problems that involving small changes and approximations.
Selesaikan masalah berikut yang melibatkan perubahan kecil dan penghampiran. LS2.4.8, 2.4.9 PL4

NOTES
dy
Given that y = 5x2, find the y = 5x2 ⇒ = 10x From the definition of the
dx first derivative, if x is small,
corresponding small change in y
When/Apabila x = 3, δx = 3.05 – 3 = 0.05 then
when x changes from 3 to 3.05.
δy ≈ 10x(δx) Dari takrif terbitan pertama,
Hence, find the approximate value jika x adalah kecil, maka
= 10(3)(0.05)
of 5(3.05)2. δy
≈
dy
Diberi y = 5x2, cari perubahan kecil yang
= 1.5
δx dx
sepadan dalam y apabila x berubah ∴ y increases approximately by 1.5. dy
or/atau δy ≈ × δx
daripada 3 kepada 3.05. Seterusnya, y bertambah hampir 1.5. dx
cari nilai hampir bagi 5(3.05)2.
∴ 5(3.05)2 ≈ 5(3)2 + 1.5 = 46.5 y + δy

dy 4
1. Given that y = x3, find the value of when 2. Given that y = 2x + , find the change in the
dx x
x = 4. Hence, find the corresponding change in y value of y when x changes from 4 to 3.99. Hence,
when x changes from 4 to 4.02. Find also the find the approximate value of y when x = 3.99.
approximate value of (4.02)3. Diberi y = 2x +
4
, cari perubahan nilai y apabila x
3 dy x
Diberi y = x , cari nilai apabila x = 4. Seterusnya,
berubah daripada 4 kepada 3.99. Seterusnya, cari nilai
dx
cari perubahan sepadan dalam y apabila x berubah hampir y apabila x = 3.99.
daripada 4 kepada 4.02. Cari juga nilai hampir bagi 4 dy 4
y = 2x + ⇒ = 2– 2
(4.02)3. x dx x
y = x3 ⇒
dy
= 3x2 When/Apabila x = 4, δx = 3.99 – 4 = –0.01
dx
When/Apabila x = 4,
dy
= 3(42) = 48
and/dan δy ≈
dy
dx

4
× δx = 2 – 2 (δx)
x 
dx
δx = 4.02 – 4 = 0.02 
4
= 2 – 2 (–0.01)
4 
dy = –0.0175
δy ≈ × δx = 3x2(δx) = 48 × 0.02 = 0.96
dx ∴ y decreases approximately by 0.0175.
∴ y increases approximately by 0.96. y menyusut hampir 0.0175.
y bertambah hampir 0.96.
∴ (4.02)3 ≈ 43 + 0.96
When/Apabila x = 3.99, y ≈ 2(4) + 
4
4 
+ (–0.0175)
= 64.96 = 8.9825

3. Given that y = 4x – 3x2, find the small change 2

4. Calculate the approximate value of .
in y when x changes from 10 to 9.9. Hence, 1.052
2
Hitung nilai hampir bagi .
find the approximate value of y when x = 9.9. 1.052
Diberi y = 4x – 3x2, cari perubahan kecil dalam y apabila 2
Let/Katakan y =
x berubah daripada 10 kepada 9.9. Seterusnya, cari x2
nilai hampir bagi y apabila x = 9.9. dy –4
= 3
dy dx x
y = 4x – 3x2 ⇒ = 4 – 6x When/Apabila x = 1, δx = 1.05 – 1 = 0.05
dx
When/Apabila x = 10, δx = 9.9 – 10 = –0.1
dy
 
–4
δy ≈ 3 (δx)
x
and/dan δy ≈ × δx = (4 – 6x)(δx)
dx
= [4 – 6(10)](–0.1)  
–4
= 3 (0.05)
1
= 5.6 = – 0.2
∴ y increases approximately by 5.6. ∴
2 2
≈ 2 + (–0.2)
y bertambah hampir 5.6. 1.052 1
= 2 – 0.2
∴ y ≈ [4(10) – 3(102)] + 5.6 = 1.8
= –254.4

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 SPM PRACTICE PAPER 1

Answer all the questions.

Jawab semua soalan.
1 3. Given a function g(x) = ax3 – 6x2 + 3x, find
1. Given that f(x) = , evaluate f (2).
(4x – 7)2 Diberi fungsi g(x) = ax3 – 6x2 + 3x, cari
1 (a) g (x).
Diberi f(x) = , nilaikan f (2).
(4x – 7)2 [1]
[4] (b) the value of a if g (1) = 18.
nilai a jika g(1) = 18.
1
f(x) = = (4x – 7)–2 [2]
(4x – 7)2
(a) g(x) = 3ax2 – 12x + 3
f(x) = –2(4x – 7)–3(4)
= –8(4x – 7)–3 (b) g (x) = 6ax – 12

f (x) = –3(–8)(4x – 7)–4(4) g (1) = 6a(1) – 12 = 18

96 6a = 30
= a=5
(4x – 7)4
96
∴ f (2) = = 96
[4(2) – 7]4

10
2. The diagram shows a curve and a straight line. 4. Given that y = 8 – , find the small change in x,
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu lengkung dan satu
x
garis lurus. in terms of k, when the value of y changes from
y 3 to 3 + k.
y = 3kx
Diberi bahawa y = 8 – 10 , cari perubahan kecil dalam x,
x
A dalam sebutan k, apabila nilai y berubah daripada 3 kepada
x
O 3 + k.
3x – 12 [4]
y = –––––– dy 10
x+1 y = 8 – 10 ⇒ =
x dx x2
The straight line is parallel to the tangent of the When/Apabila y = 3, 3 = 8 – 10
x
curve at point A. Find the value of k. 10
Garis lurus itu selari dengan tangen kepada lengkung itu =5
x
pada titik A. Cari nilai k.
x=2
[5]
3x – 12
y= δy = (3 + k) – 3 = k
x+1
dy (x + 1)(3) – (3x – 12)(1) dy 10
= When/Apabila x = 2, = 2
dx (x + 1)2 dx 2
15 5
= =
(x + 1)2 2
3x – 12 = 0 dy
When/Apabila y = 0, δy ≈ × δx
x+1 dx
3x = 12 5
k≈ × δx
x=4 2
2
When/Apabila x = 4,
dy
=
15
=
3 δx ≈ k
dx (4 + 1)2 5 5
3
∴ 3k =
5
1
k=
5

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 5. Given the gradient of the tangent to the curve 7. Two variables, x and y, are related by an equation
1 24
y = x2(2 + mx) at x = 3 is 7 . Find the value of m. y = 2 . Express in terms of p, the approximate
2 x
Diberi kecerunan tangen kepada lengkung y = x2(2 + mx) change in y when x changes from 6 to 6 + p,
pada x = 3 ialah 7 1 . Cari nilai m. where p is a small value.
2 Dua pemboleh ubah, x dan y, dihubungkan oleh persamaan
[4]
y = x2(2 + mx) y = 242 . Ungkapkan dalam sebutan p, perubahan kecil
x
= 2x2 + mx3 dalam y apabila x berubah daripada 6 kepada 6 + p, dengan
dy keadaan p ialah satu nilai kecil.
= 4x + 3mx2 [4]
dx
dy
When/Apabila x = 3,
dy
=7
1 y = 242 ⇒ = – 483
dx 2 x dx x
dy
4(3) + 3m(32) =
15
2
δy ≈
dx
× δx = – 483 (δx)
x  
9
27m = – When/Apabila x = 6, δx = p.
2
m=–1
6 6
∴ δy ≈ – 483 (p) 
2
=– p
9

6. The volume of a sphere is increasing at a rate of 8. Given the normal to a curve y = 10x – 2x2 at
21.6π cm3 s–1. Find its radius at the instant when 1
a point P is parallel to the straight line y = – x + 9.
the radius is increasing at a rate of 0.6 cm s–1. 2
Isi padu sebuah sfera bertambah pada kadar 21.6π cm3 s–1. Find the equation of the normal.
Cari jejari sfera itu pada ketika jejarinya bertambah pada Diberi garis normal kepada lengkung y = 10x – 2x2 pada
kadar 0.6 cm s–1.
satu titik P adalah selari dengan garis lurus y = – 1 x + 9.
[4] 2
4 Cari persamaan garis normal itu.
Volume of a sphere/Isi padu sfera, V = πr3
3 [4]
dy
dV y = 10x – 2x 2
⇒ = 10 – 4x
= 4πr2 dx
dr
dV Gradient of normal at P/Kecerunan normal pada P
= 21.6π cm3 s–1
dt =–1
dr 2
= 0.6 cm s–1
dt Gradient of tangent at P/ Kecerunan tangen pada P
dV dV dr 1
dt
=
dr dt
×
21.6π = (4πr2)(0.6)
 
=– 1 =2
–
2
21.6
r2 = ∴ 10 – 4x = 2
2.4
4x = 8
=9
x=2
r = 3 cm
When/Apabila x = 2, y = 10(2) – 2(22)
= 12
Equation of normal/Persamaan normal:
1
y – 12 = – (x – 2)
2
2y – 24 = –x + 2
2y + x = 26

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 SPM PRACTICE PAPER 2

Answer all the questions.

Jawab semua soalan.
1. The straight line 3y + x + k = 0 is a normal to the l
curve y = x2 – 3x + 1 at point P. Find (a) T = 2π
10
Garis lurus 3y + x + k = 0 ialah normal kepada lengkung
y = x2 – 3x + 1 pada titik P. Cari  
T2 = 4π2 l
10
(a) the value of k.
 
dl 5T
nilai k. l = 5 2 T2 ⇒ =
[4] 2π dT π2
(b) the equation of the tangent to the curve at P. (b) When/Apabila l = 90, δl = 92 – 90 = 2
persamaan tangen kepada lengkung pada P.
[2] 90
dy and/dan T = 2π = 6π
(a) y = x2 – 3x + 1 ⇒ = 2x – 3 10
dx
5T
3y + x + k = 0 δl ≈ dl × δT = 2 × δT
dT π
y=–1x– k 5(6π)
3 3 2≈ × δT
π2
Gradient of normal/Kecerunan normal = – 1 π
3 δT =
–1 15
Gradient of tangent/Kecerunan tangen =
1
– 3  ∴ The period of oscillation increases
=3 π
approximately by s.
dy 15
= 2x – 3 = 3 and/dan y = 32 – 3(3) + 1 π
dx Tempoh ayunan menokok hampir s.
2x = 6 =1 15
x=3
∴ P(3, 1)
From equation of normal/Dari persamaan normal:
3(1) + 3 + k = 0 3. The diagram shows the front view of a door. The
6+k=0
HOTStop part of the door is a semicircle. The perimeter
k = –6 of the door is 6 m.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan pandangan depan sebuah
(b) Equation of tangent/Persamaan tangen: pintu. Bahagian atas pintu itu berbentuk semibulatan.
y – 1 = 3(x – 3) Perimeter pintu itu ialah 6 m.
y – 1 = 3x – 9
y = 3x – 8

2. The period of oscillation, T s, of a simple pendulum

with a length of l cm is given by: 3y m
Tempoh ayunan, T s, bagi sebuah bandul ringkas yang
mempunyai panjang l cm diberi oleh:
l 4x m
T = 2π
10 (a) Express the front surface area of the door in
(a) Find/Cari: d l terms of x and π.
dT Ungkapkan luas permukaan depan pintu itu dalam
[2]
sebutan x and π.
(b) Find the approximate change in the period of
[3]
oscillation when its length changes from 90 cm
(b) Find the width, in m, of the door when the
to 92 cm.
Cari perubahan hampir bagi tempoh ayunan apabila
front surface area is a maximum.
Cari lebar, dalam m, pintu itu apabila luas permukaan
panjang bandul ringkas berubah dari 90 cm kepada
depan adalah maksimum.
92 cm.
[4] [3]

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 (a) Perimeter of the door/Perimeter pintu: (a) y = 2x3 – 9x2 + 12x + 4
3y + 4x + 3y + π(2x) = 6 dy
= 6x2 – 18x + 12
6y + (4 + 2π)x = 6 dx
6y = 6 – (4 + 2π)x 1
When/Apabila x = ,
2
Front surface area/Luas permukaan depan:
   
dy 1 2 1
1 =6 – 18 + 12
dx 2 2
A = 3y(4x) + π(2x)2
2 9
=
= 2x[6 – (4 + 2π)x] + 2πx2 2
= 12x – 8x2 – 4πx2 + 2πx2 =4
1
= 12x – 8x2 – 2πx2 2
= 12x – 2(4 + π)x2 1
The gradient of the curve at P is 4 .
2
dA 1
(b) = 12 – 4(4 + π)x Kecerunan lengkung pada P ialah 4 .
dx 2
dA
When/Apabila = 0,
dx (b) Gradient of the normal at P
12 – 4(4 + π)x = 0 Kecerunan normal pada P
(4 + π)x = 3 2
=–
3 9
x=
4+π
Equation of the normal to the curve at P:
and/dan d2A = –4(4 + π)  0 Persamaan normal kepada lengkung pada P:
dx2
 
2 1
3 y–8=– x–
Thus, A is a maximum when x = . 9 2
4+π
3 9y – 72 = –2x + 1
Maka, A adalah maksimum apabila x = .
4+π 9y + 2x = 73
∴ Width of the door/Lebar pintu dy
(c) When/Apabila = 0,
dx
 
3
=4
4+π 6x2 – 18x + 12 = 0
= 1.680 m x2 – 3x + 2 = 0
(x – 1)(x – 2) = 0
x = 1 or/atau x = 2
d2y = 12x – 18
dx2
When/Apabila x = 1, y = 2 – 9 + 12 + 4
=9
4. Given the curve y = 2x3 – 9x2 + 12x + 4 passes d2y = 12 – 18 = –6  0
and/dan
1
 
through point P , 8 and has two turning points,
2
dx2
∴ A(1, 9) is a maximum point.
A and B. Find
A(1, 9) ialah titik maksimum.
Diberi lengkung y = 2x3 – 9x2 + 12x + 4 melalui titik

 
P 1 , 8 dan mempunyai dua titik pusingan, A dan B. Cari
2 When/Apabila x = 2, y = 16 – 36 + 24 + 4
(a) the gradient of the curve at P. =8
kecerunan lengkung itu pada P.
and/dan d2y = 12(2) – 18 = 6  0
[3] dx2
(b) the equation of the normal to the curve at P. ∴ B(2, 8) is a minimum point.
persamaan garis normal kepada lengkung itu pada P.
B(2, 8) ialah titik minimum.
[3]
(c) the coordinates of the turning points A and B,
and determine the nature of each point.
koordinat titik pusingan A dan B, dan tentukan sifat
setiap titik itu.
[4]

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