ETHICS

• Ethics comes from the Greek word “ethos” meaning character or customs
• Ethics refers to standards of conduct, standards that indicate how one should behave based on moral duties and
virtues, which themselves are derived from principles of right and wrong.
• According to “The American ethos” or “The Business ethos” we use the word ethos to refer to the distinguish
disposition, character, altitude of specific people, culture or group
• The etymology of ethics suggests its basic concerns
• Individual character, including what it means to be “a good person”
• The social rules that governs and limit our conduct
• Morality - the customs, precepts and practices that deal with matters of good/bad and wrong/right.
Descriptive morality
• A description of an actual morality.
• This simply states the characteristics of the morality in question.
• This is done in the social sciences
Meta Ethics
• The investigation of the creation and assessment of moral theories.
• Normative Ethics
• The creation and application of moral standards.
Applied Ethics
• The application of moral standards to specific cases/situations.
Spectrum of Morality
Moral views can be placed on a spectrum ranging from absolutism to nihilism.
Absolutism
There is one correct solution to every moral problem.
Morality is objective-moral statements are true or false independently of what people think or believe.
No moral principle can be overridden by another.
No exceptions are permitted.
Example: Assuming lying is wrong, it would be wrong to lie, even to save a life.
Objectivism
Morality is objective.
Moral principles can override each other.
Exceptions are permitted.
Example: Assuming that lying is generally wrong, lying to save a life could be permissible.
Relativism
Morality is relative to or depends on the culture.
The truth of a moral statement depends on the culture in which it is made.
Subjectivism
Morality depends on the individual.
Morality is subjective and the truth of a moral statement depends on who makes the statement.
Moral nihilism.
There is no morality.
Morality is a deception or illusion.
All moral statements are false.
Moral nihilists do not deny that people talk about morality etc.
Moral nihilists view morality as the atheist views religion.
Moral skepticism.
The truth of moral claims cannot be known.
Difference between Ethics and Morality
• Morality refers to human conduct and values while ethics refers to study of those areas
• Business and Organizational Ethics:
• Business ethics is the study of what constitutes right and wrong, or good and bad, human conduct in
business context. Any organization whose objective is to provide goods and services for profit
• Business Persons: They are those who participate in planning, organizing or directing the work of business
 • Organization: It is a group of people working together to achieve a common purpose
• Personal and Business Ethics: The intimacy between ethics in general and ethics as applied to business contexts
implies that one’s personal ethics cannot be neatly divorced from one’s organizational ethics
MORAL VS NON-MORAL STANDARDS
• What falls outside the sphere of Morality is Non-Morality Standards
• Moral standards are different because they concern behavior that is of serious consequence to human welfare,
that can profoundly injure or benefit peoples
• The conventional moral norms against lying, stealing and murdering deals with actions that can hurt people. And
the moral principle that human beings should be treated with dignity and respect uplifts the human personality.
Moral Standards
• Moral standards are different because they concern behavior that is of serious consequences to human welfare,
that can be profoundly injure or benefit peoples
• Moral standards take priority over other standards, including self interest
• Their soundness depends on the adequacy of the reasons that support or justify them
Morality and Etiquettes:
• Etiquettes refers to any special code of behavior or courtesy e.g. It is usually considered bad etiquettes to chew
with one’s mouth open.
• If we violate the rules of etiquettes that we have read in the books then we rightly considered as ill-mannered,
impolite or even un-civilized but not necessary immoral
• Rules of etiquettes are generally non moral in nature: “Push your chair back into place upon leaving a dinner
table.“ But violation of etiquette can have moral implications . The male boss who refers to female subordinates
as “honey” or “doll” shows bad manners
Morality and Law:
• Before understanding law we should have know that there are four kinds of law: statutes, regulations, common
law and constitutional law
• STATUTES: The law which is enacted by legislative bodies e.g. The law that prohibit theft is a statutes. Statutes
make up a large part of the law and are what many of us mean when we speak of laws
• REGULATIONS: Limited in their knowledge legislatures often set up boards or agencies whose functions include
issuing detailed regulations of certain kind of conduct – Administrative Regulations
Morality and Law:
• Before understanding law we should have know that there are four kinds of law: statutes, regulations, common
law and constitutional law
• STATUTES: The law which is enacted by legislative bodies e.g. The law that prohibit theft is a statutes. Statutes
make up a large part of the law and are what many of us mean when we speak of laws
• REGULATIONS: Limited in their knowledge legislatures often set up boards or agencies whose functions include
issuing detailed regulations of certain kind of conduct – Administrative Regulations
People sometimes confused legality and morality, but they are different things. On one hand, breaking law is not always
or necessarily immoral. On the other hand, the legality of an action does not guarantee that it is morally right.
• An action can be illegal but morally right e.g. Helping a Jewish family to hide from the Nazis was against German
Law 1939, but it would have been a morally admirable thing to have done
• An action that is legal can be morally wrong e.g. It may have been perfectly legal for the chairman of a profitable
company to layoff 125 workers and use three- quarters of the money saved to boost his pay and that of the
company’s other top manager, but morality of his doing is so open to debate
Professional Codes
• Somewhere between etiquettes and law lies professional codes of ethics. These are the rules that are supposed
to govern the conduct of members of a given profession. Generally speaking, the members of a profession are
understood to have agreed to abide by those rules as a condition of their engaging in that profession.
Where do Moral Standards come from ?
• Morals come from issues taught and passed down from person to person. However the original is based on the
religious beliefs of the person sharing the moral. In short all morals come from Religion. Without religion, all things
are possible and no morals are required.
RELIGION & MORALITY
Morality Need not Rest on Religion
 • Many people believe that morality must be based on religion, either in the sense that without religion people
would have no incentive to be moral or in the sense that only religion can provide moral guidance. Others contend
that morality is based on the commands of God. None of these claims is very plausible.
ETHICAL RELATIVISM
• Ethical Relativism is the theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one's culture. That is, whether
an action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of the society in which it is practiced. The same action
may be morally right in one society but be morally wrong in another
Relativism and the “Game” of Business
• Albert Carr in a essay “Is Business Bluffing Ethical” argues that a business, as practiced by individuals as well as
corporations, has the impersonal character of a game – a game that demands both special strategy and an
understanding of its special ethical standards. Business has its own norms and rules that differs from those of the
rest of society. Thus according to Carr, a number of things that we normally think of as wrong are really permissible
in a business context e.g. conscious misstatement and concealment of pertinent facts in negotiations, lying about
one’s age on a resume, deceptive packaging, automobile companies’ neglect of car safety and utility companies’
manipulation of regulators and over changing of electricity users.
HAVING MORAL PRINCIPLES
Conscience:
• The inner sense of what is right or wrong in one's conduct or motives, impelling one toward right action: the
complex of ethical and moral principles that controls or inhibits the actions or thoughts of an individual
The Limit of Conscience
• Moral Principles and Self- Interest
MORAL DILEMMAS
• A situation in which, whatever choice is made, the agent commits a moral wrong
• The agent regards him/herself as having moral reasons to do each of two actions, but doing both is not
possible.
• When one of the conflicting requirements overrides the other, We do not have a genuine moral dilemma.
EXAMPLE
• You have a job as network administrator for a company that also employs your best friend's husband. One day,
your best friend's husband sends you a message asking you to release an email from quarantine. This requires you
to open the email, at which point you discover that it's correspondence between this guy and his secret lover.
After releasing the email, you find yourself in a pickle. Your instinct is to tell your best friend about his husband's
infidelities, but divulging the contents of company emails is against company policy and you could lose your job.
Once it becomes plain that your best friend found out about his cheating husband through a company email, all
trails will inevitably lead to you as the leak. Do you tell him about the indiscretion? why? or why not?
LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMAS
Individual Level
• Since businesses are run by people, the ethical standards of individuals in the business are an important
consideration. Individuals may well have a very different set of ethical standards from their employer and this can
lead to tensions. Factors such as peer pressure, personal financial position, and socio-economic status all may
influence individual ethical standards. Managers and business owners should be aware of this to manage potential
conflicts.
Company Level
• At a company or corporate level, ethical standards are embedded in the policies and procedures of the
organization, and form an important foundation on which business strategy is built. These policies derive from
the influences felt at macro level and therefore help a business to respond to changing pressures in the most
effective way. There can be a gap between the company policy on ethical standards and the conduct of those in
charge of running the business, especially if they are not the direct owners, which can present an ethical challenge
for some employees.
Macro Level
• At a macro level, sometimes called the systemic level, ethics are defined and influenced by the wider operating
environment in which the company exists. Factors such as political pressures, economic conditions, societal
attitudes to certain businesses, and even business regulation can influence a company's operating standards and
 policies. Business owners and managers must be aware of how these pressures affect operations and
relationships, and how they may impact on markets locally, nationally and internationally.
Integrated Approach
• Ethical standards flow through the entire structure of a business organization, shaping how it plans its strategy,
deals with customers, and manages its workforce. The standards have a reach far beyond day-to-day operations,
and should be considered in all aspects of a business, from the boardroom to the shop floor and across all
functional areas. Supporting this effort, businesses that genuinely understand the value and importance of ethics
have appropriate metrics in place to measure achievement and identify problems before they become major
issues.
MORAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-87)
• Kohlberg proposed that moral reasoning, which he thought to be the basis for ethical behavior, develops through
stages.
Level 1 - PRE-CONVENTIONAL
- Throughout the preconventional level, a child’s sense of morality is externally controlled. Children accept and believe
the rules of authority figures, such as parents and teachers. A child with pre-conventional morality has not yet
adopted or internalized society’s conventions regarding what is right or wrong, but instead focuses largely on external
consequences that certain actions may bring.
Stage One: Obedience and Punishment
It focuses on the child’s desire to obey rules and avoid being punished. For example, an action is perceived as morally
wrong because the perpetrator is punished; the worse the punishment for the act is, the more “bad” the act is
perceived to be.
EXAMPLE
• You will not tell your best friend because it is the company policy to divulge company's mailing system. and if you
do, you might lose your job.
Stage Two: Individualism, Instrumentalism, and Exchange
- expresses the “what’s in it for me?” position, in which right behavior is defined by whatever the individual
believes to be in their best interest. As a result, concern for others is not based on loyalty or intrinsic respect,
but rather a “you scratch my back, and I’ll scratch yours” mentality.
- An example would be when a child is asked by his parents to do a chore. The child asks “what’s in it for me?”
and the parents offer the child an incentive by giving him an allowance.
EXAMPLE
Stage Two (self-interest): You should tell your best friend about your discovery, because you will be free from
guilt and you will be happier saving your friend from a cheating partner, even if you will lose your job.
Level 2 – CONVENTIONAL
- Throughout the conventional level, a child’s sense of morality is tied to personal and societal relationships. Children
continue to accept the rules of authority figures, but this is now due to their belief that this is necessary to ensure
positive relationships and societal order. Adherence to rules and conventions is somewhat rigid during these stages,
and a rule’s appropriateness or fairness is seldom questioned.
Stage Three: Interpersonal Concordance ("Good boy/nice girl")
In stage 3, children want the approval of others and act in ways to avoid disapproval. Emphasis is placed on good
behavior and people being “nice” to others.
EXAMPLE
Stage Three (conformity): You should tell your best friend, because you best friend is expecting you to be honest.
Stage Four: Law and Order
In stage 4, the child blindly accepts rules and convention because of their importance in maintaining a
functioning society. Rules are seen as being the same for everyone, and obeying rules by doing what one is “supposed”
to do is seen as valuable and important. Moral reasoning in stage four is beyond the need for individual approval
exhibited in stage three. If one person violates a law, perhaps everyone would—thus there is an obligation and a duty
to uphold laws and rules. Most active members of society remain at stage four, where morality is still predominantly
dictated by an outside force.
EXAMPLE
Stage Four (law-and-order): You should not divulge the information, because the law prohibits it.
LEVEL 3 – POST-CONVENTIONAL
Throughout the postconventional level, a person’s sense of morality is defined in terms of more abstract
principles and values. People now believe that some laws are unjust and should be changed or eliminated. This level is
marked by a growing realization that individuals are separate entities from society and that individuals may disobey
rules inconsistent with their own principles. Post-conventional moralists live by their own ethical principles—principles
that typically include such basic human rights as life, liberty, and justice—and view rules as useful but changeable
mechanisms, rather than absolute dictates that must be obeyed without question. Because post-conventional
individuals elevate their own moral evaluation of a situation over social conventions, their behavior, especially at stage
six, can sometimes be confused with that of those at the pre-conventional level.

Stage Five: Human Rights/Social Contract Theory

In stage 5, the world is viewed as holding different opinions, rights, and values. Such perspectives should be
mutually respected as unique to each person or community. Laws are regarded as social contracts rather than
rigid edicts. Those that do not promote the general welfare should be changed when necessary to meet the
greatest good for the greatest number of people. This is achieved through majority decision and inevitable
compromise. Democratic government is theoretically based on stage five reasoning.

• People have certain principles to which they attach more value than laws, such as human rights.
• An action is wrong if it violates certain ethical principles.
• Laws that do not promote general social welfare should be changed
EXAMPLE
Stage Five (human rights): You should divulge the information because saving your friend from a deceitful relationship is
more important than obeying the company's policy.
Stage 6: Universal-Ethical-Principal Orientation
In stage 6, moral reasoning is based on abstract reasoning using universal ethical principles. Generally,
the chosen principles are abstract rather than concrete and focus on ideas such as equality, dignity, or respect.
Laws are valid only insofar as they are grounded in justice, and a commitment to justice carries with it an
obligation to disobey unjust laws. People choose the ethical principles they want to follow, and if they violate
those principles, they feel guilty. In this way, the individual acts because it is morally right to do so (and not
because he or she wants to avoid punishment), it is in their best interest, it is expected, it is legal, or it is
previously agreed upon.
Stage Six (ethical principle orientation) - Moral reasoning is based on the use of abstract reasoning using universal
principles.
EXAMPLE
Stage Six (universal human ethics): You should divulge the information, because saving a human life from a misery is a
more fundamental value than respecting the property of another person.

Foundation of morality: Freedom-responsibility for ones act and to others

Freedom is a Necessary Presupposition of Responsibility.
• Why does Immanuel Kant need freedom so badly?
• Freedom is in his view required for moral responsibility. If we are not free, then we cannot be held responsible
for what we do.
• Excuses function by arguing that since we were in some way determined to do X, and thus not free to not do X,
then we shouldn’t be held responsible for it.
Autonomous and Self-regulating Will
• Refers to his or her independence self-reliance and self-contained capacity to make moral decisions by
and for him/herself.
• To respect an autonomous agent, is to recognize one’s own considered value judgment, even if the
latter is believed to be mistaken or incorrect.
• To respect one’s reason in this way is to acknowledge one’s right to one’s own decision or view.
Conclusion: So if we are to admit morality and not seek to make excuses, then we must stand fast in the belief that we
are completely free whenever we are faced with a moral choice.
 • Freedom is not worth having if it does not include the freedom to make mistakes -Mahatma Gandhi
There are plenty definitions of FREEDOM
• Freewill Freedom of Speech
• Liberty Freedom of Choice
• Rights Autonomy
FREEDOM – the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint.

INTERNAL FREEDOM
•The first and most basic type of freedom is embodied by the chap in jail.
•is of the greatest personal intimacy and secretiveness, indeed it is the hidden core of our being and unknowable by
others.
•some people call this moral freedom. But this kind of freedom is not in itself moral.
SELF FREEDOM
•in the sense of learning how to escape the ever-present danger of enslavement by our own passions and ignorance.
•practice of self-control, restraint, and balance to achieve the admired master- slave relationship of soul over body
•“to find my self”
EXTERNAL FREEDOM
•This refers to the normal and common freedoms expected in daily life, in most countries, throughout history.
•Sometimes called “freedom from...”
•it implies immunity from undue interference by authority, especially by government.
POLITICAL FREEDOM
•Sometimes called “freedom to...”
•has to do with establishing certain rights of action and limits to government power that help to guarantee the practice
of those rights.
•the right to speak freely, to associate with people of your choice, to own property, to worship.
COLLECTIVE FREEDOM
•Sometimes called “freedom for…”
•based on an ideology of collective unity that prescribes distinct social and moral values and objectives for all.
•example, often under this ideal of freedom the state is allowed to control the production of all basic citizen needs, thus
giving them freedom-from-want.
SPIRITUAL FREEDOM
•In its purest form this type of freedom comes from striving for a complete identification with God to arrive at a
condition of soul that transcends the confusion and disharmony of the self and the material world.
•For this type, strict control if not denial of the allurements of the body leads to complete freedom of the spirit.

RESPONSIBILITY – a duty or obligation to satisfactorily perform or complete a task (assigned by someone, or created by
one’s own promise or circumstances) that one must fulfill and which has a consequent penalty for failure.
FOUR KINDS OF RESPONSIBILTY
1. Role Responsibility
• The duties one has for doing various things which come with occupying a certain role in society
2. Causal Responsibility
• What caused something to happen
3. Liability Responsibility
• Who is liable for something’s happening
4. Capacity Responsibility
• The capacity of a person to be held liability responsible for their actions
RESPONSIBILITY AND JUSTICE
• A distinction between the objects of justice: “Goods”
•The traditional concern of distributive justice.
•e.g. wealth, income, liberty, rights, happiness. “Bads”
•The traditional concern of theories of punishment (“retributive justice”)
•poverty, deprivation, constraint, ill-treatment, misery
An asymmetry in desert:
•Deserving a “good” need not entail responsibility (mugging victim deserves compensation; patient deserves medical
care; everyone deserves respect; even a criminal deserves a fair trial)
•Deserving a “bad” does seem to require responsibility (as in punishment)

Responsibility is the price of freedom -Elbert Hubbard

Reason and Impartiality
 Moral judgments must be backed by good reasons.
 Morality requires the impartial consideration of each individual’s interests.
The Minimum Conception:
• Morality, at the very least, is the effort to guide one's conduct by reason -- that is, to do what there are the best
reasons for doing -- while giving equal weight to the interests of each individual who will be affected by one's
conduct.
Moral Reasoning
• Moral Reasoning is as a type of reasoning directed towards deciding what to do and, when successful, issuing in
an intention.
 We cannot rely on our feelings, no matter how powerful they might be.
 Our feelings may be irrational and may be nothing but products of prejudice, selfishness, or cultural
conditioning.
 Our decisions must be guided as much as possible by reason.
 The morally right thing to do is always the thing best supported by the arguments.
Impartiality
• Impartiality (also called evenhandedness or fair-mindedness) is a principle of justice holding that decisions
should be based on objective criteria, rather than on the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one
person over another for improper reasons.
The Requirement of Impartiality
 Each individual’s interests are equally important, and no one should get special treatment.
 If there is no good reason for treating people differently, then discrimination is unacceptably arbitrary.
The Minimum Conception of Morality
 Morality is, at the very least, the effort to guide one’s conduct by reason—that is, to do what there are the best
reasons for doing—while giving equal weight to the interests of each individual affected by one’s decision.
Sources: www.google.com www.slideshare.com

Culture encompasses religion, food, what we wear, how we wear it, our language, marriage, music, what we believe is
right or wrong, how we sit at the table, how we greet visitors, how we behave with loved ones, and a million other things,"
The word "culture" derives from a French term, which in turn derives from the Latin "colere," which means to tend to the
earth and grow, or cultivation and nurture. "It shares its etymology with a number of other words related to actively
fostering growth," De Rossi said.
Western Culture
• The term "Western culture" has come to define the culture of European countries as well as those that have been
heavily influenced by European immigration, such as the United States, according to Khan University.
• Western culture has its roots in the Classical Period of the Greco-Roman era and the rise of Christianity in the 14th
century.
• Other drivers of Western culture include Latin, Celtic, Germanic and Hellenic ethnic and linguistic groups. Today,
the influences of Western culture can be seen in almost every country in the world.
Eastern culture
• Eastern culture generally refers to the societal norms of countries in Far East Asia (including China, Japan, Vietnam,
North Korea and South Korea) and the Indian subcontinent.
• Like the West, Eastern culture was heavily influenced by religion during its early development, but it was also
heavily influenced by the growth and harvesting of rice, according to the book "Pathways to Asian Civilizations:
Tracing the Origins and Spread of Rice and Rice Cultures" by Dorian Q. Fuller.
 • In general, in Eastern culture there is less of a distinction between secular society and religious philosophy than
there is in the West.
Latin culture
• Many of the Spanish-speaking nations are considered part of the Latin culture, while the geographic region is
widespread. Latin America is typically defined as those parts of the Central America, South America and Mexico
where Spanish or Portuguese are the dominant languages. Originally, the term "Latin America" was used by French
geographers to differentiate between Anglo and Romance (Latin-based) languages, according to the University of
Texas.
• While Spain and Portugal are on the European continent, they are considered the key influencers of what is known
as Latin culture, which denotes people using languages derived from Latin, also known as Romance languages.
Middle Eastern culture
• The countries of the Middle East have some but not all things in common. This is not a surprise, since the area
consists of approximately 20 countries
• The Arabic language is one thing that is common throughout the region; however, the wide variety of dialect can
sometimes make communication difficult. Religion is another cultural area that the countries of the Middle East
have in common.
• The Middle East is the birthplace of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
African culture
• The continent of Africa is essential to all cultures. Human life originated on this continent and began to migrate
to other areas of the world around 60,000 years ago, according to the Natural History Museum in London. Other
researchers, like those from Estonian Biocentre in Tartu, believe that the first migration may have been much
earlier, as early as 120,000 years ago.
• Africa is home to a number of tribes, ethnic and social groups. One of the key features of this culture is the large
number of ethnic groups throughout the 54 countries on the continent. Nigeria alone has more than 300 tribes,
for example.
Cultural relativism- refers to not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or normal.
Instead, we should try to understand cultural practices of other groups in its own cultural context.
ETHICAL RELATIVISM
• the theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one's culture.
• That is, whether an action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of the society in which it is practiced.
• The same action may be morally right in one society but be morally wrong in another.
Advantages of Cultural Relativism
1. A Respect For Other Cultures
universal respect for different cultures and countries around the world.
2. Excusable Actions
With cultural relativism, nearly any action that is made can be passed off as a cultural difference
3. Preserves Cultures
Many times, culturally traditional things begin to shift and change in order to appease the world view of said
culture. With cultural relativism, these traditions can stay in place.

Disadvantages of Cultural Relativism

• Some Actions Are Not Excusable
Many cultures use the theory as an excuse of appalling actions. Things such as extreme violence, crimes against children,
domestic abuse, and many other things are overlooked and passed off as “culturally acceptable”, when in reality, they are
not.
• No Judgment Is Still A Judgment
By saying that no moral judgment can be passed on any culture is truly a bias in itself. People begin to feel hostile because
even if they deeply disagree with a cultural practice, there is seemingly nothing that they can do about it.
• Good and Bad Is A Strange Concept
Determining what is deemed good and what is bad is an impossible thing. Each individual person, and not culture, has a
different opinion on that. There is no one person who can deem morals to be correct or wrong. This is easily the biggest
and most argued flaw with the idea of cultural relativism.
UNIVERSAL CORE VALUES
 A value is a universal value if it has the same value or worth for all, or almost all, people. Spheres of human value
encompass morality, aesthetic preference, human traits, human endeavour, and social order.
1. TRUSTWORTHINESS – concerns a variety of behavioral qualities – honesty, integrity, reliability and loyalty
2. RESPECT – is about honouring the essential worth and dignity of all people including oneself.
3. RESPONSIBILITY – being responsible means being in charge of our choices and therefore our lives.
4. FAIRNESS – a tricky concept
5. CARING – the heart of universal ethics
6. CITIZENSHIP – how we ought to behave as a part of a community
Strengths of the Filipino Character

1. Pakikipagkapwa-tao (regard for others)

- Filipinos- open to others and feel one with others regard others with dignity and respect deal with
them as fellow human beings.
- a foundation for unity as well the sense of social justice.
2. Family-oriented
- The greatest influence in the formation of cultural value is the family.
- source of personal identity, emotional and material support and
- one’s main commitment and responsibility
- honor and respect given to parents and elders; care given to the children; the generosity towards kin
in need, and in great sacrifices one endures for the welfare of the family.
3. Joy and humor
- Filipinos have a cheerful and fun-loving approach to life and its ups and downs
4. Flexibility, Adaptability and Creativity
- Creative, resourceful, quick learners; can improvised and make use of whatever is at hand in order to
create and produce
- accepts change; adapts to life in any part of the world, in the ability to make new things out of old
scraps
5. Hard work and industry
- We have the capacity for hard work given proper conditions; to raise one’s standard of living and to
possess the essentials of a
6. Faith and Religiosity
- Filipinos have deep Faith in God
7. Ability to Survive
- Filipinos make do with what is available in the environment.
8. Resilency
Weaknesses in the Filipino CharacterS
1. Extreme Personalism 5. Colonial Mentality
2. Extreme Family Centeredness 6. Kanya-Kanya Syndrome
3. Lack of Discipline 7. Lack of Self-analysis and Self- reflection
4. Passivity and Lack of Initiative

The Filipino Cultural Values

1. “Utang na loob”or debt of gratitude

2. Hiya
3. Pakikisama
4. Bahala na
5. Authoritarianism
6. Amor-propio