CHAPTER 3: Systems of Equations

Sistem Persamaan

PBD 3.1 Systems of Linear Equations in Three Variables Textbook: pp. 70 – 78

Sistem Persamaan Linear dalam Tiga Pemboleh Ubah
A. Solve the following simultaneous linear equations by using the substitution method
Selesaikan persamaan linear serentak berikut dengan menggunakan kaedah penggantian. LS3.1.2 PL2

1. 2x + y + z = 2 …… ➀
2x – 3y + z = 16 …… ➀ x + 2y + z = 5 …… ➁
3x – y + 2z = 19 …… ➁ x + y + 2z = 9 …… ➂
4x + 3y + 3z = 18 …… ➂ From/Dari ➀: z = 2 – 2x – y …… ➃
From/Dari ➀: z = 16 – 2x + 3y …… ➃ Substitute ➃ into ➁.
Substitute ➃ into ➁. Gantikan ➃ ke dalam ➁.
Gantikan ➃ ke dalam ➁. x + 2y + 2 – 2x – y = 5
3x – y + 2(16 – 2x + 3y) = 19 x – y = –3 …… ➄
x – 5y = 13 …… ➄ Substitute ➃ into ➂.
Substitute ➃ into ➂. Gantikan ➃ ke dalam ➂.
Gantikan ➃ ke dalam ➂. x + y + 2(2 – 2x – y) = 9
4x + 3y + 3(16 – 2x + 3y) = 18 3x + y = –5 …… ➅
2x – 12y = 30
➄ + ➅: 4x = –8
x – 6y = 15 …… ➅ x = –2
➄ – ➅: y = –2
From/Dari ➅: 3(–2) + y = –5
From/Dari ➅: x – 6(–2) = 15 –6 + y = –5
x + 12 = 15 y=1
x=3
From/Dari ➃: z = 2 – 2(–2) – 1
From/Dari ➃: z = 16 – 2(3) + 3(–2) =5
=4

2. x + y – 3z = 4 …… ➀
x – 3y – z = 12 …… ➁
–3x + y + z = 8 …… ➂
From/Dari ➁: z = x – 3y – 12 …… ➃ ➅ – ➄: 6y = –26
Substitute ➃ into ➀. y=–
13
Gantikan ➃ ke dalam ➀. 3
x + y – 3(x – 3y – 12) = 4 13
From/Dari ➅: x– = –10
2x – 10y = 32 3
x – 5y = 16 …… ➄ 17
x=–
3
Substitute ➃ into ➂.
Gantikan ➃ ke dalam ➂.
–3x + y + x – 3y – 12 = 8
From/Dari ➃: z=–
17
3
–3– 冢
13
3
– 12 冣
2x + 2y = –20 14
=–
x + y = –10 …… ➅ 3

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 B. Solve the following simultaneous linear equations by using the elimination method.
Selesaikan persamaan linear serentak berikut dengan menggunakan kaedah penghapusan. LS3.1.2 PL2

1. 2x + 7y – 3z = –1 …… ➀
2x + 3y – z = 1 …… ➀ x–y+z=5 …… ➁
–3x + y + 3z = –4 …… ➁ 4x – 5y + z = 7 …… ➂
x + y – 2z = 7 …… ➂
➁ × 3: 3x – 3y + 3z = 15 …… ➃
➁ × 3: –9x + 3y + 9z = –12 …… ➃
➀ + ➃: 5x + 4y = 14 …… ➄
Eliminate y.
➀ – ➃: 11x – 10z = 13 …… ➄ Hapuskan y. ➂ – ➁: 3x – 4y = 2 …… ➅
➂ – ➁: 4x – 5z = 11 …… ➅
➄ + ➅: 8x = 16
➅ × 2: 8x – 10z = 22 …… ➆ x=2
Eliminate z.
➄ – ➆: 3x = –9 Hapuskan z. From/Dari ➄: 5(2) + 4y = 14
x = –3 4y = 4
y=1
From/Dari ➄: 11(–3) – 10z = 13 From/Dari ➁: 2–1+z=5
10z = –46 z=4
z = – 23
5
From/Dari ➂: –3 + y – 2冢– 23 冣 = 7
5
y + 31 = 7
5
y= 4
5

2. 3x + y – z = 2 …… ➀ 3. 2x + y + z = 7 …… ➀
–x + 2y + 3z = 22 …… ➁ x + 2y – 2z = –6 …… ➁
x + y + z = 10 …… ➂ x – 3y – 3z = 7 …… ➂

➁ × 3: –3x + 6y + 9z = 66 …… ➃ ➁ × 2: 2x + 4y – 4z = –12 …… ➃
➀ + ➃: 7y + 8z = 68 …… ➄ ➀ – ➃: –3y + 5z = 19 …… ➄
➁ + ➂: 3y + 4z = 32 …… ➅ ➁ – ➂: 5y + z = –13 …… ➅
➅ × 2: 6y + 8z = 64 …… ➆ ➅ × 5: 25y + 5z = –65 …… ➆
➄ – ➆: y = 4 ➄ – ➆: –28y = 84
y = –3
From/Dari ➅: 3(4) + 4z = 32
4z = 20 From/Dari ➅: 5(–3) + z = –13
z=5 –15 + z = –13
z=2
From/Dari ➂: x + 4 + 5 = 10
x=1 From/Dari ➀: 2x – 3 + 2 = 7
2x = 8
x=4

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 C. Solve the following problems.
Selesaikan masalah berikut. LS3.1.3 PL4

1. Three types of fertilisers, x, y and z, are made

Three types of chemicals, x, y and z, are made from from three types of raw materials, P, Q and R,
three types of raw materials, A, B and C. The table which are mixed in the ratios as shown in the
shows the ratios in the usage of A, B and C for x, table.
Tiga jenis baja, x, y dan z, diperbuat daripada tiga jenis
y and z.
bahan mentah, P, Q dan R, yang dicampur mengikut
Tiga jenis bahan kimia, x, y dan z, diperbuat daripada
nisbah seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam jadual di bawah.
tiga jenis bahan mentah, A, B dan C. Jadual di bawah
menunjukkan nisbah penggunaan A, B dan C untuk x, y x y z
dan z.
P 0.6 0.1 0.3
x y z
Q 0.3 0.7 0.1
A 0.2 0.4 0.3
R 0.1 0.2 0.6
B 0.3 0.4 0.4
C 0.5 0.2 0.3 Given the supplies of P, Q and R are 50 kg, 40 kg
and 45 kg respectively. Find the masses of x, y and
Given the supplies of A, B and C are 30 kg, 40 kg z produced, assuming that all the raw materials
and 35 kg respectively. Find the masses of x, y and are used.
z produced, assuming that all the raw materials Diberi bekalan P, Q dan R masing-masing ialah 50 kg,
40 kg dan 45 kg. Cari jisim x, y dan z yang dihasilkan
are used.
dengan menganggapkan bahawa semua bahan mentah
Diberi bekalan A, B dan C masing-masing ialah 30 kg,
telah digunakan.
40 kg dan 35 kg. Cari jisim x, y dan z yang dihasilkan
dengan menganggapkan bahawa semua bahan mentah 0.6x + 0.1y + 0.3z = 50 …… ➀
telah digunakan. 0.3x + 0.7y + 0.1z = 40 …… ➁
0.1x + 0.2y + 0.6z = 45 …… ➂
0.2x + 0.4y + 0.3z = 30 …… ➀
0.3x + 0.4y + 0.4z = 40 …… ➁ ➀ × 2: 1.2x + 0.2y + 0.6z = 100 …… ➃
0.5x + 0.2y + 0.3z = 35 …… ➂
➃ – ➂: 1.1x = 55
➁ – ➀: 0.1x + 0.1z = 10 x = 50
x + z = 100 …… ➃ ➁ × 3: 0.9x + 2.1y + 0.3z = 120 …… ➄
➂ × 2: x + 0.4y + 0.6z = 70 …… ➄ ➄ – ➀: 0.3x + 2y = 70 …… ➅
➄ – ➁: 0.7x + 0.2z = 30 From/Dari ➅: 0.3(50) + 2y = 70
7x + 2z = 300 …… ➅ 2y = 55
➃ × 2: 2x + 2z = 200 …… ➆ y = 27.5

➅ – ➆: 5x = 100 From/Dari ➀:
x = 20 0.6(50) + 0.1(27.5) + 0.3z = 50
0.3z = 50 – 30 – 2.75
From/Dari ➃: 20 + z = 100 = 17.25
z = 80 z = 57.5
From/Dari ➀: Thus, the masses of x, y and z produced are 50 kg,
0.2(20) + 0.4y + 0.3(80) = 30 27.5 kg and 57.5 kg respectively.
0.4y = 30 – 4 – 24 Maka, jisim x, y dan z yang dihasilkan masing-masing
=2 ialah 50 kg, 27.5 kg dan 57.5 kg.
y=5
Thus, the masses of x, y and z produced are 20 kg,
5 kg and 80 kg respectively.
Maka, jisim x, y dan z yang dihasilkan masing-masing ialah
20 kg, 5 kg dan 80 kg.

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 PBD 3.2 Simultaneous Equations involving One Linear
Equation and One Non-Linear Equation Textbook: pp. 79 – 84
Persamaan Serentak yang Melibatkan Satu Persamaan
Linear dan Satu Persamaan Tak Linear
A. Solve the following simultaneous equations.
Selesaikan persamaan serentak berikut. LS3.2.1 PL2

Digital Resourse
Linear equation
x – 3y = 1 …… ➀ Persamaan linear
Non-linear equation
Persamaan tak linear
x2 – 5xy + y2 = –5 …… ➁
Express x in terms of y.
From/Dari ➀: x = 3y + 1 …… ➂ Ungkapkan x dalam sebutan y.
Substitute ➂ into ➁.
Gantikan ➂ ke dalam ➁.

(3y + 1)2 – 5y(3y + 1) + y2 = –5

9y + 6y + 1 – 15y2 – 5y + y2 = –5
2 (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
5y2 – y – 6 = 0
(y + 1)(5y – 6) = 0 Factorise the equation
Faktorkan persamaan
Find the value of y. y = –1 or/atau y = 6
Cari nilai y. 5
Substitute the values of y into ➂.
Gantikan nilai-nilai y ke dalam ➂.
Find the corresponding When/Apabila y = –1, x = 3(–1) + 1 = –2
values of x.
Cari nilai x yang
sepadan. When/Apabila y = 6 , x = 3冢 6 冣 + 1 = 23
5 5 5
Thus/Maka, x = –2, y = –1 and/dan x = 23 , y = 6 .
5 5

1. x + y = 5 …… ➀ 2. x – y = 3 …… ➀
x2 + y2 = 37 …… ➁ 2x2 + xy – y2 = 11 …… ➁

From/Dari ➀: y = 5 – x …… ➂ From/Dari ➀: y=x–3 …… ➂

Substitute ➂ into ➁. Substitute ➂ into ➁.
Gantikan ➂ ke dalam ➁. Gantikan ➂ ke dalam ➁.
x2 + (5 – x)2 = 37 2x2 + x(x – 3) – (x – 3)2 = 11
x + 25 – 10x + x2 = 37
2
2x + x2 – 3x – x2 + 6x – 9 = 11
2

2x2 – 10x – 12 = 0 2x2 + 3x – 20 = 0

x2 – 5x – 6 = 0 (2x – 5)(x + 4) = 0
(x – 6)(x + 1) = 0 x = 2.5 or/atau x = –4
x = 6 or/atau x = –1
Substitute the values of x into ➂.
Substitute the values of x into ➂. Gantikan nilai-nilai x ke dalam ➂.
Gantikan nilai-nilai x ke dalam ➂.
When/Apabila x = 2.5, y = 2.5 – 3
When/Apabila x = 6, y = 5 – 6 = –0.5
= –1
When/Apabila x = –4, y = –4 – 3
When/Apabila x = –1, y = 5 – (–1) = –7
=6
Thus/Maka, x = 2.5, y = –0.5 and/dan x = –4, y = –7.
Thus/Maka, x = 6, y = –1 and/dan x = –1, y = 6.

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 B. Solve the following simultaneous equations. Give the answers correct to four significant figures.
Selesaikan persamaan serentak berikut. Berikan jawapan betul kepada empat angka bererti. LS3.2.1 PL2

2x + 3y = 5 …… ➀ Linear equation
Persamaan linear
Non-linear equation 4 + 1 =6 …… ➁
Persamaan tak linear x y
From/Dari ➀: 3y = 5 – 2x
y = 5 – 2x
Express y in terms of x.
…… ➂ Ungkapkan y dalam sebutan x.
3
Substitute ➂ into ➁.
Gantikan ➂ ke dalam ➁.
4 + 3 =6
x 5 – 2x
Arrange the quadratic 4(5 – 2x) + 3x = 6x(5 – 2x)
equation in the general 20 – 8x + 3x = 30x – 12x2
form, ax2 + bx + c = 0. Use the formula:
Susun persamaan 12x2 – 35x + 20 = 0 Guna rumus:
kuadratik dalam bentuk –(–35) ± (–35)2 – 4(12)(20) –b ± b2 – 4ac
am, ax2 + bx + c = 0. x= x=
2(12) 2a
35 ± 256
= = 2.1366 or/atau 0.780049
24
Substitute the values of x into ➂./Gantikan nilai-nilai x ke dalam ➂.
When/Apabila x = 2.1366, y = 5 – 2(2.1366) = 0.24226
3
Correct to four
significant figures. When/Apabila x = 0.780049, y = 5 – 2(0.780049) = 1.1466
Betul kepada empat 3
angka bererti. Thus/Maka, x = 2.137, y = 0.2423 and/dan x = 0.7800, y = 1.147.

1. 2x + y = 3 …… ➀ 2. 2x – y + 3 = 0 …… ➀
x2 – 6xy – y2 = 5 …… ➁ 4 – 5 =2 …… ➁
x y
From/Dari ➀: y = 3 – 2x …… ➂
From/Dari ➀: y = 2x + 3 …… ➂
Substitute ➂ into ➁.
Gantikan ➂ ke dalam ➁. Substitute ➂ into ➁.
x2 – 6x(3 – 2x) – (3 – 2x)2 = 5 Gantikan ➂ ke dalam ➁.
x – 18x + 12x2 – 9 + 12x – 4x2 = 5
2 4 5
– =2
9x2 – 6x – 14 = 0 x 2x + 3
–(–6) ± (–6)2 – 4(9)(–14) 4(2x + 3) – 5x = 2x(2x + 3)
x= 8x + 12 – 5x = 4x2 + 6x
2(9)
6 ± 540 4x2 + 3x – 12 = 0
= –3 ± 32 – 4(4)(–12)
18 x=
= 1.62432 or/atau –0.95766 2(4)
–3 ± 201
Substitute the values of x into ➂. =
8
= 1.3972 or/atau –2.1472
Gantikan nilai-nilai x ke dalam ➂.
Substitute the values of x into ➂.
When/Apabila x = 1.62432, Gantikan nilai-nilai x ke dalam ➂.
y = 3 – 2(1.62432) = –0.24864 When/Apabila x = 1.3972,
When/Apabila x = –0.95766, y = 2(1.3972) + 3 = 5.7944
y = 3 – 2(–0.95766) = 4.9153 When/Apabila x = –2.1472,
y = 2(–2.1472) + 3 = –1.2944
Thus/Maka, x = 1.624, y = –0.2486 and/dan
x = –0.9577, y = 4.915. Thus/Maka, x = 1.397, y = 5.794 and/dan
x = –2.147, y = –1.294.

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 C. Solve each of the following problems.
Selesaikan setiap masalah berikut. LS3.2.2 PL4
1. A piece of wire of length 80 cm is bent to form a pentagon as shown in
the diagram. Given the area of the pentagon formed is 384 cm2. Find
10x cm 10x cm

8x cm
the possible values of x and y.
Seutas dawai dengan panjang 80 cm dibengkokkan untuk membentuk pentagon
6x cm y cm
seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di sebelah. Diberi luas pentagon yang
terbentuk itu ialah 384 cm2. Cari nilai-nilai yang mungkin bagi x dan y.
12x cm

Perimeter: Substitute the values of x into ➀.

32x + 2y = 80 Gantikan nilai-nilai x ke dalam ➀.
y = 40 – 16x …… ➀
When/Apabila x = 2, y = 40 – 16(2)
Area/Luas: =8
12xy +
1
2
(12x)(8x) = 384
4
When/Apabila x = , y = 40 – 16
3 冢 冣
4
3
xy + 4x2 = 32 …… ➁ 56
=
3
Substitute ➀ into ➁:
Thus, the possible values of x and y are x = 2, y = 8 and
Gantikan ➀ ke dalam ➁:
4 56
x= ,y= .
x(40 – 16x) + 4x2 = 32 3 3
12x2 – 40x + 32 = 0 Maka, nilai-nilai yang mungkin bagi x dan y ialah
3x2 – 10x + 8 = 0 4 56
x = 2, y = 8 dan x = , y = .
(x – 2)(3x – 4) = 0 3 3
4
x = 2 or/atau x =
3

2. The frame of a cuboid as shown in the diagram is constructed by using

iron rods. The total length of the iron rods used is 88 cm. Then, all
y cm the surfaces of the cuboid are covered by plywood with a total area of
312 cm2. Find the possible values of x and y.
Rangka sebuah kuboid seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di sebelah dibina
x cm
dengan menggunakan rod besi. Jumlah panjang rod besi yang digunakan ialah
88 cm. Kemudian, semua permukaan kuboid itu ditutup dengan papan lapis
x cm dengan jumlah luasnya 312 cm2. Cari nilai-nilai yang mungkin bagi x dan y.

Total length of the edges/Jumlah panjang sisi: Substitute the values of x into ➂.
8x + 4y = 88 Gantikan nilai-nilai x ke dalam ➂.
2x + y = 22 …… ➀
When/Apabila x = 6, y = 22 – 2(6)
Total surface area/Jumlah luas permukaan: = 10
2x2 + 4xy = 312
x2 + 2xy = 156 …… ➁
26
When/Apabila x = , y = 22 – 2
3
26
3冢 冣
14
From/Dari ➀: y = 22 – 2x …… ➂ =
3
Substitute ➂ into ➁.
Thus, the possible values of x and y are x = 6, y = 10 and
Gantikan ➂ ke dalam ➁.
26 14
x= ,y= .
x2 + 2x(22 – 2x) = 156 3 3
3x2 – 44x + 156 = 0 Maka, nilai-nilai yang mungkin bagi x dan y ialah
(x – 6)(3x – 26) = 0 26 14
x = 6, y = 10 dan x = , y = .
26 3 3
x = 6 or/atau x =
3

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 TOWARDS SPM PRACTICE PAPER 2

Answer all the questions.

Jawab semua soalan.
1. Solve the following simultaneous equations. It is given that DC = 12y metres and CB = 14x
Selesaikan persamaan serentak berikut. metres, x ≠ y. The area of the rectangle ABCD is
y – 3x = 1 …… ➀ 672 metres2 and the perimeter of the grassy area is
9x2 + 3xy + y2 = 7 …… ➁ 120 metres. The pond with uniform depth contains
[6]
From/Dari ➀: y = 3x + 1 …… ➂ 61.6 metres3 of water. By using π = 22 , find the
7
Substitute ➂ into ➁. depth, in metres, of water in the pond.
Diberi bahawa DC = 12y meter dan CB = 14x meter,
Gantikan ➂ ke dalam ➁. x ≠ y. Luas segi empat tepat ABCD ialah 672 meter2 dan
9x2 + 3x(3x + 1) + (3x + 1)2 = 7 perimeter kawasan berumput ialah 120 meter. Kolam dengan
kedalaman seragam mengandungi 61.6 meter3 air. Dengan
9x2 + 9x2 + 3x + 9x2 + 6x + 1 = 7
22
27x2 + 9x – 6 = 0 menggunakan π = , cari kedalaman, dalam meter, air
7
9x2 + 3x – 2 = 0 di dalam kolam itu.
(3x – 1)(3x + 2) = 0 [8]
1 2 Area of rectangle ABCD:
x = or/atau x = –
3 3 Luas segi empat tepat ABCD:
Substitute the values of x into ➂. (12y)(14x) = 672
Gantikan nilai-nilai x ke dalam ➂. xy = 4
4
…… ➀
When/Apabila x =
1
3
,y=3
1
3冢 冣
+1 y=
x
=2 Perimeter of ABCDE:
Perimeter ABCDE:
2
When/Apabila x = – , y = 3 – + 1
3
2
3 冢 冣 22
2(12y) + 14x + (7x) = 120
= –1 7
1 24y + 36x = 120
2
The solutions are x = , y = 2 and x = – , y = –1.
3 2y + 3x = 10 …… ➁
3
1 2 Substitute ➀ into ➁.
Penyelesaian ialah x = , y = 2 dan x = – , y = –1.
3 3 Gantikan ➀ ke dalam ➁.
2冢 冣
4
x
+ 3x = 10
3x2 – 10x + 8 = 0
(3x – 4)(x – 2) = 0
4
x = or/atau x = 2
2. The diagram shows the plan of a rectangular 3
KBAT garden ABCD. A semicircular pond AED is built Substitute x = 2 into ➀.
at one end of the garden and the remaining area is Gantikan x = 2 ke dalam ➀.
grassy area ABCDE. When/Apabila x = 2, y = 2.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan pelan bagi sebuah taman
(Not acceptable since x ≠ y.)
berbentuk segi empat tepat ABCD. Sebuah kolam berbentuk
semibulatan AED dibina pada satu hujung taman ini dan (Tidak diterima kerana x ≠ y.)
kawasan selebihnya ialah kawasan berumput ABCDE. Let the depth of water = t m.
A B Katakan kedalaman air = t m.
Volume of the pond = 61.6 m3
E Isi padu kolam = 61.6 m3
4 2
D C
1 22
2
×
7 冢
× 7×
3 冣× t = 61.6
t = 0.45 m

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