P~ -cholof])J a-net rv1tcro bto~ ~

"1crrpha.to'f/J o-:,. Mlc-robi'lU. ceu.s am Sf;'Yu quye oz

- Ba.~ ceJ.L. .
lJ '11fT I, l

( ~ ~ ~ G ,Y~ ~~ L ~ L6 .
( 1) S t;(,€ A
"'-- NO
""""""
The 8iz.e , Sh'.lfe anci arra..'t'lge'tne111; ext. 'mlcYoblal cei».J
'VOmj <illth Speet..°eb to whlch. -tnefJ B ~ . BacteYea. aye o:(.

eux,ut, O•_j_ -t:o 6ox 6 f-(-"rn en Sf:ze . 1-1owevev I tn<:re 1h

vanla.JJ.c:tn m dln,enswn C1J Ba.oJlt ( s- xo-4- 0 ·1 J-<.m) 1

pBeuddrnOha,S co ·4 -o.=,- f<h'l d.taniete-r ~ 2..- 3 f<.m len9-thJ ahet,

rru0 cYfxoca 0
c a..bCXLt o·s µ:rn dlameteY) . 87.'°ze ob &m-le ob ihe
eacte>ua., ane ~ue,, &:t.oco- .

I
~ d.lGease ler,gt;J, (f<m)

Cf oStYrdlurn., hotulln.UJ'h, Fax1 p?fsanfng 3 .g

f3tyepfococatb Pnevrndhla.e,, Pne.u.rn0?1..l}l.. I ·2.5:

T'Yeponema. S~pu.CUs 6- 14
pa,Ut"cium-
1-2.
Ftlbtu.YeUa- pe&t5 P.1a.9ue
o ·5- 4
fvt.JA Coba cter-con, Tu1::e.Ya.LLDS {A TUbex r, , , f'hl't,

It. .U> the 'Y-'-'gi.·d- ce,u, wall that <U-teYrnlnes Shape o-f

ea.ctex.t'bL ce1L. I'h gei,e'Yal 1 -f.J;e Ba.cteJ-ltQJ.. eel.lb ~

• 8phenlcaL ( wccui,, (coca) - plu:ratJ
• elar(pt8:t Pal!> ( eaiutw., I (&l ciUJ)- plurat)
0
• heu.cal ,wc/.h CSphul.Lun,, (Sp1nilt.iJ-plurCU.J
• ,x,a.Y Shaped._ C Pab l:eunfa)
' ~ d Sphere CSu.lpho tobw.,)
 ---
• 'Yod.b u.u.tJ? 5::µ.ta Ye end!J C Ba c.f Uus an tr,,ya.cea )
• Yodl, ULlth 1,JJ.1~ Sau.pttcreci B.»t0ace c seltb€1-tla.J

· cJ,a,-nffn9 ehape. ( pe.ornanphlr. J 1 ~c - · · ·

<.. Q.) flYYa."h9en,e'l"\-c :

c.oCJ:1
The QJOt.a.rgernenl; °b (.QWJ a,a. rncm.e ccrn,rrJex. o
c.n

-tha'n ea.ctexla- . The a,vta.11gen,ent:; Of ce/..lh defendh Oh.. adl>eY~

of ca.Uh rogetneY QfteY cat dlvls~ .

\Dr".f.feYent. 4b-rms o:f cuma:nge'l'rlent. I

-
<'-) ~ forms : There aye GeveYal groops of coed Ea5at o,i tJ,e
.,
rwtni;ey ancL annangerne.nt of. ceus GU> awe, bel.cu.r

t A) dlplOcoCCUb : ceu., ~ .ti, one plane and- Bek altO..cJ,ecL ~

ln f(,(fYS .
t BJ St:Yept:ococ.cw : CetL clev./d..eh cJ, Ohe plccne and. nem:un attach~
p_
· w tonm a. 11neaY
d
C,haih og.. Wki .
I
~ t C) "Tebarocd' : ceu, dlv.1de5 c;, !Too pla"rll?b ard -foym g-rou.p 06 .four uuJ
I •
I.- l OJ Btap~..tocacl : ceui, dlulcla, ci-> 8 planes .ln »ot.egc.u.a:1 pattern pnxtu.cl'~
r =====
E:) Bana,,,...AD . (D',.
·~= -· u-v-> dftdde en 3
pto.ne1, .Ln
o
Ye9utaY pa..ttevn..
Bunch 01 uxc1 . ,
and., pmd.uc.e.&
Bw,o-, OJ-- crx.ct .
Tetra.. COCru.6

San.dnla Stap~COCCt.U
 Thene ant. few ~ Of- &la1Jl u.rtu><e cca1 aa
_fonrneY dtufae a.owes -tha"' Shant; anleo
.
Q.J Munob'.ldUu.6 : The £,./r,g.1e (?).Un9at«1, ceftG fyeety present (fl Nal::uYe
b) fU.ploba.citluo : Afley cilul:sum I f:ne (R).Lt, Yemaln acihe)W... and appea,u,
~ pd/Y8:J... _f(%'rl6 .
C) Sf:Yeptol;aciL£Uh : AfteY d.J.,~WY1 , the CeJJh Yerrd/n att:a.cJ-e:i (n cJriin6
ap~g ..u·#(E st-Ya.tub
d.J COCCobadllu.t> : The oval ceJ.l,b 1..ooKrng ilt<e c.occt ane caLie:J. coc.col:::aCLJ.1L
TheYe .th .liix, m eanl'ng <>:J- &.alluh , rrne .u, .f?uy,-.,, a.rd-
&CDhd- .lb ff?'1W3 . ex.ample Pocct.°lah antr«ac.1,s c.a,..u,et:, a n t h Y ~
cc:ax>baCLUu.b
0aetllttl.> d.tplDl:aC/.1.J-f.U; 6f:yepColxi.O ll,t(h

C ) e '°!-h~.¥ ,(,•,~ • •,· • • •;:)

833
._iiiJ Fo.:rr:rr>.s o.f Sp.rJ'U.llL :

~ \iib'1LoLcL : Ba.ece,ah,l cEU/J haveng less 1h:rn one COmplete-

-tw.rst fo>-rn utb.xloed, .Shl.pe, ( uthttlo Cho.,(.e)'Q.eJ .

1,; Hetlca.L cellb that; hlve rnt:m.L t:ha'n D'ne trotst .fcmm-6 a.

dtS.l,u,ct hell'caL Shape CSplktihun - cu1t.n f r ~ ) .

• d,aJ;e .
6(-:>tho

6 p»u·..uurn_

-
 --------
ot1,ey .fo,i'Yns :
~ p~ : af cho.r,fF9 .fcmms eg-, R.hfwbCUJYJ , MycopltWrna. _

b) Wehmies : c~ dlu.ld.e .ti, one r1arie .fo.1tmtn9 a ch:tlh.

Whtch. fiOh "l'rU.I01, .wnal1t a,un oj, COnltlct ~€11 ad/Of.£1)/; Ce.lll,

E?9 ., BOf!Jiatixt,, 8ap.,wsp>tlh .

9 Pa, c,;c,r1e , lhe W,l6 om O:M.Q'Yl[fd-- J..aki!nalfj (6M,, by 1.,fdL)
!b :fanm a. "n1atcJ, ~ .t1J<e b.Vw..cCwu_ a.rd a.t anew, ro one

at\otney ~ •, Conn8J bacte,Jum ~ .

d.J Hyphae : Borne 'rnf0t.o ~a'nlsms tpYlln rnuLCi"ctUulan- , thm ~4.ll.

fl'1-06~ BYanchai .fftn:rnentS called, h~phae . The ihf:encoovEt'l

~phae ane ~ ~ Oh ~ . e9., Sl::,-ept:t>-niye&,

0 Cl

A.spev~s, Penlatt.tu.rn, .

lOIY)MHf~nn
r- - OJ. pn.Dl<cv1yo.lic. and.., ~IITl'lloCic CW1,

Rtrn1<nw1.J oteh

bJ ONA c.omplex.e:L UlU;n hlsf:Dne

_c) NQ. 5?1,_ ( M o ~ Ohe l behiclU p l ~)
ct l NlLClOO t~b _
e; Mdi>Su
, u.ntdtrt:t.wmltt 0
CUl
~ 6tenelic. "'feCOl'Ybt'1au1m... tran eY o:J. DNA
+
+
au, m!.oWBwpic WflL Mlc,tOSc.ppic, 10 rnl~ o
(1n ~e tubt.tLeL> r,; +i r"
+
.Gtmple , .lac¥b
'1 > uu. wru.u
~LOplObmCl. and
ewpb
a,,:~ pep tfdD94JCNi
 .3

Stru.ctu:re of. &ct-eJtlhL Cell .

ltpon O ~ n W1der- rrttCXDSc.ope - /!eue'YO.L Si-t'wJJ.;.:ral

Compcmenl6 ou.tstde and. ~uie the uu.. UXl1L QJ-U RevealJli
9orne of ~ l.:J5cu.cJii.Ye6 an,_ ~Ulld. ~ A, Wt1:ain ~de,, <1/-

fuctenla./ ~UI1fl1 . out; Of a.u. -the6e an.lfj ULL u;O.LL Lt, cmnrf>O'h CZ

a.u rrucxo hiaL u11b . HCJ.JJW€'1. I b4-l e uJJ- wo)J.., ~

~0th ~ ~~ mlcxoblhL ~ . R,y exwn.pte · ·1
pro1<a-ryoiil ceu UXlll dtf.feYs .from eu.J<aw.Jwl. ceu u:D1L I
/"• .... ,,.., Li--, . • . o.,.. ,.~~ ,,_ I
vV 'I.A- u- JU.C ~ 9'Yllm pol.l.tllfu- Ba.~ 17cm gr-a.rri tJ~ [ , oe ~ ,

&tr<Ld.ii.re o/ a.. Sacten.i:u ceu.

~ - - _ . P~efJJ..t~

-..........i •·:i~~-~ ":.i...l----~ ceu. u:a,u,

- - --++-.I · •. • •-:- •; .' ~,1 l

~ •:,~ ---~ ; pwsmtd-,

- - --t"M •;_.~ -- ~

---r'T"l :·..::;·:..:_: Mesosorne. I

i-++---~ ~ rnernt,ya,u., I

p~ e
~ -.J:1::::.: - - - -4 l'n flN Pt

----lt. RrnbJtt~ / pJJ.t

~ ~ ~ -___.:_~ ~ ~

Jfl~
 O·) capsule :
&me of. the ea.ct exlo.L cel1b ane 6 wviou..nd-8::l b!:f
:, whtc), CV1L
extYQw..Lu.J..ay po½Jn,exf.c 8 Ub6tcmce5 ( EPS.,1
urrr, rn~ cau.£d, Q.6 ff'd c.ocaiyrx:, , :rt fcrr-m6 an ff'l v e.Lope
am, u.nci the CttL UX1U, ard &he (-)'>"esera O'b Cap6u.Le mCltf re
cletectaL b!J N~o.lw.R., 8-tdihlns (Irdl'a. In!< methcd )

.. - ~,1,-_o__
ccrm fot:i..U-WT\, _.

~Ule .u gew.ILnoUh patyrney made up oJ- ~

• (>01J8acena>t!de ( 1<.1 e b ~ Pneumcmta.LJ
UL,

• f>01t!pe.p-tui.t- ( ~ an8,ylU.v.> )

fn1tj ~ a,u, mC1llL up °b M,0-4 ly~ °b DUfPM ( ~

or hawr.al ~~ O"fJ &J.e~ (h ~ 8a.Wl~ J

c♦> The eae1::,enful C!lf>huLe ..a ope~ ~ cw:t 8o -tney

c»c.t. UMcL ~ i.lnm.ww~.tClJ..l <'i1otpt-entta.aon. az Yet..a.tetL -~~

It- it, dcKtJ ..ti, NCU::WU., o.rd, 0€VUJ:,ed.. Pwrn ~f?h MrJ.£ °:l-
Ctll whl Ch g~ f .vt- rri.1tJ CJJ:tfiChed. tc, S~au ob UJ.L <..tXUt .

Fun diL)nB ot Ca.p5u.le .

➔ It- (ff even 12, tne attaci-Yrnen t OJ- Ba.cte,tihphllB e6

~ Lb pnotecP.> tile Bacte,tictL WJ.JJ <lSQ-lN.)t cl..ebJ.. c c ~
0

ru 'htJrwocq.uc. and ~ water m~

k ,u
➔ n ~ B.Lvwlw m Na.lw-zaL env..<Ju,nrnenc r1.i.t.t, -.w .UJ:,
&IL°~ P'«'Pvtl[j .
e.xa.mptt, : - pl.ant, ncot ~a.ces
• human f:ee.HL aro.. H'83u.ES ( dent£U. ~ •e1., 1
"ff!l>p't 'Y alu1..!f -tra.c.c) .
 o 7
• ~ TYl/11
. -?J
'n1Q.u
()
;nJ... :.t..?L
._.., ~ ene~menl; o
o-;J- WBC/$ ( (J_/tupha,9oc_yu.c
~ )
Clncl th~ U)fl.lJrlb~eiJ r.o ~ c e _
N ~ :- <:ap8Ul.ated. .'Wapti>CDC.c.w.. Pnewnonlru.. ..U, v..vtu.lent: iJ,
~ Q/ld, Uhcap8ula.ted M Nat, \lt'tuJ.ent .
~ c<(J';;,. _ r - """' ·•'-- 'l'-<' f l1rib<J.1.e O,h a.. Bou:rce OJ.-
- ~A..V ClXCul:, , , l,U..(,.a.:ns U6e6 .u..v -----,- ene-rgy

➔ capsw.e pxoteca f:J1e cttl F d.R/.:J.lccau.crn, mai.ntru.Jv,

v...tscosJ:y ancl ~ 11u, moverr,erJ:; CTlJ Nu.InienCb ~
fud;f'Jr1ltl Ctli .

(;-J F~ :
The ,"""-
•~ •-=-i. q_(ct~
n,. o
~ ~~ a f.1a.@ellurtL .
The f.1.a.geuum i& halr .li'ke h e(JcaL a.ncl S~a.ce <l(f>endaget>
erne,-u;f8 f-rum au., UXtll . I -t:. ,s o=t Qe, - Eo nm. · iJi cl..fa. rnekeY

and t~µ_m.. long . F..uieeua O:J- f»CD~ot:& cvu.. ~ a l .n~

+iiu,re,_ tnan i:ha.t- °b ~o/;e.l, .
1i1., cutdttidrL, -the N ~ arti pciw1m Of ,?ta.geJ.La. v~ .
The (W1.an8emer,t may be, 0 0

• M.ono.vcllhow - a, 1:,tng1e pol1Vt ffagellu~ C\4bJUo ChDWteu,)

• ..wpno~ _a c,lUh.ten of po la.n. ftClBeLto., l b~ )

• an-ip,Z.6uc.houJ - ,? 1age.ua at- Both er&, efu..ey ~ oY t.7, club!m-j'

I

, c.epnalo..Gtl'choUD - l:Wo (7'I moYe flagella.. aJ:; one ert1 °6 ~ a L

• -- • ( p~~ Ctf-
• ~ l.nieh.otU> - Cl)L /2unf/U'- ~ ,()tbtJwUnded by /::R.ve,,,_QL .late.'Y4(
CP.noteu1., Vutg<vu,t;) lta.geua..
• R.tntduub . - WU, cui..ou.t ~ fl aee.u.a.. c l.acti> ba.auw.. ) I
 85tu~ o.f FJ.°Beua : -
The SJhu.dw-te w,cl., funClmn f4 ~ ftageua. hcu,
been desoU.bed., ~ Blrn.o...., et 01., cmv, DC€hl;ch a.rd 'ticix:d(.t<rqeo)
Ord. fe.o.tts llrd. B~dge ( rt?SS) . A fra3 el/.U.rn CD flMli:s of 3 G:i.b,•c.
(X).n1Z N(XmeJ.t/ 1

0 Ba-6clL~
~ Hool<,

3) fi-'.a:rnent

- c. y topI ~
~ In 6rmm Negafik ~ ,
Two [Xll:rs of ntnas, the~ R1n9 ancl
d.tstaL ntn9 ane Conn~ By central Rrxl . There a,u. G»o paw,
~ '1L~ and ~ £ln.t /

• ..ltf-OPClJ.ysaaJ,a,it<Le ~ ( L - hln9 J
• ~ co.n nlnj lP-~ J
• Bttpe,i, 11-1.u-nbntW. Rln3 CS-,u'J,,8 J
• f\1.em.oyan,_ Jtl~ ( M -.nt11 J
:tt L - ~ <l.ncl P-'11.n:J Wu attac.hecl Co -r~•ve f>Dl-tjt'acrJianld.,__ 1

Ond,
0
pep1:L d.ogi-yc..an .Laye.n. °o ctll Wall { 01«;.b pcu.."'Y OJ RJhos)
11 B-Jtlnff ar,ci, M-J-fing a,u, alf:a.01erl .:to Cell f't1erni=1Yane . The cutey

nti,gs foyry, a. Beant~ foy IJ,e nd Co (XV>S tnrwah &- . I

1n ~ram por.Jiwe S:tct:ettta., <Jhly tne (ctlttfll tJt J.nn.J!/t) pl.ly

Of mng5 ~ present . The s- ,u. n9 0

.l6 attacJ-Af Co <I, 6fcl.L 06
thickt pep-6..'tiofjly CD.r'I ~ey Of'a. M - JU. 11g
0
U CJ.ltad,ed w ceLL

Membm:ne .

tb) HooKJ : -

Conneca
The hooK

tl,e filarnenc.
i1
to
(YYec,en/:; oo:t.std.e the cell ccaLL ancL

fo(lhal Bt:dy . Xt COno.u>a ~ ciJ:./:feYenc

I
0
pxotaru .
HooK at g"Yam, + ve bact€1<Zel M Mtg~ 1Lm9ey tna.'l"\,
gram -ve Bacte-ua...
- - -- -- - -- - -----
I

l <~J F.Ja.nient dY S hafi :

/ The ou.te11.~1:- ~ ~ O:f- fraee,uum. c'-' call.ect. ,f:'larner-.1;
I
I
O'Y Shatf . I.I:: hiu a. c.on&:Qn I:: dL'h.tn et:eY ard.. .ao °b ~
-rnat:u.
M~,1
-a.'>-

pnot;a<lns I the fJaaeLun . The _f(~n.6 a,u anno.rga:L c7, ~cu.

Gha.t.fu thtt- Jl,teyc,v.lhe ana. ~ ha&. a,,.oo.nd. hoUoc.o emu..

Th e pnoteU\6 °b ~ act Co £ ' ~ Wtl:af.t1

p ~ &.cte>tfo. u,-\,(.tK(_ fu.J<a;_yciit, , fJ,ameno., Cvu. No!:-

eovena:t.. ~ tnemb-Yane or bhalth, .

Lcx:dmotf~ : TheYe ane trrree l:fjreo °1> rnoven,Erl t en

O
~
Q,.,.A.1,...,.,..~-

(f) F..tat1eUa.:-t rnoven,ent @¥Yo Chatu'at. movement @ fj-Lfdln9 I

':J rnov errent 1

FJ.ageil..0:¥ m.overnent : Bacte,il'aL .ftageua. ane rnofu ard. hetp.6 tn

J..ocomo ub-i 01- 8c:u.tffl.t."a1. cem . PJt.O~ ofiL .f- la.ge,..t,u.n-> V; ~
a.net he-re, t:ne Yobau.·n9 , f t ~ ~ a. Bund.(e thcu: ptu,he,S
1
~
I
agafnot anti p.n.o~ cne Ba.ctenlu.rn.. .
I
UXlteY The Ba&l.l
at0, Oh hi o toy CJ.ncl C1U..u.e6 .no~ .

Ra~c).J..·ng to DoetScJ, curl. ~/of:fild., , the _fragel.l.a. \

f W>llwh cu. o... pnopeLLe..., '76 Boat • Rota.a.on o:f. tl°'-9e1.1...urn cri
~
0

lll\li. cLoci,:wJse cUrecCum- 'Yet>Ulli., rnovern&i/:; 01, 8a.cten.ta1. (.eJ.L 1

1.n o-ppoht.t e dt-r ecllem, .

Eneygy JJJ Yeqµher:t. .fey rnoverna,I::: af- f rageU.t:t . 'In

euk.°"Hote;., , en eygy ./.6 ee,,era.teo.. by ATP . Movement °6 ..i&i6 b/w
M- .,1ln9 anc( S-nfne pold~ &1eY9'5eA #lel9ella.Y rno,tt)')' .
~Y~ movemen1:; ,
-- '
The 5p.z.no Ghaeteh Show t;eve.Y al ..ttfpe1> o~ m ove rnents

8uCh at>

• .f\ext.~3
• $pi'>'1nl~
• f-r-ee 8w1rnm1 ~
• ()WfU'n~ ,
ru .tn~ a,u ~xlb.J.£ and- hellcaL 0
Bacte,u a. Laci<. f 1o.ge11a. .

w.c.thl n -the c..w., en vewpe , ~ hat£ f Ia,,gwa. .11 k.e & YU.cfuye kn~
Qb pexrprlUin\tc _fcageua aY axfat .f!;b.ni.U OY tnctotta-9ellA .

6u.t°d.t;"S movement :
Bctme eactenta. &<en cu Sperleh Of CfjQ.11.dxlCCi.nla ( e9-, cy li>p~
ON).., ~loplabnia.. &.hOl() f)-'ld1n.g 'rnOJernen(; whet, en contact with
C1)('(>e

ClhbOc.lat ed., u..tib-L

0
8 0.1.J. d 6 ~ . HoweueY I ND OY3a:r,e,Ue5 Cl11 e

rnovernent-

.Ih rne.rnJ;ey,5 o-J. ~U)p,7aaal€$ ard ~Cl.ncl;nctenta_ I

rnoverne.nc help!> Cb f:/hci ou.t the 6-.thst:ra.tum tSutn Clb UI!Xl, ~k,
SM.al ef:t;. • · .fey CUlc.hoYage ancL f<ep-rcducJ.ion., . Th~ /2ec,,ete

6.11rne l.Utth tht. h.t1p °D LOhllh tJi~ 8et atta.c,hfrl, lD t.u bhtt a.furn .

o~ cw., obwwecL Ul at.9cu_ 1lke OttW.a.ro,ila.. pnlnceps

-'.> ~~ 5 ... 8 nm ~ - Meat.eel heu.~ CW:>Uf'\d ~ ul.L.
 Turn'ol.e

Turnb\e..

(..9) PlL. anct R'l-n 6'tfo.e .

0

The6e atu. haf'Y Jlke Off>encl.ae~ .fou,rtL 0n the

' ' '

S~cc.c.e ob ceu, UXUL . ~~die uU6 ~ plu . l"he .f:exm.

,?. mb.nlae .U>

0
~ed. tr" au hetf'Y A.k ~ UJVexln!J

the Swttf.u °b the c.eu, . . P..l.lt ane 9ene"Y~ gove,u,a:t pt/ ~lll:l'nUg

ard. the Nu.mbet VlVdeL> b'n>m 3 [D S ard, the N urn ben. °b tf mb.nto.L
0
J..h COtou..ncl (000 .
 I

.fhncu1,n , pi.!,.• ~
O
j, ct SSes of. P~t : Recor~ to !l,e <>~ U.00 °d f'U
a.~COl"hl"nol-t. e¼- 0

0
: LI:: acts cu, a; o.clhere l:tie ceu. -tc, Swt.f!aces .

b) {k~ pltt : Lt l.U..iu_ JOU1 tJ,e OU-,ey 8act€,tlaL ceU ./bY +ra1isfe-Y
of. ~enctrn.e .

IJi> St'Yl.l,ctu,-ye o6 P11..,• : 71,ie::J on..•3-1nate f>0m 'if Coplas171 tJiat ptd:-"tU.diet.

outsrote af-te,- per,ety~ tlie r:eptfdt.tJ-4J= .iai,e.,. % cell u:a.u.

Hmb,-t.la.e a.Ye trade up Or (<X>'I• p-ml:eins cauecL ,t:TrnW-cn or pfuh

Wh'o,.._
\Tl
l'-..L .•,L,,.
'-lA" JQA.6,:...::, °b n'--t.L
~
l o:,
''"' a:n,r,,.,._,.,._o..J •
JO(A.1.A..(.,v. .

F= pla.5m1'eJ-

J'~-•
r"""-'
® ~ient r=-
ton~

ruxl.voXADn "b ON A .fov

1""-rans,feY

plasmfd T'Yar,.s_feY a.nd.-

~nthesis °]- funcCiDn o.L
plas-ntcL

F+ceLL
 c, ro..(,(e(.L fimbnlate ~Q
(•> r?Acte,da. (.l){\f;olnl ng firrbma. a.ne ·
Th 0J hcw e a.dJ-ie37v e p,wpe,t,/;,.e1::> wh I th
o attache6 the OYao:ntsm -b
l\xl.tu.Ya.L &.tb6b'ate oo/ l;o ot/,e-Y o-rga~ .

(•> Fl'ni-»-f1ae aye eq_,ulp,:ei w1k.h a.r,ctgenic p,tope'Y~les a b ~ a.c,t; ~

~lahiJ..e NCYJ Spec1 fi C <l98u.tfthoge-n., ·

<•J Fln,bnta.e affeci::S rneW,o.Lti acrt~ a.rd a.._gg,tut/naf.e

Buxxi Cetl,6 6u.ch ~ e>t!)tfrrcxyl:f½, r..eukocyte6 1 epttneual Ce/J.h ·

(•J Tne Sex pili-· m~e CDnl:-ad: tetween l:wo la.lb , t;,inr.e th~

~ a. ho Uow ~ the:J act: Qh w~u.go.fiL>n {ube

(4) chernob:J..xfS :

Che-rncwxts VJ the 'h'1ovement er+ eactenta_ rotoa.Ydb (.hernlcaL

akt'YactiLtl · and auxi.y from Chernlcat Yep?,Lla:nts . ea.W?Jtto._ am o.H:ractei.
t!)(UXYd6 Nuintent.s &uh Qh ~'Y/2 and o:mfnoacld.h and (lH.(. R ~ b~
ham, 'IF &.!Mtance.s a:ncl Ba.cteuhl WUl:eS , Tney a,ll,c, YelifUnd, to Oche;r

~\lLYOnm01b:u f t u . . ~ Su.a, Clb -tetr>pexa.lfbtt, llgvt.t, gya.vlty 1 eh-- -..

The Rat-e O+ <-nenioi:axu, can be me™u:recl b~ No.~ Ba.ci:-etw::t

(}.,(Lliu1-, l;l,e ~ %t:eY a P -b'rne · Th~ -<kYeaoe -the 'Ye.t,p:>ll&c.

tu.tth lli.Y8lbt1,3 tne lonca-,tyaJ:wr, D+ ~'Y . It So+;, attYQCbtn~

G.nd. ntptl..J.anU CI,tt~t; I - Sa..cl:€1tfa. uu1t 'Ye.bpond. cnern?cttl ~ uut11

d
'Y'nCSt ~ conceit'tabons .
 ~J The ceu, C.00..U. ( Out:eY memfrraneJ :

The Celt tlX11L oJ. l:hcte>u"a_ 11> &rnt.n.,.°(fecl r.omptex st:ructur

Qrl(i

pYe5ent Benal.tJ, ~ Qncl ~ tb pasrna Meml::IYa-ne . .If:: .ih

Ye5ponf..i.blt_ fo-y Cna.mcteu>sae Shape 0:/- /:he ceJJ... · The c.eJJ. WQU (»WtecQ,

p.la.brm l'neml,yane at-d. Of.hey cyt.optQUml'c , <1-.d.u.sr1ms fro,;, actver.se errvr°ron

I.t a!6o pYeve,,/:;S -tJ,e ~ c.eu. .f'nm, BuYS1Jn3 Whfti 01:,mo(lc {lY{'SSuYe
ob cytopl~ Cs ~net 'tnan tJxu; 0 OU:t-Sid.e -the ceu, UXlLL · I.t pxw.t'ctv.>
6
SUppo.,u: 1f>"Y' attachment; cg. fra.aeu.o.. . .U Reh~ -tne Ceu6 b"'om
Q.nuo L _.J _q..,. Qnd, t--,. • .
ca:.u~ ''lDt.tnbtt1 lhern,tcaU .

Chen,,°ca.L CCrnpo6ifw-n and a?.,(,.(, UXUL Gha.Ya.ewtl'su&, .

❖ The ceJ.,L WlLl. 01- eacte,ua. Ch m ad.e up °b Netwo-Yk Of- ~Y

Cmu.yeln,. i mUJtUD rneat"J!;> wail) . It v., pYefeht almo6t O'n au ~

c.eu. tcllLl except HaLola.cte>tium ard. Ha.,tococ.cu.h ·

~ P~can dete..-rnfneb the Shape cg. the c.eu.. . It Q.CCtU')l:s .fm

4-o- so·,. 01 CotaL ~ u.:,ecg ht 6 C.cu .w ~

0 0 NI,..~ +L.oci(
\Kl,l, n ess Ch a.t:ou1:, &>-8onrn .
0
It ./J.; .lj)6oLubfe anct r,onoUJ.> ~'me'Y -thtl; p,1ovlaes "4]-1~ ·
.:as cnern1'co.L CDrnpoSin1>n d1pe'r6 b-ran ~ecfeh CD ~"e.6 .

'< It Con6.v.>t.s oJ. 'Y~ati½ d.&.ccna.-r;de6 Cti;lnenQi to lhafM Of:,

~Y to .fi°ve a.'rl1.lnoac.&:u · 1he ~cc1-,o:1'1'~ N - a.cecy, 9111 CoSct'hif,-,e {N PrC::t

llno- N - nce.qJL h)u.ya:mtc. ac.fcl. ( NI\IVI) a:re lltikai 6.Y i;- '.1.. / 4- 9½1C061'd.fc
8ond.- · The6e a,-, e 'Y€u:tta:t, to
O1
,,

~se CU:t.a.chEr:L t.0,"tl, a.rn'i~acii:t 9"1oups.

 b.:tYu..ctI.t:ye °t NA C:n ard NAM .tlh~ecL tt>geHieY by ~ ' 1., 4 ll'-'~e

NAG-, 13-.1., 4 Li"~~ tJA.M

Cf-1101-4
t H
lH20H

0
0

H NH
\
C=o
0
I
1-t

C-H-GH3 C=o
""
I \ I
CH3 c-=o (,\-(3
\
OH
•
t l) Gimm p;>6.i.Cwe ea.cte,tlh. :
~ e-Yt:.
0
The c ru, u.n.u contafM f:£(.JZ'fo.J.. OJ- ~ ctog~can
which ti.> . thtetC0'1na:tei ~ Sfde Cooft16 arrl cndB ~ - ¥~41ca.n
o.r..covnts -fay 40 -Cio·r . °b f::D6at ~ we18ht °:J-, cru unll ·
0 ..I l'), oo,..(',-r U> c.til UXlil
The -lhfcKness o~ pepcfct.qJ~can pnov...t~ J1.i8-i~ 1•
·
The l.aye...,6 01- ~d.t)(Jlycan V) thiaeY 01 6no..-rn p:x:;Uue ~ a .

bian ttiat °b gya"rn Negaline eacte,u>a.. .

Th rnoSt o~ gyam posLG.oe 12:o.ctenta.., ~~C!ll) u

aMcxfru:81- ~ o.ctdlc f>C½/~Y6 Contafntn9 pho6p\.-o.,tCLU Cattai t.efrhoTc.. acfd

c:rr Cletoltc ~ SctCCha.nf'ci.e.o ( .f::elchW1~ ActcU) · Tettnorc.. addh °'1e

~~c ~e:rtb.{e ard.. ..Una'.l"Y trotecuLf?,!, thetf: C.On~ Clt.cohoL

9,lyteYoL !:- Ribotot) and.. Pho<.:pna.te .

Th~ Me % 8 Type; .
-rel'cho (C. ru:i'.d6 ( .(kn ct t7, s . c.w,,. ew.. J
(JJ l<i b.tco-1.
am B . Su.bolls
@ g.ty l ~ TtfcrofG £lcl'dt. CB · , So.bf:ik'"s j
® ~ I 11"" l
v - c1~ ot P~Pro:te ~cf-ofc aclti ( B· ..ut:f&.,;~)
 Pepn.odog.t& can ob 8..t:tip~ a.u.nett.h c.onf:a1n6 .u'neo.'Y ca~dYo.

Bo.ckBm-"\fe I the 9½icari 111,,c.ar, cha.th c.on6i6t:6 °b a.Lternate resid.u.e.L>

Cha1h.. The ;r-::J

~ NA 6t and. NAM , !' ,,,""

AAhl'C(.l, ·u .
c. 1_ 4 .,tih~ne
h, ..., The arnfnoo.c1ct r~fdueo aY€
71

c.onn€tb:tf. ~ ~Cute and, ~~clhe ~dge.

'-l l \) (Jl'Ya.m Naaa,u•ve Pacte>tra. : The gram Negaave &lttentQ eont:alns

0

~a_ ~can Buk: er> J.Lx.v a.n,OUhb. They f:t>cauy Laci< ielchcnc a&t...

Rt:,o.t:log.tycar, ft> 61°tLntei ci, ,=e,d'plastntc ~ Ol)d. WValen~ c.r,,~· i,,

.ltpo p~otelns rJ, rutey lnetrhY a:ne . f-e,,lplt.U,,nlc ~ e U. 1:1-,e SfXUe ~

cutev men, bva.ne anct. plcuma. lretr-bra°l'le u:htcJ, ~ rlke fJeJ... tlr,d.,

Contotns ~h amow,t OJ. en~n,~ ana. T-yan~ p.,,otelns . DUe li:> lne

pre~ce ~ .{av ~~am , CQU. ,u:ttt1. ob gro.~ N8Jalt.u.<. fuctWa. eeu,

~;~ ~ cd6inti:grcth:tj_.
 The C.elt envett:r->e ~ ramrn -Ve eacteYia. .V;,
0

B loy eYai 5tYuttun:

~al:; maf tu;J CDnSiSts crJ- ,

1
!> .ltpopnot:eihs
2 eJ lrpo~ 51.ccha-Yides
3 ~ pno6phcufpidb .

I •.) llpop,1ot:eln,s ·. ltpopnotefns cauY f-re~ and, ~ eounc.t. fe1Ym6 ab weu. .

In ..l.tpop.,,ocelhs ~ cuteY merrbYo:ne, ~oce&, Brn<:t.6 Q:> J2p'fd. c.ovcu.e~

whey~ en L.f>Dp'1otefn6 ~ pl~ rnernh-rane I

p,,otef,-, Bfncth to J.EplH.
loval.errtiu . .1.t hCl.b a. rnoteGU.laY wel'...9ht. C1f> ,ooo OQ.U:m,-,s tu!th ~ amfno
u f a.cfdh .
!2. •) Ltpo@ftj SQccro..yMfs : It t'-> -the e>UkeY rnemb'Yane wveY.li-,9 °1>
~rrcuY> N~ClJ.We Bacte,tlh, 1 whtc.h .-& rnacte ttp t,J- P~ 5aCChetnfclu

~ iln Kai Co upfd. A .

L!pid.A : If; wn.sts~ °D a,iucax.:rnfne, pnoopha.te ancL Fa.tt.!j aud.6 .

The ~-.1., b- D-g.LUCDSa.m<r,-,e dt.~CGhcmfde Unft6 c.onl>tH:Vf::e ca.nbon_ydYate

c.orn~ts °6 Upfct A . The ~ acfdb pnoulru. ~d-n-ophili.c

~~ ,ti, ,.tfp1d A .
lhe'Ye a,,e Sf':( ~ acl'dh Stch ll6 l.a.unlc atld.( tUJ, rn8~

acfd- { u~t.) anct. ~rntcfc. artd.. Clb c.J , l:h-Atee 1-no,t«.ulfh °6 3- D-h~cb1om!j-'"W'uC:

acicl b.vo ob lOhfc}-, contafn6 amlcle (1.nKaae tulth each atrJ:hog,,ou.p ~

t:wo ~co~a:•,..,,r ne 11,e bi T-rcl fA €6t~a:t. c.o1 th ~ h ! J ~ 1-'7 ou.p ro

m~.nl.huc au.cL .
~ ed g'YOUf' °b ,(lpicl ~ ii:, caJJ.ecl.. e.nd.ol::o-:df"\.. 1 wrl'u, ~
\ ~(; UW'Ji [rte5enf; lh Blcci . LrpfcL A Of> Ltpop~Sa.t.cnar...t~ C6
! Re~ngibf e Cb ~d.tX.e jeue Y and Shct><, .

\
~ fbltt
\0

8cl.ccho:rEtte : Po .J.y SQa:ha.r .(L(.e pa,wJ,r, % tlpo ,x,JtJ6'.ccha.Y7de 0 l

~ e UCl ceu_ UXllt U c.o~ °b 3 rna.fn eontJt~~
~ .Wt'€)' C0'1e.
* cute)' core
* O-artt~en tSYcle chafn .

It
n .. L
DU.C ~ o
po~6Ctcc),a.-..~d.e ,~
o,C) L..rv ,=,,
U>
,.., , •
\.-u.Q 0
~cwn M o- pocysa.ccJx:tnfde .

a.)
FW1c..Cimb °b Mo.6u=t.. p,,oteln6 ·. The oute'Y rr-eO'\bYa.re Ob CR).L errv elope ~
Y'ot LOO.YYenb 1:he errt;-~ °l) au. tilMtanCfu 6ince the NuGtt~ ~ CD

~ tnemb-Yar,e o.ncl
pa)(.) Qc,,oY., tV> ltnpe)'tneable CI> tna.cTI>h1ore_~
cp.,,oter~, dprd.J., . . J .
\
1 The pe,,rneab~ °1 cutey rnernl:frctne u
clue Co P°Yes&)ce
°b ~~ c.alled. pa,tfrll) that- a.cu, ~ Q .na:rip(m- I.it.€& ffY
fuctent o phCA.ge6 QncJ.. E!D.ctenincf~ .
IrnfX)"l l:ance w-rt Rulcflons °D c.e.u unu, : -

(_o P~ 0
ca.n - p.,,ou.td.eo ~Yal. InteM G,- c..dtb bj
.fo.,J~ a. Rlg fd .J.aye-r u, a.lter tnernbra'he .

(._~ ire e,ru env~ acih Cl'-> a. Bannten_ ~ cLc.0 f+UhtD>u to ~

hw.EWLE>-6 0cnoM (?,l')velope,.

\3) ~ rna.6u,b=t_ p,lot.eff) (1r,u £l-O

aro eact~
 - - - - - -~-----
8Gu clwu., Oni '-Oerniii'Q
,..L o
1 """"r--
1:;:--,-yy.Cb.o:n oa- cdL untL
-- -
I

~ f-'OMJ5Clcd, .:.

Lfprci R

----- llpc,p'1ol£t-°n

Fef>b ~can ~
0

•
~ ,,,_
8paCL

GiRAM PoS I TIV [; 8AcrER1 A

GrRAM NE(:nRTIUc BACTERIA
C€LL WALL .
C-EfL WALL
 I\

¼-nf'Q1ul;fo11 be.twee,,, au uxws ~ Giram Nefja.wu.

ard <,r~ (XJ1.>ci:tve B4ct:euh.. ·

Gtmn, Posl.t;ive 6rmm N~'ve .

Reto1n6 Ot&Bblt \MD et- Pl'.l/"n cny ,sl::!u V.wtet ard.,

Qnd Clpp«vV., ~
COJ.ri !::e-,, 6WM:i btJ 5a!:ran!r,e,
r-- - - - - - - - ---
\LW/et- anct appeoo,6 -Yat
- -- -- ----·-- - - -
- -- M€rnbmne --
0 UieY
Al - -I1 \-:,
t-vu~•

-~ ~eon
~ a . t .laueY.-s th:>rx
llpfd.. arrt ~pwtejn
~ Lew
Lt-,:>opo 1;_; -~ ~.,
- · anltL..
A.bf.Rn~
Tebwtcftdd. rv\o&u.1 lh'~ci:;_
A I (
-- - I

PentplCUtntc 6p:xce Ah<.enb

I '
' F..t~

To:dri .,
CDncafn6 2 '1,(.nfP
~ ~
0 ,0
tr,

Exof:oxt}i 0,d.,ot;o:dn.,
~h
,-
Loc.v
Hl'fth
1,
I

t<esi°Stt:lf)le to
iI.: ~ing
I .Gu.seep t.t.·~ Lew
to Peneu,Uf"
Old Bu.ltf rttrnide

Lew Htgn